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1
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these women have spent their entire lives in luxury.
2
00:00:11,206 --> 00:00:13,979
trained from birth and the
art of pleasure.
3
00:00:14,004 --> 00:00:18,941
they know nothing of the world beyond
the king's royal court.
4
00:00:19,270 --> 00:00:24,512
but two of these women are about to die
a gruesome death.
5
00:00:25,079 --> 00:00:29,383
the name of their executioner
is one you might have heard.
6
00:00:29,704 --> 00:00:31,414
Sun Tzu.
7
00:00:31,875 --> 00:00:37,427
warrior, philosopher and creator
of the art of war.
8
00:00:39,890 --> 00:00:44,811
this ancient text holds the keys to
victory in war and life.
9
00:00:44,984 --> 00:00:49,155
now the art of wars tactics
and strategies are revealed
10
00:00:49,190 --> 00:00:53,037
in graphic detail to help solve a
military mystery.
11
00:00:53,396 --> 00:00:56,874
were the outcomes of
America's greatest battles
12
00:00:56,899 --> 00:01:00,186
for towards and two
thousand years ago.
13
00:01:00,216 --> 00:01:04,638
did the art of war prophesize
the Nazis ultimate doom.
14
00:01:05,490 --> 00:01:09,459
predict how the north
would be in the Civil War.
15
00:01:11,780 --> 00:01:16,693
and predict why America would be
defeated in Vietnam.
16
00:01:17,419 --> 00:01:20,646
understand the art of
wars lessons
17
00:01:20,671 --> 00:01:23,076
and you will prevail,
18
00:01:23,934 --> 00:01:25,731
ignore them
19
00:01:25,756 --> 00:01:28,434
and to fight in darkness.
20
00:01:36,522 --> 00:01:39,951
~Savaş Sanatı~
21
00:01:45,921 --> 00:01:47,374
King Helu.
22
00:01:47,399 --> 00:01:49,921
ruler of the
Chinese state of Wu.
23
00:01:49,946 --> 00:01:53,498
agonizes over a growing threat.
24
00:01:55,073 --> 00:01:58,944
a hostile neighbor is poised to invade.
25
00:02:01,236 --> 00:02:03,400
desperate to defend his kingdom.
26
00:02:03,456 --> 00:02:07,478
Helu summons one of the greatest
military minds in history.
27
00:02:07,800 --> 00:02:09,425
Sun Tzu.
28
00:02:10,859 --> 00:02:12,618
Sun Tzu was important.
29
00:02:12,643 --> 00:02:17,532
because he has a cohesive holistic
philosophy of how to approach strategy.
30
00:02:17,664 --> 00:02:20,021
if you listen to Sun Tzu.
31
00:02:20,107 --> 00:02:23,381
if you follow his principles.
you will be victorious.
32
00:02:23,513 --> 00:02:28,154
if you ignore him. you do so at your own
peril because you will definitely lose.
33
00:02:29,504 --> 00:02:34,914
Sun Tzu assures King Helu that he can
train the smaller rule army to overcome
34
00:02:34,939 --> 00:02:37,789
and defeat the larger
invading force.
35
00:02:38,999 --> 00:02:41,739
King Helu asks Sun Tzu.
36
00:02:41,764 --> 00:02:43,598
challenges SunTzu.
37
00:02:43,623 --> 00:02:46,288
in something of a mocking way.
38
00:02:46,313 --> 00:02:51,270
he says, do you claim that you can
turn anyone into a soldier
39
00:02:51,574 --> 00:02:54,390
can you turn these palace women.
40
00:02:54,616 --> 00:02:59,997
these spoiled soft concubines
into a fighting force.
41
00:03:00,653 --> 00:03:03,286
Sun Tzu answers of course I can.
42
00:03:05,466 --> 00:03:10,598
he simply shows the women
what the important maneuvers are.
43
00:03:11,169 --> 00:03:16,247
he chooses the two most senior of these
concubine to serve as platoon leaders.
44
00:03:16,458 --> 00:03:21,120
and charges them with making sure
discipline is observed in their units
45
00:03:22,987 --> 00:03:26,738
but when Sun Tzu orders
the exercise to begin.
46
00:03:26,770 --> 00:03:29,142
the women's simply laugh.
47
00:03:30,830 --> 00:03:33,034
Sun Tzu say well okay.
48
00:03:33,059 --> 00:03:35,409
maybe my instruction will not clear to you.
49
00:03:35,434 --> 00:03:38,462
now let me rephrase
again my instructions to you.
50
00:03:38,487 --> 00:03:43,390
in simple language he told the
concubines when the drums is sounded.
51
00:03:43,429 --> 00:03:49,289
the u.s. concubine must assemble as soldiers.
either spears we assaults and fall in line.
52
00:03:51,286 --> 00:03:56,587
Second time, what happens is still
get away. Sun Tzu says, if the orders
53
00:03:58,501 --> 00:04:00,149
Sun Tzu says:
54
00:04:00,252 --> 00:04:02,361
if you orders are unclear.
55
00:04:03,008 --> 00:04:06,549
it is the fault of the general that the
troops do not obey.
56
00:04:06,883 --> 00:04:10,224
but if the orders are clear and my orders
have been clear.
57
00:04:10,255 --> 00:04:14,115
it's the fault of the subordinate officers
that the orders are not obey.
58
00:04:14,140 --> 00:04:18,217
there is only one way Sun Tzu
can convince the concubines.
59
00:04:18,242 --> 00:04:20,786
that he is deadly serious.
60
00:04:32,140 --> 00:04:36,724
To Sun Tzu, war is a
matter of life and death.
61
00:04:36,749 --> 00:04:40,290
this is the key principle of his teachings.
62
00:04:40,419 --> 00:04:43,112
once understood everyone
from the leader down to
63
00:04:43,137 --> 00:04:47,115
the individual soldier
will be motivated to win.
64
00:04:49,650 --> 00:04:52,835
Sun Tzu appoints two new officers.
65
00:04:54,851 --> 00:04:58,406
the women now follow his orders without hesitation.
66
00:05:00,352 --> 00:05:05,547
and the big takeaway from this incident for
King Helu is that even a state like Wu.
67
00:05:05,662 --> 00:05:11,304
which is relatively weak in terms of
numbers compared to its larger neighbor Chu.
68
00:05:11,983 --> 00:05:16,998
can nonetheless wield a discipline
effective military force.
69
00:05:17,116 --> 00:05:20,585
if they take Sun Tzu's
teachings to heart.
70
00:05:20,610 --> 00:05:23,498
and implement them throughout their military.
71
00:05:26,980 --> 00:05:29,874
while these women
will never see battle.
72
00:05:29,899 --> 00:05:32,319
Sun Tzu has proved his point.
73
00:05:33,012 --> 00:05:37,522
king helu appoints Sun Tzu as
commander of the Wu army.
74
00:05:45,540 --> 00:05:50,889
Sun Tzu must now make good
on his promise to train a force of 30,000.
75
00:05:50,914 --> 00:05:54,104
to fight an army ten times larger.
76
00:05:56,142 --> 00:05:59,698
the strategies and tactics
he uses in this showdown
77
00:05:59,723 --> 00:06:02,737
become the foundation of his masterwork.
78
00:06:02,892 --> 00:06:04,490
the art of war.
79
00:06:06,276 --> 00:06:10,229
Sun Tzu rights the art of war around 500 BC.
80
00:06:10,292 --> 00:06:15,409
the book is written on vertical bamboo
strips. each the length of a chopstick.
81
00:06:15,581 --> 00:06:19,573
each strip contains
15 to 25 Chinese characters.
82
00:06:20,447 --> 00:06:23,843
the strips are then painstakingly
stitched together.
83
00:06:24,653 --> 00:06:30,102
inside the 13 chapters of the art of
war like the secrets to success.
84
00:06:31,648 --> 00:06:33,857
basically if you understand the
art of war
85
00:06:33,882 --> 00:06:37,186
and the principles in it you can predict how
wars or battles will turn out.
86
00:06:39,249 --> 00:06:42,310
the art of war is filled
with many important insights.
87
00:06:42,335 --> 00:06:48,089
but there are three key principles that
stand out and unify Sun Tzu philosophy.
88
00:06:48,114 --> 00:06:51,191
Sun Tzu says: know your enemy
89
00:06:51,216 --> 00:06:55,571
and know yourself and in a hundred
battles you will never be in peril.
90
00:06:56,344 --> 00:07:01,089
in the art of war understanding your
opponent is crucial to victory.
91
00:07:01,933 --> 00:07:06,719
Sun Tzu says to win 100 battles
is not the height of skill
92
00:07:06,744 --> 00:07:08,953
to subdue the enemy without fighting
93
00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:12,423
is fighting costs lives and money.
94
00:07:12,555 --> 00:07:17,665
Sun Tzu prizes the general who can
outwit instead of out fight his opponent.
95
00:07:18,464 --> 00:07:24,157
Sun Tzu says avoid what is
strong attack what is weak.
96
00:07:24,182 --> 00:07:28,241
throughout history armies fight
head-to-head on the battlefield
97
00:07:28,266 --> 00:07:30,673
to show their strength and courage.
98
00:07:30,698 --> 00:07:33,626
But Sun Tzu doesn't care about glory.
99
00:07:33,651 --> 00:07:36,163
he only wants to win.
100
00:07:36,188 --> 00:07:41,225
well each of these principles is important think
of them as chords in a strong rope.
101
00:07:41,274 --> 00:07:45,233
individually they may be strong but
when you put them together.
102
00:07:45,258 --> 00:07:48,325
and use them
holistically they're unbreakable.
103
00:07:48,350 --> 00:07:52,809
for more than a thousand years
Sun Tzu secrets are kept hidden.
104
00:07:52,856 --> 00:07:56,879
made available only to
Emperor's and authorised scholars.
105
00:07:57,998 --> 00:08:01,114
They surfaced in the eighth
century in Japan.
106
00:08:01,139 --> 00:08:06,083
and since then their insights have
spread throughout the world.
107
00:08:06,480 --> 00:08:10,377
more recently the art of
war has spawned hundreds of books
108
00:08:10,402 --> 00:08:13,119
that apply its
teachings to sports,
109
00:08:13,790 --> 00:08:15,846
politics,
110
00:08:15,908 --> 00:08:17,728
and business
111
00:08:18,134 --> 00:08:23,351
today it's part of the core curriculum
at many war colleges including West Point
112
00:08:23,655 --> 00:08:25,442
but as we shall see.
113
00:08:25,522 --> 00:08:28,203
Sun Tzu advice isn't always heated.
114
00:08:28,228 --> 00:08:31,334
which often leads to disaster.
115
00:08:31,359 --> 00:08:34,584
I think throughout time if generals
had listened to Sun Tzu
116
00:08:34,609 --> 00:08:38,459
you would probably not have seen a lot
of the bloody wars of attrition.
117
00:08:39,169 --> 00:08:41,740
that mankind has suffered through.
118
00:08:41,765 --> 00:08:46,037
he was very focused on how do
I achieve my goal.
119
00:08:46,123 --> 00:08:50,976
with the minimum amount of resources used
with a minimum amount of destruction.
120
00:08:52,305 --> 00:08:56,569
Sun Tzu's principals are
about to be put to the test.
121
00:08:57,577 --> 00:08:59,953
Sun Tzu has trained the
army of Wu
122
00:08:59,978 --> 00:09:04,007
to defend itself against the powerful
state of Chu to the west.
123
00:09:04,046 --> 00:09:07,458
the outset of this war
between Wu and Chu
124
00:09:07,483 --> 00:09:11,027
when Sun Tzu is given
command of an army of Wu.
125
00:09:11,052 --> 00:09:14,432
it seems that Chu holds
all the advantages.
126
00:09:14,964 --> 00:09:19,018
Sun Tzu's army is
only about 33,000 men.
127
00:09:19,466 --> 00:09:23,636
where Chu can feel
forces of hundreds of thousands of men.
128
00:09:25,221 --> 00:09:29,514
leading 300,000 true
warriors is a power-hungry
129
00:09:29,610 --> 00:09:32,626
and corrupt prime minister
named agua.
130
00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:42,548
non walk cuts a swath of destruction
through the Chinese countryside.
131
00:09:46,212 --> 00:09:48,585
outnumbered nearly ten to one.
132
00:09:48,610 --> 00:09:53,413
Sun Tzu could prepare his defenses
and wait for the true onslaught.
133
00:09:53,524 --> 00:09:57,733
but being Sun Tzu
he does the unexpected
134
00:09:59,710 --> 00:10:01,718
he invades true.
135
00:10:07,257 --> 00:10:10,390
Sun Tzu doesn't
attack Nawaz army head on.
136
00:10:10,415 --> 00:10:15,147
he chooses soft targets like remote
outposts and border crossings.
137
00:10:16,577 --> 00:10:18,706
it would be unwise for Sun Tzu
138
00:10:18,731 --> 00:10:21,521
to try to seek a decisive
engagement early in this war
139
00:10:21,552 --> 00:10:23,483
by attacking
the Chu army directly.
140
00:10:23,701 --> 00:10:27,084
he simply does not have
the mass necessary to do that.
141
00:10:30,770 --> 00:10:35,982
Sun Tzu attacks with blistering
speed and brutal efficiency.
142
00:10:37,404 --> 00:10:40,578
nanhua immediately launches
counter-offensives.
143
00:10:40,603 --> 00:10:42,718
but when the reinforcements
arrive.
144
00:10:42,743 --> 00:10:47,696
Sun Tzu soldiers are gone and
attacking the next location.
145
00:10:48,414 --> 00:10:53,350
by keeping Chu constantly shifting its
forces back and forth on the frontier.
146
00:10:53,375 --> 00:10:58,088
he frustrates their leaders
and gains at the same time
147
00:10:58,113 --> 00:11:03,054
a much better picture of
the way the two armies will likely fight.
148
00:11:05,870 --> 00:11:11,896
after every battle and skirmish Sun Tzu
gains a better understanding of his enemy.
149
00:11:14,420 --> 00:11:18,623
he downplays the value
of direct attack.
150
00:11:18,648 --> 00:11:23,051
and puts the emphasis on
manoeuvre surprise deception.
151
00:11:25,834 --> 00:11:29,709
all warfare should be
based upon to intellect.
152
00:11:29,734 --> 00:11:33,858
in fact the greatest battles of all time
have been won by the brain
153
00:11:33,883 --> 00:11:35,740
and not by brute force.
154
00:11:36,970 --> 00:11:40,241
that doesn't stop
nanhua from trying.
155
00:11:40,266 --> 00:11:45,810
he eventually launches 100,000 soldiers
to try to crush the guerrilla attacks.
156
00:11:48,467 --> 00:11:52,615
this reminds me of the difference
between chess and the Chinese game of go.
157
00:11:52,818 --> 00:11:54,856
chess is very much attrition based.
158
00:11:54,881 --> 00:11:57,163
you start the board
with many many pieces.
159
00:11:57,188 --> 00:11:59,225
over the game they're
eliminated.
160
00:11:59,250 --> 00:12:02,130
and at the end you've only
got a few pieces left standing.
161
00:12:03,551 --> 00:12:09,658
the object of chess is to force your opponent
to surrender by eliminating his pieces.
162
00:12:10,012 --> 00:12:15,010
each piece has its own rank and can
only move in a specific way.
163
00:12:15,548 --> 00:12:18,768
the goal of chess is to kill the king.
164
00:12:20,385 --> 00:12:24,299
in contrast to that the Chinese game of Go
starts with a board empty.
