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1
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She's had a week
of just awful, awful sleep.
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She was waking up probably
about ten plus times a night.
3
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Are you being naughty?
4
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You don't want to sleep at all.
5
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Getting your baby to sleep
through the night
6
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turns out to be
a universal human challenge.
7
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You really need to sleep.
8
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A baby sleeping is not just important
for its parents' sanity,
9
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it's fundamental
for the baby's development.
10
00:01:16,676 --> 00:01:20,613
A newborn baby is spending
16 hours a day sleeping.
11
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That's an extraordinary amount of time
to be asleep.
12
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There's a lot of mystery there
about what's going on in these babies.
13
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Why are they sleeping so much?
14
00:01:35,528 --> 00:01:38,465
What an exciting day you've had.
You've seen everything.
15
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You're tired as well,
aren't you, huh?
16
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The brain is absolutely on fire.
It is very, very active during sleep.
17
00:02:03,089 --> 00:02:06,493
This is, in some sense,
me-time for your brain.
18
00:02:06,559 --> 00:02:11,998
This is the time when your brain
lives out its own existence, if you will.
19
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But you're unaware of it.
20
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Which is, for me, absolutely fascinating.
21
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I feel like we are really just
22
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at the tip of the iceberg
with sleep science.
23
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We feel better during the day,
we think better during the day,
24
00:02:31,317 --> 00:02:34,420
because of something that's happened
in the brain during sleep.
25
00:02:35,121 --> 00:02:38,057
I want to understand
how does sleep make you better?
26
00:03:34,647 --> 00:03:37,317
We kept sort of saying
to everyone,
27
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"Oh, he's sleeping five
or six hours at night, it's great."
28
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Time for a nappy change.
29
00:03:44,624 --> 00:03:45,624
There you go.
30
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The last couple of days that's stopped,
31
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so it's been back to every
32
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sort of two and a half, three hours
waking up for a feed again.
33
00:04:00,540 --> 00:04:03,276
Putting him down
you've got that initial,
34
00:04:03,643 --> 00:04:05,678
"Oh God, please keep your eyes shut."
35
00:04:09,148 --> 00:04:10,350
Yep.
36
00:04:10,416 --> 00:04:11,416
Like clockwork.
37
00:04:12,085 --> 00:04:14,053
Pretty much 2:00 a.m.,
38
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he's awake.
39
00:04:17,624 --> 00:04:19,726
So I'll go in and grab him...
40
00:04:20,860 --> 00:04:21,860
nappy change,
41
00:04:22,562 --> 00:04:23,463
get his bottle ready,
42
00:04:23,529 --> 00:04:24,797
and then give him a feed.
43
00:04:26,432 --> 00:04:28,368
Sleep deprivation is really hard.
44
00:04:30,536 --> 00:04:32,972
No one's used to waking up
every two or three hours
45
00:04:33,473 --> 00:04:35,842
and having to deal with a crying baby.
46
00:04:37,877 --> 00:04:40,179
It really affects you
mentally as well.
47
00:04:44,017 --> 00:04:46,986
I am not a nice person
without sleep.
48
00:04:48,554 --> 00:04:49,389
Yeah.
49
00:04:49,455 --> 00:04:52,625
Their sleep patterns just change so...
so quickly.
50
00:05:10,877 --> 00:05:12,912
Got you, Papa!
51
00:05:12,979 --> 00:05:14,113
Uh-oh!
52
00:05:14,847 --> 00:05:15,715
That was me?
53
00:05:15,782 --> 00:05:16,782
That's you.
54
00:05:17,517 --> 00:05:18,918
You were probably...
55
00:05:20,153 --> 00:05:21,421
ten minutes old.
56
00:05:22,655 --> 00:05:24,190
Do you look at all like you?
57
00:05:24,590 --> 00:05:25,590
No.
58
00:05:25,925 --> 00:05:27,727
- You don't think so?
- I really don't.
59
00:05:28,161 --> 00:05:29,161
No.
60
00:05:30,830 --> 00:05:33,366
When I was a new parent,
I told all my friends,
61
00:05:33,466 --> 00:05:36,602
"I totally got this.
I know how to think about babies,
62
00:05:36,669 --> 00:05:38,705
this is gonna be really easy."
63
00:05:39,372 --> 00:05:40,473
Little did I know.
64
00:05:41,607 --> 00:05:44,077
The eyelashes don't look
anything like me.
65
00:05:44,143 --> 00:05:45,143
Well,
66
00:05:45,445 --> 00:05:47,180
you have a lot more eyelashes now.
67
00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:49,582
Yeah, but it's still cute.
68
00:05:49,849 --> 00:05:52,151
There we were, new parents.
69
00:05:52,952 --> 00:05:54,987
And then all hell broke loose,
70
00:05:55,054 --> 00:05:58,491
and it was
only because I couldn't figure out
71
00:05:58,958 --> 00:06:02,662
how to get my daughter
to sleep through the night.
72
00:06:03,730 --> 00:06:04,897
All right, go on.
73
00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:08,668
As a neuroscientist,
74
00:06:09,302 --> 00:06:13,172
it had not occurred to me
to actually study sleep.
75
00:06:13,239 --> 00:06:14,540
Should we let him get chased?
76
00:06:14,607 --> 00:06:17,410
But when I was a newborn parent,
there's no knowledge
77
00:06:17,477 --> 00:06:20,513
about what is normal
and what one should do.
78
00:06:22,882 --> 00:06:26,185
And so I decided to study
sleep in infants.
79
00:06:27,787 --> 00:06:30,923
Surely, we could find out
how to think about baby sleep
80
00:06:30,990 --> 00:06:34,660
in a scientifically grounded,
biologically-based way.
81
00:06:42,368 --> 00:06:46,773
Everyone knows
that baby sleep seems erratic early on,
82
00:06:46,839 --> 00:06:49,809
and eventually it becomes regular.
83
00:06:51,677 --> 00:06:57,717
So we wanted to find out
when do babies learn to sleep like we do?
84
00:06:58,451 --> 00:07:00,753
Does it develop gradually?
85
00:07:01,053 --> 00:07:04,891
Does it suddenly occur in the ninth month,
for example?
86
00:07:07,593 --> 00:07:11,330
Or does everyone have their own rhythm?
87
00:07:13,833 --> 00:07:17,036
The first thing to do was
to figure out how to get the data.
88
00:07:18,271 --> 00:07:19,305
We discovered
89
00:07:19,372 --> 00:07:23,609
that there's a whole set of apps
that people are using
90
00:07:23,676 --> 00:07:26,612
to log events about their babies.
91
00:07:27,713 --> 00:07:29,949
Most importantly, sleeping.
92
00:07:33,386 --> 00:07:35,621
That for us is a treasure trove.
93
00:07:36,422 --> 00:07:38,991
So we talked to some app developers,
94
00:07:39,058 --> 00:07:43,830
and this collaboration between
the app developers and the scientists
95
00:07:44,497 --> 00:07:47,300
became the NYU Baby Sleep Study.
96
00:07:55,608 --> 00:07:57,877
We're going to visit
some of the families
97
00:07:57,944 --> 00:07:59,745
who've signed up for the study
98
00:07:59,812 --> 00:08:04,250
and find out how it is that
they're actually using this application,
99
00:08:04,317 --> 00:08:09,088
which will give us a sense
of how the data are being collected.
100
00:08:12,592 --> 00:08:15,695
The way we're used to
collecting data is
101
00:08:15,761 --> 00:08:18,264
in a small number of subjects,
102
00:08:18,331 --> 00:08:22,068
but with absolutely precise
and accurate measurements.
