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[beep]
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[static]
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[beep]
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[indistinct speech over radio]
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[David Attenborough] Just 50 years ago,
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we finally ventured to the moon.
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For the very first time,
we looked back at our own planet.
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Since then, the human population
has more than doubled.
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This series will celebrate
the natural wonders that remain
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and reveal what we must preserve
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to ensure people and nature thrive.
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Immense shoals of fish
throng our shallow seas.
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These are anchovies.
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Small fish, in turn, sustain bigger ones.
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Hunters, such as giant trevally...
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and mobula rays.
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When hunters such as these work together,
they become extremely efficient.
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The rich coastal seas
are the fishing grounds of our planet
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and can provide an abundance of food
for wildlife and humanity.
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The seas fringing land make up
less than a tenth of the world's oceans,
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yet, astonishingly,
90 percent of all marine creatures
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live in these coastal waters.
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This superabundance
is due to the fact that the seafloor here
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is within reach of sunlight.
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Everglades National Park
in southern Florida.
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Fields of seagrass
carpet the shallow tropical waters.
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Like savannas on land,
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these lush marine meadows
support a great variety of animal life.
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Stingrays search for prey
hiding in the seagrass.
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The Everglades
are also the hunting grounds
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of the coasts' most ingenious fishermen.
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[dolphins clicking]
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Bottlenose dolphins.
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They search for food using echolocation,
a type of sonar.
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[dolphins clicking]
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Ahead of them, a shoal of mullet.
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These particular dolphins
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have developed their own special way
of catching their prey.
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They carefully herd the fish
into just the right place.
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Then one dolphin stirs up a ring of mud
that encircles the shoal.
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The fish panic and take to the air.
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Most escape.
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Catching flying fish isn't easy.
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But the dolphins move on
and take another helping.
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People aren't allowed to fish commercially
within the national park,
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so there's plenty for the dolphins.
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Only from the air can we really appreciate
the industry of these master fishermen.
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The shallow seas are vitally important
in the fight against climate change.
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Seagrass absorb
35 times as much carbon dioxide
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as the same area of rainforest,
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and that reduces the damage
caused by the recent warming of our seas.
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Mangroves often border
the seagrass meadows.
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These remarkable trees
are the only ones that can cope
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with the varying saltiness
of coastal waters.
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They not only protect our coasts
from the destructive forces of hurricanes
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but also, like seagrass,
capture carbon dioxide.
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Their tangled roots
create safe nurseries for young fish,
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which will eventually leave the mangroves
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and make their homes in the tropical seas'
most magical wonderlands,
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coral reefs.
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These reefs cover
less than one percent of the seafloor,
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yet they are home
to a quarter of all marine species.
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None of these creatures would be here
were it not for the coral.
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Corals create the structures
that provide food and shelter,
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on which the entire community depends.
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Every resident has a role to play
in maintaining the health of the reef.
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Unfortunately, few reefs
are as pristine as they once were,
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and most are now missing
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one extremely important member
of the community.
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Sharks.
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Relentless overfishing has reduced
shark populations around the world
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by over 90 percent.
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Today they only thrive
in anything like their former numbers
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on the very remotest of reefs.
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French Polynesia,
in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
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Here, at least,
sharks are fully protected.
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By day, gray reef sharks
hang in the current.
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They let little wrasse
pick their teeth clean
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in readiness for the night's hunt ahead.
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These sharks prefer to hunt in darkness,
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when their acute senses
give them an advantage over their prey.
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Nightfall.
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Time for small fish to take refuge
within the nooks and crannies of the reef,
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beyond the reach of the gray reef sharks.
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The sharks can detect
the slightest movement.
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Breaking cover is dangerous.
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Stay motionless
and the sharks may not detect you.
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A little fish may outmaneuver
a single shark,
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but with so many hunters
there is little chance of escape.
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Sheltering within the coral branches
is usually the safest option,
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but the arrival of a second hunter
changes everything.
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Whitetip reef sharks.
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Slender and more agile,
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the whitetips can get into hiding places
other hunters can't reach.
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Those that are not caught by the whitetips
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are flushed out
to the waiting gray reef sharks.
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With both kinds of sharks
hunting in partnership,
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there is little respite,
even within the reef.
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More and more sharks arrive,
attracted by the commotion.
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Such numbers of sharks were once common
on reefs around the world.
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And while so many predators
may seem damaging,
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sharks, in fact, assist
in maintaining the health of the reef.
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They help to keep a balance
in the fish community
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by hunting the predators
that feed on small grazing fish.
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The grazers, in their turn,
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keep the corals
free of seaweeds and parasites
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that would otherwise overgrow the reef.
