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[Mudd] No American in this century
has ever been so likely to be president,
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as Robert Francis Kennedy.
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[officer] Ladies and gentlemen,
please move back to the sidewalk.
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Allow the motorcade to pass.
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Please move back to the sidewalk.
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Come on!
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[screaming]
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[Mudd] Here in California,
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the caravan provided the love feast
Kennedy has come to expect.
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[overlapping chatter, cheering]
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[Mudd] It happened again,
as in city after city,
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a mob scene and a traffic jam
tying up much of downtown.
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[Lewis] In California, it was unreal.
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They had to hold him in the car,
because people was pulling on all sides.
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[Mudd] He was touched, trapped,
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and, at one point, torn from his car,
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wrenching the hip of the man
who usually holds him erect.
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[crowd shouting, cheering]
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May God bless!
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May God be with you.
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He was seen as a young,
revolutionary, radical figure
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who represents change.
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[Mudd] He has spoken out often
on the three issues,
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which inflame most Americans,
most of the time:
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Vietnam, civil rights and poverty.
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I think we can make a major difference in
the United States for all of our people,
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and for peace
all over the rest of the world.
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[crowd cheering]
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[Mudd] And yet no politician engenders
such extremes of devotion and distrust.
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I did not really support
Robert Kennedy early on,
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because I thought
he was just a young rich kid,
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you know, trying to make it into politics.
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I think he's trying
to ride on his father's fortune,
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and, uh, his brother's fame.
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[Mudd] The John Kennedy haters
of the early Sixties.
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Some southerners, businessmen
and conservative suburbanites
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have now become the "Bobby haters"
of the late Sixties.
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My image of him was not very strong.
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I had remembered him
from the Justice Department,
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and the taping of Martin Luther King.
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In certain cases, wiretapping, uh,
listening in on a telephone conversation
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can be most helpful.
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[Lewis] In the early days, President
Kennedy and his brother Robert Kennedy
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did not want to appear
to be moving too fast for civil rights.
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[Robert] As far as Martin Luther King
is concerned,
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we called for a cooling-off period.
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People have, uh, gone into the streets,
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and created disorders without any purpose.
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[Lewis] But he saw people suffering.
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That helped change him.
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He fell in love with people.
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[Schrade] He turned into one of the most
sincere persons involved in human values,
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and trying to do the right thing.
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Trying to do justice.
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It's not just the poor who are suffering,
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it's not just those who want
a better education who are suffering,
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it's not only those who need jobs
and employment who are suffering,
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but the whole country is suffering,
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and I don't think any of us
can be satisfied,
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or happy, or contented,
or filled with joy,
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while that war goes on,
and while that money is being spent,
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and American lives are being lost
in the devastation of Vietnam.
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[crowd cheering]
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[crowd chanting]
We want justice! We want justice!
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[Schrade] The campaign, in California,
was really wonderful.
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The vote count was beginning
to look very good.
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Then on the last day of the campaign...
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we lost him.
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This photograph shows
Robert Kennedy and me lying on the floor.
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It also shows a friend of mine,
Cap Hardy, leaning over me,
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and putting one of the Kennedy
campaign hats over my face,
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because he thought I was dead.
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There were five people besides Bob
shot that night.
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I was the first one hit,
in the center of my forehead.
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Losing Robert Kennedy was
just, you know, difficult to live with,
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because he provided so much hope for us.
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I first got involved with Bob Kennedy
in the early Sixties.
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I was working, at the time, for the
United Autoworkers Union on civil rights,
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on workers' rights, and so forth.
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And I've got major files
in the store room over here
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that deal with labor movement, peace
movement and farm workers' movements.
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But mostly dealing
with the Robert Kennedy case.
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This great event, Robert Kennedy flew in
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for end of César Chávez's 23-day fast -
there I am.
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In 1968, I became a part
of Bob's campaign for president.
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I was vice chairman for labor.
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In the late Sixties,
a lot of forces were coming together
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through the anti-war movement,
through the labor movement,
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the student movement, the war on poverty.
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It was just a very lively, dynamic period,
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and, fortunately,
we had Bob Kennedy to help lead us.
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Robert Francis Kennedy
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was born on November 20, 1925
in Brookline, Massachusetts.
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One of a family
of four boys and five girls.
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Born to Rose and Joseph Patrick Kennedy.
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His father,
of second-generation immigrant stock,
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had become
Boston's youngest bank president,
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and went on to amass a fortune and become
the American ambassador to Great Britain.
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This is my first trip to Europe,
and I'm very excited.
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I couldn't even sleep last night.
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[reporter] You grew up knowing that you'd
never have to worry too much about money.
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Could you put emphasis
upon something else?
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I think so. Of course,
it's a great advantage, obviously.
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It was stressed in our family
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that because
we had these tremendous advantages,
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which other people did not have,
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that, in turn,
we had a responsibility to others.
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[reporter] You have a reputation
for toughness, for being the fighter,
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because your father fostered a spirit
of competition in the family.
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[Robert]
Yes, family life was competitive,
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but I was number seven,
so I was quite far down.
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I was just trying to survive! [laughs]
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[Adams] I first met Robert Kennedy
when he came to Milton Academy.
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He loved playing football.
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Winning was important to him.
You win, or you're nobody.
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He fought hard,
but he was very fair-minded.
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Any time there was bullying,
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he would take the side of the underdog.
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Well, I think part of the sense
of right and wrong
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came from being Catholic.
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He was very religious.
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Bobby was the runt of the litter,
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so he had a lot to prove to himself,
and to his father.
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[announcer] At Harvard, playing
with a fractured right leg in a cast,
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Bob earned his letter against Yale.
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Something none of his brothers
had done before him.
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♪ Grab your partner, grab your gal ♪
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♪ And rock ♪
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♪ Rock, rock, rock, rock, everybody ♪
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♪ Rock, rock, rock, rock, everybody
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♪ Rock, rock, rock, rock, everybody
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♪ You rock it, and you rock it
And you rock it around ♪
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[reporter]
Interrupting his college education
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to serve in the Navy during World War II,
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he returned to earn a law degree
from the University of Virginia.
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[reporter #2] Bob Kennedy was once asked
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what was
the most important decision of his life.
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His answer: marrying Ethel.
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♪ Rock, everybody ♪
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♪ You rock it, and you rock it
And you rock it around ♪
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[host] Senator, yours is
a quite exceptionally political family.
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Was it inevitable that you would enter
some form of politics?
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I think I would have ended up
in politics or government.
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We were brought up
in that kind of an atmosphere.
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My grandfather was mayor of Boston,
and he was a congressman from Boston.
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Then, of course, my father was involved
in politics and government.
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My oldest brother Joe,
before he was killed, was in government.
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And then, of course, uh,
after the war my brother Jack
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was in politics and government.
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And I was involved
in running his campaigns.
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[announcer] American people have spoken
with a resounding voice at the polls.
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General Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected.
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The Republican party is back in power.
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♪ Rock, rock, rock, rock, everybody
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♪ Roll, roll, roll, roll, everybody
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[reporter] In Massachusetts' Senate race,
John F. Kennedy
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scores one
of the few major Democratic victories.
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[reporter] The Kennedy magic worked.
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Kennedy put on a blistering campaign,
which produced a major political upset.
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00:10:02,768 --> 00:10:04,729
My brother, Bobby,
who managed the campaign,
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00:10:04,812 --> 00:10:09,317
perhaps he can give us some idea, more up
to date, of what the final figures were.
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I think that, uh, from what we've got
up to about 20 minutes ago,
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that you were winning by about 70,000.
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-I guess you're glad it's over, Bobby.
-I am, Jack.
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OK.
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♪ And you rock it around ♪
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[Gallagher]
I had great admiration for Jack Kennedy.
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He was a hero in World War II,
and we became friends.
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But I was always ambivalent about Bobby.
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I liked him very much as a person.
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In fact,
I played tennis over at his house.
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We got to laugh together.
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He had a great family.
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His wife, Ethel, a wonderful woman.
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But it seemed to me that Bobby Kennedy,
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he was two people.
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The other side of Bobby
was a very determined young man.
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He was very ambitious, aggressive,
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very sharp elbows for anybody in his way.
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As a young man,
Bobby got the job as a lawyer,
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chasing communists
with that terrible man, Joe McCarthy.
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[announcer] He has traveled far,
interviewed many, terrorized some.
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There are communists
working in our defense plants.
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There are communists being left unmolested
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in our government.
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The question is, will you give the FBI
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any information you may have
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about members of the communist conspiracy?
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On that question,
I am going to refuse to answer you.
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[Gallagher]
Bobby was nuts on the communists.
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There was an insanity about communists
in those days.
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Then he got the job
with the McClellan Committee,
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going after union leaders, and
their connection with organized crime.
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[announcer] The committee's attorney
questioning Teamsters leader, Jim Hoffa.
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Did you say,
"That SOB, I'll break his back"?
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-Who?
-[Robert] You.
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I did to who?
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00:12:04,890 --> 00:12:07,268
[Robert] To anyone.
Did you make that statement?
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You can't remember
whether Johnny Dio was in your room?
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The man who was under indictment
for throwing acid in Victor Riesel's eyes?
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You can't remember what you talked about?
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It wouldn't have been of any importance,
Mr. Kennedy, and I can't recall it.
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And he saw the power and publicity
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in going after people
that the McClellan Committee had.
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00:12:27,955 --> 00:12:29,039
Bob, tell me this:
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00:12:29,123 --> 00:12:32,793
Do you think the television coverage
of the hearings has some real value?
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I think it's been terrific, tremendous.
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Mrs. Kennedy, are the youngsters aware
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of the fact that their father has been
a television personality this summer?
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Well, uh, they are, Mr. Murrow.
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I think this is never more true
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than when one day the hearings
ran over 15 minutes into Mickey Mouse.
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The children were very displeased
with their father that night.
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And people who watch
the Jimmy Hoffa hearings, since that time,
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people have written to us
that they saw them on television,
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and made suggestions to us
as to what leads we might follow up.
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[Gallagher] I think that was
a little scary part of Bobby.
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Jack Kennedy jokingly said,
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00:13:08,621 --> 00:13:13,125
"You know, Neil, I love Bobby.
He's my brother and a great guy."
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00:13:13,209 --> 00:13:15,085
He said, "But he's a cop at heart,
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and at the end of the day,
if he didn't have somebody to arrest,
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I think he'd arrest Rose."
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It was a joke,
but it really summed it up, too.
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[reporter]
These are the people of Wisconsin,
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where there's going to be
a presidential primary next Tuesday.
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00:13:37,399 --> 00:13:40,528
Here in Wisconsin have come
Jack Kennedy and Hubert Humphrey.
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[reporter] From a well-staffed
headquarters in downtown Milwaukee,
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Bobby Kennedy directs the most
skillful team of political operators.
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They are trying for a knockout, a victory
that will entirely eliminate Humphrey.
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[Adams] Bobby was at his best
as a campaign manager.
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00:13:57,586 --> 00:14:01,924
His father taught him never to come in
second, and he loved his brother dearly.
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00:14:02,675 --> 00:14:04,134
He wanted this for him.
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00:14:05,636 --> 00:14:08,806
He's got a considerable amount of strength
around the country,
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00:14:08,889 --> 00:14:13,227
starting in New England, but also in the
Midwest and in the Rocky Mountain states.