103
00:08:24,971 --> 00:08:28,975
In this case, though,
we have no control over anything.
104
00:08:29,041 --> 00:08:31,377
We're not even making
any of the measurements.
105
00:08:33,579 --> 00:08:35,348
And so we don't know
106
00:08:35,414 --> 00:08:40,019
whether the times are accurate
to the minute, or to the hour.
107
00:08:46,792 --> 00:08:47,727
- Hi.
- Hello, Sarah.
108
00:08:47,793 --> 00:08:49,595
- Well, come on in.
- Nice to meet you.
109
00:08:49,862 --> 00:08:51,063
- Hi Olivia.
- Hi.
110
00:08:51,130 --> 00:08:53,466
- I'm Professor Fenton.
- Hi.
111
00:08:53,533 --> 00:08:56,035
I'm curious, when do you log the event?
112
00:08:57,403 --> 00:09:00,072
I logged when he woke up at...
113
00:09:01,073 --> 00:09:03,009
one... what was it, 12:40?
114
00:09:03,075 --> 00:09:05,745
But he went back to bed around 2:20 a.m.
115
00:09:05,811 --> 00:09:09,815
Okay. So you're putting in
the hours and minutes.
116
00:09:09,882 --> 00:09:10,882
Uh-huh.
117
00:09:10,983 --> 00:09:13,619
How accurate do you think
the minutes part is?
118
00:09:13,686 --> 00:09:17,256
So, I think when I wake up and check
my phone in the middle of the night
119
00:09:17,323 --> 00:09:20,693
and see he's awake, it's kind of, like,
in my brain that, like,
120
00:09:20,760 --> 00:09:25,131
it was 1:47 that my sleep was interrupted.
So that...
121
00:09:25,197 --> 00:09:26,699
And I... That matters to me.
122
00:09:26,766 --> 00:09:29,635
- Come on.
- All right. Let's get out of your way.
123
00:09:29,702 --> 00:09:30,536
- Awesome.
- Okay.
124
00:09:30,603 --> 00:09:32,338
Thank you very much. Appreciate it.
125
00:09:36,475 --> 00:09:39,579
The thing that struck me the most
when I got to meet
126
00:09:39,645 --> 00:09:41,414
some of the study participants
127
00:09:41,480 --> 00:09:44,951
is that they were accurate to the minute.
128
00:09:46,052 --> 00:09:47,219
It was clear that
129
00:09:47,286 --> 00:09:51,157
the error was, by assertion,
no more than five minutes.
130
00:09:53,192 --> 00:09:55,728
To have minute-precise data,
131
00:09:56,362 --> 00:09:59,065
and to have millions
of those data points...
132
00:10:00,433 --> 00:10:05,438
makes you extremely confident
as a scientist in coming to conclusions.
133
00:10:17,149 --> 00:10:19,785
Please meet my longtime colleague,
134
00:10:19,852 --> 00:10:21,354
Pascal Wallisch.
135
00:10:21,754 --> 00:10:25,958
Pascal has a long history
of working with lots of data
136
00:10:26,025 --> 00:10:27,827
before they were called "big data."
137
00:10:30,563 --> 00:10:35,434
What you're looking at here
is a distribution of babies in the study
138
00:10:36,102 --> 00:10:37,102
around the world.
139
00:10:37,970 --> 00:10:40,306
So every dot here
represents a baby.
140
00:10:43,776 --> 00:10:46,779
We have logged data
from about 1,000 babies,
141
00:10:46,846 --> 00:10:51,050
and they have produced
a total of six million events
142
00:10:51,117 --> 00:10:57,490
made up out of about 1.5 million
sleep events, 2.5 million eating events,
143
00:10:57,556 --> 00:10:59,925
and 1.5 million diaper change events.
144
00:11:00,459 --> 00:11:01,459
Collectively.
145
00:11:03,262 --> 00:11:06,365
If you have a large
number of babies
146
00:11:06,432 --> 00:11:08,467
and they each have their own rhythm,
147
00:11:08,934 --> 00:11:12,438
but there's a common,
underlying pattern to that rhythm,
148
00:11:12,505 --> 00:11:15,641
when you sample enough babies,
the pattern will emerge.
149
00:11:16,642 --> 00:11:19,879
And we're beginning to answer
the first simple question,
150
00:11:20,646 --> 00:11:23,916
when does the sleep pattern emerge?
151
00:11:31,824 --> 00:11:32,858
Hello, baby.
152
00:11:34,560 --> 00:11:35,560
Hey.
153
00:11:36,328 --> 00:11:37,328
Hey.
154
00:11:38,497 --> 00:11:39,497
Hey!
155
00:11:40,599 --> 00:11:42,101
Kiki's the laid-back one.
156
00:11:44,136 --> 00:11:46,539
Yaya's the one that wants
all the attention.
157
00:11:47,339 --> 00:11:48,340
If I'm not tired,
158
00:11:48,741 --> 00:11:51,077
I'm just like, "Okay, this is all right."
159
00:11:51,143 --> 00:11:52,663
If I'm tired I'm just like...
160
00:11:53,679 --> 00:11:57,083
Like, I'm starting to get really bad
neck pain from falling asleep like this.
161
00:12:01,887 --> 00:12:05,524
Then you'll be looking at the other one,
you'll be thinking, "Okay, hurry up,
162
00:12:05,591 --> 00:12:07,560
'cause your sister's gonna wake up."
163
00:12:10,329 --> 00:12:13,499
They have their own time.
This is nap time for them.
164
00:12:14,233 --> 00:12:16,335
And then, at night, is when they wake up
165
00:12:16,402 --> 00:12:18,671
and want to play
and do whatever they want to do.
166
00:12:20,673 --> 00:12:23,075
Since they were born,
167
00:12:23,142 --> 00:12:24,977
since the first day,
it's just been like that.
168
00:12:25,044 --> 00:12:27,146
- Yeah.
- They just won't sleep at night.
169
00:12:27,213 --> 00:12:28,781
Just refuse to sleep at night.
170
00:12:32,118 --> 00:12:33,586
It's very, very tiring.
171
00:12:33,652 --> 00:12:36,388
I have to gear myself up
for nighttime, a lot.
172
00:12:37,156 --> 00:12:39,558
It's like a marathon almost, isn't it?
173
00:12:39,625 --> 00:12:40,625
Yeah.
174
00:12:41,327 --> 00:12:43,529
Yeah, twins, hey?
Who would have thought it?
175
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Fourteen minutes.
176
00:12:56,375 --> 00:12:58,978
The question
that we're trying to answer is,
177
00:12:59,345 --> 00:13:01,847
"Will my baby sleep through the night?"
178
00:13:01,914 --> 00:13:04,917
That's really what they want to know,
when that will happen.
179
00:13:05,785 --> 00:13:07,753
We have started
to analyze the data,
180
00:13:08,120 --> 00:13:09,688
and we see trends.
181
00:13:10,189 --> 00:13:13,425
But to be very clear,
this is very early days, okay?
182
00:13:13,492 --> 00:13:16,228
Uh, we are not comfortable
to publish this yet.
183
00:13:18,030 --> 00:13:20,800
But what you see here
is that at one month,
184
00:13:20,866 --> 00:13:25,604
there's no clear pattern of when
the baby's eating or sleeping, okay?
185
00:13:26,572 --> 00:13:28,841
So, basically sleeping
and eating at random,
186
00:13:28,908 --> 00:13:30,776
which is very taxing on the parents.