165
00:12:24,324 --> 00:12:29,199
and you use as few pieces as possible
to acquire as much territory as you can.
166
00:12:29,361 --> 00:12:32,703
and in that sense it's a
very resource efficient strategy.
167
00:12:34,052 --> 00:12:38,256
the object of go is not the destruction
of the opponent's force
168
00:12:38,281 --> 00:12:40,239
but the conquest of space.
169
00:12:40,239 --> 00:12:45,795
the goal of goal is to capture the most
territory with the least number of stones.
170
00:12:46,740 --> 00:12:52,498
using a goal like strategy Sun Tzu
decides where and when he fights.
171
00:12:52,904 --> 00:12:55,967
he avoids the strongest part of nawaz army.
172
00:12:55,992 --> 00:12:58,570
and attacks where it is weakest.
173
00:12:59,500 --> 00:13:04,679
Sun Tzu guerrilla tactics against the
true forces echo throughout history.
174
00:13:05,375 --> 00:13:09,365
but it's during an infamous
war more than 2,000 years later
175
00:13:09,390 --> 00:13:11,722
that they resonate more loudly.
176
00:13:11,747 --> 00:13:16,060
and we're Sun Tzu ultimate secret
becomes most evident.
177
00:13:23,780 --> 00:13:25,880
it's the mid-1960s.
178
00:13:25,905 --> 00:13:30,218
and the world's greatest superpower
battles North Vietnamese communists.
179
00:13:30,243 --> 00:13:33,610
in a country smaller than
the state of Montana.
180
00:13:33,610 --> 00:13:35,734
general william Westmoreland.
181
00:13:35,759 --> 00:13:38,630
a hard-nosed world war
two combat officer.
182
00:13:38,655 --> 00:13:41,585
sees the battlefield
like a chessboard.
183
00:13:41,610 --> 00:13:44,530
we're on the stand
and fight head-on.
184
00:13:45,178 --> 00:13:50,070
but unlike chess Vietnam has no clear
objective for Westmoreland to attack.
185
00:13:50,405 --> 00:13:53,772
it's a classic case of a general
fighting the last war.
186
00:13:53,927 --> 00:13:58,358
and in the sense that the lessons
he had learned they're only applied partially.
187
00:13:58,491 --> 00:14:03,257
to Vietnam there
were no fixed objectives to be taken.
188
00:14:03,530 --> 00:14:06,445
there were no fixed units to be destroyed.
189
00:14:07,882 --> 00:14:13,482
no one understands this better than
North Vietnamese general Vo Nguyen Giap.
190
00:14:13,507 --> 00:14:17,540
who sees Vietnam like Sun Tzu
would as a go boar.
191
00:14:17,540 --> 00:14:21,482
instead of facing
the overwhelming US military directly.
192
00:14:21,507 --> 00:14:24,855
he uses insurgent forces the Vietcong
193
00:14:24,880 --> 00:14:28,341
to stage hit-and-run
attacks all over the country.
194
00:14:29,880 --> 00:14:32,232
we see something very similar
195
00:14:32,257 --> 00:14:35,638
to Sun Tzu raids into Chu.
196
00:14:35,904 --> 00:14:40,888
in North Vietnamese tactics
and operations in the Vietnam War.
197
00:14:42,098 --> 00:14:44,650
Giap has learned Sun Tzu principle.
198
00:14:44,706 --> 00:14:48,901
that it is more important to
outthink your enemy than to outfight him.
199
00:14:50,861 --> 00:14:55,081
and it's tactics and strategy not
overwhelming firepower.
200
00:14:55,106 --> 00:14:59,277
that causes the u.s. to
ultimately lose the war in Vietnam.
201
00:14:59,309 --> 00:15:03,870
a loss that sons who predicted
thousands of years earlier.
202
00:15:04,691 --> 00:15:07,428
how Sun Tzu
able to do this.
203
00:15:07,453 --> 00:15:11,108
as well as predict the outcome
of the invasion of Normandy.
204
00:15:12,709 --> 00:15:16,201
and the final harrowing day of battle at Gettysburg.
205
00:15:16,240 --> 00:15:18,569
is about to be revealed?
206
00:15:22,189 --> 00:15:27,498
Sun Tzu says in war numbers alone
confer no advantage.
207
00:15:27,530 --> 00:15:31,301
do not advance relying
on sheer military power.
208
00:15:33,444 --> 00:15:36,507
it's the mid-1960s in Vietnam.
209
00:15:36,532 --> 00:15:41,604
US general william Westmoreland
orders intense aerial bombardments.
210
00:15:42,854 --> 00:15:48,712
the US will eventually drop nearly 7 million tons
of bombs on Indochina during the war.
211
00:15:48,737 --> 00:15:54,089
more than twice the tonnage of all the bombs
dropped by the u.s. in World War two.
212
00:15:55,938 --> 00:16:00,342
but the Americans are about to learn
Sun Tzu's lesson the hard way.
213
00:16:00,763 --> 00:16:05,943
that despite overwhelming military
power and the valour of its soldiers
214
00:16:06,022 --> 00:16:08,153
the u.s. cannot
witness war.
215
00:16:13,120 --> 00:16:18,520
between 1959 and 1975 the North
Vietnamese fought a very desperate war
216
00:16:18,520 --> 00:16:21,028
against the South Vietnamese government
and the u.s. allies.
217
00:16:21,754 --> 00:16:25,707
and even though they were heavily outgunned
when you look at how the war was fought
218
00:16:25,745 --> 00:16:28,329
and see that through Sun Tzu eyes.
219
00:16:28,363 --> 00:16:30,731
it's obvious how
they prevailed.
220
00:16:31,582 --> 00:16:34,901
Westmoreland uses a chess inspired strategy.
221
00:16:35,590 --> 00:16:41,081
stop the Communist spread by killing as many
North Vietnamese and Viet Cong as possible.
222
00:16:42,121 --> 00:16:45,012
conversely Westmoreland's adversary.
223
00:16:45,037 --> 00:16:47,862
the North Vietnamese
general Vo Nguyen Giap.
224
00:16:47,887 --> 00:16:50,776
uses more of a Sun
Tzu go strategy.
225
00:16:51,620 --> 00:16:55,854
Westmoreland is trying to attract the
enemy trying to kill as many as possible.
226
00:16:56,479 --> 00:17:01,200
Giap meanwhile is looking at it from
more of a NGO perspective trying to
227
00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:05,979
focus on how do I win as much territory
as possible and thus defeat my enemy.
228
00:17:06,784 --> 00:17:09,776
to combat the American aerial bombardment.
229
00:17:09,801 --> 00:17:12,807
Giap looks to a key
Sun Tzu principle.
230
00:17:15,807 --> 00:17:18,323
know your enemy and know yourself.
231
00:17:18,348 --> 00:17:21,484
and in a hundred
battles you will never be in peril.
232
00:17:21,509 --> 00:17:25,623
the way the Americans often operated
was somewhat predictable
233
00:17:25,648 --> 00:17:28,410
they would prepare a landing zone through
234
00:17:28,409 --> 00:17:32,101
artillery strikes and air strikes and
then they would bring the troops in.
235
00:17:32,126 --> 00:17:37,050
Jap recognize this and realize that if he
could have his troops hunker down and
236
00:17:37,050 --> 00:17:39,800
survive the artillery attacks.
237
00:17:39,847 --> 00:17:45,514
then when the troops landed they would be
able to set up ambushes to take them on.
238
00:17:47,431 --> 00:17:50,687
the American bombs don't destroy the enemy.
239
00:17:50,712 --> 00:17:55,235
they merely telegraphed that the
u.s. infantry is on its way.
240
00:17:58,266 --> 00:18:03,641
Giap also orders his fighters to stay
as close to American soldiers as possible.
241
00:18:03,837 --> 00:18:05,970
Viet Cong captain no tactical air.
242
00:18:05,995 --> 00:18:08,664
they also understand it once their
positions get identified
243
00:18:08,689 --> 00:18:11,484
in any given battle they're gonna
get whack from the air.
244
00:18:11,509 --> 00:18:13,212
so how do you
compensate from that.
245
00:18:13,237 --> 00:18:16,046
well general giap
said you grab the enemy by the belt.
246
00:18:16,071 --> 00:18:20,218
put another way what you want to do is
you don't want to establish positions out there.
247
00:18:20,243 --> 00:18:23,087
and when
they did defensively for example
248
00:18:23,112 --> 00:18:26,493
I like a hamburger hill. you
know well they get hit by lots of air.
249
00:18:26,518 --> 00:18:29,483
but if you're in a tactical
situation you close with the enemy.
250
00:18:29,508 --> 00:18:32,602
you intermingle your forces with
his so they can't bring.
251
00:18:32,627 --> 00:18:36,384
they can't bring air power to bear without
hurting their own troops.
252
00:18:38,064 --> 00:18:39,798
the free from us bombs.
253
00:18:39,823 --> 00:18:44,840
Giap wants his Sun Tzu inspired guerrilla
attacks against Americans on the ground.
254
00:18:50,619 --> 00:18:51,997
ambushes.
255
00:18:53,107 --> 00:18:55,224
Hand Grenade booby traps.
256
00:18:56,856 --> 00:18:58,208
and snipers.
257
00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:05,137
the Jap starts to do is close in harassing
rates against the American.
258
00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:19,724
and Sun Tzu likes this idea.
259
00:19:19,749 --> 00:19:23,542
because by forcing the enemy to
maneuver to respond to you.
260
00:19:23,567 --> 00:19:25,927
he reveals strengths and weaknesses.
261
00:19:25,952 --> 00:19:29,511
and the more you know about his strengths
and weaknesses the more you can avoid the strengths.
262
00:19:29,536 --> 00:19:31,669
and attack
and exploit the weaknesses.
263
00:19:33,083 --> 00:19:37,075
the major u.s. weakness in this war is not on the
battlefield.
264
00:19:38,050 --> 00:19:40,513
now our weakness was
not in Vietnam.
265
00:19:40,538 --> 00:19:42,685
we never lost anything in Vietnam.
266
00:19:42,710 --> 00:19:45,383
we lost no engagements
in in Vietnam.
267
00:19:45,408 --> 00:19:50,507
but we did lose in the resolution of the
American people to pursue the war.
268
00:19:50,915 --> 00:19:53,219
Giap realized this from the very start.
269
00:19:53,244 --> 00:19:56,869
and he did not try to
defeat us in in Vietnam.
270
00:19:56,894 --> 00:19:59,602
he tried to defeat
us in the United States.
271
00:20:00,931 --> 00:20:05,250
Giop knows that if he can turn the
American people against the war.
272
00:20:05,275 --> 00:20:08,594
he can
defeat the overpowering US military.
273
00:20:09,493 --> 00:20:11,108
in the beginning of the war.
274
00:20:11,133 --> 00:20:15,844
nearly 80% of Americans
supported the military action in Vietnam.
275
00:20:16,108 --> 00:20:19,335
between 1965 and 1967
276
00:20:19,360 --> 00:20:22,421
President Johnson
increases troop strength dramatically
277
00:20:22,446 --> 00:20:25,748
from 190,000 to almost half a million.
278
00:20:26,639 --> 00:20:30,061
but more soldiers means more casualties.
279
00:20:30,832 --> 00:20:36,270
between 1959 and1965 the US had
suffered 2,000 battle deaths.
280
00:20:36,496 --> 00:20:42,039
but then in 1966 it jumped to
6,000 and in 1967 it jumped to 11,000.
281
00:20:42,064 --> 00:20:46,846
and this was because Westmoreland was
enacting an attrition based strategy.
282
00:20:47,017 --> 00:20:50,503
he wanted to take the
battle to the North Vietnamese
283
00:20:50,528 --> 00:20:56,609
and tried to kill as many of their soldiers as possible
and of course this led to higher casualties among the Americans.
284
00:20:58,295 --> 00:21:02,600
ignoring the rising death toll
and the potential political backlash.
285
00:21:02,625 --> 00:21:06,203
Westmoreland persists with
his chest like strategy.
286
00:21:08,508 --> 00:21:11,039
one does not win wars by
winning battles.
287
00:21:11,064 --> 00:21:14,286
that's a very archaic
concept the Romans learned this.
288
00:21:14,311 --> 00:21:16,426
they fought for 40
years in Spain.
289
00:21:16,451 --> 00:21:20,061
they fought for 30 years in England and still
couldn't subdue the insurgency's.
290
00:21:20,437 --> 00:21:22,638
war... battle...
291
00:21:22,663 --> 00:21:27,858
battles and military operations are
nothing more than means to an end.
292
00:21:28,053 --> 00:21:31,778
means to the achievement
of strategic goals. okay.
293
00:21:31,803 --> 00:21:33,816
those gold by the way often political.
294
00:21:33,841 --> 00:21:38,095
what often happens to military man in his day
as we used to say in the Army.
295
00:21:38,120 --> 00:21:40,042
you dance with who brung you
they're military guys.
296
00:21:40,067 --> 00:21:42,352
they got one trick.that trick is war. okay.
297
00:21:42,377 --> 00:21:45,370
and what happens and
happens to us now.
298
00:21:45,395 --> 00:21:49,281
is that essentially the war and the
battles become an end in itself.
299
00:21:49,306 --> 00:21:54,982
without any consideration of whether or not it leads to the ultimate strategic goal of breaking the will of the enemy.
300
00:21:56,194 --> 00:21:59,210
but no matter how bloody
the battlefield gets.
301
00:21:59,235 --> 00:22:02,124
the Vietnamese will
is never broken.
302
00:22:03,390 --> 00:22:08,429
Giap famously claims he's willing to
lose ten men for every one American.
303
00:22:09,888 --> 00:22:13,695
many North Vietnamese
troops were a tattoo that says
304
00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:16,794
born in
the north to die in the south.
305
00:22:17,325 --> 00:22:22,058
and it's this difference that
Giap knows will allow him to defeat the Americans.
306
00:22:22,083 --> 00:22:26,107
who now have more than a
half a million soldiers in Vietnam.
307
00:22:26,132 --> 00:22:28,995
many of whom don't
want to be there.
308
00:22:29,020 --> 00:22:32,935
believe me all conscripts
want to do is get the hell out of country.
309
00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:36,972
you know everybody arrives everybody
arrives with what we call their diro state.
310
00:22:36,997 --> 00:22:38,786
they'd have
expected routine and overseas.
311
00:22:38,811 --> 00:22:41,798
you know scratch somewhere
and across your forehead.
312
00:22:41,825 --> 00:22:44,219
this is when I get to go home.
313
00:22:44,244 --> 00:22:47,281
and it's very hard
to train them to do.
314
00:22:47,306 --> 00:22:51,545
the kinds of stuff that special
operations forces have to do.
315
00:22:51,570 --> 00:22:53,991
in order to
fight an insurgency.
316
00:22:54,016 --> 00:22:58,449
so you you put it all together and it's a failure of
strategic thinking.
317
00:22:58,474 --> 00:23:01,854
a failure to appreciate the cultural
context in which things occurre.
318
00:23:01,879 --> 00:23:03,878
and inevitably deduce from that.
319
00:23:03,903 --> 00:23:05,713
our failure to develop tactics.
320
00:23:05,738 --> 00:23:06,830
that are effective.
321
00:23:07,940 --> 00:23:10,737
to combat Giap's
guerrilla insurgency.
322
00:23:10,762 --> 00:23:14,875
Westmoreland launches Search and
Destroy missions throughout South Vietnam.