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00:14:13,310 --> 00:14:17,273
But I think a lot of it's going to depend
on how well he does in the primaries.
236
00:14:17,815 --> 00:14:20,985
To me, the Kennedys
represented a new generation,
237
00:14:21,068 --> 00:14:23,529
and a great change in the American scene.
238
00:14:23,612 --> 00:14:27,366
There is a new generation going
to take over here in the United States.
239
00:14:27,449 --> 00:14:29,201
This country is going to move ahead.
240
00:14:29,285 --> 00:14:31,871
We're going to have
to be strong enough here in the US
241
00:14:31,954 --> 00:14:34,331
if we're going to preserve the peace.
242
00:14:34,748 --> 00:14:36,584
We're not going to stand still.
243
00:14:36,667 --> 00:14:38,419
We're going to face up to our problems
244
00:14:38,502 --> 00:14:41,130
and reestablish our prestige
and our position in the world.
245
00:14:41,213 --> 00:14:44,174
That's what Senator Kennedy's
going to do when he's elected president.
246
00:14:44,258 --> 00:14:46,260
[crowd cheering]
247
00:14:50,055 --> 00:14:51,181
[camera shutter clicking]
248
00:14:51,265 --> 00:14:54,560
The self-confidence
of the Kennedys came from many sources,
249
00:14:54,643 --> 00:14:57,146
but certainly a primary source
was the family.
250
00:14:57,563 --> 00:15:00,065
I mean,
they were very close at every level,
251
00:15:00,149 --> 00:15:02,359
and always sustaining one another.
252
00:15:03,027 --> 00:15:06,989
[reporter] The Kennedy women arrive.
First, Ethel. Then the senator's sisters.
253
00:15:07,072 --> 00:15:09,408
I sort of feel
like an independent merchant,
254
00:15:09,491 --> 00:15:13,203
competing against a chain store
when I compete with the Kennedy family!
255
00:15:14,121 --> 00:15:16,916
People often ask me,
"Now, which Kennedy are you?"
256
00:15:16,999 --> 00:15:21,795
My brother, Jack, people are not even sure
about which Kennedy he is.
257
00:15:21,879 --> 00:15:24,465
He was coming up here
about three months ago
258
00:15:24,548 --> 00:15:26,800
to decide
whether he'd go in the Wisconsin primary.
259
00:15:26,884 --> 00:15:29,929
He sat in an airplane, next to a
little old lady. It was her first flight.
260
00:15:30,012 --> 00:15:33,349
She looked and she said, "You're one
of the Kennedy boys, aren't you?"
261
00:15:33,432 --> 00:15:35,643
And he said, "Yes."
262
00:15:35,726 --> 00:15:38,395
"I think you've done
a wonderful job as counsel
263
00:15:38,479 --> 00:15:40,272
for the Senate Rackets Committee."
264
00:15:40,356 --> 00:15:43,984
And Jack said, "That's not me. That's
my brother." So then the lady said...
265
00:15:44,068 --> 00:15:47,071
"But I think those seven beautiful
children are just wonderful."
266
00:15:47,154 --> 00:15:50,616
And Jack said,
"Well, that's not me. That's my brother."
267
00:15:50,699 --> 00:15:53,953
Finally she said, "Well, tell your brother
I wish him all the luck in the world
268
00:15:54,036 --> 00:15:56,330
in his bid
for the presidential nomination."
269
00:15:56,413 --> 00:15:58,874
He said, "No, no, no.
That's me. That's me."
270
00:15:58,958 --> 00:16:02,127
[man]
You will be pleased to have the privilege
271
00:16:02,753 --> 00:16:08,092
of seeing Bob Kennedy,
Senator Kennedy's son - brother!
272
00:16:08,175 --> 00:16:10,094
[crowd laughing]
273
00:16:10,803 --> 00:16:14,890
Uh, thank you very much. I'm sorry
that my mother couldn't be here tonight.
274
00:16:14,974 --> 00:16:16,183
[crowd laughing]
275
00:16:16,809 --> 00:16:20,145
And I'm sorry
that my sister, Pat, couldn't come,
276
00:16:20,229 --> 00:16:23,440
and my sister, Eunice,
and my sister, Jean,
277
00:16:23,524 --> 00:16:26,860
my brother-in-law, Peter Lawford,
or my brother, Teddy,
278
00:16:26,944 --> 00:16:29,196
or my cousin, Joe Gargan, or my cousin...
279
00:16:29,279 --> 00:16:30,864
[crowd laughing]
280
00:16:30,948 --> 00:16:34,034
So you're going to have to settle with me.
Thank you very much.
281
00:16:34,118 --> 00:16:35,786
[crowd cheering, whooping]
282
00:16:39,498 --> 00:16:41,583
Great appreciation to my brother, Bobby,
283
00:16:41,667 --> 00:16:46,171
who has directed our primary campaigns,
and the organization in all of them,
284
00:16:46,255 --> 00:16:49,758
as he did in my campaign
for the Senate in 1952.
285
00:16:49,842 --> 00:16:52,136
And, of course,
he has been the most essential figure.
286
00:16:52,219 --> 00:16:53,846
[crowd cheering]
287
00:17:00,561 --> 00:17:02,354
[reporter] We've arrived in Los Angeles,
288
00:17:02,438 --> 00:17:04,773
the city seething
with convention excitement.
289
00:17:04,857 --> 00:17:08,110
There seems to be no doubt
Senator John Kennedy of Massachusetts
290
00:17:08,193 --> 00:17:12,156
is far and away in the lead
for the Democratic nomination.
291
00:17:12,740 --> 00:17:15,576
However, there are many supporters
of Stevenson and Johnson,
292
00:17:15,659 --> 00:17:19,163
who still are firmly convinced
that he will be stopped.
293
00:17:23,667 --> 00:17:26,253
[Heuvel] I was at the 1960 convention.
294
00:17:26,336 --> 00:17:29,465
We felt that there was the opportunity
to create a world
295
00:17:29,548 --> 00:17:31,050
where democracy would prevail,
296
00:17:31,133 --> 00:17:33,218
and where social justice
would be an objective.
297
00:17:33,302 --> 00:17:35,471
...to lead us to a fruitful America,
298
00:17:35,554 --> 00:17:39,016
to a peaceful world for mankind everywhere
299
00:17:39,099 --> 00:17:43,604
is the great senator from the state
of Massachusetts, John F. Kennedy!
300
00:17:43,687 --> 00:17:45,272
[crowd cheering]
301
00:17:46,398 --> 00:17:49,693
[Schrade] I worked with Bob Kennedy
in the 1960 convention
302
00:17:49,777 --> 00:17:53,197
to help shift Stevenson delegates
over to Jack Kennedy.
303
00:17:53,280 --> 00:17:54,823
I really connected with Bob.
304
00:17:54,907 --> 00:17:56,950
I could see how effective he was.
305
00:17:57,367 --> 00:18:00,537
[reporter] Bobby Kennedy and
Abe Ribicoff, the Kennedy floor leaders,
306
00:18:00,621 --> 00:18:02,998
plead, urge, cajole for individual votes.
307
00:18:03,874 --> 00:18:07,294
[Heuvel] Nevertheless, some of the bosses
of the Democratic Party
308
00:18:07,377 --> 00:18:10,631
thought there was no doubt Lyndon Johnson
was going to win this nomination.
309
00:18:11,423 --> 00:18:15,594
Johnson was a major figure
in the US Senate for the Democratic Party,
310
00:18:15,677 --> 00:18:19,890
which was, in large measure, still
controlled by southern political forces.
311
00:18:19,973 --> 00:18:22,101
Senator, would you agree
with Senator Kennedy,
312
00:18:22,184 --> 00:18:25,270
who said that he thought
you were his chief opposition,
313
00:18:25,354 --> 00:18:27,773
because you had more delegates
than anybody else?
314
00:18:28,816 --> 00:18:32,653
Well, I... I have great respect
for Senator Kennedy,
315
00:18:32,736 --> 00:18:36,990
and maybe he has more information
on the delegates I have than I do.
316
00:18:37,699 --> 00:18:40,869
[reporter] During four hours
of nominations and demonstrations,
317
00:18:40,953 --> 00:18:42,830
the final struggle for votes goes on.
318
00:18:43,956 --> 00:18:46,792
Senator Kennedy, 104 and a half.
319
00:18:47,376 --> 00:18:52,172
...the vote will make the majority
to Senator Kennedy.
320
00:18:52,256 --> 00:18:54,258
[crowd cheering]
321
00:18:55,342 --> 00:18:57,678
[reporter]
Governors, mayors, senators, bosses
322
00:18:57,761 --> 00:19:01,431
gather to form a protective escort
for the young new leader.
323
00:19:01,515 --> 00:19:04,977
Tomorrow, in an all-day tussle,
he must choose a vice president.
324
00:19:05,686 --> 00:19:09,898
[Heuvel] John Kennedy offered
the vice presidency to Lyndon Johnson.
325
00:19:09,982 --> 00:19:11,441
It was a stunning blow to everybody.
326
00:19:12,067 --> 00:19:16,196
[reporter] He has met with
Senator Johnson for about 15, 20 minutes
327
00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:17,739
in Senator Johnson's suite.
328
00:19:18,407 --> 00:19:20,284
[Heuvel] Bobby was surprised, too.
329
00:19:20,367 --> 00:19:23,912
Bobby certainly was not for
Johnson's nomination as vice president.
330
00:19:25,038 --> 00:19:27,833
If you could think
of two different personalities
331
00:19:27,916 --> 00:19:31,879
in the context of politics
and public life, they were that.
332
00:19:31,962 --> 00:19:34,923
I mean, Johnson,
the glad-hander, the bully,
333
00:19:35,007 --> 00:19:38,927
the pusher, the getting down,
whispering in your ear,
334
00:19:39,011 --> 00:19:41,930
calling you up at all hours
of the day or night.
335
00:19:42,014 --> 00:19:43,640
They just didn't like each other.
336
00:19:43,724 --> 00:19:46,894
So Bobby went to see him to say,
"You know, did you really mean it?
337
00:19:46,977 --> 00:19:49,605
Are you really accepting it?
338
00:19:49,688 --> 00:19:51,398
This has got a lot of dangers to it.
339
00:19:51,481 --> 00:19:54,359
Aren't you better off staying
in the Senate?" All of that.
340
00:19:54,443 --> 00:19:56,653
But Johnson knew Bobby didn't like him.
341
00:19:57,487 --> 00:19:59,615
Johnson never forgave that.
342
00:20:00,908 --> 00:20:04,119
[reporter] There's Senator Kennedy now.
Senator Johnson next to him.
343
00:20:04,203 --> 00:20:07,539
Being photographed together
for the first time. This is the ticket.
344
00:20:07,623 --> 00:20:10,626
We will carry the fight
to the people in the fall,
345
00:20:10,709 --> 00:20:12,711
and we shall win!
346
00:20:12,794 --> 00:20:15,047
[crowd cheering]
347
00:20:16,215 --> 00:20:19,718
[reporter] Things are starting to pop as
candidates hit the presidential trail.
348
00:20:22,596 --> 00:20:24,556
[Robert]
I think we have a great deal of work.