187
00:13:31,477 --> 00:13:32,978
This was in fact the problem.
188
00:13:33,045 --> 00:13:34,914
- Yes.
- Right here in graph form.
189
00:13:36,515 --> 00:13:38,484
But then, within about four months...
190
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an initial cycle is emerging.
191
00:13:45,224 --> 00:13:48,060
And by the time
you get to eight months,
192
00:13:48,694 --> 00:13:50,529
there's a hint of a pattern.
193
00:13:52,231 --> 00:13:53,899
And then within a year,
194
00:13:54,333 --> 00:13:56,368
this clear pattern emerges.
195
00:13:58,270 --> 00:13:59,839
Babies are sleeping through the night.
196
00:14:01,006 --> 00:14:04,410
They sleep soon after feeding
in the morning,
197
00:14:06,145 --> 00:14:10,082
and about five hours later
in the early afternoon,
198
00:14:10,149 --> 00:14:14,220
that's the third time in which
they very reliably sleep.
199
00:14:24,463 --> 00:14:26,799
If we had a big enough data set,
200
00:14:27,466 --> 00:14:31,537
this would be very simple to turn
into a website
201
00:14:32,438 --> 00:14:35,341
where an individual person
could come and say,
202
00:14:35,407 --> 00:14:39,111
"Oh, my kid is within the normal limits.
203
00:14:41,347 --> 00:14:42,514
Everything's fine."
204
00:14:43,349 --> 00:14:45,584
Or, "Everything is likely to be fine."
205
00:14:45,651 --> 00:14:49,655
Or, "My kid is outside
of the normal limits."
206
00:14:52,191 --> 00:14:55,794
That would be an early sign
that you could recognize
207
00:14:55,861 --> 00:15:00,065
maybe there's a reason for concern,
or some kind of intervention,
208
00:15:00,132 --> 00:15:02,434
or, at least, you know, close scrutiny.
209
00:15:04,904 --> 00:15:07,306
The really amazing thing
210
00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:10,009
is to recognize
211
00:15:10,075 --> 00:15:14,713
that the transition from no sleep pattern
to a sleep pattern
212
00:15:14,780 --> 00:15:17,449
is something that almost all babies do.
213
00:15:19,184 --> 00:15:21,020
And it'll take about a year.
214
00:15:35,034 --> 00:15:38,070
So, yeah, it took about a half an hour,
215
00:15:38,137 --> 00:15:40,973
I'd say, to get them both to sleep,
216
00:15:41,040 --> 00:15:42,741
which is rare.
217
00:15:42,808 --> 00:15:44,376
That does not normally happen.
218
00:15:49,581 --> 00:15:51,250
I can either...
219
00:15:51,984 --> 00:15:56,588
A, have some "breakfast,"
which is actually lunch now...
220
00:15:57,189 --> 00:15:58,189
um...
221
00:15:58,490 --> 00:16:03,963
or... I can decide to tidy up
this whole place.
222
00:16:04,763 --> 00:16:06,265
So sometimes it's like...
223
00:16:07,666 --> 00:16:09,902
you've got to, like, weigh up
what's more important,
224
00:16:09,969 --> 00:16:11,270
eating food
225
00:16:12,004 --> 00:16:15,474
or... having a tidier place to live.
226
00:16:38,063 --> 00:16:41,166
This is the tricky part
where I dare not even move
227
00:16:41,233 --> 00:16:43,702
until I'm confident he's definitely gone,
228
00:16:44,536 --> 00:16:47,139
and I can actually get him back
and in his crib.
229
00:16:49,675 --> 00:16:51,777
Now he's kind of back awake.
230
00:16:56,348 --> 00:16:57,348
That's it.
231
00:17:09,862 --> 00:17:11,697
I've always been
a terrible sleeper.
232
00:17:12,231 --> 00:17:16,201
And, you know, there's this old adage that
we study the things that we're bad at.
233
00:17:17,970 --> 00:17:20,239
I always wake up in a groggy state.
234
00:17:20,773 --> 00:17:22,141
I never use an alarm clock.
235
00:17:23,008 --> 00:17:24,309
Alarm clocks are terrible,
236
00:17:24,877 --> 00:17:27,079
you know, 'cause it's important
to wake up naturally.
237
00:17:29,715 --> 00:17:31,183
Despite my knowing that,
238
00:17:31,784 --> 00:17:35,354
I still manage to get bad night's sleep
after bad night's sleep.
239
00:17:37,289 --> 00:17:38,289
Woe is me.
240
00:17:40,926 --> 00:17:44,196
All animals on this planet
have a 24-hour cycle
241
00:17:44,263 --> 00:17:46,031
that is tightly linked to the sun.
242
00:17:47,699 --> 00:17:49,368
That's called a circadian rhythm.
243
00:17:50,302 --> 00:17:53,539
So for us humans,
you're awake during the day,
244
00:17:53,605 --> 00:17:56,041
and asleep during the night in the brain,
245
00:17:56,108 --> 00:17:58,210
and it is regulated by the master clock
246
00:17:58,577 --> 00:18:01,880
located within a part of the brain
called the hypothalamus.
247
00:18:02,815 --> 00:18:04,249
But that's not true for babies.
248
00:18:07,286 --> 00:18:10,055
When I first started
getting involved in sleep research,
249
00:18:10,355 --> 00:18:12,024
I started studying baby rats.
250
00:18:14,660 --> 00:18:16,061
What happens with babies,
251
00:18:16,662 --> 00:18:18,263
baby humans, baby rats,
252
00:18:18,564 --> 00:18:21,700
um, is that they cycle very rapidly
between sleep and wake.
253
00:18:24,636 --> 00:18:27,973
If you're looking at a baby like this,
it's just complete relaxation...
254
00:18:29,174 --> 00:18:30,509
and then all of a sudden...
255
00:18:31,443 --> 00:18:32,443
Boom. Awake.
256
00:18:34,713 --> 00:18:35,981
And you can tell it's awake
257
00:18:36,048 --> 00:18:39,384
because the left arm and the left leg
are in the air at the same time.
258
00:18:40,085 --> 00:18:42,488
And then, look at that,
it just goes from this...
259
00:18:42,855 --> 00:18:43,789
vroom.
260
00:18:43,856 --> 00:18:44,856
Asleep.
261
00:18:47,759 --> 00:18:49,561
So over the course of 24 hours,
262
00:18:49,895 --> 00:18:52,798
they can have hundreds of cycles
between sleep and wake.
263
00:18:53,265 --> 00:18:55,367
And so that's what makes babies different.
264
00:18:56,268 --> 00:18:58,270
So we wanted to know, you know,
265
00:18:58,337 --> 00:18:59,338
why would that be?
266
00:19:02,174 --> 00:19:04,676
So we started out
with a very simple experiment.
267
00:19:05,377 --> 00:19:08,680
We put a dye into the brain
of a newborn rat
268
00:19:08,747 --> 00:19:10,916
in the master clock region.
269
00:19:12,818 --> 00:19:17,623
And we wanted to know at what age
does that part of the brain connect up
270
00:19:17,689 --> 00:19:20,759
with other parts of the brain
that are important for sleep and wake?
271
00:19:21,627 --> 00:19:25,931
When these baby rats were born,
we have all of this red dye here
272
00:19:25,998 --> 00:19:27,699
where the master clock is...
273
00:19:29,701 --> 00:19:31,904
but when we look closer to the brain stem,
274
00:19:32,437 --> 00:19:34,006
we see nothing.
275
00:19:34,072 --> 00:19:35,440
We see no labeling at all.