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A balanced community,
with sharks as top predators,
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gives a coral reef much greater resilience
in the face of damage and disaster.
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But today, even healthy coral reefs
are facing a greater threat.
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With climate change, our seas are warming.
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Microscopic plants
that live within the tissues of the corals
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give them both their color
and most of their nourishment.
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But if seas temperatures rise
by just a degree or two,
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the corals expel their plant partners.
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So they lose their main source of food...
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and turn white.
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Here, on Australia's Great Barrier Reef,
unusually warm seas
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have caused many of the reefs
to bleach in this way.
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It may look hauntingly beautiful,
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but if temperatures remain high
for a few weeks,
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the corals will starve
and eventually die.
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The carbon dioxide
that causes global warming
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is also making the seas more acidic.
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No reefs can survive both changes.
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And without living corals,
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many of the reef's residents
will also perish.
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During 2016 and 2017,
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over a thousand kilometers
of the Great Barrier Reef bleached.
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Six months later,
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and many of the corals are dead.
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The community destroyed.
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Worldwide, half of all shallow coral reefs
have already died.
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The rest could be gone
over the next few decades.
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Away from the tropics,
in higher latitudes,
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the seas are much cooler.
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Storm-lashed waters bring essential
nutrients to the surface.
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The enriched water,
combined with long summer days,
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make these
the most productive seas on the planet.
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Fur seals thrive
and even have time to ride the waves.
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Spring off the coast of California
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and fronds of golden kelp
floating on the surface
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hint at the riches hidden beneath.
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A magnificent submarine forest.
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These stands of giant kelp
are as important to the oceans
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as trees are to the land.
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Like a rainforest,
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the dense canopy provides food and shelter
for an abundant community.
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In the cool, rich seas,
giant kelp can grow 50 meters high.
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Air-filled floats lift the fronds
towards the sunlit surface.
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Nestling in this canopy,
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a sea otter.
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His thick fur keeps him warm
in the chilly water.
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Blowing air into it
gives him extra insulation.
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Sea otters
have the densest fur of any animal,
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and such a luxuriant coat
requires a great deal of attention.
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They need to eat a lot to keep warm
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and consume up to a quarter
of their body weight every day.
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Sea urchins are a favorite food.
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There's one.
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And a second.
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And then the otter is out of breath
and must return to the surface.
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An urchin
looks like a rather prickly meal,
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but if you can break the shell,
there's a feast inside.
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Sea otters are crucial
to the health of the kelp forest
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because they keep down
the number of sea urchins.
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The urchins graze on kelp,
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munching through their tough stems.
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Left unchecked, they spread
across the seafloor like a plague.
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Fortunately, the otters have a helper
in the fight against these spiny grazers.
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Sheephead wrasse.
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They have powerful teeth
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and can make short work
of the smaller purple urchins.
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The larger black urchins
are more of a challenge,
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especially for smaller wrasse.
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Only the very largest sheephead
can tackle them.
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But it still has to get past
those long spines.
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The urchin has to be flipped over
to expose its vulnerable underside.
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Not easy when you have no hands.
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Success at last.
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And everybody benefits.
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These fish and otters,
living within marine protected areas,
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keep the kelp grazers under control.
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But just outside these sanctuaries,
the urchins graze unchecked...
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and fell the kelp forest.
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All those that depend on the kelp
have disappeared.
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In California, kelp forests
grow abundantly in protected areas
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where the whole marine community
can live without pressure from people.
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Here, at least, sea otters
can chill out Californian style.
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[bird caws]
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Three thousand kilometers further north,
in Alaska,
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spring arrives much later in the year.
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After a cold, hard winter,
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the first rays of the sun
trigger a great annual event.
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Immense shoals of herring
rise up from the depths
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and move into shallower waters.
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They're gathering to breed.
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00:29:26,389 --> 00:29:28,641
But predators are waiting for them.
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00:29:38,526 --> 00:29:40,612
Steller's sea lions.
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00:29:50,371 --> 00:29:54,918
So intent on their mission,
the herring make easy prey.
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00:30:11,518 --> 00:30:16,940
Sea lions drive the fish to the surface,
within range of aerial hunters.
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00:30:22,904 --> 00:30:28,535
Bald eagles, normally solitary birds,
have assembled in numbers for the feast.
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00:30:36,251 --> 00:30:38,586
In places, the herrings reach shore,
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00:30:40,505 --> 00:30:44,509
and there the eagles
don't even need to take to the air.
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00:31:14,163 --> 00:31:15,582
Humpback whales.
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[whale lows]
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They have come
all the way from the tropics,
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hoping to get their first meal in months.
