All language subtitles for VICE.S04E18.(Eng.Subs).SDTV.x264-[2Maverick]

� �

This week on "VICE,"
the new space race to Mars.

The key to rapid innovation
is competition.

It's a really exciting time
to be in space.

Man:
You have about
15 to 20 more seconds.

And then, the legacy
of the prison camp
at Guantanamo Bay.

Gianna Toboni:
You were the guy
that was assigned

to create this place.

If you could say
one thing to the detainees

who were innocent,
what would you say?

It's time for America
to shut it down.

� �

(whistle blowing)

(men shouting)

Hands up!
Don't shoot!

Hands up!

When scientists confirmed
in 2015

that there's liquid water
on Mars,

it raised the possibility
of actually moving human life

to the Red Planet.

What kind of future
do we want?

Do we want a future
where we are forever confined

to one planet until some
eventual extinction event,

however far in the future
that might occur?

Or do we want to become
a multi-planet species

and then ultimately
be out there among the stars?

Today, scientists,
entrepreneurs,

and even volunteers,
are racing to find ways

to make this colonization
a reality.

� �

Thomas Morton:
I guess this is
where Mars begins.

Thank you.

Okay. Okay.

Morton:
The Mars Desert
Research Station

is a simulated
Martian habitat

in the middle
of the closest thing
Earth has

to a Martian landscape--
Utah.

(Susan Jewell talking)

Welcome, welcome.
Come on in!
Hi.

Susan:
So Thomas, let me
introduce you to Crew 158.

Excellent.

Everybody, this is Thomas.
All: Hi!

Thomas, this is the crew.
Hi, Thomas.

Ilaria is our crew engineer.

And Nicholas
is the executive officer--
second in command.

And Philippe is
our health-and-safety officer

and the crew medical officer.
Excellent.

Morton:
The MDRS hosts missions

of up six weeks
to see how crews like this

will deal
with the confinement
they'd experience on a planet

with one third
of Earth's atmosphere

and a fraction
of its temperature.

What happens on Mars
if these seals break?

(Susan talking)

(Cinelli talking)

Morton:
The crew members
go on daily excursions,

or EVAs, into the simulated
Martian air

to do things
like routine maintenance
on the habitat

or drills like today's
simulated medical emergency

in which a crew member's
pressure suit

has perilously sprung a leak.

Well, first of all,
I want to say it was
a fantastic EVA.

Okay, so whose turn
is it to shower today?

Woman: No one's.
No one's turn to shower.

So whose turn tomorrow?
Woman: Mine.

Is there a formula or anything

for how much food
and water and everything

you're able to take
at the beginning
of your mission?

They gives us water quantity.

Then it is up to us
how to manage that.

And the same thing
for the food.
Oh, okay.

We have a fixed amount
of food.

It's all about,
how do you survive

in this extraordinary
environment?

Cinelli:
Of course we have tension,

but we have to learn as crew
to overcome that.

If we are going to colonize
another planet,

we have to learn to resolve
every kind of problem.

Morton:
While the effects of
extreme isolation

on group psychology
is the big experiment
of the MDRS,

each of the crew members
has their own experiments

to work on
in their particular fields
of study,

as actual astronauts
would do on Mars.

Nicholas:
This is the chemical
workstation.

Different soil samples
as you can tell, right?

So we got those.

And Emi's using her feces
and urine for her plants.
Okay.

Morton:
Philippe Souvestre
is a former test pilot

for the French Air Force
and a physician

who specializes
in neurophysiology
and aerospace medicine.

"Bio photonics."
Yes.

"Intranasal light therapy"?

Yep! So this is
a photonic stimulator.

Bio-photonic relates
to preventative application,

or physiological deterioration
using light.

Cool. That's very exciting.
It is.

Susan:
So now we want to relax.

We want to be centered
and focused.

Just go like this.

You know, just shake off
all this energy that you have.

I want you just to, like,
get rid of all this energy.

Okay.

All the way,
and then go back
a little bit.

I want you all
to be very calm

and I want you
to think about

the tension in your body.
Focus on it.

And then just let it go.

Morton:
While the Mars Society may
look like glorified LARPing,

it's actually
a legitimate feeder program

to other analogue
research experiments

run by actual space agencies,
like NASA.

NASA's current Martian mission
is called the Orion Program,

which will use
the state-of-the-art
Space Launch System, or SLS,

to break free
of Earth's gravity
and penetrate deep space,

where Mars lives.

Garry Lyles is the head
design engineer of the SLS,

currently being developed
at the Marshall Space
Flight Center

in Huntsville, Alabama.

Does it feel like there's
a new kind of energy at NASA?

It's the busiest we have been
since early shuttle.

We're focused
on a destination.

We're going to Mars.
And a Mars mission

drives a much larger vehicle

than anything
that we've ever done before.