323
00:23:14,900 --> 00:23:19,349
he believes he is successfully rooting out
Giap's Vietcong insurgents.
324
00:23:19,866 --> 00:23:22,732
but a pentagon report
released after the war.
325
00:23:22,757 --> 00:23:25,708
shows just how wrong
he actually was.
326
00:23:26,669 --> 00:23:27,733
what it found was.
327
00:23:27,758 --> 00:23:32,936
that in more than 80% of the cases
where American troops fought Vietcong troops.
328
00:23:32,961 --> 00:23:35,301
that in fact it was the enemy.
329
00:23:35,326 --> 00:23:38,045
that chose the time and
place of the ambush.
330
00:23:38,070 --> 00:23:41,221
that in point of fact we were not
searching and destroying anything.
331
00:23:41,246 --> 00:23:42,315
in point of fact.
332
00:23:42,353 --> 00:23:45,813
if the enemy didn't want to fight they just
let us stumble on through the bush.
333
00:23:45,838 --> 00:23:47,892
but when they... when I wanted to fight.
334
00:23:47,917 --> 00:23:50,179
it would pick the time and place.
335
00:23:51,117 --> 00:23:53,750
Giap's guerrilla tactics are working.
336
00:23:53,775 --> 00:23:58,893
but his Sun Tzu inspired strategy is suddenly
overruled by his commanding officers.
337
00:23:59,197 --> 00:24:04,275
he is ordered to plan a full-scale direct
offensive against the US forces.
338
00:24:06,300 --> 00:24:08,581
Giap knows this is suicide.
339
00:24:08,606 --> 00:24:11,163
so instead he modifies the plan.
340
00:24:11,881 --> 00:24:14,286
returning to Sun Tzu principles.
341
00:24:14,311 --> 00:24:18,528
he decides to coordinate a
simultaneous multi-pronged attack
342
00:24:18,553 --> 00:24:21,942
in hundreds of different
locations across South Vietnam.
343
00:24:23,988 --> 00:24:28,551
the date for the attack
January 31st 1968.
344
00:24:28,887 --> 00:24:32,684
Viet Nam's Lunar New
Year holiday called Tet.
345
00:24:32,709 --> 00:24:37,331
Giap has less than nine
months to plan his Tet Offensive.
346
00:24:37,356 --> 00:24:39,520
A Sun Tzu inspired
strategy.
347
00:24:39,545 --> 00:24:42,903
that will prove to be a powerful turning
point in the war.
348
00:24:47,434 --> 00:24:51,989
Sun Tzu says let
your plans be as dark as night.
349
00:24:52,014 --> 00:24:55,174
then strike
like a thunderbolt.
350
00:24:56,987 --> 00:24:58,995
during the Vietnam War.
351
00:24:59,020 --> 00:25:02,057
North Vietnamese general Vo Nguyen Giap.
352
00:25:02,082 --> 00:25:05,401
prepares his Tet Offensive in absolute secrecy.
353
00:25:05,815 --> 00:25:10,751
and just like the master
Sun Tzu Giap puts his faith in his spies.
354
00:25:11,641 --> 00:25:13,969
Sun Tzu places like
great importance on spies
355
00:25:13,994 --> 00:25:17,720
and in fact he devotes an entire chapter to the
different types of spies
356
00:25:17,745 --> 00:25:19,392
and how they can be used.
357
00:25:19,417 --> 00:25:25,202
Sun Tzu would have been impressed with
general Giap's spy network in South Vietnam.
358
00:25:26,368 --> 00:25:30,694
Giap understood that accurate knowledge
of the enemy is worth 10 divisions.
359
00:25:30,719 --> 00:25:36,407
and so what happened was he literally had
created a spy network that was unrivaled.
360
00:25:38,850 --> 00:25:44,711
I mean every bar man every taxi driver
every taxi dancer
361
00:25:44,744 --> 00:25:50,193
anyone who dealt with Americans was
potentially a source of information for the Vietcong.
362
00:25:52,536 --> 00:25:57,088
the man who ran the taxi stand outside
US headquarters in Saigon.
363
00:25:57,113 --> 00:26:00,668
is supposedly
the chief of Vietcong intelligence.
364
00:26:01,358 --> 00:26:04,356
the point was by simply overhearing what
Americans.
365
00:26:04,381 --> 00:26:07,203
were saying what soldiers were
telling girls
366
00:26:07,228 --> 00:26:09,930
the prostitutes the drug dealers all of this thing.
367
00:26:09,955 --> 00:26:12,937
by collecting that information together able
essentially.
368
00:26:12,962 --> 00:26:15,836
to predict the movement of American units.
369
00:26:16,140 --> 00:26:19,951
and as a result as the
study later shows we didn't surprise anybody.
370
00:26:19,992 --> 00:26:22,726
they knew where were coming on
us all the time.
371
00:26:23,186 --> 00:26:26,183
with up-to-the-minute
information on his enemy.
372
00:26:26,208 --> 00:26:29,714
Giap moves forward with
his plans for the Tet Offensive.
373
00:26:31,589 --> 00:26:33,902
the element of surprise
is key.
374
00:26:33,927 --> 00:26:37,440
but means nothing if his men aren't
sufficiently armed.
375
00:26:39,790 --> 00:26:43,971
Giap's next challenge is to figure out
how to smuggle in and hide
376
00:26:43,996 --> 00:26:47,167
thousands of weapons
throughout South Vietnam.
377
00:26:47,192 --> 00:26:49,979
the solution is all Sun Tzu.
378
00:26:50,691 --> 00:26:52,964
deception and secrecy.
379
00:26:54,948 --> 00:26:57,566
giap goes underground.
380
00:26:57,591 --> 00:27:01,015
what we found is an enormous
complex of tunnels.
381
00:27:01,359 --> 00:27:04,265
I ran four miles and three and four
levels deep.
382
00:27:05,101 --> 00:27:08,054
there were field hospitals below their
supply depots.
383
00:27:08,679 --> 00:27:13,304
it's where the VC and NBA would go to
rest and recuperation.
384
00:27:13,329 --> 00:27:15,865
there was booze gals
down there
385
00:27:15,890 --> 00:27:18,778
and they did some of them ran underneath
American base camps.
386
00:27:19,708 --> 00:27:24,458
the largest of these tunnel complexes is
north of Saigon in Ku-Chi.
387
00:27:25,192 --> 00:27:27,497
stretching from the Cambodian border.
388
00:27:27,522 --> 00:27:32,109
it has more than 75 miles of
interconnecting passages.
389
00:27:34,175 --> 00:27:37,476
built by the Vietnamese
in the 1940s and 50s.
390
00:27:37,501 --> 00:27:42,724
the tunnels were originally dug out of the
hard clay by hand with simple farm tools.
391
00:27:44,311 --> 00:27:45,765
over the next decade.
392
00:27:45,798 --> 00:27:52,280
the tunnels are expanded and fortified with
zigzags and sharp drops to resist us attack.
393
00:27:52,890 --> 00:27:55,491
the Vietcong at secret entrances.
394
00:27:55,820 --> 00:27:59,999
camouflaged ventilation systems and
booby trap doors.
395
00:28:02,030 --> 00:28:06,802
how an all heck's name do you fight in
tunnels they use what we call tunnel rats.
396
00:28:06,827 --> 00:28:10,513
which were often urban
Irish kids.
397
00:28:10,545 --> 00:28:14,192
little not I say little but you know
five five five six
398
00:28:14,217 --> 00:28:15,275
thin.
399
00:28:15,300 --> 00:28:17,191
but brave as hell
400
00:28:17,216 --> 00:28:23,480
I mean to go down through those holes into the tunnels
armed only with a 45 some time and a flashlight.
401
00:28:23,542 --> 00:28:26,892
I mean that's really war up close and personal.
402
00:28:26,917 --> 00:28:29,167
never knowing what
you were going to find on it.
403
00:28:29,714 --> 00:28:34,222
Giap funnels tens of thousands
of Vietcong troops through these tunnels.
404
00:28:34,247 --> 00:28:36,907
as the Tet
Offensive draws nearer.
405
00:28:37,093 --> 00:28:39,236
with just two months until Tet
406
00:28:39,261 --> 00:28:42,485
Giap plays what might be his greatest deception.
407
00:28:43,774 --> 00:28:48,158
Vietnam announces it will honor the traditional Tet
ceasefire.
408
00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:52,648
part of the deception campaign
is actually agreeing to a ceasefire over Tet.
409
00:28:52,812 --> 00:28:56,545
this really lulls the
Americans in the South Vietnamese
410
00:28:56,570 --> 00:29:00,935
into thinking that
they can relax their guard send troops home.
411
00:29:01,029 --> 00:29:04,091
and there will be no conflict
during those holidays.
412
00:29:05,028 --> 00:29:08,240
now with Tet a little
more than a week away.
413
00:29:08,264 --> 00:29:13,080
Giap launches a surprise attack on the
remote US base at Khe Sanh.
414
00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:21,588
US Marines fight back waves of North Vietnamese
soldiers that try to overrun the sprawling compound.
415
00:29:21,613 --> 00:29:25,408
in the US is
determined not to lose Khe Sahn.
416
00:29:30,550 --> 00:29:35,400
Lyndon Johnson actually has a scale
model of the battlefield built.
417
00:29:35,425 --> 00:29:38,412
that he can.. so he can monitor
it on a daily basis.
418
00:29:38,437 --> 00:29:40,510
even goes and takes the
step that
419
00:29:40,535 --> 00:29:44,204
he makes the Joint Chiefs of Staff a sign of
paper that says
420
00:29:44,229 --> 00:29:47,157
the Americans will not lose Khe Sanh.
421
00:29:47,899 --> 00:29:51,016
but Khe Sanh is
not Giap's real objective.
422
00:29:51,414 --> 00:29:56,243
it's a ploy to draw us
attention away from the cities before tet.
423
00:29:56,654 --> 00:29:59,639
sun tzu would
applaud Giap's maneuver.
424
00:30:01,110 --> 00:30:05,974
Sun Tzu says in battle use a
direct attack to engage.
425
00:30:05,999 --> 00:30:08,600
and an indirect attack to win.
426
00:30:09,270 --> 00:30:13,255
in the art of war you should always try
to deceive your enemy.
427
00:30:13,364 --> 00:30:15,373
pick a place you
want to attack.
428
00:30:15,398 --> 00:30:18,709
then attack somewhere
else to divert his attention.
429
00:30:18,949 --> 00:30:22,341
while he's distracted.
capture your real objective.
430
00:30:23,895 --> 00:30:28,169
giap has done everything
he can to prepare for the Tet Offensive.
431
00:30:28,194 --> 00:30:29,838
he uses spies.
432
00:30:31,570 --> 00:30:34,261
secrecy and deception.
433
00:30:36,401 --> 00:30:38,065
the time to attack.
434
00:30:38,151 --> 00:30:39,973
is now at hand.
435
00:30:40,551 --> 00:30:43,676
January 31st 1968
436
00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:45,379
fireworks crackle.
437
00:30:45,887 --> 00:30:48,075
it's the Tet Lunar New Year.
438
00:30:49,582 --> 00:30:53,003
suddenly the celebration turns deadly.
439
00:30:55,160 --> 00:31:00,957
more than 80,000 Vietcong troops carry
out simultaneous individual attacks.
440
00:31:01,089 --> 00:31:06,457
on more than a hundred cities villages and
US bases all across South Vietnam.
441
00:31:06,820 --> 00:31:09,355
the Tet Offensive has begun.
442
00:31:09,996 --> 00:31:12,996
the Americans and the South
Vietnamese are shocked.
443
00:31:13,214 --> 00:31:14,582
they were stunned.
444
00:31:14,607 --> 00:31:18,136
the they had thought the enemy
was on his last legs yet.
445
00:31:18,511 --> 00:31:22,441
reports are coming in from everywhere
every city every town every base.
446
00:31:22,466 --> 00:31:24,105
that they're under attack.
447
00:31:24,698 --> 00:31:29,550
u.s. commanders see the map of South
Vietnam light up like a pinball machine.
448
00:31:30,300 --> 00:31:31,488
we couldn't believe that.
449
00:31:31,513 --> 00:31:35,892
they had moved this many
troops disclosed to the cities.
450
00:31:35,917 --> 00:31:38,222
and you know they very
patient had
451
00:31:38,247 --> 00:31:44,604
taken months to position arms there and troops
and give them cover an amazing amazing logistical feat.
452
00:31:46,688 --> 00:31:53,329
Giap's informants lead the Vietcong and North
Vietnamese troops through the streets to strategic targets.
453
00:31:53,790 --> 00:31:56,697
one group captures
the national radio station.
454
00:31:56,722 --> 00:32:00,280
while another blows a hole in the wall
of the American Embassy.
455
00:32:00,305 --> 00:32:02,782
and fights its way onto the grounds.
456
00:32:04,895 --> 00:32:07,947
the Tet Offensive
looks like it might succeed.
457
00:32:07,972 --> 00:32:12,396
but the North has ignored one
very important Sun Tzu principal.
458
00:32:12,833 --> 00:32:14,888
and it will cost.
459
00:32:18,367 --> 00:32:23,763
Sun Tzu says there are five fundamental
factors for success in war.
460
00:32:24,341 --> 00:32:32,443
weather, terrain, leadership, military doctrine
and most importantly moral influence.
461
00:32:33,923 --> 00:32:38,826
moral influence means a leader must
have the will of the people behind him.
462
00:32:38,851 --> 00:32:41,875
otherwise a war will
ultimately fail.
463
00:32:41,900 --> 00:32:44,859
it's an important clue in
solving the mystery of
464
00:32:44,859 --> 00:32:48,569
whether sons who predicted America's
demise and Vietnam.
465
00:32:49,405 --> 00:32:52,936
as the Tet Offensive rages in 1968.
466
00:32:52,961 --> 00:32:58,840
the Vietcong carry black lists and assassinate
South Vietnamese sympathizers at will
467
00:32:58,865 --> 00:33:03,118
one of the most brutal massacres
takes place in the city of way.
468
00:33:04,236 --> 00:33:09,975
they massacred 5,000 people in
way many of them government functionaries.
469
00:33:10,000 --> 00:33:13,079
whose only crime was that
they worked in a government agency.
470
00:33:13,104 --> 00:33:17,312
and also they exterminated they literally
shot several hundred nuns.
471
00:33:17,507 --> 00:33:21,117
who whose only crime were
that they were Catholic nuns.
472
00:33:33,250 --> 00:33:35,125
that brutality.
473
00:33:35,473 --> 00:33:36,961
I think backfired
474
00:33:36,986 --> 00:33:40,976
a lot of Vietnamese said wait a minute
this is not the kind of thing we do.
475
00:33:41,015 --> 00:33:43,562
it's not the kind of people
we want to live under.
476
00:33:44,880 --> 00:33:49,434
but it was a terrible and
in my judgment ,pointless Massacre.
477
00:33:50,888 --> 00:33:56,171
without the will of the people
Giap's small units are left without
reinforcements.
478
00:33:56,196 --> 00:33:58,499
they have no idea
what to do.
479
00:33:58,524 --> 00:34:01,717
and no way to communicate
with each other.
480
00:34:04,850 --> 00:34:10,514
then US forces sweep in and devastate
the fragmented North Vietnamese fighters.
481
00:34:16,404 --> 00:34:20,100
10,000 died in the first
few days of the attack.
482
00:34:22,494 --> 00:34:26,608
while US forces suffer only 250
casualties.