276
00:19:35,841 --> 00:19:38,610
There's no...
So it's as if the wires connecting
277
00:19:38,677 --> 00:19:41,613
this part of the brain to this part
of the brain just, um...
278
00:19:41,680 --> 00:19:42,814
just don't exist yet.
279
00:19:44,216 --> 00:19:46,451
But if we come over here to a week later,
280
00:19:46,518 --> 00:19:48,754
we now see all of this area now is red.
281
00:19:48,820 --> 00:19:51,190
It was black over here,
it's now red over here,
282
00:19:51,256 --> 00:19:53,425
and that's an indication
that this part of the brain
283
00:19:53,492 --> 00:19:55,561
is now talking to this part of the brain.
284
00:19:56,795 --> 00:19:59,364
And what we found was
it's also happening in humans.
285
00:20:00,365 --> 00:20:02,534
If you look at a model brain,
286
00:20:03,302 --> 00:20:04,870
I'm going to pull it apart
287
00:20:06,605 --> 00:20:09,508
to expose the brain stem,
288
00:20:09,875 --> 00:20:13,845
and the sleep/wake cycles are largely
regulated in this region down here.
289
00:20:14,846 --> 00:20:16,582
And then, up here in the hypothalamus,
290
00:20:16,648 --> 00:20:20,152
this is where the so-called
master clock is located,
291
00:20:20,219 --> 00:20:23,121
and that's going to be governing
your circadian rhythm.
292
00:20:23,722 --> 00:20:27,259
And in newborn infants these areas
are not talking to each other,
293
00:20:27,559 --> 00:20:29,361
um, either directly or indirectly.
294
00:20:31,897 --> 00:20:33,999
What that means is that those connections
295
00:20:34,066 --> 00:20:36,235
are what's responsible for
296
00:20:36,301 --> 00:20:38,136
giving rise to the circadian rhythm.
297
00:20:43,108 --> 00:20:44,348
Maybe if you're a parent
298
00:20:44,376 --> 00:20:48,080
and you're struggling to deal
with the fact that you're sleep deprived
299
00:20:48,146 --> 00:20:50,882
because your baby is not, you know,
getting through the night,
300
00:20:51,650 --> 00:20:52,551
you might just think,
301
00:20:52,618 --> 00:20:54,899
"Well, I just have to wait
for these connections to form."
302
00:20:57,289 --> 00:20:59,258
Because prior
to three to four months,
303
00:21:00,025 --> 00:21:01,627
there's very little you can do
304
00:21:01,693 --> 00:21:03,895
to help babies sleeping
throughout the night.
305
00:21:06,431 --> 00:21:08,133
It's just gonna have to wait for the...
306
00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:10,702
for the circadian system to connect them.
307
00:21:19,511 --> 00:21:22,748
Me and Rachel, we're actually
going to try and be proactive.
308
00:21:26,852 --> 00:21:28,687
Survive having a toddler and a baby,
309
00:21:28,754 --> 00:21:30,355
- that might be a...
- That's easy.
310
00:21:30,422 --> 00:21:32,524
- Sure.
- I got all the confidence.
311
00:21:32,624 --> 00:21:34,993
You haven't done anything on your own
with both of them,
312
00:21:35,060 --> 00:21:36,228
so you can't give me that.
313
00:21:36,328 --> 00:21:38,363
We'll test me.
I'll have them both to myself
314
00:21:38,430 --> 00:21:41,433
- for a whole day.
- You wouldn't... No, you could not do it.
315
00:21:41,500 --> 00:21:42,734
Let's put a bet on it.
316
00:21:42,801 --> 00:21:44,279
- You think...
- Fifteen pounds?
317
00:21:44,303 --> 00:21:46,038
- Lily how she is at the moment...
- Yeah.
318
00:21:46,104 --> 00:21:48,573
...crying, with Willow crying
at the same time.
319
00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:49,640
Fifteen pounds.
320
00:21:49,675 --> 00:21:52,477
Fifteen quid?
It should be more than that. Fifty.
321
00:21:52,544 --> 00:21:53,544
Shake.
322
00:22:00,619 --> 00:22:02,287
- Say "please."
- Please.
323
00:22:03,689 --> 00:22:06,291
What about fish fingers, Lily?
Do you want fish fingers?
324
00:22:13,532 --> 00:22:14,532
Good job.
325
00:22:15,467 --> 00:22:17,269
Yeah? No?
326
00:22:17,336 --> 00:22:18,336
Lily...
327
00:22:20,172 --> 00:22:21,840
can I have the torch, please?
328
00:22:22,641 --> 00:22:23,641
Hey.
329
00:22:24,476 --> 00:22:26,578
Shh...
330
00:22:28,180 --> 00:22:30,248
There. Was it too cold before?
331
00:22:32,417 --> 00:22:34,052
Ugh. Lily.
332
00:22:35,387 --> 00:22:36,655
Oh, I know.
333
00:22:41,927 --> 00:22:42,927
Lily.
334
00:22:44,196 --> 00:22:45,196
Lily.
335
00:22:45,731 --> 00:22:47,399
Put them back for Daddy
336
00:22:47,466 --> 00:22:48,734
and I'll get you a lolly.
337
00:22:56,141 --> 00:22:57,342
Hey, are you all right?
338
00:22:57,409 --> 00:22:59,611
- How you getting on?
- I'm fine. How are they?
339
00:22:59,911 --> 00:23:02,280
They're about to sleep.
340
00:23:02,347 --> 00:23:04,449
I can hear someone, so I know they're not.
341
00:23:04,916 --> 00:23:06,752
- Have you not given them a bath yet?
- No.
342
00:23:06,818 --> 00:23:08,220
I haven't had the opportunity,
343
00:23:08,286 --> 00:23:10,055
- to be honest.
- What have you been doing?
344
00:23:10,122 --> 00:23:11,656
Just tidying up mushrooms.
345
00:23:11,723 --> 00:23:13,392
So they're all over the carpet.
346
00:23:14,192 --> 00:23:16,728
- Okay, well, I'll let you get on.
- All right, then.
347
00:23:17,062 --> 00:23:18,964
- I'll see you later.
- Bye.
348
00:23:26,171 --> 00:23:27,205
Mummy.
349
00:23:28,273 --> 00:23:29,273
Hi, darling.
350
00:23:33,044 --> 00:23:37,015
Now, why aren't you asleep?
You've not had a nap today, have you?
351
00:23:37,082 --> 00:23:38,583
No.
352
00:23:39,918 --> 00:23:41,386
Look at Mummy's hair.
353
00:23:42,921 --> 00:23:44,489
Aww, give her a kiss.
354
00:23:45,390 --> 00:23:46,792
Say, "You look nice, Mummy."
355
00:23:47,492 --> 00:23:49,428
Oh, that's nice.
356
00:23:50,429 --> 00:23:52,306
- So...
- Why haven't you been like that with me?
357
00:23:52,330 --> 00:23:53,432
How have they been?
358
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:58,603
- Morning. Morning.
- No, not morning time, bedtime.
359
00:23:58,670 --> 00:24:01,106
- I feel like you played a joke on me.
- Morning.
360
00:24:01,173 --> 00:24:02,274
Oh, sorry, what?
361
00:24:02,441 --> 00:24:04,709
- Was it hard work?
- Yeah, it's bad. Yeah.
362
00:24:07,579 --> 00:24:09,247
So who won the bet then, Adam?
363
00:24:09,314 --> 00:24:10,634
- Morning.
- Yeah, you win.
364
00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:22,994
Is that better?