349
00:20:24,640 --> 00:20:27,768
I think that the work on registration
will be extremely helpful.
350
00:20:27,851 --> 00:20:33,273
Getting out the vote might very well
be the key to victory here on November 8.
351
00:20:33,357 --> 00:20:38,654
Approximately, 3,600,000 people
in the state of New York are unregistered.
352
00:20:38,737 --> 00:20:42,282
Most of these people would vote
Democratic if they were put on the books.
353
00:20:42,741 --> 00:20:46,912
I believe there's a real trend on now for
Senator Kennedy and the Democratic Party.
354
00:20:46,995 --> 00:20:48,288
We are encouraged.
355
00:20:51,041 --> 00:20:53,335
[reporter]
While Nixon slugs it out with Kennedy,
356
00:20:53,418 --> 00:20:56,463
his vice presidential mate,
Henry Cabot Lodge,
357
00:20:56,546 --> 00:20:59,049
makes headlines
with an appeal for the Negro votes,
358
00:20:59,132 --> 00:21:01,677
critical in carrying big northern states.
359
00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:05,472
There ought to be a Negro in the cabinet,
and I'll go further.
360
00:21:05,555 --> 00:21:09,476
If Nixon is elected, there will be
a qualified Negro in the cabinet.
361
00:21:11,311 --> 00:21:16,024
[Belafonte] This country's dance
with race has been very difficult.
362
00:21:16,108 --> 00:21:17,734
The Kennedys were in the middle
363
00:21:17,818 --> 00:21:21,488
of a transitional moment for America.
364
00:21:22,906 --> 00:21:25,993
The most important black icon,
Jackie Robinson,
365
00:21:26,076 --> 00:21:28,912
had turned against the Democratic Party,
366
00:21:28,996 --> 00:21:31,999
and became committed
to the Republican cause.
367
00:21:33,292 --> 00:21:38,213
So the Democrats looked for
black public figures, and I was targeted.
368
00:21:38,964 --> 00:21:40,882
My career was on the ascendancy.
369
00:21:40,966 --> 00:21:43,593
♪ Well, John Henry's family needed money ♪
370
00:21:43,677 --> 00:21:45,929
♪ Said he didn't have but a dime ♪
371
00:21:46,013 --> 00:21:48,223
♪ If you wait till the red sun goes down ♪
372
00:21:48,307 --> 00:21:50,559
♪ I'll get it from the men
In the mine, Lordy Lord ♪
373
00:21:50,642 --> 00:21:53,061
♪ I'll get it from the men in the mine ♪
374
00:21:53,145 --> 00:21:55,897
♪ I'll get it from the men
In the mine, Lordy Lord ♪
375
00:21:55,981 --> 00:21:57,774
♪ I'll get it from the men in the mine ♪
376
00:21:58,984 --> 00:22:03,405
[Belafonte] I did not get the sense
that the Kennedys were as deeply caught up
377
00:22:03,488 --> 00:22:08,327
in the conversation of civil rights
and black rights as they should have been.
378
00:22:08,952 --> 00:22:11,163
Also, my first knowledge of Bobby Kennedy
379
00:22:11,246 --> 00:22:14,666
was when he had spent time
with Joe McCarthy.
380
00:22:15,417 --> 00:22:17,961
And those of us who were
very much involved in the movement
381
00:22:18,045 --> 00:22:21,757
were constantly being accused
of being communist sympathizers.
382
00:22:23,091 --> 00:22:27,429
So in the beginning,
Bobby looked at us rather suspiciously.
383
00:22:28,013 --> 00:22:31,433
Uh... And the feelings were reciprocal.
384
00:22:32,559 --> 00:22:34,519
When John came to meet,
385
00:22:34,603 --> 00:22:38,774
I concluded that he didn't know
very much, and I told him so.
386
00:22:38,857 --> 00:22:42,319
And before I could endorse him,
I would have to come to grips
387
00:22:42,402 --> 00:22:46,448
with how he felt about
this young new force on the horizon
388
00:22:47,032 --> 00:22:48,658
named Martin Luther King, Jr.
389
00:22:49,785 --> 00:22:53,497
[reporter] Martin Luther King is arrested
in Atlanta at a restaurant sit-in,
390
00:22:53,580 --> 00:22:55,373
then sentenced to hard labor.
391
00:22:55,457 --> 00:22:57,793
Negro leaders fear for his life.
392
00:22:59,920 --> 00:23:01,505
[Belafonte] King had been arrested,
393
00:23:01,588 --> 00:23:04,925
but John Kennedy,
he didn't say much on the subject.
394
00:23:06,051 --> 00:23:08,637
[Wofford] Kennedy wanted to do something,
to say something,
395
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:12,849
but he knew it might endanger his chance
of holding the majority
396
00:23:12,933 --> 00:23:17,062
of the white opinion in the south,
and carrying the south in the election.
397
00:23:18,105 --> 00:23:22,651
And the idea came to me and others,
"Why shouldn't he just call Mrs. King?"
398
00:23:22,734 --> 00:23:24,277
She was very anxious.
399
00:23:24,361 --> 00:23:28,073
"Why can't Kennedy at least
just call her and say we're working at it,
400
00:23:28,156 --> 00:23:31,326
we're going to get him out,
you have my sympathy."
401
00:23:31,409 --> 00:23:32,744
A personal direct act.
402
00:23:33,328 --> 00:23:35,705
And Kennedy said,
"That's a wonderful idea."
403
00:23:35,789 --> 00:23:37,040
Dialed her.
404
00:23:37,124 --> 00:23:38,625
Talked to her.
405
00:23:38,708 --> 00:23:41,962
Then, later in the morning,
he started telling his strategists,
406
00:23:42,546 --> 00:23:44,506
and Robert Kennedy gave us hell.
407
00:23:45,215 --> 00:23:50,387
And I've never been chewed out by anybody
as angrily as I was by Robert Kennedy.
408
00:23:51,221 --> 00:23:55,308
He said, "Close your civil rights section.
You've probably lost the election.
409
00:23:55,392 --> 00:23:57,686
We had three southern governors tell us
410
00:23:57,769 --> 00:24:01,940
that if you support Khrushchev,
Castro, or Martin Luther King,
411
00:24:02,023 --> 00:24:04,025
we're going to throw our votes to Nixon."
412
00:24:05,569 --> 00:24:07,571
And then, that very night,
413
00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:13,201
Robert Kennedy called the judge
in Georgia to get King out of jail.
414
00:24:13,285 --> 00:24:15,829
And we asked Bob Kennedy, you know,
415
00:24:15,912 --> 00:24:18,290
"After you were so angry,
why did you do that?"
416
00:24:18,373 --> 00:24:21,626
He said, "As I went up to New York
on the plane and thought about it,
417
00:24:21,710 --> 00:24:23,712
and King in jail with that sentence,
418
00:24:23,795 --> 00:24:26,590
and screwing up our politics
in this country,
419
00:24:26,673 --> 00:24:29,176
and maybe losing the election
for my brother,
420
00:24:29,259 --> 00:24:31,928
I got so mad
that I got that judge on the phone."
421
00:24:33,763 --> 00:24:37,434
[Belafonte] Then we woke up one day,
and found out that Bobby intervened
422
00:24:37,517 --> 00:24:39,978
with the Georgia officials.
423
00:24:40,061 --> 00:24:43,899
[reporter] Next day, the weight
of Kennedy's opinion is felt in Georgia.
424
00:24:43,982 --> 00:24:46,401
King is released, safe on bail.
425
00:24:46,484 --> 00:24:49,821
As word spreads,
Negro votes shift to Kennedy.
426
00:24:51,323 --> 00:24:53,074
Uh, I don't know the details of it,
427
00:24:53,158 --> 00:24:57,787
but, naturally, I'm very happy
to know of Senator Kennedy's concern,
428
00:24:57,871 --> 00:25:02,042
and all that he did
to make this possible.
429
00:25:02,125 --> 00:25:05,587
Uh, I might say that there are
no political implications here.
430
00:25:05,670 --> 00:25:10,634
I'm sure that the senator did it,
because of his real concern,
431
00:25:10,717 --> 00:25:14,095
and his humanitarian bent.
432
00:25:14,846 --> 00:25:19,142
[Belafonte] That finally won
many of us over to the Democrats.
433
00:25:20,602 --> 00:25:24,147
There are many Negros in America
who still do not have the right to vote.
434
00:25:24,606 --> 00:25:26,149
There are many of us who do.
435
00:25:26,733 --> 00:25:29,361
And I think that we should use that right.
436
00:25:29,444 --> 00:25:31,404
I'm voting for Senator Jack Kennedy.
437
00:25:32,072 --> 00:25:33,281
How about you?
438
00:25:37,953 --> 00:25:41,331
[reporter] A record number of Americans,
upwards of 67 million,
439
00:25:41,414 --> 00:25:45,252
go to the polls to elect
the 35th President of the United States.
440
00:25:45,335 --> 00:25:47,754
At his Hyannis Port,
Massachusetts residence,
441
00:25:47,837 --> 00:25:51,633
the Democratic candidate and his wife
stoically waited out the returns.
442
00:25:53,635 --> 00:25:55,470
[reporter]
Now begins the time of waiting.
443
00:25:56,096 --> 00:25:58,515
As dusk falls over Hyannis Port,
444
00:25:58,598 --> 00:26:01,685
the atmosphere at headquarters
in Bobby Kennedy's cottage grows tense.
445
00:26:02,185 --> 00:26:03,979
This will be no sweep.
446
00:26:04,062 --> 00:26:05,897
This is to be touch and go.
447
00:26:06,439 --> 00:26:08,858
[reporter]
Nixon leads by a shade in popular votes.
448
00:26:08,942 --> 00:26:14,322
He also holds an early lead in states
with 173 of the 269 electoral votes
449
00:26:14,406 --> 00:26:15,991
needed to make a man president.
450
00:26:16,074 --> 00:26:18,410
[reporter]
Minute after minute, hour after hour,
451
00:26:18,493 --> 00:26:21,621
the Kennedys wait for a decision
on these hair-breadth races,
452
00:26:21,705 --> 00:26:23,206
and none comes.
453
00:26:24,541 --> 00:26:27,627
[reporter] Shortly after 3:00
in the morning, East Coast time,
454
00:26:27,711 --> 00:26:30,213
the networks bring the picture
of the vice president.
455
00:26:30,297 --> 00:26:35,343
Uh, while there are still some results
still to come in,
456
00:26:35,427 --> 00:26:38,388
uh, if the present trend continues,
457
00:26:38,471 --> 00:26:43,393
Mr. Kennedy, Senator Kennedy, will be
the next President of the United States.
458
00:26:43,476 --> 00:26:45,478
[crowd cheering]
459
00:26:48,898 --> 00:26:52,110
Now, uh, my wife and I
prepare for a new administration.
460
00:26:52,986 --> 00:26:54,654
And for a new baby. Thank you.
461
00:26:54,738 --> 00:26:56,740
[crowd applauding]
462
00:26:57,490 --> 00:26:59,159
[reporter] John Fitzgerald Kennedy.
463
00:26:59,242 --> 00:27:01,870
The long campaign comes to an end,
464
00:27:01,953 --> 00:27:03,830
and a successful one for him...