483
00:34:27,810 --> 00:34:31,631
Tet is a military disaster
for the North Vietnamese.
484
00:34:33,062 --> 00:34:37,500
but Sun Tzu's concept of moral
influence cuts both ways.
485
00:34:37,843 --> 00:34:42,171
when Americans see the images of the
Tet Offensive on their television screens.
486
00:34:42,242 --> 00:34:45,732
popular support for the war rapidly erodes.
487
00:34:45,757 --> 00:34:52,538
this had the effect of just simply turning
everybody feelings about the war upside down.
488
00:34:52,639 --> 00:34:54,807
we had thought
we were winning in Vietnam.
489
00:34:54,832 --> 00:34:57,394
and we were finding that we
were losing in Vietnam.
490
00:34:57,419 --> 00:35:00,574
and at that moment I think
everything changed in America.
491
00:35:02,935 --> 00:35:04,917
despite losing the battle.
492
00:35:05,153 --> 00:35:07,985
Giop is well on his way to winning the war
493
00:35:08,010 --> 00:35:10,721
by defeating the US
where it matters most.
494
00:35:12,317 --> 00:35:13,479
at home.
495
00:35:19,065 --> 00:35:23,362
after Teth,
Giap returns with guerrilla tactics.
496
00:35:23,495 --> 00:35:28,136
in 1975 with US military
support all but gone.
497
00:35:28,161 --> 00:35:31,823
Saigon finally falls to
the North Vietnamese Army.
498
00:35:33,654 --> 00:35:37,820
at the end of the
war US Colonel Harry summers meets with
499
00:35:37,845 --> 00:35:41,120
North Vietnamese leaders to negotiate
the American withdraw.
500
00:35:41,284 --> 00:35:46,597
Harry summons under meeting with Colonel too was
Vietnamese North Vietnamese counterpart in Hanoi.
501
00:35:47,048 --> 00:35:49,682
probably got a little
angry at was going on
502
00:35:49,707 --> 00:35:51,911
and snapped to the colonel
and the Vietnamese colonel.
503
00:35:51,936 --> 00:35:54,542
well the truth is you never
beat us on the battlefield.
504
00:35:54,575 --> 00:35:57,356
the Vietnamese Colonel
looked at him and said well that's true
505
00:35:57,381 --> 00:36:01,044
he said but it's also irrelevant and
there you have it.
506
00:36:03,724 --> 00:36:05,997
it was the political context.
507
00:36:06,022 --> 00:36:08,489
that was important far
more than the military.
508
00:36:08,514 --> 00:36:11,419
as it always is
throughout history.
509
00:36:11,444 --> 00:36:15,801
one more time to
remember that war is a means to an end.
510
00:36:15,860 --> 00:36:20,028
and that end is almost always governed
by politics not by military victory or defeat.
511
00:36:23,240 --> 00:36:29,749
this is a notion that general Giap well
understood as did the master Sun Tzu.
512
00:36:32,427 --> 00:36:35,941
it's about 500 BC in ancient China.
513
00:36:38,858 --> 00:36:43,379
Sun Tzu's hit-and-run campaign against
the kingdom of truth is working.
514
00:36:47,935 --> 00:36:50,192
Sun Tzu's adversary.
515
00:36:50,217 --> 00:36:52,483
the true Prime Minister nanhua.
516
00:36:52,508 --> 00:36:56,171
grows frustrated and loses
some political allies.
517
00:36:56,965 --> 00:37:01,436
Nan Hua as generals are
increasingly frustrated by Sun Tzu's cross-border raids.
518
00:37:02,357 --> 00:37:06,997
the constant
harassment is undermining the morale of the Chu troops.
519
00:37:07,022 --> 00:37:09,815
money is being drained
out of the Chu treasury.
520
00:37:10,481 --> 00:37:15,643
some cases the best of choose warriors are either
killed or captured by Sun Tzu.
521
00:37:16,541 --> 00:37:18,261
faced with this dilemma.
522
00:37:18,286 --> 00:37:23,331
nan hua is forced to turn to choose allies for
men money and material.
523
00:37:24,378 --> 00:37:28,850
throughout the countryside there is fear
of where Sun Tzu will strike next.
524
00:37:30,763 --> 00:37:34,628
leaders in the royal court
begin to lose faith in Non Hua.
525
00:37:34,653 --> 00:37:38,402
and allies begin to
defect to Sun Tzu's suicide.
526
00:37:39,452 --> 00:37:43,097
but this disloyalty doesn't
come without punishment.
527
00:37:43,696 --> 00:37:49,064
nan-hua deploys his army to destroy a
rogue ally in the north called Cai.
528
00:37:49,556 --> 00:37:51,926
as the capital is about
to be attacked.
529
00:37:51,951 --> 00:37:55,165
the Duke of Cai calls
on Sun Tzu for help.
530
00:37:56,993 --> 00:38:01,149
Sun Tzu, now faces a seemingly no-win situation.
531
00:38:01,571 --> 00:38:05,438
if he does nothing, his ally
will be destroyed.
532
00:38:05,463 --> 00:38:10,407
if he tries to save his ally
non-hua will crush his army.
533
00:38:10,860 --> 00:38:13,688
but for Sun-Tzu the solution is simple.
534
00:38:13,713 --> 00:38:21,096
he leads a small force toward Cai to act as
bait to draw non-hua away from the city.
535
00:38:21,542 --> 00:38:24,752
it's a key principle of Sun Tzu's teaching.
536
00:38:26,939 --> 00:38:31,682
to move your enemy entice him
with something he is certain to take.
537
00:38:33,916 --> 00:38:40,600
this is this whole idea of in a sense achieving
kind of a maneuver dominance room
538
00:38:40,625 --> 00:38:44,953
or controlling an enemy
movement by your own maneuver.
539
00:38:46,578 --> 00:38:50,024
non-hua immediately
stops his siege on Cai.
540
00:38:50,049 --> 00:38:53,141
and mobilizes his army
to intercept Sun Tzu.
541
00:38:53,367 --> 00:38:57,170
Sun Tzu saves his
ally without drawing a sword.
542
00:38:58,365 --> 00:39:00,766
but will he be
able to save himself.
543
00:39:01,584 --> 00:39:07,152
well Sun Tzu has succeeded in drawing
non-hua a get away from his siege of sight.
544
00:39:07,515 --> 00:39:10,932
it seems that he's maneuvered himself.
into a trap.
545
00:39:10,957 --> 00:39:12,898
he's surrounded
by non-hua forces.
546
00:39:13,937 --> 00:39:18,621
Sun Tzu has placed his men where
there is no possibility of retreat.
547
00:39:19,038 --> 00:39:22,379
he has placed them
on death ground.
548
00:39:23,746 --> 00:39:27,338
Sun Tzu says put
the army in the face of death
549
00:39:27,363 --> 00:39:31,457
where there is no escape and
they will not flee or be afraid.
550
00:39:31,660 --> 00:39:34,098
there is nothing they cannot achieve.
551
00:39:35,137 --> 00:39:38,122
Sun Tzu studied every aspect of war.
552
00:39:38,147 --> 00:39:41,821
including the psychology of men
facing imminent death.
553
00:39:42,382 --> 00:39:45,983
Sun Tzu says men
know that they are in death ground.
554
00:39:46,178 --> 00:39:47,986
they all be transformed.
555
00:39:48,011 --> 00:39:51,158
they become overnight fearless fighters.
556
00:39:51,183 --> 00:39:54,510
that they will fight we all have in order to end.
557
00:39:56,283 --> 00:40:01,119
on death ground is exactly where
Sun Tzu wants his soldiers.
558
00:40:01,244 --> 00:40:05,003
and it is on death ground that
another great army finds itself.
559
00:40:05,455 --> 00:40:08,892
with the fate of the world hanging in the balance.
560
00:40:13,945 --> 00:40:16,480
June 6th 1944.
561
00:40:17,331 --> 00:40:20,940
allied troops in world war 2 invade Europe.
562
00:40:21,620 --> 00:40:25,667
they land on the treacherous
beaches of Normandy France.
563
00:40:34,180 --> 00:40:36,496
if you put troops on
a beach
564
00:40:36,521 --> 00:40:39,947
from which there is no retreat
and there's almost no retreat from beaches.
565
00:40:39,972 --> 00:40:43,243
then they will fight
because they have to fight to survive.
566
00:40:43,268 --> 00:40:45,784
and you can
see this at Normandy.
567
00:40:50,589 --> 00:40:54,629
what those men went through was almost
unbelievable.
568
00:40:56,460 --> 00:40:58,409
when you see those
bitches
569
00:40:58,434 --> 00:41:03,690
and you see what doesn't men had
to face it was it's absolutely sobering to to realize.
570
00:41:05,880 --> 00:41:10,198
and it makes you very proud to be an
American far as I'm concerned.
571
00:41:15,150 --> 00:41:18,761
how they survived
and ultimately defeat the Nazis
572
00:41:18,786 --> 00:41:22,927
is predicted
in the pages of Sun Tzu's Art of War.
573
00:41:28,620 --> 00:41:32,529
Sun Tzu says all warfare is deception.
574
00:41:33,988 --> 00:41:37,090
if you can deceive your
enemy before battle
575
00:41:37,115 --> 00:41:39,519
you are more likely to win.
576
00:41:39,830 --> 00:41:43,207
dimension I got 10,000 soldiers
you've got one Midland.
577
00:41:43,497 --> 00:41:46,071
right, so what I
have to do to counter you?
578
00:41:46,096 --> 00:41:48,828
right I had to deceive you.
579
00:41:49,125 --> 00:41:53,406
into speedy area forces into
more diverse group.
580
00:41:54,883 --> 00:41:59,842
supreme Allied commander Dwight D.
eisenhower takes this principle to heart
581
00:41:59,867 --> 00:42:03,318
as he prepares to invade Europe during World War two.
582
00:42:04,895 --> 00:42:09,378
his invasion strategy at Normandy is one
of the most daring in history.
583
00:42:09,411 --> 00:42:13,914
and it's foreshadowed in the
pages of Sun Tzu's art of war.
584
00:42:13,939 --> 00:42:18,628
by 1944 Nazi Germany knows
the Allies are coming.
585
00:42:19,487 --> 00:42:22,147
but they don't know
where or when.
586
00:42:22,545 --> 00:42:24,232
it's very clear at some point.
587
00:42:24,257 --> 00:42:26,404
that in order to win world
war two.
588
00:42:26,429 --> 00:42:29,216
the Allies would have
had to invade the continent.
589
00:42:29,450 --> 00:42:31,724
and the buildup in England
590
00:42:31,788 --> 00:42:35,997
is the only place they could build up from meant
it was going to come somewhere on the coast of France.
591
00:42:36,022 --> 00:42:37,649
the only question is
where.
592
00:42:39,250 --> 00:42:43,350
there are only three feasible
locations where the Allies could land.
593
00:42:43,375 --> 00:42:48,670
the pas-de-calais, the Cherbourg Peninsula
or the Normandy beaches.
594
00:42:48,975 --> 00:42:51,295
the reason why this was true.
595
00:42:51,320 --> 00:42:55,348
is that the Allies were
absolutely certain to only land
596
00:42:55,380 --> 00:43:00,380
on a beach that could be
protected by the air power of the other
fighter planes
597
00:43:00,405 --> 00:43:02,862
that could fly out of
southern England.
598
00:43:02,887 --> 00:43:05,549
the range of these fighters was
400 miles.
599
00:43:05,574 --> 00:43:09,814
therefore any landing site had to be within
200 miles of these beaches
600
00:43:10,983 --> 00:43:12,812
but even with air support
601
00:43:12,837 --> 00:43:17,161
the Allies know of each invasion
of Europe is nearly impossible
602
00:43:17,395 --> 00:43:22,659
to succeed they must employ more
of a go strategy than a chess strategy.
603
00:43:24,140 --> 00:43:26,776
so instead of a direct attack.
604
00:43:27,065 --> 00:43:30,464
the Allies follow Sun Tzu's principle of deception
605
00:43:30,514 --> 00:43:34,582
and convinced the Germans the
attack will not occur at Normandy.
606
00:43:35,621 --> 00:43:40,300
one way Normandy is comparable to go is
the fact that the deception is involved
607
00:43:40,325 --> 00:43:44,908
as you're playing go it's a you are
signalling buyer moves
608
00:43:44,933 --> 00:43:47,611
which parts of the territory
are going to try and conquer.
609
00:43:47,636 --> 00:43:52,331
what the Allies were able to do
with the clever use of deception
610
00:43:52,370 --> 00:43:57,847
as well as actually clear military logic was to
convince the Germans that when it came
611
00:43:58,277 --> 00:44:00,253
it would come at Ponte Calais.
612
00:44:00,472 --> 00:44:02,940
and when in fact they plan to come at Normandy.
613
00:44:04,722 --> 00:44:07,370
it's called Operation fortitude
614
00:44:07,395 --> 00:44:11,717
and it's one of the most complex deception
campaigns ever attempted.
615
00:44:12,014 --> 00:44:14,485
the Allies create a fake army
616
00:44:14,510 --> 00:44:17,121
that appears ready to strike at Calais.
617
00:44:17,145 --> 00:44:22,612
they use inflatable tanks planes and trucks
to fool German photo reconnaissance.
618
00:44:23,190 --> 00:44:28,064
they would move the tanks and the trucks around
at night and they would have men with rollers
619
00:44:28,089 --> 00:44:31,658
actually making the track so that it would there
would actually be tracks in the grounds
620
00:44:31,683 --> 00:44:34,681
that it would look like there was a real
movement of troops during the night.
621
00:44:36,236 --> 00:44:39,375
the phantom army needs
to be seen and heard.
622
00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:45,788
so allied army personnel broadcast endless hours of fake
transmissions about troop and supply movements.
623
00:44:46,632 --> 00:44:49,272
on the one hand you would think
it'd be a bit of a funny job
624
00:44:49,297 --> 00:44:51,592
because you're just
sending bogus bogus traffic.
625
00:44:51,617 --> 00:44:52,906
but on the other hand.
626
00:44:52,931 --> 00:44:57,477
it's an a very important job that if they were
lacks in it or they didn't do it well.
627
00:44:57,502 --> 00:45:00,258
it would defeat the whole
purpose of the deception plan.
628
00:45:01,789 --> 00:45:04,756
Eisenhower shows
the Germans his fake army.
629
00:45:04,781 --> 00:45:08,219
but keeps his real
fighting force an absolute secret
630
00:45:10,024 --> 00:45:13,570
for weeks they are successful
in their deception campaign.
631
00:45:13,664 --> 00:45:18,031
but one month before the d-day invasion
of Normandy is set to begin.
632
00:45:18,125 --> 00:45:20,703
the Allies fear their secret is out.
633
00:45:23,070 --> 00:45:30,969
British counterintelligence officers discover five crucial
Normandy code names in a single newspaper crossword puzzle.
634
00:45:30,994 --> 00:45:36,815
Overlord, Neptune, Utah,
Omaha and Mulberry.
635
00:45:38,250 --> 00:45:41,967
British agents tracked down
the creator of the crossword puzzle.
636
00:45:41,992 --> 00:45:45,500
a 54 year old
teacher named Leonard Dawe
637
00:45:45,525 --> 00:45:48,712
and they interrogate him and he gets very
indignant and says you know.
638
00:45:48,737 --> 00:45:52,394
am I not allowed to choose the words
that I want for a crossword puzzle.