365
00:24:23,462 --> 00:24:24,462
A bit cooler?
366
00:24:31,136 --> 00:24:32,504
Good stretch!
367
00:24:33,104 --> 00:24:34,104
Ah!
368
00:24:35,140 --> 00:24:36,141
Ah...
369
00:24:39,344 --> 00:24:40,812
Ah? Ah...
370
00:24:43,281 --> 00:24:45,851
Amazing.
It's like, I'm sure he's waking up there.
371
00:24:46,384 --> 00:24:47,384
Nope.
372
00:24:48,553 --> 00:24:49,553
Nope.
373
00:24:50,422 --> 00:24:53,825
Just constantly watching what he's doing,
wondering what he's thinking.
374
00:24:54,693 --> 00:24:57,429
Look, he's giving a good grin there now.
375
00:24:58,663 --> 00:25:00,065
I don't know whether he's dreaming,
376
00:25:00,131 --> 00:25:02,601
maybe he's dreaming now.
Maybe that's a big thing.
377
00:25:04,002 --> 00:25:06,371
'Cause he does do these grins
when he's asleep.
378
00:25:06,605 --> 00:25:09,140
And then throws his eyes
in the back of his head.
379
00:25:11,610 --> 00:25:15,313
We've discussed a lot about
whether we think he dreams or not.
380
00:25:17,883 --> 00:25:20,952
But we were sort of saying he doesn't
really have any memories or any...
381
00:25:21,987 --> 00:25:24,022
any experiences yet to dream about.
382
00:25:25,557 --> 00:25:28,326
So unless he's just dreaming
about being submerged in...
383
00:25:28,660 --> 00:25:30,962
in water and being upside down and...
384
00:25:31,496 --> 00:25:33,765
hearing a heartbeat and being very warm...
385
00:25:44,609 --> 00:25:46,378
When we studied these rats,
386
00:25:46,845 --> 00:25:48,947
I started noticing all of this twitching.
387
00:25:49,514 --> 00:25:52,050
I was using twitching as a sign
that the animals were sleeping.
388
00:25:53,652 --> 00:25:55,253
But when you see a behavior like this,
389
00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:56,922
and it's remarkable behavior...
390
00:25:58,657 --> 00:26:01,026
In many animals it looks like a seizure...
391
00:26:02,327 --> 00:26:05,096
you start to wonder,
what do these twitches represent?
392
00:26:07,966 --> 00:26:09,134
This is my dog, Katie...
393
00:26:10,268 --> 00:26:13,305
and you can see the vigorous twitching
in both of her limbs,
394
00:26:13,872 --> 00:26:15,874
and even some fluttering in the face.
395
00:26:17,275 --> 00:26:20,045
Most people look at this
and they think that Katie is,
396
00:26:20,111 --> 00:26:22,080
you know, chasing rabbits in her sleep.
397
00:26:26,585 --> 00:26:29,354
The historical view going back
hundreds of years, if not millennia,
398
00:26:29,421 --> 00:26:32,290
is that twitching is just
a byproduct of dreams.
399
00:26:32,824 --> 00:26:36,962
And so if you dream about running,
your legs will kick a little bit.
400
00:26:37,028 --> 00:26:38,964
That was the dominant view for...
401
00:26:39,030 --> 00:26:40,999
Well, some people still believe it.
402
00:26:43,034 --> 00:26:47,372
And there was this contrast between
what I was seeing with my own two eyes
403
00:26:47,439 --> 00:26:50,041
and what I was reading
in the scientific literature.
404
00:26:50,709 --> 00:26:53,211
So over time
I just kept asking questions about it.
405
00:26:54,379 --> 00:26:58,083
And it evolved into a whole
research program that I never anticipated.
406
00:27:18,103 --> 00:27:19,904
So, let's go into the lab.
407
00:27:24,743 --> 00:27:28,780
So here is, uh, the meeting room
for the parents.
408
00:27:29,381 --> 00:27:31,716
And you can see our baby subject.
409
00:27:34,019 --> 00:27:36,421
So for these experiments,
we're trying to do
410
00:27:36,488 --> 00:27:38,690
very precise measures of twitching,
411
00:27:39,591 --> 00:27:42,661
and we want to know,
can we see evidence of brain activity
412
00:27:42,727 --> 00:27:45,096
that's related specifically
to the movements
413
00:27:45,163 --> 00:27:47,065
that we're picking up during sleep?
414
00:27:47,599 --> 00:27:48,599
- Okay.
- All right.
415
00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:50,168
Here we go.
416
00:27:50,902 --> 00:27:52,222
- Hey.
- Okay.
417
00:27:53,271 --> 00:27:56,474
- Oh, good job!
- Cover over her eventually.
418
00:27:56,541 --> 00:27:58,043
Here for like five seconds.
419
00:27:58,843 --> 00:27:59,878
Here we go, baby.
420
00:28:00,812 --> 00:28:02,347
All right, here we go.
421
00:28:03,515 --> 00:28:05,050
The experiment is very simple.
422
00:28:05,116 --> 00:28:05,984
Babies come in,
423
00:28:06,051 --> 00:28:10,021
they're fitted with a cap of electrodes
that we use to measure EEG activity,
424
00:28:10,088 --> 00:28:13,358
and then we put them in a car seat,
basically, and we let them go to sleep.
425
00:28:13,425 --> 00:28:15,860
It's the easiest experiment you can do.
I mean...
426
00:28:32,877 --> 00:28:33,945
Welcome to the...
427
00:28:34,012 --> 00:28:35,780
Welcome to the world of baby research.
428
00:28:41,853 --> 00:28:43,588
I'm just going to
start recording.
429
00:28:44,422 --> 00:28:45,422
All right.
430
00:28:55,533 --> 00:28:57,453
See the twitch right there?
431
00:28:57,502 --> 00:28:58,570
Yep, there we go.
432
00:29:01,606 --> 00:29:04,309
Huh. The readout is a lot of lines.
433
00:29:08,546 --> 00:29:11,616
This baby's a champion twitcher.
Look at this. Look at this lovely twitch.
434
00:29:11,683 --> 00:29:13,852
Oh, yeah. This is fantastic.
435
00:29:15,253 --> 00:29:16,253
Twitch.
436
00:29:17,989 --> 00:29:18,989
Twitch.
437
00:29:25,230 --> 00:29:26,230
Hey, bubby.
438
00:29:28,299 --> 00:29:29,868
We need to get a lot more of this,
439
00:29:29,934 --> 00:29:32,570
and then the real challenge
is the analytical side.
440
00:29:37,675 --> 00:29:40,779
What we found was when a baby
is twitching, what's happening,
441
00:29:40,845 --> 00:29:42,714
similar to when you watch
a submarine movie...
442
00:29:44,215 --> 00:29:47,685
when all the people on the submarine
are being asked to be very, very quiet
443
00:29:47,752 --> 00:29:49,854
because they're about to do
a sonar test...
444
00:29:56,361 --> 00:29:58,730
that's similar
to when these babies are asleep.
445
00:30:01,599 --> 00:30:03,401
There is very little brain activity...
446
00:30:06,604 --> 00:30:07,964
and then when a baby is twitching,
447
00:30:08,606 --> 00:30:09,606
boom.
448
00:30:09,808 --> 00:30:11,209
That is a sonar test.
449
00:30:11,276 --> 00:30:13,912
The captain of the submarine
will shoot off one ping only
450
00:30:14,379 --> 00:30:15,413
out into the water.