465
00:27:04,831 --> 00:27:09,627
despite the fact that the popular vote
was a very, very narrow affair.
466
00:27:10,712 --> 00:27:13,923
Mr. Kennedy, would you have a place
in a Kennedy administration?
467
00:27:14,007 --> 00:27:16,217
Uh, well, nothing's been said to me.
468
00:27:16,301 --> 00:27:17,802
And I don't think I would,
469
00:27:17,886 --> 00:27:20,972
because of the reason
I think that it's virtually impossible
470
00:27:21,056 --> 00:27:22,724
in view of our relationship.
471
00:27:24,100 --> 00:27:25,310
Nepotism.
472
00:27:26,603 --> 00:27:29,189
♪ Things looked up ♪
473
00:27:30,857 --> 00:27:33,693
♪ Believe it or not ♪
474
00:27:35,362 --> 00:27:38,448
♪ But Jack was calm ♪
475
00:27:39,074 --> 00:27:43,244
♪ And Jack said I've got ♪
476
00:27:44,788 --> 00:27:48,500
♪ My Bobby ♪
477
00:27:51,252 --> 00:27:54,714
♪ My Bobby ♪
478
00:27:54,798 --> 00:27:57,175
♪ Ooh, ooh ♪
479
00:27:58,176 --> 00:28:01,638
♪ And Bobby ♪
480
00:28:02,597 --> 00:28:08,895
♪ Played it cool ♪
481
00:28:12,273 --> 00:28:15,402
[Robert] My father was strongly in favor
of my being attorney general.
482
00:28:15,485 --> 00:28:19,989
I think it just eventually came down to
just the fact that, um, President Kennedy
483
00:28:20,073 --> 00:28:22,575
felt that it might be nice
to have somebody around
484
00:28:22,659 --> 00:28:25,328
that he could discuss things with.
485
00:28:25,412 --> 00:28:26,955
For that reason, I did it.
486
00:28:27,622 --> 00:28:32,293
He has proven his ability
in almost ten years of public service.
487
00:28:32,877 --> 00:28:38,633
I am pleased to accept the position of the
attorney generalship of the United States.
488
00:28:39,259 --> 00:28:43,054
I understand and realize
the great problems and difficulties
489
00:28:43,138 --> 00:28:46,099
that will be facing all of us
in that position.
490
00:28:47,350 --> 00:28:49,310
[Heuvel] There was criticism
of his appointment.
491
00:28:50,019 --> 00:28:53,648
Robert Kennedy was 35 years old
when his brother appointed him.
492
00:28:53,732 --> 00:28:56,067
He had never practiced law
in the private sector.
493
00:28:56,151 --> 00:29:01,531
Many people questioned the nepotistic
aspect of it, the lack of experience.
494
00:29:01,614 --> 00:29:04,617
So there was a lot of people
watching very, very closely.
495
00:29:04,701 --> 00:29:08,830
And that building across the street there
is the US Department of Justice.
496
00:29:08,913 --> 00:29:12,459
You may be able to see lights
burning in the fifth-floor office
497
00:29:12,542 --> 00:29:14,919
of Attorney General Robert Kennedy.
498
00:29:15,336 --> 00:29:20,091
The late-night work is a symbol of
the vigor of the Kennedy administration.
499
00:29:20,175 --> 00:29:22,802
[Gallagher]
Bobby was not necessarily satisfied
500
00:29:22,886 --> 00:29:25,805
with the way things were functioning,
501
00:29:25,889 --> 00:29:29,726
so he sort of reengineered
the Department of Justice.
502
00:29:30,518 --> 00:29:34,105
[Heuvel] After the election, he invited
me in, and we had a long interview.
503
00:29:34,189 --> 00:29:35,857
I became his special assistant.
504
00:29:36,441 --> 00:29:40,862
I knew that Robert Kennedy
was a centerpiece of the new frontier
505
00:29:40,945 --> 00:29:42,405
of young people coming in,
506
00:29:42,489 --> 00:29:45,700
and commanding
and handling difficult problems.
507
00:29:45,784 --> 00:29:46,868
[phone ringing]
508
00:29:46,951 --> 00:29:50,705
[Edelman] I went to work in the
Justice Department with Robert Kennedy.
509
00:29:50,789 --> 00:29:55,668
And he was a terrific...
terrific person to work for.
510
00:29:55,752 --> 00:30:01,382
It was an office where characteristically
his sleeves were always rolled up.
511
00:30:01,466 --> 00:30:05,595
I think it connoted that we're working
hard, but also that we were informal.
512
00:30:07,347 --> 00:30:08,515
Hello?
513
00:30:09,724 --> 00:30:11,476
Oh, I think you got the wrong number.
514
00:30:12,644 --> 00:30:13,937
All right.
515
00:30:15,355 --> 00:30:17,315
-[man] Pick up that phone.
-Hello?
516
00:30:17,398 --> 00:30:19,400
[indistinct chatter, laughter]
517
00:30:22,445 --> 00:30:24,697
[Heuvel] Nobody had to ask for loyalty.
518
00:30:25,406 --> 00:30:28,868
Robert Kennedy evoked
from everybody who worked for him
519
00:30:29,369 --> 00:30:34,499
a sense of loyalty, and a sense that
his invitation to participate and to lead
520
00:30:35,250 --> 00:30:38,962
was to invite them
to look to broader horizons.
521
00:30:40,755 --> 00:30:42,090
I think he was
522
00:30:42,674 --> 00:30:46,052
so sincere in what he believed
in those days,
523
00:30:46,135 --> 00:30:48,221
but he was crossing the line
524
00:30:48,304 --> 00:30:51,140
on things
that shouldn't happen in America.
525
00:30:51,224 --> 00:30:54,853
Some of these big-time gangsters corrupt
the very system under which we live,
526
00:30:54,936 --> 00:30:56,479
and something has to be done about it,
527
00:30:56,563 --> 00:30:59,107
and the only thing going
to be done is by the American people,
528
00:30:59,190 --> 00:31:03,278
and those charged with authority taking
some major steps and doing them now.
529
00:31:03,862 --> 00:31:06,698
[Gallagher] He brought in
a lot of very, very smart people,
530
00:31:06,781 --> 00:31:10,159
and said,
"Hey, OK, we have a constitution.
531
00:31:10,243 --> 00:31:12,704
But let's get that guy.
Never mind what the law says.
532
00:31:12,787 --> 00:31:14,414
Just find a way around,
533
00:31:14,497 --> 00:31:16,165
and let's get Hoffa.
534
00:31:16,249 --> 00:31:18,084
Let's get the mafia.
535
00:31:18,167 --> 00:31:21,129
Let's get anybody
they want to bring the full force
536
00:31:21,212 --> 00:31:22,839
of the Justice Department against."
537
00:31:23,464 --> 00:31:26,968
All of a sudden, everybody's
being wiretapped. Mail openings.
538
00:31:27,051 --> 00:31:28,469
Garbage collections.
539
00:31:28,553 --> 00:31:30,513
Knocking on the doors. Raids.
540
00:31:30,597 --> 00:31:33,016
Suppression of civil liberties.
541
00:31:33,099 --> 00:31:36,352
[reporter] General Kennedy, why do
you disagree with the judge's statement
542
00:31:36,436 --> 00:31:38,271
that wiretapping is dirty business?
543
00:31:41,024 --> 00:31:43,026
I don't know to what you're referring.
544
00:31:43,109 --> 00:31:45,778
Robert Kennedy, in fact, was the guy
545
00:31:45,862 --> 00:31:50,909
who did sign the bugging,
the wiretapping of Dr. King.
546
00:31:52,201 --> 00:31:54,412
Hoover, head of the FBI,
547
00:31:54,495 --> 00:31:58,416
was convinced that all the black leaders
were communists.
548
00:31:58,499 --> 00:31:59,876
Bobby was his boss.
549
00:31:59,959 --> 00:32:01,920
And Bobby did sign it.
550
00:32:02,420 --> 00:32:06,466
[Lippman] The attorney general, Bobby,
is a very attractive human being,
551
00:32:06,549 --> 00:32:08,051
but his greatest weakness,
552
00:32:08,134 --> 00:32:10,929
the thing that I worried about
before he was appointed,
553
00:32:11,012 --> 00:32:14,349
is that when he's bent
on what he thinks is the right course,
554
00:32:14,432 --> 00:32:16,351
he's rather ruthless in action.
555
00:32:16,434 --> 00:32:19,896
[Gallagher] With the reengineering
of the law-enforcement apparatus,
556
00:32:19,979 --> 00:32:22,190
Bobby Kennedy's Justice Department
557
00:32:22,273 --> 00:32:27,695
displaced the state control
of crime and law enforcement,
558
00:32:27,779 --> 00:32:33,910
and substituted that with the creation
of a de-facto federal police force,
559
00:32:34,619 --> 00:32:38,539
instead of having a local US attorney.
560
00:32:38,623 --> 00:32:44,212
Bobby was a great guy for sending in
strike-force people from out of the state.
561
00:32:44,796 --> 00:32:47,090
Now, applying it to the south,
562
00:32:47,173 --> 00:32:51,719
it had some great value down south where
they were oppressing the black people.
563
00:33:04,941 --> 00:33:06,567
You can never
564
00:33:06,651 --> 00:33:08,444
whip these boys,
565
00:33:08,528 --> 00:33:10,530
if you don't keep you and them separate.
566
00:33:11,197 --> 00:33:14,075
You've got to keep the white
and the black separate.
567
00:33:14,158 --> 00:33:17,537
The people that wrote the
Declaration of Independence kept slaves,
568
00:33:17,620 --> 00:33:20,915
and I know Abraham Lincoln never planned
to allow general mixing of the races.
569
00:33:20,999 --> 00:33:24,002
In fact, he said the solution
was to send the Negroes back to Africa.
570
00:33:24,752 --> 00:33:28,256
We're not used to them sitting beside us,
because I wasn't raised with them.
571
00:33:28,339 --> 00:33:30,967
I never have lived with them,
and I'm not going to start now.
572
00:33:31,467 --> 00:33:35,304
I'm sorry. Our management does not
allow us to serve niggers in here.
573
00:33:48,568 --> 00:33:52,238
One of the most important
components of the Civil Rights Movement
574
00:33:52,321 --> 00:33:54,365
was to put the pressure on,
575
00:33:54,449 --> 00:33:59,620
and to maintain constant pressure
to win the sympathy of the government.
576
00:34:13,676 --> 00:34:17,430
There was something
deep down within me, moving me
577
00:34:17,513 --> 00:34:21,684
that I could no longer be satisfied,
or go along with an evil system.
578
00:34:23,853 --> 00:34:25,605
[Lewis] I had a feeling President Kennedy
579
00:34:25,688 --> 00:34:29,067
and his brother,
the attorney general, Robert Kennedy,
580
00:34:29,150 --> 00:34:33,488
were not fully understanding
what was happening,
581
00:34:33,571 --> 00:34:35,323
and what had happened in the south.
582
00:34:35,406 --> 00:34:38,534
There are injustices
that exist in some of these communities,
583
00:34:38,618 --> 00:34:42,747
and the white leadership
refuses to even discuss,
584
00:34:42,830 --> 00:34:46,084
even meet with Negroes
to discuss those injustices.