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These whales have a remarkable way
of collecting this seasonal bounty.
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They work as a team.
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The lead whale dives first...
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and blows a curtain of bubbles
to concentrate the fish.
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00:32:27,570 --> 00:32:29,155
[whale calling out]
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00:32:32,742 --> 00:32:35,411
A call synchronizes the attack.
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00:32:35,495 --> 00:32:37,497
[whale song increases in volume]
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00:33:22,500 --> 00:33:28,089
By cooperating in this way,
each whale can eat a ton of fish a day.
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00:33:31,926 --> 00:33:33,928
Yet the herring are so abundant
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00:33:34,512 --> 00:33:39,058
that, in spite of the whales,
most managed to reach the shallows.
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00:33:42,061 --> 00:33:43,354
And here they spawn.
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The females lay their eggs
on the seagrass.
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The males follow,
fertilizing the eggs with clouds of sperm.
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00:34:10,173 --> 00:34:16,095
Once, herring thrived here in an abundance
we can barely imagine today.
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00:34:24,562 --> 00:34:28,066
They used to turn shorelines white
with spawn,
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right across the North Pacific
from Japan to California.
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00:34:38,576 --> 00:34:41,162
With industrialized fishing techniques
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00:34:41,746 --> 00:34:45,583
it's all too easy
to overexploit these breeding stocks.
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This is one of the few places
where a fishery still survives.
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Pacific herring populations
are greatly reduced.
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00:35:09,941 --> 00:35:12,443
A mere fraction of what they once were.
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This sorry tale of unsustainable fishing
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has been repeated time and again
around the world.
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00:35:35,591 --> 00:35:39,637
Many of the world's fish stocks
are now in serious decline.
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00:35:41,556 --> 00:35:44,475
A third of them have collapsed.
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00:36:00,366 --> 00:36:02,243
In coastal seas,
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jellyfish are taking over waters
that were once dominated by fish.
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00:36:18,759 --> 00:36:21,762
Compass jellyfish have an ethereal beauty,
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00:36:22,346 --> 00:36:27,393
but they provide very little sustenance
for other wildlife or us.
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00:36:47,997 --> 00:36:51,876
These immense swarms
are becoming increasingly common.
239
00:36:52,376 --> 00:36:57,298
A worrying sign of a serious imbalance
in our shallow seas.
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00:37:08,434 --> 00:37:14,148
Unless we start to fish sustainably,
our seas, once so bountiful,
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00:37:15,942 --> 00:37:22,073
will be filled with little more
than vast swarms... of jellyfish.
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00:37:39,131 --> 00:37:42,218
But the future
does not have to be like this.
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00:37:52,728 --> 00:37:58,359
On the Pacific coast of South America,
we can see how the oceans can recover.
244
00:38:03,489 --> 00:38:06,867
The Atacama, the world's driest desert.
245
00:38:07,368 --> 00:38:12,081
Inland it's barely able
to sustain life of any kind,
246
00:38:16,711 --> 00:38:19,463
and yet the coast
could not be more different.
247
00:38:26,804 --> 00:38:31,600
For centuries, seabirds have gathered
in millions on these desert shores.
248
00:38:37,606 --> 00:38:41,277
But 50 years ago
the great colonies disappeared
249
00:38:41,360 --> 00:38:44,322
because we overfished the local waters.
250
00:38:47,700 --> 00:38:51,871
Controls were introduced ,
and now the fish stocks are recovering.
251
00:38:52,621 --> 00:38:59,128
So today, three million guanay cormorants
assemble each year to raise their young.
252
00:38:59,211 --> 00:39:01,213
[cawing]
253
00:39:11,724 --> 00:39:14,685
Each morning the birds head out to sea.
254
00:39:35,164 --> 00:39:39,752
The colonies are so vast
they take over an hour to empty.
255
00:39:55,476 --> 00:39:58,646
Joining the procession, Inca terns.
256
00:40:06,862 --> 00:40:08,531
Peruvian boobies.
257
00:40:17,540 --> 00:40:22,628
A great caravan of hunters,
all searching for the same thing.
258
00:40:34,140 --> 00:40:35,266
Anchovies.
259
00:40:44,775 --> 00:40:47,528
These little fish are so abundant
260
00:40:47,611 --> 00:40:51,323
that they support
the greatest fishery on our planet.
261
00:40:57,955 --> 00:41:01,959
Astonishingly, they can account
for a tenth of all the fish
262
00:41:02,042 --> 00:41:05,087
we harvest from our oceans every year.
263
00:41:16,599 --> 00:41:19,560
Sea lions are first to find the shoals.
264
00:41:37,995 --> 00:41:44,460
As fish are driven to the surface,
they come within range of pelicans.