451
00:30:18,149 --> 00:30:20,218
And that pinging creates an echo
452
00:30:21,152 --> 00:30:23,021
that is allowing you to see
what's out there.
453
00:30:23,488 --> 00:30:25,933
In the same way that
the brain is kind of trying to figure out,
454
00:30:25,957 --> 00:30:27,592
"What's out there?"
455
00:30:28,626 --> 00:30:30,762
You know, "What do my limbs do?"
456
00:30:31,062 --> 00:30:32,430
"How many muscles do I have?"
457
00:30:33,832 --> 00:30:35,432
"How are they connected to one another?"
458
00:30:37,802 --> 00:30:41,673
And what we think is happening with
twitches is that you're mapping your body.
459
00:30:42,507 --> 00:30:44,347
You're learning
about the muscles of your body,
460
00:30:44,375 --> 00:30:46,778
you're learning about
how those muscles control joints,
461
00:30:46,845 --> 00:30:48,413
you learn about the relationships,
462
00:30:48,479 --> 00:30:51,516
the synergies among
the different muscles in your limbs.
463
00:30:53,885 --> 00:30:57,455
A single twitch can produce activity
in hundreds,
464
00:30:57,522 --> 00:30:58,923
probably thousands, of neurons.
465
00:31:01,526 --> 00:31:03,661
And that's what we see in the EEG activity
466
00:31:03,728 --> 00:31:05,330
of these human infants.
467
00:31:06,097 --> 00:31:09,300
It is how the baby learns
what kind of body that it has.
468
00:31:14,172 --> 00:31:15,540
That, I think, provides
469
00:31:15,607 --> 00:31:19,544
even further evidence
that there's something special
470
00:31:19,611 --> 00:31:21,479
about twitches in early development.
471
00:31:21,913 --> 00:31:24,482
And that's guiding us now
in the work that we do.
472
00:31:33,324 --> 00:31:36,728
Rich and I have been trying
a little bit of sleep training this week.
473
00:31:36,794 --> 00:31:39,697
We've been putting Pascoe down,
uh, for sleep
474
00:31:39,764 --> 00:31:42,066
in his nursery for naps during the day.
475
00:31:42,567 --> 00:31:44,569
We're going to attempt
to put him down
476
00:31:44,636 --> 00:31:49,307
in the Sleepyhead in his room for a nap.
477
00:31:51,209 --> 00:31:52,529
I've also promised Rich,
478
00:31:52,577 --> 00:31:55,013
if he manages to put him down
successfully,
479
00:31:55,079 --> 00:31:56,481
he can go for a bike ride.
480
00:32:44,629 --> 00:32:46,097
Shh...
481
00:32:47,465 --> 00:32:49,267
Shh...
482
00:32:51,302 --> 00:32:53,304
Shh...
483
00:33:11,189 --> 00:33:14,659
Some people are night owls,
but I'm very much the opposite.
484
00:33:19,230 --> 00:33:20,230
I'm a lark.
485
00:33:20,999 --> 00:33:23,501
I like to get up early in the morning.
486
00:33:27,005 --> 00:33:29,607
It's the time where I'm very clear-headed,
487
00:33:29,674 --> 00:33:32,410
I can see through my problems really well.
488
00:33:36,247 --> 00:33:38,158
The benefit of a clear
good night's sleep
489
00:33:38,182 --> 00:33:39,650
with a fresh morning run...
490
00:33:42,954 --> 00:33:45,289
it's definitely when I think the best.
491
00:33:50,094 --> 00:33:53,731
I feel like I got
into studying sleep accidentally.
492
00:33:53,798 --> 00:33:57,101
My research background was in learning.
493
00:34:00,171 --> 00:34:03,474
In about the mid-2000s,
I was a postdoc
494
00:34:03,541 --> 00:34:06,644
at UC Berkeley as a neuroscientist.
495
00:34:07,612 --> 00:34:10,381
I remember this study coming out
496
00:34:10,448 --> 00:34:14,519
saying that sleep deprivation
in young adults is bad for the memory...
497
00:34:15,920 --> 00:34:18,723
and that sleep itself was doing
something good.
498
00:34:20,725 --> 00:34:24,328
That was really novel
and somewhat revolutionary.
499
00:34:25,563 --> 00:34:27,265
And because of my background,
500
00:34:27,331 --> 00:34:30,034
I was in a good position to be able
to look at that.
501
00:34:32,370 --> 00:34:33,805
But I want to understand
502
00:34:34,672 --> 00:34:37,175
how does sleep make learning
and memory better?
503
00:34:45,950 --> 00:34:47,485
Got you! Balloon!
504
00:34:47,985 --> 00:34:48,985
Oh...
505
00:34:49,720 --> 00:34:50,720
Hey!
506
00:34:53,624 --> 00:34:55,393
Some days she won't sleep at all,
507
00:34:55,460 --> 00:34:57,395
and some days she sleeps quite a lot.
508
00:34:59,130 --> 00:35:03,134
She had a ten-minute sleep this morning,
and that got interrupted by the doorbell.
509
00:35:04,335 --> 00:35:06,204
She's beyond tired now.
510
00:35:07,138 --> 00:35:09,907
I've just tried to get her to sleep again,
and she's just not.
511
00:35:12,610 --> 00:35:14,078
I think she wants to.
512
00:35:20,151 --> 00:35:21,511
Willow's asleep.
513
00:35:22,420 --> 00:35:24,255
You've got to be really quiet.
514
00:35:24,522 --> 00:35:25,522
Yeah.
515
00:35:25,957 --> 00:35:28,693
Her eyes are closed
because she's...
516
00:35:31,229 --> 00:35:32,396
Good night.
517
00:35:33,998 --> 00:35:36,400
She's having a little sleep, isn't she?
518
00:35:38,603 --> 00:35:39,603
Aww.
519
00:35:52,950 --> 00:35:55,553
So, come on in, I'll show you around.
520
00:35:57,388 --> 00:35:59,423
We have a waiting room. Hi.
521
00:36:00,391 --> 00:36:02,793
So our families come in, uh, they might...
522
00:36:02,860 --> 00:36:06,631
We meet them and we get them
ready to come into the sleep lab.
523
00:36:08,866 --> 00:36:12,537
When we started this project,
studying babies,
524
00:36:12,603 --> 00:36:16,207
there wasn't much that had been done
in relation to sleep.
525
00:36:16,774 --> 00:36:18,910
They really weren't things
that would get to the heart
526
00:36:18,976 --> 00:36:21,078
of how important sleep was for memory.
527
00:36:23,581 --> 00:36:26,350
We know that infants need
a couple naps a day,
528
00:36:27,418 --> 00:36:30,087
so in our study, we wanted to find out...
529
00:36:30,922 --> 00:36:33,691
if naps are essential
to protecting the memories.
530
00:36:34,792 --> 00:36:35,792
All right.
531
00:36:36,494 --> 00:36:38,196
Come on, big girl!
532
00:36:38,596 --> 00:36:39,596
Ready?
533
00:36:40,231 --> 00:36:42,533
This is where we're gonna
play with some toys.
534
00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:44,502
- Fun.
- This is gonna be your chair.
535
00:36:44,569 --> 00:36:46,437
I'm gonna pull it closer this way, though.
536
00:36:50,041 --> 00:36:51,876
Are you ready to see my toys?
537
00:36:53,377 --> 00:36:54,377
What do we have?
538
00:36:55,680 --> 00:36:56,681
There we go.
539
00:36:58,282 --> 00:37:01,652
So we devised this experiment
starting with nine-month-olds,
540
00:37:01,953 --> 00:37:03,955
and we teach them this task, and...