585
00:34:46,167 --> 00:34:48,211
They didn't want to do anything
586
00:34:49,212 --> 00:34:55,176
to offend the Democratic
white leadership in the south.
587
00:34:55,259 --> 00:34:58,012
On the other hand,
I think that the Negroes,
588
00:34:58,096 --> 00:35:02,809
once whites agree to sit down,
and try to remedy these problems,
589
00:35:02,892 --> 00:35:07,772
that the Negroes
have to show some understanding,
590
00:35:07,855 --> 00:35:11,067
and, uh, and... meet with them,
591
00:35:11,150 --> 00:35:13,986
and not have demonstrations
just to demonstrate,
592
00:35:14,070 --> 00:35:17,115
not to demonstrate
just to show their political strength,
593
00:35:17,198 --> 00:35:20,326
just to create disorder
without any purpose.
594
00:35:21,911 --> 00:35:25,164
And the Freedom Riders of 1961
595
00:35:25,248 --> 00:35:28,376
became the first real test
for the administration.
596
00:35:31,087 --> 00:35:32,672
[reporter] From all over the country,
597
00:35:32,755 --> 00:35:35,550
mixed groups traveling by bus
entered the south
598
00:35:36,175 --> 00:35:38,219
determined to challenge the practice
599
00:35:38,302 --> 00:35:42,056
of providing separate facilities
for Negro and white travelers.
600
00:35:43,808 --> 00:35:47,562
[Lewis] You would walk
into a so-called white waiting room,
601
00:35:47,645 --> 00:35:50,773
maybe take seats at a lunch counter.
602
00:35:50,857 --> 00:35:55,403
You go into a restroom,
and you would be arrested.
603
00:35:56,320 --> 00:35:57,905
And Robert Kennedy was saying,
604
00:35:57,989 --> 00:36:00,032
"This is the role of the state,
605
00:36:00,116 --> 00:36:03,494
and not the role
of the Department of Justice to play."
606
00:36:03,578 --> 00:36:05,830
[Robert] I don't see
that the Freedom Riders,
607
00:36:05,913 --> 00:36:07,874
who are so-called Freedom Riders,
608
00:36:07,957 --> 00:36:11,043
who are making these trips
accomplish a great deal.
609
00:36:11,127 --> 00:36:12,420
I question their wisdom.
610
00:36:12,503 --> 00:36:16,632
I don't question their legal right to
travel, but I question, uh, their wisdom.
611
00:36:16,716 --> 00:36:18,759
I think that, uh, some people
can get hurt.
612
00:36:19,969 --> 00:36:22,722
Now, the matter is in the courts.
613
00:36:22,805 --> 00:36:25,892
It seems to me
that that's the proper place for it to be.
614
00:36:25,975 --> 00:36:28,853
Then the bus was burned
in Anniston, Alabama.
615
00:36:39,322 --> 00:36:42,450
I learned about it when I came
to my office on a Monday morning
616
00:36:42,533 --> 00:36:44,785
that there had been a bus burning,
617
00:36:44,869 --> 00:36:47,663
and I was terribly concerned about that.
618
00:36:47,747 --> 00:36:51,250
The situation was building up
in rather an ugly fashion.
619
00:36:53,336 --> 00:36:55,379
[Lewis] We arrive in downtown Montgomery.
620
00:36:56,005 --> 00:36:58,507
The very moment
that we started off the bus...
621
00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:04,931
an angry mob of men, women,
and children, teenagers...
622
00:37:06,057 --> 00:37:10,519
they start just beating people
with anything they could use as a weapon.
623
00:37:11,437 --> 00:37:14,565
We were pinned up against a wall,
and we were beaten.
624
00:37:14,649 --> 00:37:18,110
I was hit in the head
by a man with a wooden crate.
625
00:37:19,153 --> 00:37:21,781
We thought
we were going to die on that day.
626
00:37:22,365 --> 00:37:23,908
Why are you going on with the trip?
627
00:37:23,991 --> 00:37:26,285
Well, I feel that it's got to be done now,
628
00:37:26,369 --> 00:37:30,623
and I might as well be willing
to sacrifice this ultimate gift,
629
00:37:30,706 --> 00:37:32,083
and that's my life, I guess.
630
00:37:32,667 --> 00:37:35,711
[reporter] Dr. King became
directly involved in the new movement
631
00:37:35,795 --> 00:37:39,173
as Chairman of the Freedom Rider
Coordinating Committee.
632
00:37:39,257 --> 00:37:40,758
Later that night, we met with him.
633
00:37:40,841 --> 00:37:44,136
We started planning a mass meeting
at a little church.
634
00:37:44,720 --> 00:37:48,808
And a mob that evening
tried to burn the church.
635
00:37:49,392 --> 00:37:52,144
And now we've had an ugly mob outside.
636
00:37:52,228 --> 00:37:54,855
Uh, they burned some automobiles.
637
00:37:55,690 --> 00:37:57,608
But, uh, we are not,
638
00:37:57,692 --> 00:38:03,239
we are not giving in
for what we are standing for,
639
00:38:03,322 --> 00:38:06,993
and, uh, maybe it takes
something like this
640
00:38:07,076 --> 00:38:09,578
for the federal government to see
641
00:38:09,662 --> 00:38:12,957
that Alabama is not going
to place any limit upon itself.
642
00:38:13,040 --> 00:38:14,667
It must be imposed from without.
643
00:38:16,002 --> 00:38:18,004
[Lewis]
Dr. King went down into the basement,
644
00:38:18,087 --> 00:38:20,548
and made a call to Robert Kennedy,
645
00:38:20,631 --> 00:38:22,717
and just said to him in so many words,
646
00:38:23,217 --> 00:38:25,970
"We have a very dangerous situation here.
647
00:38:26,053 --> 00:38:30,016
If you fail to intervene or do something,
people will be killed."
648
00:38:31,142 --> 00:38:35,396
And it was then, after we found
that law and order couldn't be maintained,
649
00:38:35,479 --> 00:38:39,483
that, uh, we sent in marshals
to ensure that there was protection.
650
00:38:40,276 --> 00:38:42,862
In this situation,
I want to make this announcement
651
00:38:43,529 --> 00:38:46,991
that the city is now under martial law,
652
00:38:47,074 --> 00:38:49,702
and troops are on the way into Montgomery.
653
00:38:49,785 --> 00:38:51,787
[crowd cheering]
654
00:39:04,008 --> 00:39:06,719
[reporter] How long will the marshals
remain in Alabama?
655
00:39:06,802 --> 00:39:12,683
As soon as the federal government
is shown by action
656
00:39:12,767 --> 00:39:17,271
that the state of Alabama can deal
with law enforcement on their own,
657
00:39:17,355 --> 00:39:18,856
the US Marshals will be out of there.
658
00:39:18,939 --> 00:39:21,567
[reporter] How effective
do you feel the marshals were?
659
00:39:22,109 --> 00:39:25,363
I don't think there's any question
that they saved a number of lives,
660
00:39:25,446 --> 00:39:28,407
and prevented widespread bloodshed.
661
00:39:30,201 --> 00:39:31,994
[Farmer]
As a result of the Freedom Rides,
662
00:39:32,078 --> 00:39:34,330
the Interstate Commerce Commission
issued a ruling,
663
00:39:34,413 --> 00:39:36,374
which went into effect on November 1st,
664
00:39:36,957 --> 00:39:40,753
ordering that all the segregation signs
must come down in the terminals,
665
00:39:40,836 --> 00:39:44,215
and that in their place
must be posted desegregation signs.
666
00:39:46,467 --> 00:39:48,052
[Belafonte] In that period of time,
667
00:39:48,135 --> 00:39:49,095
Bobby Kennedy and I
668
00:39:49,178 --> 00:39:53,057
began to develop
an appreciation for one another.
669
00:39:53,933 --> 00:39:57,436
And I soon found myself
a guest at his home,
670
00:39:57,520 --> 00:40:00,564
where I got to know Ethel,
and a lot of his children.
671
00:40:01,774 --> 00:40:04,402
He was a great father from what I saw,
672
00:40:04,485 --> 00:40:07,071
and his children romped all over him.
673
00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:13,327
Unlike most guys
that had his capacity and his power,
674
00:40:13,411 --> 00:40:14,787
he was not absent.
675
00:40:16,205 --> 00:40:21,836
And I felt somewhere in him
resided a moral center
676
00:40:21,919 --> 00:40:25,214
that was far beyond
what may have been expressed politically.
677
00:40:27,675 --> 00:40:30,886
I had gotten a call from James Baldwin,
a great black writer,
678
00:40:31,637 --> 00:40:33,472
who had befriended the Kennedys.
679
00:40:33,556 --> 00:40:35,266
He said, "I'm coming to New York,
680
00:40:35,349 --> 00:40:40,187
and I'd like to bring a little group of
black people together to talk with Bobby.
681
00:40:40,271 --> 00:40:45,693
Baldwin suspected that here was an
opportunity from a very willing individual
682
00:40:45,776 --> 00:40:47,945
to know more about what's going on.
683
00:40:48,654 --> 00:40:53,159
I think that one
has got to find some way...
684
00:40:55,536 --> 00:41:00,124
of putting the present administration
of this country on the spot.
685
00:41:02,001 --> 00:41:06,088
One has got to force somehow
from Washington
686
00:41:06,881 --> 00:41:09,341
a moral commitment,
687
00:41:09,425 --> 00:41:13,387
not to the Negro people,
but to the life of this country.
688
00:41:15,306 --> 00:41:18,851
[Belafonte] Bobby offered his apartment
that they had on Central Park South.
689
00:41:19,351 --> 00:41:22,229
And we got to this apartment.
We had a lovely meal.
690
00:41:22,313 --> 00:41:24,273
He was a gracious host,
691
00:41:24,356 --> 00:41:28,569
and everything stayed
on a very light, drifting level.
692
00:41:28,652 --> 00:41:31,739
And he turned the conversation
to the war in Vietnam,
693
00:41:31,822 --> 00:41:35,951
and what role were black people
expected to play to defend this nation.
694
00:41:37,411 --> 00:41:40,039
And a young man
by the name of Jerome Smith,
695
00:41:40,122 --> 00:41:46,086
who had been beaten near death
as a civil rights activist, said to Bobby,
696
00:41:46,170 --> 00:41:49,882
"I'm out of here.
I want nothing to do with this.
697
00:41:50,508 --> 00:41:54,303
What do you have us here for?
What's your game?"
698
00:41:54,386 --> 00:41:56,597
And then he just ripped it to the bone.
699
00:41:56,680 --> 00:41:59,433
And, uh, it kind of shocked Bobby.
700
00:42:00,559 --> 00:42:03,604
Jerome took the position
that, as a black man,
701
00:42:03,687 --> 00:42:07,107
he would never commit himself
to fighting for this country.
702
00:42:07,191 --> 00:42:09,026
That triggered Kennedy's passion.
703
00:42:09,735 --> 00:42:12,112
And Bobby got very angry.
704
00:42:12,613 --> 00:42:15,324
He just felt
that it was deeply unpatriotic.
705
00:42:15,908 --> 00:42:19,328
That evening in the apartment
shook him to the core.