639
00:45:52,419 --> 00:45:56,319
and they press him but at the end
of the day they figure out that
640
00:45:56,344 --> 00:46:00,319
he is actually telling the truth and that
the words were actually just an accident.
641
00:46:02,114 --> 00:46:03,987
with the scare behind
them.
642
00:46:04,012 --> 00:46:08,618
the Allies must now actively sell the Germans
on the Calais invasion threat.
643
00:46:08,643 --> 00:46:11,417
they turned to one of
Sun Tzu's favorite methods.
644
00:46:11,613 --> 00:46:12,812
Spies.
645
00:46:14,891 --> 00:46:20,939
Sun Tzu says it is essential to seek out enemy
agents who have come to spy against you.
646
00:46:20,964 --> 00:46:22,970
and bribe them to serve you.
647
00:46:24,195 --> 00:46:29,000
in the art of war double agents are
the most important spies
648
00:46:29,492 --> 00:46:34,459
double agents begin as the spies
that your adversary has sent to spy on you.
649
00:46:35,099 --> 00:46:40,907
when you find them out you don't
jail them or execute them, you hire them.
650
00:46:40,932 --> 00:46:43,596
you give them lavish
rewards
651
00:46:43,621 --> 00:46:45,221
and what they start to do then.
652
00:46:45,246 --> 00:46:48,608
is they continue to act
as if they're spying on you.
653
00:46:49,029 --> 00:46:53,590
but the information they feed back to
your adversary is misinformation.
654
00:46:55,560 --> 00:47:00,551
during World War two nobody uses double
agents better than the British.
655
00:47:00,840 --> 00:47:03,715
their program is called
double-cross
656
00:47:03,740 --> 00:47:08,815
and one of their key double agents is a Welsh
naval contractor named Alfred Owen.
657
00:47:09,182 --> 00:47:12,666
when the war breaks out,
he's picked up right away.
658
00:47:12,909 --> 00:47:15,854
and they offer him a deal.
659
00:47:15,879 --> 00:47:18,842
either come over and
become a double agent for us
660
00:47:18,867 --> 00:47:22,209
or essentially you go to prison
and many of them were executed.
661
00:47:22,584 --> 00:47:25,240
and Heba gets
the code word snow
662
00:47:25,265 --> 00:47:30,427
and so when the Germans tried to infiltrate their
first wave of spies in September of 1940.
663
00:47:30,452 --> 00:47:35,328
the Germans Radio snow and let him know
that these four agents are coming in
664
00:47:35,353 --> 00:47:38,984
and of course they're met with a British
reception committee right away.
665
00:47:40,350 --> 00:47:42,844
double-cross is so successful.
666
00:47:42,869 --> 00:47:49,031
that British intelligence is able to turn or imprison
nearly every spy sent by Germany during the war.
667
00:47:49,281 --> 00:47:55,365
these double agent are both Brutus and
tricycle gives such convincing misinformation.
668
00:47:55,390 --> 00:47:58,934
that the Germans not only believe
the invasion is coming to Calais.
669
00:47:58,959 --> 00:48:01,966
but it's the Normandy
landing that's the diversion.
670
00:48:03,037 --> 00:48:09,154
Sun Tzu says the way a wise general can
achieve greatness beyond ordinary men.
671
00:48:09,179 --> 00:48:11,474
is through foreknowledge
672
00:48:12,505 --> 00:48:16,035
Sun Tzu teaches the importance
of deception and foreknowledge
673
00:48:16,060 --> 00:48:18,589
to uncover
the enemy's intentions.
674
00:48:18,614 --> 00:48:23,117
the allies gain foreknowledge
by breaking german codes
675
00:48:23,334 --> 00:48:29,675
four years the germans believe they're encoding
machine called enigma is completely unbreakable.
676
00:48:29,700 --> 00:48:35,175
it can scramble a message
150 million million million ways.
677
00:48:35,902 --> 00:48:39,020
but with the help of a Polish
mathematician
678
00:48:39,045 --> 00:48:41,676
British intelligence does the impossible
679
00:48:41,701 --> 00:48:46,504
they are able to decode
an intercepted German message within hours
680
00:48:46,589 --> 00:48:50,230
they call their code breaking system ultra.
681
00:48:50,264 --> 00:48:52,035
through ultra
682
00:48:52,060 --> 00:48:54,895
the Allies know what the
Germans are thinking.
683
00:48:54,920 --> 00:48:57,315
what their perceptions
are of the battlefield.
684
00:48:57,340 --> 00:49:00,301
and their view of what's happening.
685
00:49:00,326 --> 00:49:06,910
thus they're able to you feed German spies
information that reinforces those misconceptions.
686
00:49:07,550 --> 00:49:12,824
Sun Tzu would prise ultra
for its ability to read the mind of the enemy.
687
00:49:14,363 --> 00:49:20,480
the other wall essentially is
using the mind to fight the war.
688
00:49:20,566 --> 00:49:23,919
meaning to say that it is a mind to mind battle
689
00:49:23,997 --> 00:49:26,614
so in order to win against the enemy.
690
00:49:26,639 --> 00:49:29,796
you must be able to read the mind of the
enem.
691
00:49:31,015 --> 00:49:36,218
but sometimes knowing what your
enemy is thinking creates moral dilemmas.
692
00:49:38,120 --> 00:49:43,468
according to a British intelligence
officer on November 14th 1940.
693
00:49:43,499 --> 00:49:48,896
the British decode a German message about an
impending attack on the English city of Coventry.
694
00:49:49,608 --> 00:49:53,651
if Churchill tries to protect
Coventry he could tip off the Germans
695
00:49:53,676 --> 00:49:55,839
that he's reading
their messages
696
00:49:56,596 --> 00:49:58,980
it must have been a very very
difficult position
697
00:49:58,980 --> 00:50:02,104
to be placed in and very difficult
decision for him to make
698
00:50:02,291 --> 00:50:04,015
and in this particular case
699
00:50:04,040 --> 00:50:07,157
he was looking at the
long term allied victory
700
00:50:07,189 --> 00:50:09,377
and he essentially sacrificed.
701
00:50:09,775 --> 00:50:12,830
the the citizens of Coventry
that were lost that night.
702
00:50:15,080 --> 00:50:17,947
Coventry is devastated from the air.
703
00:50:18,611 --> 00:50:20,595
the destruction is so complete.
704
00:50:20,627 --> 00:50:22,861
the Germans coin a new phrase.
705
00:50:22,886 --> 00:50:26,971
covent rated to describe
total obliteration of a town.
706
00:50:28,111 --> 00:50:30,071
the story is controversial
707
00:50:30,096 --> 00:50:35,730
as there is no hard evidence to support the claim
that Churchill was warned about the Coventry attack.
708
00:50:37,361 --> 00:50:39,259
as d-day approaches
709
00:50:39,284 --> 00:50:42,953
the Allies discovered through
ultra and their network of spies
710
00:50:42,978 --> 00:50:47,148
that the Nazi still believed the
invasion will come through Calais.
711
00:50:47,173 --> 00:50:53,740
still attacking Normandy will be difficult as
the Germans established defenses all along the coast.
712
00:50:54,835 --> 00:50:58,388
Sun Tzu would praise the Allies
preparation for the landing.
713
00:50:58,413 --> 00:51:00,460
and their mastery of deception.
714
00:51:00,485 --> 00:51:04,999
but he would seriously condemn
what they do once they arrive.
715
00:51:14,300 --> 00:51:19,374
Sun Tzu says when a falcon strike
breaks the body of its prey
716
00:51:19,399 --> 00:51:23,497
it is because of timing when torrential
water tosses boulders
717
00:51:23,522 --> 00:51:25,637
it is because of momentum.
718
00:51:27,606 --> 00:51:32,161
Sun Tzu believes even the most
well-executed attack can be ruined
719
00:51:32,186 --> 00:51:33,922
if momentum is lost.
720
00:51:33,947 --> 00:51:36,070
the Normandy invasion shows
721
00:51:36,095 --> 00:51:40,406
that Sun Tzu could have predicted its
outcome some 2,000 years earlier
722
00:51:41,242 --> 00:51:44,078
after months of preparation and
deceptio.
723
00:51:44,103 --> 00:51:48,149
Eisenhower launches his attack
against German occupied France.
724
00:51:49,329 --> 00:51:51,815
a hundred fifty thousand ground troops
725
00:51:51,840 --> 00:51:54,961
jammed onto hundreds of small landing craft
726
00:51:54,986 --> 00:51:58,016
leave England and cross
the English Channel.
727
00:51:58,227 --> 00:52:01,429
though land at five
different beaches in France.
728
00:52:01,454 --> 00:52:08,226
codenamed Juno, sword, gold,
Utah and Omaha.
729
00:52:09,510 --> 00:52:12,171
as the landing craft approached the
beaches
730
00:52:12,288 --> 00:52:18,889
15,000 aircraft and 7,000 ships provide
a coordinated aerial assault on the beaches.
731
00:52:21,325 --> 00:52:23,155
at some of the landing sites.
732
00:52:23,180 --> 00:52:26,784
the Allied soldiers meet very
little resistance.
733
00:52:27,920 --> 00:52:31,862
but it beaches like Omaha,
it's hell on earth.
734
00:52:33,620 --> 00:52:37,151
for many of the Allied soldiers inside
the landing craft.
735
00:52:37,176 --> 00:52:41,319
these moments before the
door opens will be their last
736
00:52:41,686 --> 00:52:43,967
a case of incredible
courage.
737
00:52:43,992 --> 00:52:46,067
in the face of overwhelming
horror.
738
00:52:46,092 --> 00:52:48,488
I mean as though let if you think
about it.
739
00:52:48,513 --> 00:52:50,642
the landing craft came
up to the beach
740
00:52:50,667 --> 00:52:52,556
and as they came up to the beach
741
00:52:52,581 --> 00:52:57,349
the troops inside the landing craft could hear
the machine guns tapping on the outside.
742
00:53:02,008 --> 00:53:04,821
the anime machine gun is switched to
what they call fcl.
743
00:53:04,846 --> 00:53:06,118
final coordination line.
744
00:53:06,143 --> 00:53:08,344
they're going to put this month's machine gun fire
745
00:53:08,369 --> 00:53:10,581
on the front of that boat
so when it drops.
746
00:53:11,221 --> 00:53:14,189
bullets go right through it kill
two or three guys at a time.
747
00:53:16,659 --> 00:53:19,339
a lot of guys just died that way.
748
00:53:24,780 --> 00:53:27,589
many don't make it off the boats.
749
00:53:33,862 --> 00:53:38,331
so the soldier lucky enough to survive
the initial machine-gun barrage.
750
00:53:38,356 --> 00:53:40,870
the nightmare is just beginning
751
00:53:45,610 --> 00:53:50,065
he then has to cross 200 yards of the
mind title plants.
752
00:53:51,810 --> 00:53:54,331
wait down, with wet, heavy gear.
753
00:53:57,565 --> 00:54:01,682
then get through another hundred yards
of barbed wire beaches.
754
00:54:02,890 --> 00:54:10,127
it's three football fields of death and destruction
as German machine guns shred fellow soldiers and friends.
755
00:54:10,509 --> 00:54:12,763
if you ever
get a chance to visit no maja
756
00:54:12,788 --> 00:54:14,599
it will change your whole
view about the world
757
00:54:14,624 --> 00:54:16,496
it would change a whole view
about America.
758
00:54:16,521 --> 00:54:21,762
it will make you realize what incredible tourism
was displayed by those guys there.
759
00:54:22,775 --> 00:54:25,434
the Allies survived
on death row
760
00:54:25,459 --> 00:54:29,494
exactly the way Sun Tzu predicts
by biting together.
761
00:54:30,580 --> 00:54:32,158
and never giving up.
762
00:54:32,337 --> 00:54:34,376
there was an unmitigated horror.
763
00:54:34,401 --> 00:54:36,092
and still they kept coming.
764
00:54:36,117 --> 00:54:40,185
and you wonder, you know why how,
how do you make people do that.
765
00:54:40,210 --> 00:54:42,914
and perhaps Sun Tzu is
in fact instructive here.
766
00:54:42,945 --> 00:54:47,631
you make them do that because
there's no other alternative except death.
767
00:54:48,560 --> 00:54:51,404
what do you do turn around with
the equipment and swim back in
768
00:54:51,934 --> 00:54:54,786
there's no plan for evacuation unless, you
wounded.
769
00:54:54,820 --> 00:54:57,605
there's no way you could
refuse to get off the boat.
770
00:54:58,230 --> 00:55:02,089
so in a sense once you put
that number of guys on the beach.
771
00:55:02,628 --> 00:55:04,238
you're following Sun Tzu.
772
00:55:04,263 --> 00:55:07,525
in that you're putting an
army in a situation of it must fight or die
773
00:55:07,972 --> 00:55:10,933
and they fought and
they fought well and they survived.
774
00:55:12,862 --> 00:55:16,401
the Allies also benefit from
another Sun Tzu principle.
775
00:55:16,426 --> 00:55:19,183
the poor judgment of their enemies leader.
776
00:55:23,331 --> 00:55:26,240
Sun Tzu says it is essential for victory
777
00:55:26,240 --> 00:55:29,550
that generals are
unconstrained by their leader.
778
00:55:30,284 --> 00:55:34,947
the Allied command structure gives
total authority to General Eisenhower.
779
00:55:34,972 --> 00:55:38,667
as supreme commander of all
forces on the western front.
780
00:55:38,894 --> 00:55:41,370
beneath him
are four commander's,
781
00:55:41,395 --> 00:55:46,682
one for the Navy, Air Force,
the US Army Group and the British Army Group.
782
00:55:46,707 --> 00:55:53,031
in the business world this would be a very
clean org chart with well-defined responsibilities.
783
00:55:53,257 --> 00:55:57,148
great advantage that Eisenhower had that
he could work with all sorts of people.
784
00:55:57,173 --> 00:55:59,572
and there were huge
number of prima donnas.
785
00:55:59,597 --> 00:56:00,766
and on both sides.
786
00:56:00,791 --> 00:56:04,723
he was able to work with these people and
get them to work for the common good.
787
00:56:05,911 --> 00:56:11,799
one would expect a dictator like Hitler to have an
even more efficient chain of command than the Allies.
788
00:56:11,824 --> 00:56:13,613
but it's just the opposite.
789
00:56:13,638 --> 00:56:17,765
Hitler sets up a confusing system of
overlapping Authority.
790
00:56:18,328 --> 00:56:22,938
he wanted to make sure that no one
person beneath him had all of the information.
791
00:56:22,963 --> 00:56:26,998
and or all of the
control over forces at their disposal
792
00:56:27,201 --> 00:56:28,818
and so by divvying it up
793
00:56:28,843 --> 00:56:33,738
it always ensured that Hitler was the one that
actually made the final decision on the disposition.
794
00:56:33,763 --> 00:56:35,756
and the allocation of troops.
795
00:56:37,370 --> 00:56:42,412
general von Rundstedt holds the title of
commander in chief for forces in the West.
796
00:56:42,561 --> 00:56:46,207
but the Navy and Air fully each had
separate command chains.
797
00:56:46,232 --> 00:56:50,638
that aren't under his control and often
don't cooperate with each other.
798
00:56:51,537 --> 00:56:56,704
the waffen-ss a separate military arm
that fights alongside the German army
799
00:56:56,729 --> 00:57:02,326
answers to Himmler and rune stead has only indirect
control of the mechanized divisions
800
00:57:02,351 --> 00:57:04,845
for tank units are
under his command
801
00:57:04,870 --> 00:57:09,569
but the remaining six are
split between army groups B and G.