541
00:37:04,021 --> 00:37:08,025
which for an infant means to show them
how to play with toys
542
00:37:08,092 --> 00:37:09,527
that they hadn't seen before.
543
00:37:13,497 --> 00:37:15,466
They are shown eight toys,
544
00:37:15,533 --> 00:37:19,337
and four of those toys
we play with in a certain way.
545
00:37:21,305 --> 00:37:24,342
Not the regular action
an infant would be expected to take.
546
00:37:34,685 --> 00:37:35,685
Uh-oh.
547
00:37:44,895 --> 00:37:45,896
What is that?
548
00:37:49,033 --> 00:37:51,168
Then we give them back those toys
549
00:37:51,802 --> 00:37:55,106
to see if they remember the actions
we performed with the toys.
550
00:38:19,597 --> 00:38:22,033
What do you think?
You want to put on this hat?
551
00:38:22,099 --> 00:38:24,568
After the first step
in the experiment,
552
00:38:24,635 --> 00:38:26,704
we record brain activity.
553
00:38:28,172 --> 00:38:31,275
That's when the fun begins for me
as a neuroscientist
554
00:38:31,342 --> 00:38:34,245
to really understand
whether sleep has an impact
555
00:38:34,312 --> 00:38:35,312
on their memory.
556
00:38:36,747 --> 00:38:38,716
After that,
we have two scenarios.
557
00:38:40,885 --> 00:38:42,119
In the first scenario,
558
00:38:42,186 --> 00:38:46,057
the babies are kept awake during the time
when they would normally be napping.
559
00:38:47,124 --> 00:38:48,626
- All right.
- I can do that.
560
00:38:49,527 --> 00:38:53,030
Put this here.
All right, so we have our timer.
561
00:38:55,533 --> 00:38:58,102
And we then see
if they remember the actions
562
00:38:58,169 --> 00:38:59,704
we performed with the toys.
563
00:39:00,738 --> 00:39:06,510
So here we have our second infant,
and this is after his wake period.
564
00:39:07,311 --> 00:39:09,113
What do we do with this?
565
00:39:22,493 --> 00:39:25,896
In the immediate condition
he did dump these right out, right?
566
00:39:25,963 --> 00:39:26,963
Mm-hmm.
567
00:39:27,798 --> 00:39:30,701
It looks like he's more taking
the objects out one at a time.
568
00:39:31,769 --> 00:39:34,614
It does seem like there may
have been a decay in memory here.
569
00:39:34,638 --> 00:39:35,638
Yeah.
570
00:39:36,674 --> 00:39:38,843
When that baby skipped naptime,
571
00:39:39,310 --> 00:39:41,345
he didn't remember any of the objects.
572
00:39:43,781 --> 00:39:46,484
So you can hang out in here.
573
00:39:49,353 --> 00:39:52,990
In the second scenario,
we let the babies take their normal nap.
574
00:39:55,192 --> 00:39:57,762
Just cue, signal,
call if you need anything.
575
00:39:57,828 --> 00:39:58,828
Okay.
576
00:40:02,733 --> 00:40:03,901
We let them sleep,
577
00:40:04,602 --> 00:40:06,437
and then, when the infant wakes up,
578
00:40:06,504 --> 00:40:09,240
we can see whether
they remembered those toys.
579
00:40:09,907 --> 00:40:11,675
All right.
580
00:40:11,742 --> 00:40:13,577
- Let's take that one out.
- Welcome back.
581
00:40:13,644 --> 00:40:15,312
We're gonna take that one out.
582
00:40:15,379 --> 00:40:16,614
So this one,
583
00:40:17,314 --> 00:40:18,883
she just had a good solid nap.
584
00:40:20,284 --> 00:40:22,052
What do we do with this?
585
00:40:26,157 --> 00:40:28,592
The action for this is to open the box,
586
00:40:28,659 --> 00:40:30,961
and then take out
the object that's in it, yeah.
587
00:40:53,250 --> 00:40:54,084
Uh-oh.
588
00:40:54,151 --> 00:40:55,186
It's consistent with
589
00:40:55,252 --> 00:40:57,455
having a strong memory for that
after the nap.
590
00:40:57,521 --> 00:40:59,023
Hi, baby.
591
00:41:05,729 --> 00:41:07,765
As soon as she gets
the cymbals,
592
00:41:07,832 --> 00:41:08,966
she's hitting them together.
593
00:41:12,136 --> 00:41:14,638
- Chain link.
- Oh, and the chain link.
594
00:41:14,705 --> 00:41:16,307
So the action for this was
595
00:41:16,373 --> 00:41:20,578
to pull the two blue chain links apart
and push them together again.
596
00:41:21,378 --> 00:41:22,378
Good.
597
00:41:22,480 --> 00:41:23,480
Ah.
598
00:41:23,881 --> 00:41:27,818
She seems to remember
three target objects,
599
00:41:27,885 --> 00:41:31,288
which is pretty impressive, and I guess
consistent with what we would expect,
600
00:41:31,355 --> 00:41:33,724
'cause she just had a nice, solid nap
601
00:41:33,791 --> 00:41:36,694
and it seems to have protected
those memories.
602
00:41:41,398 --> 00:41:44,335
So what we're seeing
in this study
603
00:41:44,568 --> 00:41:48,606
is that the infants are remembering
more of those toys,
604
00:41:48,672 --> 00:41:50,140
or what we did with the toys,
605
00:41:50,207 --> 00:41:53,477
if they took a nap versus
when they stayed awake during naptime.
606
00:41:56,680 --> 00:41:59,183
And then we get the exciting part
of really digging in
607
00:41:59,250 --> 00:42:00,684
and trying to make sense of it.
608
00:42:02,553 --> 00:42:06,090
What was sleep doing to the brain
that is so important for memory?
609
00:42:10,961 --> 00:42:15,666
And so these waves here is a recording
of just the brain activity,
610
00:42:15,733 --> 00:42:17,034
um, during sleep.
611
00:42:18,736 --> 00:42:21,705
And these bursts you can see
stand out from that record.
612
00:42:21,772 --> 00:42:23,474
Those are called "sleep spindles."
613
00:42:24,341 --> 00:42:27,144
They happen simultaneously
across the brain,
614
00:42:27,211 --> 00:42:31,148
which provides a good mechanism
for the brain to take information
615
00:42:31,215 --> 00:42:34,018
from short-term memory area,
called the hippocampus,
616
00:42:34,451 --> 00:42:37,755
and relocate it in the long-term storage,
called cortex.
617
00:42:39,089 --> 00:42:41,859
And that simultaneous burst of activity...
618
00:42:43,727 --> 00:42:47,565
is thought to support the idea
that the memories could be moved out
619
00:42:47,631 --> 00:42:50,467
from the short-term hippocampus storage
620
00:42:50,534 --> 00:42:52,202
out to the longer-term storage
621
00:42:52,269 --> 00:42:55,673
by simultaneously firing
all of these different parts of the brain
622
00:42:55,739 --> 00:42:56,739
at the same time.
623
00:42:58,342 --> 00:43:02,580
But in an infant,
their hippocampus is smaller.
624
00:43:05,015 --> 00:43:08,852
So babies need to sleep
in multiple sleep bouts,
625
00:43:08,919 --> 00:43:10,854
two naps and that overnight sleep,
626
00:43:10,921 --> 00:43:13,023
because they have to take that information
627
00:43:13,090 --> 00:43:15,125
that's piled up
in their short-term storage
628
00:43:15,192 --> 00:43:18,529
and move it to its permanent location
more frequently than we do.