706
00:42:19,995 --> 00:42:24,416
[Baldwin] It was a great shock to me that
the attorney general, Mr. Robert Kennedy,
707
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:26,961
did not know that I would have trouble...
708
00:42:28,462 --> 00:42:29,880
convincing my nephew...
709
00:42:31,840 --> 00:42:33,634
to go to Cuba, for example,
710
00:42:34,468 --> 00:42:36,178
to liberate the Cubans
711
00:42:36,929 --> 00:42:38,514
in defense of a government,
712
00:42:39,306 --> 00:42:44,103
which now says
it is doing everything it can to...
713
00:42:46,230 --> 00:42:47,982
Which cannot liberate me.
714
00:42:50,276 --> 00:42:52,778
[Belafonte] After that,
a week or two may have gone by.
715
00:42:52,861 --> 00:42:54,572
I picked up with Bobby again.
716
00:42:54,655 --> 00:42:56,615
We just talked about it.
717
00:42:56,699 --> 00:42:58,033
I told him what I thought,
718
00:42:58,117 --> 00:43:00,703
that his experience
was important for him to have,
719
00:43:00,786 --> 00:43:04,665
because what he heard that evening
was the passionate side of black thought.
720
00:43:04,748 --> 00:43:06,959
What white people have to do
721
00:43:07,042 --> 00:43:09,545
is try to find out in their own hearts
722
00:43:09,628 --> 00:43:12,798
why it was necessary
to have a nigger in the first place,
723
00:43:12,881 --> 00:43:15,050
because I'm not a nigger, I'm a man.
724
00:43:15,843 --> 00:43:19,054
But if you think I'm a nigger,
it means you need it.
725
00:43:19,138 --> 00:43:22,558
The question the white population
of this country has got to ask itself,
726
00:43:22,641 --> 00:43:24,351
if I'm not the nigger here...
727
00:43:25,352 --> 00:43:28,606
and if you invented him,
you, the white people, invented him,
728
00:43:28,689 --> 00:43:30,190
then you've got to find out why.
729
00:43:37,906 --> 00:43:41,535
One of America's favorite indoor sports
is rating our presidents.
730
00:43:42,202 --> 00:43:44,955
What has that boy
in the White House done to us?
731
00:43:45,456 --> 00:43:49,585
Not since the days of FDR
has the level of attack on a president
732
00:43:49,668 --> 00:43:51,378
seemed quite so heated.
733
00:43:51,462 --> 00:43:54,089
And the Kennedy administration,
in our opinion,
734
00:43:54,173 --> 00:43:55,883
has made an error
735
00:43:56,717 --> 00:43:59,011
in not requesting the Congress
736
00:43:59,094 --> 00:44:00,888
to pass civil-rights bills.
737
00:44:01,472 --> 00:44:03,766
The present
United States attorney general,
738
00:44:03,849 --> 00:44:06,810
with the approval
of the President of the United States,
739
00:44:06,894 --> 00:44:11,482
is far more responsible for the
unfortunate racial violence and troubles
740
00:44:11,565 --> 00:44:14,026
we are having throughout this nation,
741
00:44:14,109 --> 00:44:15,986
than even the ruthless leaders,
742
00:44:16,070 --> 00:44:18,822
who are sponsoring
and promoting racial unrest.
743
00:44:18,906 --> 00:44:22,326
I don't know why President Kennedy
thinks he has such a mandate.
744
00:44:23,327 --> 00:44:26,830
He... he got elected
by just a gnat's eyebrow.
745
00:44:26,914 --> 00:44:29,958
[reporter]
There's large-scale unemployment.
746
00:44:30,042 --> 00:44:32,586
There are continuing upsets
over desegregation.
747
00:44:32,670 --> 00:44:37,174
Then there's Cuba where Mr. Kennedy made
his first radical foreign policy decision
748
00:44:37,257 --> 00:44:38,384
and saw it fail.
749
00:44:39,551 --> 00:44:43,138
[reporter] An air and sea invasion
of Cuba is crushed in the Bay of Pigs.
750
00:44:45,516 --> 00:44:46,934
[Robert] Hello, Jack.
751
00:44:47,851 --> 00:44:50,020
-God... the poll.
-[John] What?
752
00:44:50,104 --> 00:44:52,022
-[Robert] What, you're down to 70%?
-When?
753
00:44:52,106 --> 00:44:54,149
-[Robert] Gallup poll.
-When was that?
754
00:44:54,233 --> 00:44:56,235
-[Robert] Two days ago.
-No, I didn't see it.
755
00:44:56,318 --> 00:44:59,905
[Robert] Yeah, we went 76% to 70%.
756
00:44:59,988 --> 00:45:02,324
[John] I didn't see that poll.
Was this in the Post?
757
00:45:02,408 --> 00:45:05,160
[Robert] I read it going up in the plane
Wednesday or Thursday.
758
00:45:05,244 --> 00:45:07,538
[John]
We've dropped 6% in the a month, have we?
759
00:45:07,621 --> 00:45:10,082
-[Robert] Since January.
-Since Congress has been back.
760
00:45:10,165 --> 00:45:11,333
-[Robert] OK.
-Righto.
761
00:45:13,544 --> 00:45:16,171
[Smith] Whether the president
is doing his job right
762
00:45:16,255 --> 00:45:19,341
is one of the most difficult questions
we've had to get judgments on.
763
00:45:19,425 --> 00:45:23,637
The changes in the times have made
our political structure no longer viable,
764
00:45:23,720 --> 00:45:25,264
made it unable to produce results
765
00:45:25,347 --> 00:45:27,850
unless there's some terrible crisis
to force action.
766
00:45:41,071 --> 00:45:42,698
[reporter] 11:45 a.m.
767
00:45:42,781 --> 00:45:46,535
Men whom the president has summoned
begin to arrive at the White House.
768
00:45:46,618 --> 00:45:50,372
Secretary of State, Rusk, Chairman
of the Joint Chiefs, General Taylor,
769
00:45:50,456 --> 00:45:52,124
Vice President Johnson,
770
00:45:52,207 --> 00:45:54,001
Defense Secretary McNamara,
771
00:45:54,084 --> 00:45:55,461
CIA Director McCone,
772
00:45:56,003 --> 00:45:57,880
Attorney General Robert Kennedy.
773
00:46:00,632 --> 00:46:02,384
[John] What is this map?
774
00:46:02,468 --> 00:46:05,637
[Martin]
It is the Soviet-operated base in Cuba.
775
00:46:06,221 --> 00:46:09,600
[John] San Diego de los Baños
is where these missiles are?
776
00:46:09,683 --> 00:46:10,934
[Carter] Yes, sir.
777
00:46:11,018 --> 00:46:15,314
There's good evidence there are back-up
missiles for each of the four launchers.
778
00:46:15,397 --> 00:46:18,984
[John] How long would we have
before these would be ready to fire?
779
00:46:19,067 --> 00:46:23,780
[Carter] These could be fully
operational within two weeks.
780
00:46:24,948 --> 00:46:27,284
[Heuvel] John and Robert Kennedy
sat in that room
781
00:46:27,367 --> 00:46:29,661
with the Armed Forces
of the United States,
782
00:46:29,745 --> 00:46:31,705
the vice president, Lyndon Johnson,
783
00:46:31,788 --> 00:46:34,958
all of whom thought
that we should invade Cuba.
784
00:46:35,042 --> 00:46:37,836
[Taylor] Our recommendation
would be to get intelligence.
785
00:46:37,920 --> 00:46:39,087
Look at the target system.
786
00:46:39,171 --> 00:46:43,091
If it really threatens the United States,
then take it out with one hard crack.
787
00:46:43,175 --> 00:46:46,220
-[man] You have a direct confrontation.
-[Robert] Then what do we do?
788
00:46:46,303 --> 00:46:48,805
[Taylor] Go to general war,
if it's in the interest of ours.
789
00:46:48,889 --> 00:46:50,766
[John] You mean nuclear exchange?
790
00:46:51,391 --> 00:46:52,684
[Taylor] Guess you have to.
791
00:46:53,769 --> 00:46:56,063
[Heuvel] This was the closest
that the United States
792
00:46:56,146 --> 00:46:58,941
has ever come to nuclear conflagration.
793
00:46:59,900 --> 00:47:02,069
And John and Robert Kennedy stood alone.
794
00:47:03,111 --> 00:47:06,698
[Robert] Assuming that you do survive all
of this, what kind of country we are...
795
00:47:07,908 --> 00:47:09,785
We've talked for 15 years
that the Russians
796
00:47:09,868 --> 00:47:11,411
would be the first strike against us.
797
00:47:11,495 --> 00:47:12,329
We'd never do that.
798
00:47:12,412 --> 00:47:15,332
Now, in the interest of time,
we do that to a small country?
799
00:47:16,333 --> 00:47:19,503
I think it's a hell of a burden to carry.
800
00:47:21,630 --> 00:47:24,007
Talk about difficult negotiations.
801
00:47:24,091 --> 00:47:27,844
There probably was never a
more difficult negotiation than that one.
802
00:47:30,305 --> 00:47:32,891
[McNamara] Robert Kennedy
had a shrewd sense of diplomacy -
803
00:47:32,975 --> 00:47:35,435
something
I really didn't realize or understand,
804
00:47:35,519 --> 00:47:37,104
until I saw it come out at that time.
805
00:47:37,854 --> 00:47:42,943
It was he who brought together
State, Defense, CIA, the UN Mission,
806
00:47:43,026 --> 00:47:45,696
organized them to work together
807
00:47:45,779 --> 00:47:48,156
to very quickly
bring to his brother the alternatives
808
00:47:48,240 --> 00:47:49,783
that were open to him as president.
809
00:47:51,410 --> 00:47:54,288
[Robert] Khrushchev has offered
this deal. I haven't refined it.
810
00:47:54,371 --> 00:47:59,835
But he's offered this arrangement
that he will withdraw the bases in Cuba
811
00:47:59,918 --> 00:48:02,504
for assurances
that we don't intend to invade Cuba.
812
00:48:03,088 --> 00:48:07,217
The question of the Turkish bases -
that's excellent that you brought that up,
813
00:48:07,301 --> 00:48:10,095
that there should be disarmament
of the Turkish bases.
814
00:48:10,178 --> 00:48:14,224
[John] He's saying if you'll get yours
out of Turkey, we'll get ours out of Cuba.
815
00:48:14,725 --> 00:48:17,686
[reporter] From the Kremlin
comes the Soviet response.
816
00:48:19,646 --> 00:48:21,440
The Russian leader says his country
817
00:48:21,523 --> 00:48:24,484
will halt shipments
of offensive equipment to Cuba,
818
00:48:24,568 --> 00:48:28,363
and also will dismantle,
and take back all missiles in place,
819
00:48:28,447 --> 00:48:29,990
or under construction there.
820
00:48:30,073 --> 00:48:33,118
[reporter] Across the world,
goes a long sigh of relief.
821
00:48:34,244 --> 00:48:38,290
With it the world's
first nuclear showdown is over.
822
00:48:42,711 --> 00:48:46,840
[Heuvel] Robert Kennedy was the second
most powerful person in the United States.
823
00:48:46,923 --> 00:48:50,719
He wasn't just the attorney general
and the Justice Department.