Going into deep space
takes a lot longer.

You don't want to strap
the crew into something
really small.

It's got a big living space,
right?

I've been with NASA
for 40 years.

And we now have a team that--

it's one of the best teams
I've ever worked with.

Morton:
The SLS is being assembled

at a huge warehouse
in Louisiana,

where NASA built
the original Saturn rockets

that took us to the moon.

The facility is also working
on the Orion Capsule,

which will sit atop
the SLS rockets

and carry the most valuable
payload of all-- human life.

Mark Kirasich:
Orion is part of NASA's
human exploration program.

The pressure vessel behind me

we built
for the mission we call
Exploration Mission One.

Orion will travel
farther away from the Earth

than any spacecraft
has ever done before.

Our goal is to return humans
beyond Earth orbit.

And that will happen in 2021.

Man: You're in the home
of the world's

most powerful rocket
built to date.

To give you a sense of scale,

that barrel panel's
about 22' tall.

And the hydrogen tank
has got five of those things

welded from top to bottom.
So it's an enormous structure.

One of the big things
that's come really recently

is additive manufacturing.

Basically print parts,
right?

We can now print
high-strength metals.

The next technology
that will be inserted

as we evolve this vehicle
will be composite structures,

carbon-lined plastics,
which will take a lot
of weight and cost

out of
the aluminum structures
that we're building today.

That percentage
of new technology

is going to increase
over time

as we evolve this vehicle.

And that's all going to drive
the cost of this system down.

Morton:
As the vehicles
that will take man to Mars

are being tweaked and tested,

NASA is also running
human endurance tests

a la The Mars Society,
albeit with much higher tech.

At Johnson Space Center
in Houston,

home of Mission Control
and the Astronaut Corp.,

they're building
space-ready equipment

to keep astronauts healthy
and sane on long trips

away from Earth's gravity.

Stan Love: This is going
to be mission control
for the Orion missions.

And they're talking
about 2030s for that mission.

That probably means 2039.

We basically made it
from, like,

first manned flight
to the moon in eight years?
Yeah.

Why does stuff
take longer these days?
Money!

We had 4% of federal spending

during Apollo-- 4%.

Right now, we have .4%
of federal spending.

So we're getting a tenth
of the money

and we have to go
a thousand times as far.

You know,
progress is not going
to be super quick.

Morton:
While NASA's budget
has been slashed

by every president
since Nixon...

the private sector
is awash in billionaires,

all competing with each other
to be the first businessman
in space.

( "2001: A Space Odyssey"
theme playing)

Richard Branson:
I've always believed

that having
the best-looking planes
in the world,

while not a guarantee
of success,

is a good start.

But our new spaceship
has taken that concept

to a whole new level.

And that's why I knew
without a doubt

who I was going to ask
to name her--

a man who never ceases
to amaze and inspire us all.

Voice of Stephen Hawking:
I have always dreamed
of space flight.

By opening up space,

we help to change
the world for good.

Please welcome
Virgin Spaceship Unity.

(pop music playing)

Richard Branson is one
of the big three

in the most recent space race,

along with, like, Elon Musk
and Jeff Bezos.

He's the only one
who really doesn't come

from a tech background,
though.

He brings a certain, you know,
kind of panache to it.

Throws a hell a party,
at least.

Four, three, two, one!
Whoa!

Morton:
Branson may be more
of an impresario and showman

than a rocket scientist.

But Virgin Galactic's CEO
comes straight

from the space program.

George Whitesides was
the chief of staff at NASA

under both Bush and Obama,
so he knows some rockets.

Why'd you, uh-- why'd you
jump ship for Virgin?

Because I felt
like Virgin Galactic

has the opportunity
to fundamentally change

how humanity interacts
with space.

I mean, what we want
to do here is, like,
open up space.

Change it from something
that only 500 people have done
in 50 years,

to something that hundreds
and eventually thousands
of people,

and eventually
tens of thousands and millions
of people have done.

Do you feel like we're in,
like, a new phase of--

of space exploration
with, like, the advent

of all the private companies
involved?

I do think it is a new phase,
you know?

And I think the key
to rapid innovation
is competition.

The best part
of this current age

is that there will be
more competition,

because it'll drive us
all to do better.

And, um, and that's
what you're seeing now.

You're seeing innovation
all over the space sector.

It's a really exciting time
to be in space.

Morton:
In order to keep
this excitement up

long enough
for an actual Mars mission
to get underway,

it's not enough
just to inspire the engineers

and financiers of today.

You have to target
the generation

that will actually
be making the trip--
today's children.

While everyone else is busy
making all the hardware
for Mars,

we're busy training the people
that are going to go to Mars.

Because of the first person

who is going to set
their foot on Mars
is probably someone,

you know,
eight to 12 years old today.