802
00:57:09,594 --> 00:57:11,430
it's a complete mess.
803
00:57:12,024 --> 00:57:13,758
Hiller's leadership style
804
00:57:13,844 --> 00:57:16,074
and the chaotic command structure
805
00:57:16,099 --> 00:57:17,480
in the German army
806
00:57:17,534 --> 00:57:20,761
render Hitler a very cooperative
adversary
807
00:57:20,786 --> 00:57:22,949
for a Sun Tzu type campaign.
808
00:57:23,082 --> 00:57:27,441
he is constantly.
interfering. in the decisions of his subordinates.
809
00:57:27,629 --> 00:57:30,315
the generals who should be acting
objectively and professionally.
810
00:57:30,340 --> 00:57:33,668
in trying to defend France
against the Allied invasion.
811
00:57:34,184 --> 00:57:36,348
one of Hitler's greatest blunders.
812
00:57:36,373 --> 00:57:40,115
is how he deployed his prized Panzer tank
divisions.
813
00:57:40,140 --> 00:57:44,057
some generals believe the
Panzers must be close to the beaches
814
00:57:44,082 --> 00:57:47,072
to knock the
invading troops back into the sea
815
00:57:48,400 --> 00:57:50,945
others think the tank
should be held in reserve.
816
00:57:50,970 --> 00:57:54,947
so they could be deployed and
forced wherever the Allies choose to land.
817
00:57:55,939 --> 00:57:59,220
since none of the generals have the
authority to make the call
818
00:57:59,252 --> 00:58:01,338
the decision Falls to Hitler.
819
00:58:01,697 --> 00:58:04,855
and being Hitler he made
all the wrong decisions.
820
00:58:04,880 --> 00:58:09,970
he put one Panzer Division in Holland and
another Panzer Division at the Bay of Biscay
821
00:58:09,995 --> 00:58:13,314
both of which were entirely out of any
range of a possible landing.
822
00:58:13,339 --> 00:58:18,150
and he put the rest of his Panzer divisions
back at some distance from the beaches
823
00:58:19,118 --> 00:58:23,062
Hitler's failure is a perfect example
of why Sun Tzu says
824
00:58:23,087 --> 00:58:28,859
the enlightened general must be free to
conduct war without interference from the leader.
825
00:58:29,850 --> 00:58:36,724
when you look at the strategy for the
German defense in France or in Normandy
826
00:58:36,749 --> 00:58:40,964
it's very divided over how the defense
should be arranged
827
00:58:40,989 --> 00:58:44,675
what forces are
actually available to defend the beaches
828
00:58:44,700 --> 00:58:48,153
and what forces are actually available
to reinforce the beaches
829
00:58:48,178 --> 00:58:52,049
or reinforce the German
forces at the invasion point
830
00:58:52,074 --> 00:58:57,822
because no one person has control of all of the
forces as Eisenhower did on the Allied side.
831
00:58:58,910 --> 00:59:01,439
the Allies achieved
the impossible.
832
00:59:01,464 --> 00:59:03,798
through bravery and
determination
833
00:59:03,823 --> 00:59:07,931
the troops are able to take all five landing
sites at Normandy.
834
00:59:08,263 --> 00:59:12,849
despite all of the complex planning that went into the
invasion of Normandy.
835
00:59:12,874 --> 00:59:18,699
it was the small unit tactics and the buddies fighting
side-by-side that wins the battle of the beaches
836
00:59:18,724 --> 00:59:20,567
and that's consistent throughout history.
837
00:59:23,638 --> 00:59:28,059
Sun Tzu would have marveled at the
timing and execution of the invasion.
838
00:59:28,419 --> 00:59:33,739
but soon the Allies encounter a new and
completely unexpected enemy.
839
00:59:34,067 --> 00:59:40,777
a labyrinth of giant impenetrable hedge rows in
what is known as the Bocage country of France.
840
00:59:40,980 --> 00:59:43,017
it looks like the Allies have
pulled off this amazing
841
00:59:43,042 --> 00:59:47,479
miraculous feat and they have they've landed
an army on the beaches of Normandy.
842
00:59:48,034 --> 00:59:49,847
but then they get bogged down.
843
00:59:49,872 --> 00:59:51,557
in the hedgerow country.
844
00:59:52,167 --> 00:59:53,831
they had not anticipated that.
845
00:59:53,856 --> 00:59:57,815
despite the fact that the reconnaissance aircraft
had photographed these hedgerows.
846
00:59:57,840 --> 01:00:02,507
the Allied planners simply assumed that
these were like the hedges in a suburban backyard.
847
01:00:03,030 --> 01:00:05,140
for five feet tall maybe
848
01:00:06,079 --> 01:00:10,929
but these ancient hedges
dating back nearly 2,000 years.
849
01:00:10,954 --> 01:00:14,790
are 20 to 30 feet
tall and extremely thick.
850
01:00:14,815 --> 01:00:18,982
they can't be climbed
tanks can't maneuver through them safely.
851
01:00:19,007 --> 01:00:22,562
and explosives would give
away a unit's position.
852
01:00:22,587 --> 01:00:29,512
the hedgerow country in Normandy threatens to completely
undermine the momentum that the Allies need to build up.
853
01:00:29,537 --> 01:00:31,577
American army is a
mechanized army.
854
01:00:31,602 --> 01:00:37,616
and you can't move tanks and trucks very quickly through
hedgerows that are enormous we think.
855
01:00:38,515 --> 01:00:41,851
the Allies momentum stops
dead in its tracks.
856
01:00:41,876 --> 01:00:46,491
forty days passed and they have only
reached their day five objectives.
857
01:00:46,550 --> 01:00:50,007
casualties amount
to more than 78,000
858
01:00:50,032 --> 01:00:52,952
and the entire
invasion is in jeopardy.
859
01:00:53,562 --> 01:00:57,492
but the solution on
how to escape this enormous maze.
860
01:00:57,517 --> 01:01:01,266
lies in the pages of Sun Tzu's Art of War.
861
01:01:05,961 --> 01:01:10,225
Sun Tzu says make your
enemy prepare on his left
862
01:01:10,250 --> 01:01:13,389
and he will be weak on his right.
863
01:01:15,584 --> 01:01:17,490
in Normandy France.
864
01:01:17,515 --> 01:01:21,927
the Allies are getting pummeled in the
hedgerows of the Bocage country.
865
01:01:22,294 --> 01:01:26,583
terrain perfectly suited for
German ambushes and snipers.
866
01:01:30,690 --> 01:01:33,332
the Germans have a word for
closer to combat.
867
01:01:33,357 --> 01:01:36,175
in terrain that's very complex enclosed.
868
01:01:36,242 --> 01:01:37,679
it's called a rotten Creek.
869
01:01:37,704 --> 01:01:40,250
it means literally the war of the rats.
870
01:01:45,086 --> 01:01:46,687
it means in essence that
871
01:01:46,712 --> 01:01:51,616
warfare gets reduced to almost individual combat
one or two men against one or two men.
872
01:01:51,641 --> 01:01:55,741
because the terrain in this case the
hedgerows won't allow you to maneuver.
873
01:01:55,890 --> 01:01:59,757
won't allow you to bring your your
technological advances of artillery
874
01:01:59,789 --> 01:02:02,874
air power mobility to tanks to bear
875
01:02:10,593 --> 01:02:15,507
so the war and the hedgerows was a
terrible war was up close and personal.
876
01:02:16,608 --> 01:02:22,489
but perhaps what's most deadly in the hedgerows
are the German Panzer tanks prowling the maze.
877
01:02:26,980 --> 01:02:30,349
the British actually had a pamphlet on
how to hunt tanks.
878
01:02:30,382 --> 01:02:33,109
they would send out specialized
teams of individuals
879
01:02:33,134 --> 01:02:37,633
with bazookas or Piet's as the British and
the Canadian Army's called them
880
01:02:37,658 --> 01:02:41,108
in order to actually hunt down
tanks and take them out.
881
01:02:41,133 --> 01:02:46,506
and the the manual actually likens it to
big-game hunting where you're out stalking.
882
01:02:46,531 --> 01:02:50,758
a tiger or an
elephant and trying to take it down
883
01:02:51,720 --> 01:02:56,572
eventually the Allies devise a Sun Tzu
inspired strategy
884
01:02:56,605 --> 01:03:00,212
to help free themselves from the carnage of
the Bocage country.
885
01:03:00,540 --> 01:03:06,844
the plan is to lure most of the German forces
fighting at the Bocage to the City of Khan.
886
01:03:06,869 --> 01:03:09,790
so a weakened force is
left behind
887
01:03:10,040 --> 01:03:14,531
primarily because Khan had airfields
and it was closest to Paris
888
01:03:14,556 --> 01:03:17,986
and so the Germans were fairly
sure that we would attack through Khan.
889
01:03:19,322 --> 01:03:22,791
the Allied plan begins with
operation Goodwood.
890
01:03:22,816 --> 01:03:26,688
a blistering barrage of air power
against the City of Khan.
891
01:03:26,977 --> 01:03:32,759
the Germans take the bait and move many of
their Panzer tank divisions away from the Bocage.
892
01:03:32,784 --> 01:03:38,194
leaving only one and a half divisions behind to
hold back the US forces in the hedgerows.
893
01:03:38,639 --> 01:03:41,587
the u.s.
immediately takes advantage of the shift
894
01:03:41,612 --> 01:03:46,204
and strikes with a withering air attack on
the remaining German Panzer tank divisions.
895
01:03:46,229 --> 01:03:48,837
it's called Operation Cobra.
896
01:03:49,260 --> 01:03:50,655
Sun Tzu says,
897
01:03:50,873 --> 01:03:53,124
you must behave like the snake.
898
01:03:53,179 --> 01:03:54,023
why?
899
01:03:54,117 --> 01:03:59,498
so that when you are attack on the front,
the back will reinforce the front.
900
01:03:59,802 --> 01:04:03,840
you attack in the rear the front
can reinforce that point
901
01:04:03,865 --> 01:04:06,683
and you attack the middle,
both sides to come in.
902
01:04:06,708 --> 01:04:11,784
so for Sun Tzu, right it is really the enemy
attacking you
903
01:04:11,809 --> 01:04:14,668
in your ear responses.
you must be flexible.
904
01:04:17,723 --> 01:04:20,574
with nearly all of the
German tanks destroyed.
905
01:04:20,599 --> 01:04:26,741
US forces are able to punch a hole in the
German line with artillery tanks and infantry.
906
01:04:27,562 --> 01:04:30,480
finally, after weeks
of frustration.
907
01:04:30,505 --> 01:04:33,262
the Allies break out of the Bocage.
908
01:04:33,287 --> 01:04:35,526
the diversion of Goodwood at Khan
909
01:04:35,551 --> 01:04:40,946
and the success of Cobra in the
Bocage country changes the strategic equation.
910
01:04:40,971 --> 01:04:44,940
the stalled allied momentum
returns with a vengeance.
911
01:04:47,205 --> 01:04:49,268
throughout the
Normandy invasion.
912
01:04:49,293 --> 01:04:53,274
Sun Tzus invisible hand
guides the Allies to victory.
913
01:04:53,299 --> 01:04:56,260
through their use of deception
for knowledge
914
01:04:56,299 --> 01:04:58,565
and a superior command structure.
915
01:04:58,590 --> 01:05:02,380
that motivates the entire
army to fight as one.
916
01:05:07,084 --> 01:05:08,826
Sun Tzu says,
917
01:05:08,943 --> 01:05:14,013
the winning army realizes
the conditions for victory first, then fights.
918
01:05:14,310 --> 01:05:18,503
the losing army fights first,
then seeks victory.
919
01:05:21,214 --> 01:05:24,988
the battle between the kingdoms of Wu
and Chu rages.
920
01:05:28,043 --> 01:05:31,660
Sun Tzu's small rule force is undeath
ground.
921
01:05:35,510 --> 01:05:40,136
they are surrounded by the army of the
true Prime Minister, non hua.
922
01:05:44,170 --> 01:05:47,090
but Sun Tzu, isn't worried.
923
01:05:48,105 --> 01:05:55,283
Well, non hua's army attacks, Sun Tzu's main
force is headed to capture the two capital of Ying.
924
01:05:55,578 --> 01:05:59,076
when non-hua realizes,
that Sun Tzu's main force
925
01:05:59,342 --> 01:06:02,201
is bent on the attack on Ying.
926
01:06:02,435 --> 01:06:03,982
he has a tough decision to make.
927
01:06:04,007 --> 01:06:06,967
obviously, he wants to kill Sun Tzu.
928
01:06:06,998 --> 01:06:10,529
he wants to wipe out this force under Sun
Tzu's command.
929
01:06:11,161 --> 01:06:16,749
but while he doesn't think the Wu force
the main body is much of a threat to the Chu capital.
930
01:06:16,868 --> 01:06:19,643
he's afraid
that the defender of inge.
931
01:06:19,682 --> 01:06:24,811
another general will win credit for defending
the capital against the wolf forces.
932
01:06:24,836 --> 01:06:28,507
as a result he races
back to defend it.
933
01:06:29,335 --> 01:06:33,405
it will be non hua
most colossal mistake of the war.
934
01:06:34,046 --> 01:06:39,265
like Non Hua generals throughout history
have charged headlong into battle.
935
01:06:39,570 --> 01:06:42,671
without having all
the information they need.
936
01:06:43,547 --> 01:06:45,234
thousands of years later
937
01:06:45,327 --> 01:06:47,604
in the farmlands of Pennsylvania.
938
01:06:47,629 --> 01:06:52,004
another general rushes into battle without
knowing what lies ahead.
939
01:06:57,120 --> 01:06:59,972
he is Confederate
General Robert Ely.
940
01:06:59,997 --> 01:07:03,705
who some consider the
greatest commander in American history.
941
01:07:04,940 --> 01:07:12,041
but at Gettysburg Lee fails to heed
Sun-Tzu's wisdom and pays a terrible price.
942
01:07:16,665 --> 01:07:22,360
Sun-Tzu says, no nation has ever
benefited from prolonged war.
943
01:07:24,607 --> 01:07:28,405
the American Civil War is Sun Tzu's a
nightmare scenario.
944
01:07:30,186 --> 01:07:35,730
a bloody stalemate that will end up
costing more than 620,000 lives
945
01:07:35,855 --> 01:07:39,700
by far the deadliest war
in American history
946
01:07:46,661 --> 01:07:53,980
by 1863 it's pretty clear, on both sides that this is not going
to be the short war everyone thought it was going to be.
947
01:07:54,207 --> 01:07:56,300
when at the Battle of Manassas
948
01:07:56,325 --> 01:07:57,980
the ladies and gentlemen,
949
01:07:58,005 --> 01:08:01,538
drove out of DC in their
carriages with picnic lunches to
950
01:08:01,563 --> 01:08:04,201
observe what they thought would
be the first and last battle.
951
01:08:04,226 --> 01:08:08,201
of the war, everybody knows now
it's going to be a long war.
952
01:08:09,053 --> 01:08:11,514
the war affects every American.
953
01:08:11,690 --> 01:08:14,397
sometimes in unexpected ways.
954
01:08:15,194 --> 01:08:19,840
the Civil War sees the
creation of the first American psychiatric hospital
955
01:08:19,865 --> 01:08:22,334
at st.
Elizabeth's in Washington DC.
956
01:08:22,537 --> 01:08:24,760
still in operation today.