824
00:48:50,802 --> 00:48:54,306
It was Robert Kennedy,
the brother of the president.
825
00:48:54,389 --> 00:49:00,520
And even more than that, the brother
of a president who trusted him totally,
826
00:49:00,604 --> 00:49:04,274
and brought him into every important
question that had to be resolved.
827
00:49:04,358 --> 00:49:06,568
[brass band playing]
828
00:49:07,277 --> 00:49:09,529
I draw the line in the dust,
829
00:49:09,613 --> 00:49:12,908
and toss the gauntlet
before the feet of tyranny,
830
00:49:12,991 --> 00:49:15,786
and I say segregation now,
831
00:49:15,869 --> 00:49:19,873
segregation tomorrow,
and segregation forever.
832
00:49:22,668 --> 00:49:25,337
[reporter] Governor George Wallace
made a campaign promise
833
00:49:25,420 --> 00:49:26,755
to stand in the doorway himself
834
00:49:26,838 --> 00:49:31,385
to prevent two Negro students from
registering at the University of Alabama.
835
00:49:31,468 --> 00:49:34,304
[reporter]
Kids carrying anti-Kennedy signs appeared
836
00:49:34,388 --> 00:49:37,683
before the attorney general
arrived for a closed conference.
837
00:49:37,766 --> 00:49:41,478
The signs read, "Mississippi murderer",
"Kennedy, Kosher and Khrushchev",
838
00:49:41,561 --> 00:49:43,897
"Washington DC,
a disgrace to white people."
839
00:49:43,980 --> 00:49:47,859
All of this activity about 15 minutes
before the attorney general arrived.
840
00:49:47,943 --> 00:49:51,446
Kennedy then went into the
governor's office for a closed conference.
841
00:49:52,030 --> 00:49:56,326
[Wallace] Don't have no objection
to our remarks being recorded, do you?
842
00:49:56,410 --> 00:49:58,537
[Robert]
Whatever you like, Governor. Up to you.
843
00:49:58,620 --> 00:50:02,999
[Wallace] We might save
this conversation for posterity. [laughs]
844
00:50:03,083 --> 00:50:04,751
[Robert] Would it be so horrifying
845
00:50:04,835 --> 00:50:07,796
to have a Negro attend
the University of Alabama?
846
00:50:07,879 --> 00:50:09,631
[Wallace] I think it's horrifying
847
00:50:09,715 --> 00:50:13,677
for the federal courts
and the central government
848
00:50:13,760 --> 00:50:18,098
to rewrite all the law, and force it upon
the people that for which they don't want.
849
00:50:18,473 --> 00:50:22,018
[Robert] Governor, it's not the central
government. We're not rewriting the laws.
850
00:50:22,102 --> 00:50:25,147
The federal courts have made a decision,
a determination.
851
00:50:25,230 --> 00:50:27,357
[Wallace]
The federal courts rewrote the law
852
00:50:27,441 --> 00:50:29,484
on the matter of
integration and segregation.
853
00:50:29,568 --> 00:50:32,404
For 100 years, they said
we could have segregated schools.
854
00:50:32,487 --> 00:50:35,115
I think integration is bad.
I don't think it's good.
855
00:50:35,198 --> 00:50:38,785
You don't have any bona fide integration
any place in the country.
856
00:50:38,869 --> 00:50:41,997
You know that.
You actually don't have it in Washington.
857
00:50:42,080 --> 00:50:44,249
Everybody's fled to Virginia.
858
00:50:44,916 --> 00:50:47,753
Why don't the government
make them officials come back,
859
00:50:47,836 --> 00:50:49,463
and go to school in Washington?
860
00:50:49,546 --> 00:50:52,549
[Robert] I've seen a lot of cities
throughout the world, uh, Governor,
861
00:50:52,632 --> 00:50:55,635
that aren't controlled by white people,
and they're doing pretty well.
862
00:50:56,428 --> 00:50:58,472
[Wallace]
Not controlled by the white people,
863
00:50:58,555 --> 00:51:00,015
but not controlled by niggers.
864
00:51:00,098 --> 00:51:01,850
[Robert] Yes, I've seen a lot of those.
865
00:51:01,933 --> 00:51:05,061
[Wallace] I have nothing against people
because of their color.
866
00:51:05,145 --> 00:51:08,565
My children right now
are being nursed by colored folk.
867
00:51:08,648 --> 00:51:11,234
I just don't believe
in social and educational mixing.
868
00:51:11,318 --> 00:51:14,446
I will never myself submit voluntarily
869
00:51:14,529 --> 00:51:17,741
to any integration
of any school system in Alabama.
870
00:51:21,244 --> 00:51:24,831
Susan, the meeting
at the White House is not till 5:30.
871
00:51:24,915 --> 00:51:26,625
-[Susan] 5:30?
-Yeah.
872
00:51:28,001 --> 00:51:31,713
[Pennebaker] We knew there was going
to be a struggle with Governor Wallace,
873
00:51:31,797 --> 00:51:36,051
so we went to see Bobby,
and ask if we could make a film about it.
874
00:51:36,134 --> 00:51:37,969
We had made New Frontiers,
875
00:51:38,053 --> 00:51:42,140
which was a film I did in the White House
with the president, with Kennedy.
876
00:51:43,183 --> 00:51:45,519
They were very nervous about Alabama,
877
00:51:45,602 --> 00:51:48,855
because they had
a couple of people shot in Mississippi.
878
00:51:48,939 --> 00:51:51,399
And I said,
"Well, I want to film Alabama."
879
00:51:51,483 --> 00:51:55,654
And Bobby said, "OK."
And so we made Crisis.
880
00:51:55,737 --> 00:51:57,697
[Drew]
The attorney general is responsible
881
00:51:57,781 --> 00:51:59,616
for enforcing the federal court order
882
00:51:59,699 --> 00:52:02,786
for the entrance of the two students
in the University of Alabama.
883
00:52:02,869 --> 00:52:05,247
The attorney general wants to talk to you.
884
00:52:06,498 --> 00:52:08,041
Hey, General.
885
00:52:08,458 --> 00:52:10,418
Uh, uh...
886
00:52:11,127 --> 00:52:14,714
I thought we should try to develop a plan
about what's going to happen
887
00:52:14,798 --> 00:52:17,425
when General Graham gets there.
888
00:52:17,509 --> 00:52:20,428
Uh, now I'm not very much in favor
of picking the governor up,
889
00:52:20,512 --> 00:52:22,013
and moving him out of the way.
890
00:52:22,097 --> 00:52:25,016
I think it would be much better
if we could develop some system,
891
00:52:25,100 --> 00:52:27,435
and had enough people
to push him aside, or something.
892
00:52:27,519 --> 00:52:29,104
I just want you all to be sure
893
00:52:29,187 --> 00:52:33,525
that we're not going
to let anybody desecrate this university.
894
00:52:33,608 --> 00:52:36,862
Of course, you've got agitators
and provocateurs,
895
00:52:36,945 --> 00:52:39,823
who come from outside this state
896
00:52:39,906 --> 00:52:43,451
who themselves
will want to stir up some violence,
897
00:52:43,535 --> 00:52:46,037
in order to hurt our cause.
898
00:52:46,872 --> 00:52:48,331
[Robert] And if he still refuses,
899
00:52:48,415 --> 00:52:51,418
then Nick Katzenbach
will say we've got this court order,
900
00:52:51,501 --> 00:52:53,503
and we have to go through on legal basis.
901
00:52:53,587 --> 00:52:57,632
He's made the test. This matter should
be determined in courts, not out here.
902
00:52:58,216 --> 00:53:01,261
He's had his opportunity,
and you should let him go through,
903
00:53:01,344 --> 00:53:03,597
or otherwise we're going
to have to take other steps,
904
00:53:03,680 --> 00:53:07,267
because these students are
going to attend the University of Alabama.
905
00:53:08,059 --> 00:53:11,646
Then, um, if he still doesn't move,
then we'll try to get by him.
906
00:53:12,439 --> 00:53:14,816
-[John] Pushing?
-By pushing a little bit.
907
00:53:17,110 --> 00:53:19,946
Or just having somebody
stand in front of him.
908
00:53:20,030 --> 00:53:22,240
Try to walk through.
There are three doors.
909
00:53:22,324 --> 00:53:26,328
We're going to try to have somebody
inside, who will open up one of the doors.
910
00:53:27,162 --> 00:53:29,497
We can just cut... Let's cut this now.
911
00:53:32,792 --> 00:53:35,337
[reporter] To manage his strategy
on the scene in Alabama,
912
00:53:35,420 --> 00:53:38,214
Robert Kennedy is sending
his deputy attorney general,
913
00:53:38,298 --> 00:53:41,176
Nicholas Katzenbach, to Tuscaloosa.
914
00:53:41,259 --> 00:53:44,304
I have every indication
he's not going to step aside up there.
915
00:53:44,387 --> 00:53:45,597
And I have every indication
916
00:53:45,680 --> 00:53:48,350
he will dramatize
to that group of reporters and that crowd,
917
00:53:49,267 --> 00:53:52,103
the fact that he has been
forcibly removed.
918
00:53:52,187 --> 00:53:54,397
-[Robert] Want to say hello to Kerry?
-Yeah.
919
00:53:55,398 --> 00:53:57,901
-[Kerry] Hi, Nick.
-Hi, Kerry. How are you, dear?
920
00:53:58,485 --> 00:54:00,153
What are you doing?
921
00:54:02,280 --> 00:54:03,657
Are you at...?
922
00:54:04,574 --> 00:54:06,451
Are you at our house?
923
00:54:06,534 --> 00:54:10,538
No, I'm not out at your house.
I am way down in the Southland.
924
00:54:11,164 --> 00:54:12,582
OK, say goodbye.
925
00:54:12,666 --> 00:54:14,084
[mutters]
926
00:54:14,167 --> 00:54:15,335
Say goodbye.
927
00:54:15,418 --> 00:54:17,629
Goodbye! Goodbye.
928
00:54:17,712 --> 00:54:18,713
Hello?
929
00:54:18,797 --> 00:54:22,217
Listen, Nick, you're going
to have to play it a little bit by ear.
930
00:54:22,300 --> 00:54:28,890
I mean, almost dismiss him as being
rather a second-rate figure for you,
931
00:54:28,974 --> 00:54:30,642
and he's wasting your time.
932
00:54:30,725 --> 00:54:34,104
He's wasting the students' time,
and he's caused a big scene up there.
933
00:54:34,562 --> 00:54:37,983
You know, I'd have that
sort of tone of voice, don't you think?
934
00:54:39,567 --> 00:54:40,819
Yeah. All right?
935
00:54:42,070 --> 00:54:43,947
Good luck. You'll do well.
936
00:54:48,660 --> 00:54:51,454
[reporter] The University of Alabama
campus at Tuscaloosa
937
00:54:51,538 --> 00:54:53,999
is under a tight security guard
of state police,
938
00:54:54,082 --> 00:54:58,003
as Governor George Wallace prepares
to confront a deputy US attorney.
939
00:55:04,676 --> 00:55:09,222
I've come here to ask you now
for an unequivocal assurance
940
00:55:09,305 --> 00:55:12,559
that you will not bar entry
to these students,
941
00:55:12,642 --> 00:55:14,894
to Vivian Malone and to James Hood,
942
00:55:14,978 --> 00:55:17,063
and that you will step aside peacefully,
943
00:55:17,147 --> 00:55:19,983
and do your constitutional duty
as governor.