And those are exactly
the people that are coming
through space camp.

The idea is to kind of
walk dramatically.

We're putting a Mars mission
together right now

to train citizens who want
to take the private ride.

We want to be
one of the places
where you come

and get certified
to be a part of
space travel.

Barnhart:
We've had 700,000 graduates.

We try to crack
their cosmic eggs

to the possibilities
in their own future.

They come here
and they realize,
"I've got to set my journey."

And they come away
completely different
individuals

after the experience.

Okay.

Who all from SpaceX and stuff
has graduated from here?

Well, the top guy, Elon Musk,
was a Space Camp graduate.

Jeff Bezos, George Whitesides,
who's the chief engineer

for Virgin Galactic,
is a graduate.

Our graduates are changing
the world everywhere.

Morton:
Tonight's a rocket launch
here at Cape Canaveral.

Um, the rocket and its module
are both made

by a private company
called Orbital ATK.

The launch itself is run
by another private company

called United Launch Alliance.

Morton:
An unmanned
resupply mission

may not seem that impressive
in the scheme of things,

but by having
the private sector take over
the routine maintenance

of the space station
and satellites

and everything else NASA's
looking after now,

it frees them up
to go even further
into our solar system.

Love: When low earth orbit is
full of private space crafts

and tourists,
we'll be on the moon.

When the moon
is full of tourists,
we'll be on Mars.

In that way, I hope we can
keep pushing the boundaries

and we can keep
doing that forever.

Morton:
So essentially,
the small steps

private space is now taking
for profit

will allow NASA to make
even gianter leaps
for mankind.

Morton:
Which launch pad is that,
that it's going off of?

Do you know?
Uh, 41.

It's right there.

You can see that red light
flashing over there.

Those are
the lightning towers.

Okay. What do you think
about Mars?

Are you excited about Orion?

I'm hyped for Orion.
Yeah?

They say like kids now ages,
like, 10 to 15

will be the ones
landing on Mars

and going to asteroids
in this time frame.

I want to be a part
of building the rocket
and everything.

Man over radio:
Minus ten, nine, eight, seven,

six, five, four,

three, two, one.

And blast off.

There it goes.

Holy shit.

� Please put your �

� Sweet hand in mine �

� And float in space �

� And drift in time �

� All my time �
� All I want in life's �

� Until I die �
� A little bit of love... �

Susan:
I'd like to see humans
be able to settle

on another planet one day.

Morton: Do you think it
will happen in your lifetime?

I believe so.

Because of the rapid pace
of technology

and the fact
that the private sector
are really interested

in taking humans off Earth.

Now people are talking
about Mars and humans to Mars.

I think
that's what excites me too.

� Please put your �

� Sweet hand in mine �

� And float in space �

� And drift in time. �

The debate over what to do
with the detainees

at Guantanamo Bay
is one of the most polarizing

political issues
of the post-9/11 era.

On the one hand,
President Obama argues

that keeping the camp open

gives terrorists
a powerful recruiting tool.

And on the other hand,

opponents in Congress
argue that it's too dangerous

to release the inmates
even if we can't convict them
in court.

But 14 years
after Gitmo opened,

what happened
itsndalls is only now
slowly coming to light.

� �

Gianna Toboni:
Two years ago,

we visited the Guantanamo Bay
Detention Center

to try to shed some light

on one of the world's
most notorious prisons.

Were they all Muslim?

Toboni:
After military personnel
deleted parts

of our footage each night,

closely regulated what we
could and couldn't shoot...

(woman speaking)

...and avoided
relevant questions...

Are you able to tell us
what they're in here for?

...we quickly learned
that if you want learn more

about Guantanamo Bay,

the last place you go
is Guantanamo Bay.

But we were able
to get some answers

from the man
who actually built it--

Retired General
Michael Lehnert.

Toboni:
So you were the guy
that was assigned

to basically
create this place?

Yes, I was assigned
to create Guantanamo

and build
the first 100 cells

and do all of this
within 96 hours.

We took down
every non-essential fence

and essentially
made 8' x 8' cages.

Yeah, it looks like a zoo,
pretty much.

It-- pretty much, yeah.
It's not a pretty place.

What was it like when
the first detainees arrived?

We flew them in on a C-17.

We ferried a school bus
with the windows blacked out

and the seats taken out,

put the detainees
on the school bus.

They had not
had any opportunities
to use facilities,

so most of them
were wearing diapers.

It was pretty stark.

Lehnert's voice:
You have to understand--

these people were captured
on battlefields.

They are warriors.

They have the capacity
and the potential
for violence.

After 9/11, as a country,

we were angry,
some of us were frightened.

And we wanted our leaders
to do something.

This was something.

And then I started looking
for the documentation.

Some cases, we received
pretty good documentation

that individuals
were really bad guys.

So we had some that were
the worst of the worst.