957
01:08:25,618 --> 01:08:27,750
the war between the north and south.
958
01:08:27,775 --> 01:08:30,658
also affected how Americans
receive their mail?
959
01:08:30,683 --> 01:08:37,929
a Cleveland postmaster becomes so distraught by the sight
of anxious wives and children lining up at his post office.
960
01:08:38,039 --> 01:08:41,681
that he Institute's home delivery
for the very first time.
961
01:08:41,884 --> 01:08:43,790
that what many homes receive
962
01:08:43,884 --> 01:08:46,228
are death notices
963
01:08:50,965 --> 01:08:55,009
the turkey puzzles realize that whenever
they saw an army that.
964
01:08:55,034 --> 01:08:57,782
sooner or later that
would be flesh to eat.
965
01:08:57,807 --> 01:08:59,633
and as the armies moved along.
966
01:08:59,658 --> 01:09:03,491
they often moved along with
hundreds of Turkey buzzards.
967
01:09:03,914 --> 01:09:06,865
overhead just waiting for the battlefield
968
01:09:06,897 --> 01:09:08,244
waiting for the carnage
969
01:09:08,269 --> 01:09:10,444
waiting for the open wounds.
pick out their eyes.
970
01:09:10,469 --> 01:09:13,234
and eat the innards as they
would any other carrion.
971
01:09:13,259 --> 01:09:15,624
and then almost a horrific scene.
972
01:09:15,649 --> 01:09:18,937
but that's what war is
pretty horrific in times.
973
01:09:21,530 --> 01:09:28,655
Civil War field hospitals are human butcher
shops. with arms and legs, stacked in piles.
974
01:09:30,869 --> 01:09:35,101
some 40,000 amputations
are performed on the Union side alone.
975
01:09:35,618 --> 01:09:39,063
only 24,000
of them under anesthesia.
976
01:09:44,220 --> 01:09:49,414
doctors performed dozens of surgeries
without ever washing their hands.
977
01:09:49,741 --> 01:09:55,130
it was seven times safer to fight through
the entire Battle of Gettysburg.
978
01:09:55,479 --> 01:09:58,268
than it was to be sent to an Army Hospital.
979
01:10:01,440 --> 01:10:04,744
the death rate there was 30 and 40%
980
01:10:09,736 --> 01:10:12,174
taking the limo off was just one.
981
01:10:12,206 --> 01:10:19,983
one part of it now in public gangrene super ation,
infection and the death rates were just staggeringly high.
982
01:10:23,374 --> 01:10:30,372
the American Civil War is a classic example of why
Sun Tzu warns against going to war in the first place.
983
01:10:30,825 --> 01:10:33,263
but other principles in the art of war.
984
01:10:33,288 --> 01:10:39,044
will prove instrumental in how the war
eventually ends.
985
01:10:42,552 --> 01:10:44,116
Sun Tzu says,
986
01:10:44,381 --> 01:10:48,116
those skilled in war bring the enemy to the
field of battle
987
01:10:48,141 --> 01:10:50,784
they are not brought by him
988
01:10:53,377 --> 01:10:56,370
Pennsylvania, 1863.
989
01:10:56,682 --> 01:10:59,818
the Civil War is a bloody stalemate.
990
01:11:00,397 --> 01:11:05,326
by the end of June of that year
Confederate General Robert Ely
991
01:11:05,390 --> 01:11:08,889
boldly moves his
army of nearly 60,000 men
992
01:11:08,914 --> 01:11:11,068
into union territory.
993
01:11:11,636 --> 01:11:16,223
while most of the battles of the American
Civil War have been fought in the south.
994
01:11:16,248 --> 01:11:20,528
Lee decides the moment is
right to invade Union soil.
995
01:11:20,730 --> 01:11:26,776
Lee's plan, destroy as many military posts as
possible in Maryland and Pennsylvania.
996
01:11:26,801 --> 01:11:29,929
while Union armies
defend Washington DC.
997
01:11:30,156 --> 01:11:34,683
one key target is camp
Curtin outside of Harrisburg.
998
01:11:34,801 --> 01:11:38,066
the largest military supply
depot in the north.
999
01:11:38,091 --> 01:11:42,336
the strategy of Lee's attack on
the north is not primarily military.
1000
01:11:42,361 --> 01:11:43,677
it's primarily political.
1001
01:11:43,702 --> 01:11:48,449
and he's going to try to essentially
to defeat Lincoln politically
1002
01:11:48,474 --> 01:11:51,278
what he hopes is a massive
defeat of the north
1003
01:11:51,326 --> 01:11:54,333
will encourage
people to lose faith in the war.
1004
01:11:54,544 --> 01:11:58,715
these bold military
action to achieve a political victory.
1005
01:11:58,817 --> 01:12:02,420
is more of a go
strategy than a chess strategy.
1006
01:12:02,445 --> 01:12:05,997
exactly the
kind of plan Sun-Tzu would have admired.
1007
01:12:06,747 --> 01:12:09,599
but as Lee's main
force moves north
1008
01:12:09,624 --> 01:12:13,857
a skirmish erupts in Gettysburg
between two cavalry units
1009
01:12:13,882 --> 01:12:17,080
Confederate General Heath
had a division at cash town
1010
01:12:17,104 --> 01:12:19,253
and he wanted to move over to Gettysburg.
1011
01:12:19,314 --> 01:12:22,134
in order to get some shoes
they were in a factory there.
1012
01:12:22,749 --> 01:12:24,859
that was the only reason he wen.
1013
01:12:24,890 --> 01:12:27,037
he and in this fashion
1014
01:12:27,062 --> 01:12:31,530
he be moved without any
understanding of what lay ahead of him.
1015
01:12:32,242 --> 01:12:37,210
and in the process that off the greatest war
that's ever been fought in the Western Hemisphere.
1016
01:12:38,505 --> 01:12:40,261
Lee gets word of the skirmish.
1017
01:12:40,286 --> 01:12:44,161
and is told that a major
union force is at Gettysburg.
1018
01:12:44,466 --> 01:12:48,934
instead of sending a cavalry reconnaissance
force to confirm the report.
1019
01:12:49,239 --> 01:12:52,199
Lee orders his
entire army to mobilize.
1020
01:12:52,426 --> 01:12:54,519
it's a colossal mistake.
1021
01:12:54,738 --> 01:12:57,480
Lee decides to abandon the original plan.
1022
01:12:58,042 --> 01:13:00,660
he gives up what we call
strategic aim.
1023
01:13:00,714 --> 01:13:06,222
and he makes the mistake of allowing
operational developments to drive strategy.
1024
01:13:07,417 --> 01:13:11,115
Lee orders all his forces
to converge at Cashtown.
1025
01:13:11,262 --> 01:13:14,178
a small village seven miles
from Gettysburg.
1026
01:13:14,203 --> 01:13:19,591
Sun Tzu would not like his choice
as cash town has not been fully scouted.
1027
01:13:19,810 --> 01:13:26,912
had robert e. lee read Sun-Tzu, he would have known
better than to proceed on what you think is happening .
1028
01:13:26,998 --> 01:13:30,675
and try to spend the resources
to find out what really is happening.
1029
01:13:32,285 --> 01:13:36,214
Sun-Tzu says, move only
when you see an advantage
1030
01:13:36,239 --> 01:13:38,238
and there is something to gain.
1031
01:13:38,263 --> 01:13:41,386
only fight if a position is critical.
1032
01:13:42,113 --> 01:13:47,843
some 60,000 Confederate troops begin to
pour in from nearby cash town and Carlisle.
1033
01:13:48,678 --> 01:13:53,333
3,000 Union soldiers take
position on McPherson Ridge.
1034
01:13:55,927 --> 01:14:00,536
they try to hold off the onslaught of
enemy soldiers until help arrives
1035
01:14:02,427 --> 01:14:06,552
but reinforcements are miles away, toward
Washington DC.
1036
01:14:08,539 --> 01:14:13,021
so the Union soldiers withdraw southeast
on to Cemetery Ridge
1037
01:14:13,046 --> 01:14:16,701
a range of hills that
forms the shape of a fishhook.
1038
01:14:17,919 --> 01:14:22,565
Cemetery Ridge
provides an extremely strong defensive advantage.
1039
01:14:23,510 --> 01:14:25,276
the terrain is so obvious
1040
01:14:25,775 --> 01:14:29,720
in favor of the defense that my guess is almost
any second lieutenant from West Point
1041
01:14:29,745 --> 01:14:32,357
but have chosen that ground
given the opportunity to do it.
1042
01:14:32,382 --> 01:14:34,568
when Union general Hancock arrives.
1043
01:14:34,593 --> 01:14:38,232
he declares it the best natural
position he's ever seen.
1044
01:14:38,257 --> 01:14:41,804
lead immediately sees the danger
of the union's position.
1045
01:14:41,829 --> 01:14:44,874
but because Union troops
are still straggling in
1046
01:14:44,899 --> 01:14:47,164
he believes they are vulnerable.
1047
01:14:47,189 --> 01:14:50,242
Lee then gives an order to
confederate general Ewell
1048
01:14:50,274 --> 01:14:53,572
that many believe isn't
really an order at all.
1049
01:14:53,640 --> 01:14:58,643
and Lee says to him, attack when you think
it's practical.
1050
01:14:59,190 --> 01:15:01,102
didn't order him to attack
1051
01:15:01,127 --> 01:15:04,822
you'll new on the battlefield
don't know what the hell's going on
1052
01:15:04,847 --> 01:15:06,835
and decides not to attack.
1053
01:15:07,240 --> 01:15:09,554
you all decided that it was not practical.
1054
01:15:09,579 --> 01:15:11,867
because his troops were tired.
1055
01:15:11,892 --> 01:15:15,651
and they were exhausted and he
wanted to rest.
1056
01:15:16,657 --> 01:15:20,143
while some criticized you all for not
following orders.
1057
01:15:20,168 --> 01:15:23,713
Sun-Tzu's own words place
the blame on Lee.
1058
01:15:23,738 --> 01:15:27,894
if we look all the way back
to this famous interview
1059
01:15:28,058 --> 01:15:31,118
between King Helu of Wu and Sun Tzu
1060
01:15:31,792 --> 01:15:34,684
in that incident with
the palace concubines.
1061
01:15:34,709 --> 01:15:37,511
the importance of clarity in orders.
1062
01:15:37,543 --> 01:15:43,019
Sun-Tzu says at that point, if the orders are
unclear it is the fault of the general.
1063
01:15:43,598 --> 01:15:45,627
at Gettysburg.
we see Lee
1064
01:15:46,609 --> 01:15:50,940
issuing very unclear and very ambiguous
orders to his subordinates.
1065
01:15:50,965 --> 01:15:53,445
Union reinforcements
soon arrive
1066
01:15:53,470 --> 01:15:55,382
and strengthen their position.
1067
01:15:55,415 --> 01:15:57,965
Lee now faces an uphill battle.
1068
01:16:01,150 --> 01:16:06,723
Sun-Tzu says, when the enemy occupies
high ground, do not confront him.
1069
01:16:06,748 --> 01:16:10,302
if he attacks downhill,
do not oppose him.
1070
01:16:12,109 --> 01:16:15,606
as night falls on the first day of the
Battle of Gettysburg.
1071
01:16:15,631 --> 01:16:18,367
Lee confers with another
Confederate General.
1072
01:16:18,392 --> 01:16:19,695
James Longstreet.
1073
01:16:19,720 --> 01:16:23,937
a man who grasps the situation
from Sun Tzu's perspective.
1074
01:16:24,998 --> 01:16:29,836
Longstreet wants lead to abandon
the idea of attacking the Union High ground.
1075
01:16:30,191 --> 01:16:34,838
instead he wants to march
south around Cemetery Ridge .
1076
01:16:34,863 --> 01:16:37,832
then east right toward
Washington DC.
1077
01:16:37,863 --> 01:16:42,183
and this will force the Union Army
to come off the Cemetery Ridge
1078
01:16:42,239 --> 01:16:44,129
and attack us where we are.
1079
01:16:44,154 --> 01:16:46,467
and if they attack us we will win.
1080
01:16:46,492 --> 01:16:50,576
this would have been precisely what we
thought Sun Tzu would have recommended.
1081
01:16:51,904 --> 01:16:53,991
but Lee says no.
1082
01:16:54,717 --> 01:16:57,623
he points to Cemetery Ridge and says,
1083
01:16:57,647 --> 01:17:01,465
the enemy is there
and I am going to a.ck him there.
1084
01:17:01,490 --> 01:17:04,520
Lee has completely
given up his go strategy
1085
01:17:04,583 --> 01:17:06,645
and reverts back to chess.
1086
01:17:06,708 --> 01:17:08,653
Longstreet is stunned.
1087
01:17:08,973 --> 01:17:11,756
he sees the Union Army
dug in and the hills
1088
01:17:11,959 --> 01:17:15,186
and knows that they should not be attacked.
1089
01:17:15,397 --> 01:17:18,194
Sun-Tzu would have advise
against it he would have said,
1090
01:17:18,404 --> 01:17:23,323
assess the situation adjust your forces find
another way to attack the enemy.
1091
01:17:24,698 --> 01:17:26,557
but Lee doesn't listen.
1092
01:17:27,459 --> 01:17:31,135
the second day
of Gettysburg is hell on earth.
1093
01:17:40,499 --> 01:17:44,737
bucolic pastures are transformed into
fields of slaughter.
1094
01:17:46,160 --> 01:17:48,151
places like plum run.
1095
01:17:48,929 --> 01:17:52,310
the peach orchard
and Little Round Top.
1096
01:17:52,335 --> 01:17:56,248
see some of the bloodiest
and to hand combat of the war.
1097
01:17:58,148 --> 01:18:02,498
what's terrible about hand-to-hand
combat is the memories.
1098
01:18:02,523 --> 01:18:07,623
you know, for a lot of war, you can pull the
trigger and maybe you see somebody drop.
1099
01:18:07,648 --> 01:18:09,380
maybe most often.
1100
01:18:09,583 --> 01:18:13,370
you don't but this is up close and
personal this bayonets knives rifle butts
1101
01:18:13,418 --> 01:18:17,574
pistol shots in the head,
in the face and you see it.
1102
01:18:17,613 --> 01:18:19,674
and it takes a piece out of you.
1103
01:18:19,699 --> 01:18:21,798
it and that's why you have
psychiatric casualties.
1104
01:18:21,823 --> 01:18:25,384
God knows how many members of
both sides remember that battle.
1105
01:18:25,915 --> 01:18:28,618
you know every night for the rest
of their lives.
1106
01:18:29,368 --> 01:18:31,774
and it's just gory beyond belief.
1107
01:18:32,712 --> 01:18:36,807
on top of Little Round Top.
is Union Colonel Joshua Chamberlain
1108
01:18:36,861 --> 01:18:38,797
and the 20th Maine regiment.
1109
01:18:38,822 --> 01:18:41,422
they have survived
three Confederate charges.
1110
01:18:41,454 --> 01:18:43,618
and are nearly out of ammunition.
1111
01:18:44,016 --> 01:18:45,968
and here comes the fourth attack
1112
01:18:46,094 --> 01:18:49,437
and Chamberlain
orders fixed bayonets.
1113
01:18:49,979 --> 01:18:52,781
stanzin every fight everybody fires the
last two rounds
1114
01:18:52,828 --> 01:18:55,795
they got stands up in
a great moment in history
1115
01:18:55,820 --> 01:18:57,327
stands on the wall with a saber
1116
01:18:57,352 --> 01:19:01,672
and gives the command which rings through
the years of American infantry history.