944
00:55:20,066 --> 00:55:25,447
I do hereby denounce and forbid
this illegal and unwarranted action
945
00:55:25,530 --> 00:55:27,115
by the central government.
946
00:55:28,700 --> 00:55:32,537
Governor Wallace,
I take it from that, uh, statement
947
00:55:32,620 --> 00:55:35,081
that, uh, you are going
to stand in that door.
948
00:55:35,165 --> 00:55:39,753
[reporter] Governor George Wallace of
Alabama has stood in the schoolhouse door.
949
00:55:42,088 --> 00:55:45,383
After the federal officers leave,
there's a lull of several hours
950
00:55:45,467 --> 00:55:48,887
while President Kennedy
federalizes the Alabama National Guard.
951
00:55:48,970 --> 00:55:51,473
Will you issue
the proclamation now and sign it?
952
00:55:52,599 --> 00:55:54,726
The executive order, yeah. Right now?
953
00:55:54,809 --> 00:55:56,186
Okey-dokey.
954
00:55:57,520 --> 00:55:59,189
[reporter] And they move to the campus.
955
00:55:59,272 --> 00:56:02,150
Brigadier General Henry Graham
arrives to tell the governor,
956
00:56:02,233 --> 00:56:04,569
"It's my sad duty
to ask you to step aside
957
00:56:04,652 --> 00:56:07,197
on orders
of the President of the United States."
958
00:56:17,373 --> 00:56:20,585
[reporter] He's coming away
from the door. He is stepping aside.
959
00:56:20,668 --> 00:56:22,921
The governor yields to federal authority,
960
00:56:23,004 --> 00:56:26,633
but promises to continue
what he terms a constitutional fight.
961
00:56:26,716 --> 00:56:30,470
Five minutes after the governor leaves,
James Hood is the first of his race
962
00:56:30,553 --> 00:56:32,514
to become a University of Alabama student.
963
00:56:32,597 --> 00:56:36,267
He is followed into
the registrar's office by Vivian Malone.
964
00:56:37,727 --> 00:56:42,065
[John] This nation was founded on the
principle that all men are created equal.
965
00:56:42,649 --> 00:56:44,109
[Robert] Have you got a match?
966
00:56:46,111 --> 00:56:48,071
[John]
It ought to be possible, therefore,
967
00:56:48,154 --> 00:56:50,365
for American students of any color
968
00:56:50,448 --> 00:56:53,535
to attend
any public institution they select
969
00:56:53,618 --> 00:56:56,204
without having to be backed up by troops.
970
00:56:57,330 --> 00:57:00,875
We face, therefore, a moral crisis
as a country and a people.
971
00:57:01,543 --> 00:57:03,837
A great change is at hand,
972
00:57:03,920 --> 00:57:07,048
and our task, our obligation
973
00:57:07,132 --> 00:57:09,884
is to make that revolution, that change
974
00:57:09,968 --> 00:57:12,011
peaceful and constructive for all.
975
00:57:12,846 --> 00:57:17,517
Those who do nothing
are inviting shame as well as violence.
976
00:57:18,268 --> 00:57:23,523
Those who act boldly
are recognizing right as well as reality.
977
00:57:24,524 --> 00:57:28,319
Next week, I shall ask
the Congress of the United States to act,
978
00:57:28,403 --> 00:57:31,489
to make it possible
for American citizens of any color
979
00:57:31,573 --> 00:57:35,493
to register and to vote in a free election
980
00:57:35,577 --> 00:57:38,705
without interference or fear of reprisal.
981
00:57:42,000 --> 00:57:46,421
When I first met Robert Kennedy in '63,
he said to me...
982
00:57:47,672 --> 00:57:52,385
He said, "John,
I now understand the young people.
983
00:57:52,469 --> 00:57:55,513
The students have educated me."
984
00:57:57,515 --> 00:58:00,685
And he went on to say, "We're going
to bring justice to this country."
985
00:58:00,768 --> 00:58:05,690
The method that is being used most widely
in the United States at the present time
986
00:58:05,773 --> 00:58:09,486
to deny an individual the right to vote,
who happens to be a Negro,
987
00:58:09,569 --> 00:58:11,279
are these literacy tests.
988
00:58:11,362 --> 00:58:15,492
If a person has completed the sixth grade,
and hasn't learned to read and write
989
00:58:15,575 --> 00:58:18,328
that they ought not to be allowed to vote,
and I say--
990
00:58:18,411 --> 00:58:21,080
OK, do you have a school system
in North Carolina
991
00:58:21,164 --> 00:58:24,334
that you complete the sixth grade,
and you can't read or write?
992
00:58:24,417 --> 00:58:26,294
Then I think we should do something.
993
00:58:26,377 --> 00:58:29,839
The federal government has
a responsibility to all of our citizens
994
00:58:29,923 --> 00:58:36,262
to, uh, make sure that they have the right
to exercise their, uh, franchise,
995
00:58:36,346 --> 00:58:38,139
when it's being denied to them,
996
00:58:38,223 --> 00:58:41,643
because of the fact
that they happen to be of Negro race.
997
00:58:41,726 --> 00:58:45,688
He didn't mind getting into a battle
where victory wasn't assured.
998
00:58:46,856 --> 00:58:48,358
But he was prepared to fight.
999
00:58:48,441 --> 00:58:51,528
I would hope you would join with us
in sponsoring this legislation
1000
00:58:51,611 --> 00:58:53,279
to remedy this situation, Mr. Chairman.
1001
00:58:53,363 --> 00:58:55,490
[chairman]
I love the Constitution too much to do so.
1002
00:58:55,573 --> 00:58:58,409
Well, I love the Constitution,
also, Mr. Chairman.
1003
00:58:58,493 --> 00:59:00,703
But this doesn't violate the Constitution.
1004
00:59:29,190 --> 00:59:32,402
[Belafonte] The March on Washington DC
was America at its best.
1005
00:59:33,611 --> 00:59:35,113
It was a great day.
1006
00:59:36,072 --> 00:59:41,578
And out of it emerged
a very devastating, but magnificent speech
1007
00:59:41,661 --> 00:59:43,496
that Dr. King delivered.
1008
00:59:44,372 --> 00:59:45,873
"I have a dream."
1009
00:59:46,916 --> 00:59:51,754
And the other speaker was a young man
by the name of John Lewis.
1010
00:59:51,838 --> 00:59:53,423
He gave a hell of a speech.
1011
00:59:53,506 --> 00:59:57,468
I appeal to all of you
to get in this great revolution
1012
00:59:57,552 --> 00:59:59,220
that is sweeping this nation.
1013
00:59:59,304 --> 01:00:00,847
Get in and stay in the streets
1014
01:00:00,930 --> 01:00:04,559
of every city, every village
and hamlet of this nation,
1015
01:00:04,642 --> 01:00:06,686
until true freedom comes.
1016
01:00:06,769 --> 01:00:11,065
We must get in this revolution
and complete the revolution,
1017
01:00:11,149 --> 01:00:13,693
in the Delta of Mississippi
and Southwest Georgia,
1018
01:00:13,776 --> 01:00:16,946
in the black belt of Alabama, in Harlem,
1019
01:00:17,030 --> 01:00:19,240
in Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia,
1020
01:00:19,324 --> 01:00:23,953
and all over this nation the black masses
are on the march for jobs and freedom.
1021
01:00:24,037 --> 01:00:26,039
[crowd cheering]
1022
01:00:29,876 --> 01:00:33,671
[Lewis] Robert Kennedy,
along with his brother, President Kennedy,
1023
01:00:33,755 --> 01:00:35,256
responded to pressure.
1024
01:00:36,341 --> 01:00:39,052
They responded to the resistance.
1025
01:00:40,470 --> 01:00:42,347
He almost became a crusader...
1026
01:00:43,473 --> 01:00:46,809
for civil rights and social justice.
1027
01:00:47,894 --> 01:00:50,688
[Belafonte] We knew if there was
going to be an opportunity for us
1028
01:00:50,772 --> 01:00:54,192
to get the Civil Rights Act
and the Voting Rights Act,
1029
01:00:54,275 --> 01:00:57,654
much of it was ignited
by what the Kennedys had done.
1030
01:01:15,797 --> 01:01:17,799
[indistinct chatter]
1031
01:01:43,324 --> 01:01:45,326
[music drowns speech]
1032
01:02:38,671 --> 01:02:40,590
[reporter] A flash from Dallas.
1033
01:02:41,883 --> 01:02:46,387
President Kennedy
is dead of bullet wounds.
1034
01:02:46,471 --> 01:02:49,348
This is the latest information
we have from Dallas.
1035
01:02:49,932 --> 01:02:55,104
Of course, standing by to give you all
available information as it comes to us.
1036
01:02:56,397 --> 01:03:00,151
I will repeat,
with the greatest regret, this flash.
1037
01:03:01,110 --> 01:03:03,404
Two priests
who were with President Kennedy
1038
01:03:03,488 --> 01:03:05,531
say he has died of bullet wounds.
1039
01:03:09,744 --> 01:03:10,953
[music drowns speech]
1040
01:03:17,919 --> 01:03:20,880
[reporter] President Kennedy
was murdered in Dallas, Texas.
1041
01:03:20,963 --> 01:03:23,883
Lyndon Johnson
is President of the United States.
1042
01:03:23,966 --> 01:03:26,302
He took the oath of office
in a jet airplane,
1043
01:03:26,385 --> 01:03:28,346
as he was coming back to Washington.
1044
01:03:29,347 --> 01:03:33,351
Here was the scene at
Andrews Air Force Base a few minutes ago.
1045
01:03:35,561 --> 01:03:37,688
[Gallagher] When I got to the airport,
1046
01:03:37,772 --> 01:03:40,066
and I looked over in the corner there,
1047
01:03:40,149 --> 01:03:44,111
by an old truck,
there was somebody walking up and down.
1048
01:03:44,195 --> 01:03:45,488
I walked over.
1049
01:03:45,571 --> 01:03:47,949
It was Bobby Kennedy by himself.
1050
01:03:48,032 --> 01:03:49,408
He was crying.
1051
01:03:51,202 --> 01:03:54,247
And I walked over.
I don't know what I said, you know.
1052
01:03:54,330 --> 01:03:59,043
I imagine saying, "Bob, we're all crying.
1053
01:03:59,126 --> 01:04:01,838
We're all crying. The world is crying."
1054
01:04:04,382 --> 01:04:08,386
[female reporter] Behind the casket
is Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy.
1055
01:04:08,970 --> 01:04:14,767
To her right is her brother-in-law,
the attorney general, Robert Kennedy.
1056
01:04:15,518 --> 01:04:17,270
They are helping her down.
1057
01:04:21,858 --> 01:04:25,653
This is a sad time for all people.
1058
01:04:26,863 --> 01:04:30,867
We have suffered a loss
that cannot be weighed.
1059
01:04:32,577 --> 01:04:36,622
I know that the world shares the sorrow
1060
01:04:36,706 --> 01:04:40,001
that Mrs. Kennedy and her family bear.
93246
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