265
00:42:12,112 --> 00:42:14,990
Cormorants dive to grab their share.
266
00:42:25,751 --> 00:42:28,504
Boobies strike from heights of 20 meters.
267
00:42:40,849 --> 00:42:44,103
They hit the water
at a hundred kilometers an hour.
268
00:43:24,935 --> 00:43:29,481
Today, the lives of five million
cormorants and boobies
269
00:43:29,565 --> 00:43:31,900
depend on the great shoals.
270
00:43:38,073 --> 00:43:41,076
Yet, if we allow the anchovies
to fully recover,
271
00:43:41,660 --> 00:43:45,914
they could sustain
the 25 million seabirds they once did.
272
00:43:52,588 --> 00:43:54,256
It is a vivid reminder
273
00:43:54,340 --> 00:43:58,385
of the astonishing riches
our coastal seas can support.
274
00:44:08,270 --> 00:44:12,900
And, when given the chance,
they can recover surprisingly quickly.
275
00:44:17,613 --> 00:44:21,742
The islands of Raja Ampat
in Southeast Asia.
276
00:44:23,744 --> 00:44:28,290
These seas were largely stripped
of sharks and other large fish
277
00:44:28,374 --> 00:44:31,043
by years of unregulated fishing.
278
00:44:35,422 --> 00:44:40,094
This lagoon was once occupied
by a shark fishing camp.
279
00:44:45,516 --> 00:44:49,603
Now it's a nursery for baby sharks.
280
00:44:56,026 --> 00:45:00,739
The seas around Misool
were fully protected in 2007,
281
00:45:00,823 --> 00:45:03,992
and the recovery has been miraculous.
282
00:45:06,537 --> 00:45:11,041
Today there are 25 times more sharks
than a decade ago.
283
00:45:15,337 --> 00:45:20,384
Turtles that used to be hunted
now peacefully graze on the seagrass.
284
00:45:33,105 --> 00:45:35,649
Sharks are returning to local reefs,
285
00:45:36,525 --> 00:45:39,236
helping to restore the balanced community,
286
00:45:39,820 --> 00:45:43,824
giving them a greater resilience
against the effects of coral bleaching.
287
00:46:03,844 --> 00:46:06,472
Ocean-going manta rays.
288
00:46:17,816 --> 00:46:20,819
Seven meters from wing tip to wing tip.
289
00:46:28,202 --> 00:46:30,329
These endangered giants
290
00:46:30,412 --> 00:46:33,665
spend most of their lives
roaming the high seas.
291
00:46:36,919 --> 00:46:39,880
But now they are returning
to this sanctuary
292
00:46:39,963 --> 00:46:42,716
to seek the attention of cleaner wrasse.
293
00:46:51,099 --> 00:46:57,689
Misool is one of the few places on Earth
where biodiversity is actually increasing.
294
00:47:02,653 --> 00:47:06,448
Since protection,
there are three times more fish
295
00:47:06,532 --> 00:47:08,200
than just ten years ago.
296
00:47:20,629 --> 00:47:24,341
Fishermen working nearby waters
profit from the overspill.
297
00:47:25,801 --> 00:47:28,846
They now catch more fish for less effort.
298
00:47:42,067 --> 00:47:45,237
We have far too few marine sanctuaries,
299
00:47:45,988 --> 00:47:49,449
and in many
commercial fishing is still allowed.
300
00:47:54,037 --> 00:47:58,250
We need to turn
a third of all our coastal seas
301
00:47:58,333 --> 00:48:00,836
into properly protected areas.
302
00:48:08,760 --> 00:48:12,723
If we do that,
our planet's fishing grounds would recover
303
00:48:13,223 --> 00:48:18,604
and help sustain both humanity
and the rest of the natural world.
304
00:48:33,702 --> 00:48:35,996
Please visit ourplanet.com
305
00:48:36,163 --> 00:48:40,584
to discover what we need to do now
to restore our coastal seas.
306
00:48:43,170 --> 00:48:48,926
♪ I can hear the whole world
Singing together ♪
307
00:48:51,678 --> 00:48:57,434
♪ I can hear the whole world
Say it's now or never ♪
308
00:49:00,437 --> 00:49:04,733
♪ 'Cause it's not too late
If we change our ways ♪
309
00:49:04,816 --> 00:49:08,612
♪ And connect the dots to our problems ♪
310
00:49:08,695 --> 00:49:14,743
♪ I can hear the whole world
Say we're in this together ♪
311
00:49:14,826 --> 00:49:16,536
♪ We're in this together ♪
9999
00:00:0,500 --> 00:00:2,00
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