1117
01:19:01,766 --> 01:19:06,397
follow me boys, bayonets forward
and down they go.
1118
01:19:08,789 --> 01:19:11,662
Union troops, howl down the hill.
1119
01:19:13,249 --> 01:19:17,240
shocked at the charge the Confederate
soldiers retreat.
1120
01:19:23,310 --> 01:19:27,634
against all odds,
the union ends on to Little Round Top.
1121
01:19:27,659 --> 01:19:33,251
Sun Tzu's principle of never attacking
an enemy on high ground holds true
1122
01:19:33,407 --> 01:19:35,947
but this does not
seem to deter Lee
1123
01:19:35,972 --> 01:19:38,727
for he's going to ignore
Sun zu yet again.
1124
01:19:38,752 --> 01:19:41,596
and order his men to attack uphill.
1125
01:19:41,855 --> 01:19:43,355
one more time.
1126
01:19:49,439 --> 01:19:57,128
Sun-Tzu says, there are some armies that should not
be fought some ground that should not be contested.
1127
01:19:59,171 --> 01:20:02,874
the Sun rises on
the third day of the Battle of Gettysbug.
1128
01:20:03,071 --> 01:20:07,196
despite the thousands of dead
bodies strewn across the fields.
1129
01:20:07,221 --> 01:20:13,579
Confederate General Robert E Lee is about to
order his troops to attack the high ground, yet again.
1130
01:20:13,841 --> 01:20:15,974
one of the things you never
want to do in war.
1131
01:20:15,999 --> 01:20:18,364
never throw good money after bad.
1132
01:20:18,497 --> 01:20:23,810
follow the advice of Sun-Tzu,
use an attack to exploit a victory.
1133
01:20:23,888 --> 01:20:28,724
never use an attack to rescue a defeat.
1134
01:20:28,911 --> 01:20:30,974
and Longstreet gets it.
1135
01:20:31,497 --> 01:20:36,977
general Longstreet once again suggests to lead
that they should move around Cemetery Ridge.
1136
01:20:37,011 --> 01:20:39,205
and threaten Washington DC.
1137
01:20:39,230 --> 01:20:42,151
to draw the unit off the high ground.
1138
01:20:42,276 --> 01:20:44,744
Longstreet understands.
1139
01:20:44,898 --> 01:20:48,061
that the Confederates are in a terrible position .
1140
01:20:48,226 --> 01:20:51,195
they are outnumbered.
they do not have the high ground.
1141
01:20:51,220 --> 01:20:56,156
they have suffered terrible casualties in the
line' the last two days of fighting.
1142
01:20:56,181 --> 01:21:02,703
and that there's no real chance of pushing
the Union Army off the high ground.
1143
01:21:03,461 --> 01:21:04,827
but Lee feels.
1144
01:21:04,852 --> 01:21:08,389
his men has sacrificed too
much to turn back now.
1145
01:21:08,414 --> 01:21:10,655
Lee gives the order to attack.
1146
01:21:11,155 --> 01:21:15,772
the infantry charge is led by Major General
George Pickett
1147
01:21:15,797 --> 01:21:18,643
the story is Dutch Longstreet is sitting
there
1148
01:21:19,135 --> 01:21:21,189
and Pickett's a shall I go general
1149
01:21:21,214 --> 01:21:24,221
shall I go and Longstreet just
drops his head
1150
01:21:24,246 --> 01:21:25,516
and looks away
1151
01:21:25,555 --> 01:21:28,453
general shall I go and
Longstreet again looks away
1152
01:21:28,485 --> 01:21:33,716
said general, I'm going into the attack and
Longstreet looked again away.
1153
01:21:33,795 --> 01:21:35,816
Longstreet never gave the order to attack.
1154
01:21:35,841 --> 01:21:37,183
he knew it was suicidal.
1155
01:21:39,790 --> 01:21:46,561
in the sweltering July heat.
12500 Confederate soldiers led by Pickett.
1156
01:21:46,653 --> 01:21:51,632
make their determined march across
an open field nearly a mile long.
1157
01:21:54,428 --> 01:21:57,085
as they advanced in close ranks.
1158
01:21:57,110 --> 01:22:01,435
thousands are cut down by Union artillery and rifle fire
1159
01:22:04,193 --> 01:22:12,279
there was nowhere they could hide, there was almost
no range between the Union forces and the Confederate forces
1160
01:22:12,380 --> 01:22:17,675
and the Union forces was simply able to
stand behind these these reinforced positions
1161
01:22:17,722 --> 01:22:22,831
and fire on the Confederates and so the
Confederates had no way of defending themselves.
1162
01:22:24,909 --> 01:22:27,557
to pickets men's bravery.
1163
01:22:27,605 --> 01:22:30,198
they continued all
the way up.
1164
01:22:32,925 --> 01:22:37,284
there's one whole unit from South Carolina
that much straight into the Rhode Island
1165
01:22:37,309 --> 01:22:42,180
a children guns it was destroyed by canister
shot the whole unit died, instantaneously.
1166
01:22:47,602 --> 01:22:53,334
just tore through people limbs, heads,
eyes, blood hair and eyeballs, everywhere.
1167
01:22:59,779 --> 01:23:07,022
of the more than 12,000 Confederate soldiers
who made the charge only 5,000 survived.
1168
01:23:07,381 --> 01:23:10,478
the Battle of Gettysburg is over.
1169
01:23:11,337 --> 01:23:15,486
Sun Tzu would have been horrified
at the tragic waste of Pickett's Charge.
1170
01:23:15,775 --> 01:23:20,001
Sun Tzu always believed in using the
intellect rather than force
1171
01:23:20,026 --> 01:23:24,829
and never attacking headlong an enemy
force if he could do otherwise.
1172
01:23:26,447 --> 01:23:31,674
at Gettysburg, lead doesn't adjust his
strategy to the situations on the ground.
1173
01:23:31,699 --> 01:23:36,398
he refuses to retreat even when the
situation is clearly hopeless.
1174
01:23:36,507 --> 01:23:38,874
and Lee takes off his hat.
1175
01:23:38,899 --> 01:23:41,274
dismount and walks into the field
1176
01:23:41,299 --> 01:23:43,742
and says it's all my fault boys.
1177
01:23:43,767 --> 01:23:45,351
it's all my fault.
1178
01:23:45,796 --> 01:23:49,366
yeah, damn right general,
it's all your fault.
1179
01:23:49,538 --> 01:23:53,741
no one in his right mind would have ordered
that you should have listened to Sun-Tzu.
1180
01:23:56,163 --> 01:23:59,928
in the end, his failure
to follow Sun-Tzu's wisdom.
1181
01:24:00,007 --> 01:24:04,552
is one of the factors that
costs the Confederates the war.
1182
01:24:06,659 --> 01:24:13,501
Sun-Tzu says, when troops flee, our insubordinate,
collapse or a routed in battle.
1183
01:24:13,923 --> 01:24:16,190
it is the fault of the general.
1184
01:24:17,698 --> 01:24:25,267
in "the art of war", Sun-Tzu imagines the role of the
supreme general a man who must be intelligent and cunning
1185
01:24:25,384 --> 01:24:27,618
never rash nor arrogant.
1186
01:24:28,923 --> 01:24:33,468
exactly the opposite of
Sun Tzu's adversary in the Wu to war
1187
01:24:33,493 --> 01:24:35,076
Non-Hua.
1188
01:24:35,788 --> 01:24:39,920
Su-Tzu is deadly against impulsive behavior.
1189
01:24:40,201 --> 01:24:46,755
rash behavior or making the army much
double-quick time in order to seize victory
1190
01:24:46,817 --> 01:24:54,104
for instances my, victory comes from deep thinking,
from detail calculation, from long preparation.
1191
01:24:56,417 --> 01:24:59,620
while Non-Hua has a larger more powerful army.
1192
01:24:59,645 --> 01:25:03,893
Sun-Tzu shows, he is the master
by outwitting his enemy.
1193
01:25:05,565 --> 01:25:08,035
Non-Hua rushes to his capital
1194
01:25:08,060 --> 01:25:10,979
believing Sun-Tzu is
about to invade.
1195
01:25:11,004 --> 01:25:15,548
but the master never had any intention of
attacking such a well-protected city.
1196
01:25:15,573 --> 01:25:18,698
it's a ruse to lure Non-Hua into a trap.
1197
01:25:18,948 --> 01:25:21,588
and it works perfectly.
1198
01:25:23,472 --> 01:25:30,198
without warning more than 20,000 of Sun Tzu's
elite warriors ambushed Non-Hua forces
1199
01:25:32,517 --> 01:25:36,556
the surprise attack, throws Non-Hua men
into confusion
1200
01:25:37,023 --> 01:25:39,623
what we have now is a series of running
battles
1201
01:25:39,648 --> 01:25:43,395
between Non-Hua much depleted
forces and Sun Tzu's may enforce.
1202
01:25:44,161 --> 01:25:46,327
in each battle no more
gets weaker.
1203
01:25:46,352 --> 01:25:50,725
Sun Tzu gets stronger and
that Chu capital lays exposed.
1204
01:25:55,769 --> 01:26:01,303
Sun-Tzu joins up with his main force and
attacks the disorganized Chu army.
1205
01:26:20,105 --> 01:26:23,843
finally, Sun-Tzu has won the war.
1206
01:26:25,111 --> 01:26:29,352
through preparation, deception
and indirect attacks.
1207
01:26:29,377 --> 01:26:32,834
Sun-Tzu pulls off one of the greatest
upsets in history.
1208
01:26:34,445 --> 01:26:36,882
but as mysteriously as
he arrived.
1209
01:26:36,915 --> 01:26:39,703
Sun-Tzu leaves and disappears.
1210
01:26:40,375 --> 01:26:42,843
there's some speculation as
to why he disappears.
1211
01:26:42,868 --> 01:26:47,757
one theory is that,
the behavior of the leaders of Wu
1212
01:26:47,844 --> 01:26:50,109
shocked him.
discourage him.
1213
01:26:50,211 --> 01:26:53,480
when the king of Wu
enters the Chu capital,
1214
01:26:53,505 --> 01:26:55,269
he's dumbstruck by
its wealth.
1215
01:26:55,337 --> 01:26:57,933
he becomes greedy and
covetous.
1216
01:26:57,958 --> 01:27:01,585
it would seem then that
Sun-Tzu has provided.
1217
01:27:01,678 --> 01:27:05,100
this ambitious and potentially
corrupt king.
1218
01:27:05,678 --> 01:27:07,185
with a dangerous instrument.
1219
01:27:07,210 --> 01:27:09,411
this new military, that
he's honed.
1220
01:27:09,607 --> 01:27:11,863
he also sees infighting breaking out.
1221
01:27:11,904 --> 01:27:16,138
and perhaps this is the
moment that Sun-Tzu retires from this life.
1222
01:27:16,333 --> 01:27:18,193
and goes instead to write.
1223
01:27:18,248 --> 01:27:22,793
what he sees as the lessons
of the conflict between wu and yue.
1224
01:27:24,708 --> 01:27:31,509
the first line of Sun Tzu's "Art of War" is war
is a matter of vital importance to the state.
1225
01:27:31,534 --> 01:27:33,425
it is a
matter of life and death.
1226
01:27:33,450 --> 01:27:35,425
survival or ruin.
1227
01:27:37,970 --> 01:27:41,862
Sun-Tzu knows that war can lead to
disaster.
1228
01:27:42,870 --> 01:27:47,439
sometimes the best way to win
is not to fight at all.
1229
01:27:47,464 --> 01:27:51,284
this is perhaps
Sun Tzu's ultimate secret.
1230
01:27:53,518 --> 01:28:01,120
nations often rush into Wars with
very little concern for thinking through.
1231
01:28:01,145 --> 01:28:03,705
what the total cost is
going to be
1232
01:28:03,730 --> 01:28:07,259
not just in dollars but also in terms
of human suffering
1233
01:28:07,284 --> 01:28:14,523
not only to you, but to the civilians and
children of the country in which you're fighting
1234
01:28:14,555 --> 01:28:18,445
it's the kind of thing that you
know we find in Sun Tzu.
1235
01:28:18,470 --> 01:28:21,230
you know,
before you go to war think this through
1236
01:28:21,254 --> 01:28:24,207
and then ask yourself is the reasons for
which you're finding.
1237
01:28:24,542 --> 01:28:29,642
worth the total cost of the war
or is there another way.
1238
01:28:31,379 --> 01:28:35,333
as Sun-Tzu says,
the angry can be made happy again
1239
01:28:35,358 --> 01:28:38,759
but the dead cannot be
brought back to life
1240
01:28:39,674 --> 01:28:44,314
still some historians believe the genius
behind "the art of war".
1241
01:28:44,339 --> 01:28:46,052
wasn't actually Sun-Tzu.
1242
01:28:46,077 --> 01:28:49,044
but a collection of different strategists.
1243
01:28:49,138 --> 01:28:51,503
while his existence is debated.
1244
01:28:51,544 --> 01:28:53,162
his legacy isn't.
1245
01:28:53,614 --> 01:29:00,195
today the art of war his read by
generals, CEO's and professional sports coaches
1246
01:29:00,220 --> 01:29:03,706
and while it offers us insights
into the battles of the past.
1247
01:29:03,745 --> 01:29:06,832
it could prepare us for the
Wars of the future.
1248
01:29:06,857 --> 01:29:09,323
Sun Tzu's extremely relevant to us today
1249
01:29:09,348 --> 01:29:13,902
because the rules that he laid down 400 BC
1250
01:29:13,927 --> 01:29:18,368
by the same rules that we apply to
warfare today or should apply to warfare today
1251
01:29:19,041 --> 01:29:24,040
the recommendations for
indirect warfare that we learned from Sun Tzu
1252
01:29:24,065 --> 01:29:26,641
are the way we need to fight
wars today
1253
01:29:26,666 --> 01:29:31,397
because there's no way we can
continue to fight direct heavy conventional Wars
1254
01:29:31,422 --> 01:29:34,703
because the no other
army is going to attack us
1255
01:29:34,728 --> 01:29:36,658
and in a conventional
fashion.
1256
01:29:36,683 --> 01:29:40,929
we're going to have to use the indirect
methods of dealing with the enemy
1257
01:29:40,954 --> 01:29:44,180
that Sun Tzu
recommended and the quicker we learned
1258
01:29:44,180 --> 01:29:47,448
these the more likely would it be
successful in our Wars of the future
1259
01:29:48,300 --> 01:29:49,706
Sun-Tzu can teach us.
1260
01:29:49,731 --> 01:29:53,872
not merely to know ourselves to know
our strength, our weaknesses
1261
01:29:53,897 --> 01:29:56,307
what we're capable of doing
on the battlefiel?
1262
01:29:57,089 --> 01:29:59,854
but constantly reminds us
1263
01:29:59,879 --> 01:30:08,392
that is as important if not more so to cultivate
a deep fundamental understanding of our adversaries.
1264
01:30:08,417 --> 01:30:11,150
so that
we went better achieve our objectives.
1265
01:30:12,104 --> 01:30:14,932
that's what I think makes it a
possession for all time.
1266
01:30:17,338 --> 01:30:22,221
throughout history. Sun-Tzu's principles
have guided the outcome of war.
1267
01:30:22,314 --> 01:30:27,925
we must embrace his wisdom
or fight in darkness.
1268
01:30:29,835 --> 01:30:33,656
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