We had others
that showed up with almost
no documentation whatsoever.

And so what was
that moment for you
when you realized--

I think it was--
it wasn't a moment.

It was just
a gradual recognition
that, you know,

all of the facts
weren't adding up.
Yeah, it wasn't a moment.

It wasn't one
of these "aha" epiphanies
or anything like this.

You know, I'm not smart enough
for that.

It was just simply, you know,

putting together
all of the evidence
and data we had.

And saying, okay,
we do have some bad people
down here.

There's no doubt about that.

But we also have
a bunch of people here
that shouldn't be here.

Toboni:
Of the roughly 780 detainees
sent to Guantanamo Bay,

only 30 have been charged,

and of those, only eight
have been convicted.

And two of those convictions
were overturned.

Over the last 14 years,

the US has released
hundreds of detainees

to 58 countries scattered
around the globe.

And while it's impossible
to verify the facts

surrounding their time
at Guantanamo Bay,

we wanted to give
some of these detainees

a chance to tell
their side of the story.

(honking)

(Toboni laughing)

Toboni: Zakir Hasam was one
of the first prisoners
at Guantanamo Bay.

After more than four years
of being held without charge,

he was sent,
not to his native country
of Uzbekistan,

but to a new country--
Albania.

(honking)

(Hasam speaking English)

(honking)

I think male drivers
are crazy.

Toboni:
Zakir invited us
back to his home

where he told us his account
of how an electrician
from Uzbekistan

ended up at Guantanamo Bay.

To the US?

Toboni:
The common perception
is that detainees

were captured
by US forces.

But in reality,
most of them were captured

by Afghan and Pakistani
forces

in the midst
of a controversial
bounty program.

Air-dropped flyers offered
thousands of dollars

for any suspected terrorists
delivered to the Americans.

We have leaflets that
are dropping

like snowflakes.

Not surprisingly,
part of the local population

began to turn on itself
for the cash.

Toboni:
While what happens
to the prisoners

inside Guantanamo
is severely restricted
to the press,

in Doha, we met with
an Al Jazeera journalist

who experienced the conditions
in the camp himself.

Sami Al-Hajj was working
in Pakistan

when he says
he was wrongfully detained.

(speaking Arabic)

(speaking English)

Toboni:
What the U.S. government
didn't know

when they detained Sami

is that he would
eventually use his standing
as a journalist

to share every detail
of his mistreatment

with a global audience.

Toboni:
Released detainees
consistently claim

that guards
exposed them to this kind
of brutal treatment.

Toboni:
In the years since 9/11,

we've seen what that kind
of anger can lead to,

as images of horrific
mistreatment of prisoners

in US detainment facilities
have flooded the news media.

Toboni:
A controversial allegation
we heard from both detainees

was that guards
forcibly administered

psychoactive drugs
to prisoners.

(Al-Hajj speaking)

Toboni:
Government reports
have acknowledged

that certain drugs
were used,

but officials claim
that they were administered

to treat mental illness.

Since the majority
of prisoners here
are held without charge,

often the only way
to protest their detention

is by going
on extended hunger strikes.

Toboni:
To prove that the way

they force-feed detainees
is humane,

one camp official told us
he voluntarily tried it
himself.

Toboni:
What's it feel like

when the Ensure
is actually going down?

Toboni:
After 480 days
of refusing food,

losing 95 lbs
and six years
of his life,

Sami was finally released
from Guantanamo Bay

without ever being charged
with a crime.

But there are still
80 prisoners being held

at the facility
without trial,

many of whom have been
cleared for release.

I will close Guantanamo!
I will restore...

And while President Obama
has pledged for more
than eight years

to close the facility...

Let us do what is right
for America.

Let us go ahead
and close this chapter.

...the decision
may ultimately be left
to his successor.

This morning,
I watched President Obama
talking about Gitmo, right?

Guantanamo Bay,
which by the way--
which by the way,

we are keeping open--
which we are keeping open.

Guantanamo is a very serious,
I guess, symbol.

We are in a fight
against terrorism.
We have to defeat it.

We don't need
to have Guantanamo

hanging out there
over our heads.

If you could say one thing
to the detainees

who were innocent,
what would you say?

I regret
that those things happened.

And I'm sorry
that those things happened.

And I think about Guantanamo
every day.

Toboni:
So do the people
who were detained there,

as we learned from Zakir,
who's now attending

a university in Albania.

How'd you decide to study
international relations?

Toboni:
If you could go back in time,

would you choose
to go through it all again?

Toboni:
Few people know for sure

what actually happened
inside the facility,

but it's clear that
the prisoners we met with

will carry their scars
with them for the rest
of their lives.

Lehnert:
I think that as we found out
more and more

about what
we set up down there,

that it's time for America,

as a matter of policy,
to shut it down.

� �