629
00:43:27,438 --> 00:43:29,640
These are the kinds of results
I get excited about.
630
00:43:31,675 --> 00:43:34,511
It struck me as a scientist,
it struck me as a mom.
631
00:43:36,380 --> 00:43:38,782
Naps are important,
and we need to value the time
632
00:43:38,849 --> 00:43:40,851
that the infants are spending sleeping.
633
00:43:43,420 --> 00:43:45,689
Yay!
634
00:43:45,756 --> 00:43:46,957
Ha!
635
00:43:47,024 --> 00:43:52,496
It's not only something that is
that downtime for a mom to take a break,
636
00:43:52,563 --> 00:43:55,099
but that it's actually serving
a function for these infants.
637
00:43:55,165 --> 00:43:57,334
It's when they're laying down
those memories
638
00:43:58,435 --> 00:44:01,405
that are the foundation
for everything that they go on to do.
639
00:44:04,108 --> 00:44:06,343
- Hello?
- We can hear you and see you.
640
00:44:06,410 --> 00:44:07,311
Can you see us?
641
00:44:07,378 --> 00:44:08,879
No, you gotta put your video on.
642
00:44:08,946 --> 00:44:10,581
Hey, there we are.
643
00:44:10,648 --> 00:44:12,983
- Look. Who's that?
- Who's that?
644
00:44:13,050 --> 00:44:15,085
Hi there, Mr. Pascoe!
645
00:44:15,152 --> 00:44:15,986
- Hi.
- Hello.
646
00:44:16,053 --> 00:44:16,920
Who is that?
647
00:44:16,987 --> 00:44:18,756
- Hello.
- Hi.
648
00:44:18,822 --> 00:44:20,257
Are you being a good boy?
649
00:44:20,457 --> 00:44:21,892
Ooh!
650
00:44:21,959 --> 00:44:24,161
Are you still sleeping through the night?
651
00:44:24,461 --> 00:44:26,101
- Yeah.
- What do you say?
652
00:44:26,130 --> 00:44:27,931
We can only see the top of his head.
653
00:44:27,998 --> 00:44:29,600
Yeah. He's got a beautiful cranium.
654
00:44:29,667 --> 00:44:33,871
Yeah, the last three weeks,
sleeping through till, like, 6:30-7:00.
655
00:44:33,937 --> 00:44:35,472
- You got it.
- Oh, wow.
656
00:44:35,539 --> 00:44:37,741
- Which is nice, isn't it?
- Fantastic.
657
00:44:37,808 --> 00:44:40,744
- And he's dropped down to...
- You're a good boy!
658
00:44:40,811 --> 00:44:42,946
Dropped down to two naps a day.
659
00:44:44,782 --> 00:44:45,949
Oh, little one.
660
00:44:46,016 --> 00:44:48,752
- Look who's up there on the screen.
- What are you doing?
661
00:44:48,852 --> 00:44:49,852
Whoa!
662
00:44:50,187 --> 00:44:52,089
Hello, hello.
663
00:44:52,156 --> 00:44:56,293
We might pop him down for a nap,
'cause I think he's reached his limit.
664
00:44:56,894 --> 00:44:57,894
Say "bye-bye."
665
00:44:58,762 --> 00:44:59,930
Bye, beautiful boy.
666
00:44:59,997 --> 00:45:01,157
- Bye-bye, darling.
- Bye-bye.
667
00:45:01,532 --> 00:45:03,100
Say goodbye to Pascoe as well.
668
00:45:04,201 --> 00:45:06,270
Hey!
669
00:45:07,304 --> 00:45:09,139
- Yeah.
- We miss you.
670
00:45:09,406 --> 00:45:10,708
Time for a nap, all right?
671
00:45:17,614 --> 00:45:18,615
Good boy.
672
00:45:20,184 --> 00:45:21,351
Shh...
673
00:45:21,418 --> 00:45:23,220
Hey, hey!
674
00:45:29,960 --> 00:45:31,695
Here we are, that's a good spot.
675
00:45:31,762 --> 00:45:32,963
Lots of paddling.
676
00:45:39,036 --> 00:45:40,571
Say, "Yum yum yum."
677
00:45:40,871 --> 00:45:42,206
Yum, yum, yum.
678
00:45:46,543 --> 00:45:49,813
The beach is all too much
for little Willow,
679
00:45:50,280 --> 00:45:51,715
who has succumbed to a nap.
680
00:45:58,622 --> 00:46:01,859
Now as soon as it gets
to about nine o'clock at night,
681
00:46:01,925 --> 00:46:03,427
she just knows it's nighttime.
682
00:46:05,496 --> 00:46:08,499
She's just asleep from then
until she wakes up for a feed,
683
00:46:08,565 --> 00:46:11,635
so it could be like six hours
that she'll sleep for sometimes.
684
00:46:11,769 --> 00:46:13,670
Hello, Mrs... Oh!
685
00:46:14,171 --> 00:46:15,272
Is that your hat?
686
00:46:15,339 --> 00:46:17,941
Oh!
687
00:46:18,008 --> 00:46:21,011
We just have a natural rhythm
to tell her that it is bedtime.
688
00:46:24,348 --> 00:46:25,983
Big girl!
689
00:46:27,217 --> 00:46:29,086
One's upstairs asleep.
690
00:46:30,254 --> 00:46:31,455
This one stays.
691
00:46:31,789 --> 00:46:34,291
You can't take him up to bed
without waking him up.
692
00:46:35,559 --> 00:46:36,727
The sea air does it.
693
00:46:45,502 --> 00:46:47,781
Whether you're getting
your sleep during your nap
694
00:46:47,805 --> 00:46:49,173
or getting your sleep overnight,
695
00:46:49,239 --> 00:46:52,242
to overall be maintaining
your essential sleep need
696
00:46:52,309 --> 00:46:53,744
is really what it's gonna take
697
00:46:53,811 --> 00:46:57,147
to both stay healthy,
but also to think clearly.
698
00:46:59,683 --> 00:47:01,652
So sleep continues to be important
699
00:47:01,718 --> 00:47:05,422
for both our cognitive health,
but our emotional health, our mood,
700
00:47:05,489 --> 00:47:08,025
um, and really just how we're able
to perform during the day,
701
00:47:08,091 --> 00:47:10,227
whether we're infants or adults.
702
00:47:13,163 --> 00:47:15,199
Sleep has been
perennially described
703
00:47:15,265 --> 00:47:17,801
as a period of detachment
from the environment,
704
00:47:18,468 --> 00:47:21,605
but our work suggests that sleep
705
00:47:21,672 --> 00:47:24,208
is a very dynamic process
with all kinds of changes
706
00:47:24,274 --> 00:47:27,511
in neural activity throughout the brain,
changes in behavior.
707
00:47:28,712 --> 00:47:30,380
And so sleep is a much more
708
00:47:30,447 --> 00:47:33,784
multi-faceted process than has
generally been thought about in the past.
709
00:47:37,421 --> 00:47:40,691
Sleep is designed for the brain
710
00:47:40,757 --> 00:47:45,195
to actually tackle that immensely
difficult problem.
711
00:47:46,730 --> 00:47:48,465
To learn about the world.
712
00:47:49,533 --> 00:47:53,170
And so, that's what your baby is doing
when it's sleeping.
713
00:47:53,237 --> 00:47:56,907
It's solving one of the hardest problems
in the universe.
714
00:47:57,875 --> 00:47:59,243
We should let them sleep.
55468
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