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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:09,010 --> 00:00:11,977 Narrator: Berlin, April 1945. 2 00:00:12,079 --> 00:00:16,181 It's the last days of the third reich. 3 00:00:16,283 --> 00:00:20,019 Some of the führer's very last fighters are adolescents, 4 00:00:20,121 --> 00:00:23,489 Not even fifteen years old. 5 00:00:23,591 --> 00:00:27,226 Their sole objective: Protect the bunker of adolph hitler, 6 00:00:27,328 --> 00:00:30,195 Their supreme leader. 7 00:00:31,532 --> 00:00:36,035 Facing the soviets, they have no chance of winning. 8 00:00:36,137 --> 00:00:40,839 Only a few years earlier, they swore to give their lives to adolf hitler. 9 00:00:41,675 --> 00:00:45,110 They will stand by their promise and see it through, 10 00:00:45,212 --> 00:00:47,579 To the end. 11 00:00:47,681 --> 00:00:52,184 Who are these child-soldiers ready to sacrifice themselves for hitler? 12 00:00:52,286 --> 00:00:55,854 How did the nazi regime win their unfailing loyalty? 13 00:00:55,956 --> 00:01:01,560 Some of these children are still alive today. 14 00:01:01,662 --> 00:01:04,997 -We were asked to swear in the name of the führer, 15 00:01:05,099 --> 00:01:08,567 The people and the nation and if necessary, 16 00:01:08,669 --> 00:01:11,303 To sacrifice our lives. 17 00:01:11,405 --> 00:01:14,139 And this was something we found normal. 18 00:01:14,241 --> 00:01:19,044 Narrator: They are the last to tell us what it meant to grow up during the nazi era. 19 00:01:19,847 --> 00:01:22,748 -"one people, one führer, one reich." 20 00:01:22,850 --> 00:01:26,985 These three slogans were inculcated in us. 21 00:01:28,222 --> 00:01:31,390 There was no other führer, there was only one. 22 00:01:31,492 --> 00:01:34,059 And he was worshipped like a god! 23 00:01:36,163 --> 00:01:41,033 Narrator: How did these young people get caught up in the darkness of nazism? 24 00:01:41,135 --> 00:01:42,968 They are the future of the regime, 25 00:01:43,070 --> 00:01:47,473 Its showcase and its cannon fodder. 26 00:01:54,915 --> 00:01:57,649 The history of the hitler youth begins with the birth 27 00:01:57,751 --> 00:02:00,586 Of the nazi party in the 1920's. 28 00:02:01,422 --> 00:02:05,124 Germany is traumatized by the defeat of 1918. 29 00:02:06,260 --> 00:02:10,963 The peace imposed by the treaty of versailles inflicts severe sanctions: 30 00:02:11,298 --> 00:02:15,667 Germany is partially occupied and loses part of its territory. 31 00:02:16,470 --> 00:02:20,639 For the conquered, the treaty is seen as a humiliation. 32 00:02:21,008 --> 00:02:25,244 One man is determined to change this: Adolf hitler. 33 00:02:26,280 --> 00:02:29,581 After a failed coup attempt in 1923, 34 00:02:29,683 --> 00:02:33,552 The nazi party leader hopes to seize power through the popular vote. 35 00:02:35,022 --> 00:02:38,056 To help wage the campaign and hang posters, 36 00:02:38,159 --> 00:02:41,360 The party calls upon its militia, the sa, 37 00:02:41,462 --> 00:02:45,464 And on young apprentices and high school students. 38 00:02:50,604 --> 00:02:54,773 The young militants organize and proclaim themselves 39 00:02:54,875 --> 00:02:57,376 Hitler youth or "hitlerjugend." 40 00:02:57,478 --> 00:03:01,380 There are only a handful of them, aged 14 to 18. 41 00:03:01,582 --> 00:03:04,917 In 1920s germany, almost every political party 42 00:03:05,019 --> 00:03:08,520 And labor union has its own youth movement. 43 00:03:08,622 --> 00:03:13,058 There are young communists and young catholics... 44 00:03:14,562 --> 00:03:16,662 All of these groups are inspired by the model of 45 00:03:16,764 --> 00:03:21,466 The scouts' movement, founded in 1907 by the british. 46 00:03:26,907 --> 00:03:29,374 Like the other movements, when it begins, 47 00:03:29,476 --> 00:03:31,777 The hitler youth offers popular activities to 48 00:03:31,879 --> 00:03:36,548 Children, without class distinction. 49 00:03:37,251 --> 00:03:41,320 For many children, it's more than they can hope for. 50 00:03:42,323 --> 00:03:45,524 -I was a member of the german workers' youth organization. 51 00:03:45,626 --> 00:03:47,926 Back then, we couldn't afford much. 52 00:03:48,028 --> 00:03:50,462 If we wanted to go to the movies from time to time, 53 00:03:50,564 --> 00:03:53,298 We had to earn our pocket money ourselves. 54 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:56,034 And so, these distractions for young people were something 55 00:03:56,136 --> 00:03:59,438 Very special for us kids from workers' families. 56 00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:03,842 To be perfectly honest, most of the time we were happy to go. 57 00:04:14,388 --> 00:04:16,421 -At the time, I wanted to join, 58 00:04:16,523 --> 00:04:21,159 Quite simply because it was an opportunity to leave our little village. 59 00:04:22,596 --> 00:04:26,031 We had no electricity, we had no running water. 60 00:04:28,002 --> 00:04:32,004 As children, we had to lend a hand during harvest. 61 00:04:32,906 --> 00:04:36,608 Overall, we were called on to pitch in quite often. 62 00:04:37,411 --> 00:04:40,946 So, it was a big change for us when, for example, 63 00:04:41,048 --> 00:04:44,583 We went on outings with the hitler youth. 64 00:04:44,985 --> 00:04:48,620 And of course, it was a fantastic experience. 65 00:04:55,362 --> 00:04:58,463 Narrator: As with the scouts, the mandatory uniforms hide 66 00:04:58,565 --> 00:05:02,801 Social differences. 67 00:05:08,242 --> 00:05:12,077 -There was something fascinating about uniforms; 68 00:05:12,246 --> 00:05:14,413 We saw them in the street every day. 69 00:05:14,515 --> 00:05:17,949 The sa, the ss, and party members. 70 00:05:18,485 --> 00:05:22,187 And at last, I could wear a uniform too. 71 00:05:30,497 --> 00:05:32,397 Narrator: At the start of the 1930's, 72 00:05:32,499 --> 00:05:35,267 The hitler youth movement, like the nazi party, 73 00:05:35,369 --> 00:05:37,869 Is rapidly gaining ground. 74 00:05:37,971 --> 00:05:40,605 Hitler isn't convinced that these militants, 75 00:05:40,708 --> 00:05:44,643 Too young to vote, are of any use to him. 76 00:05:44,745 --> 00:05:48,947 But in 1932, over 70,000 young people gather in a 77 00:05:49,049 --> 00:05:53,585 Packed stadium in potsdam to greet him. 78 00:05:54,688 --> 00:05:57,456 That day, hitler, who has yet to witness such 79 00:05:57,558 --> 00:06:01,026 A demonstration of force, realizes that these young 80 00:06:01,128 --> 00:06:05,030 People are the future of his movement. 81 00:06:05,132 --> 00:06:08,300 He confides to his inner circle: "we are old. 82 00:06:08,402 --> 00:06:13,171 But my wonderful young people, what an amazing human resource they are! 83 00:06:13,273 --> 00:06:17,242 With them, I could build a new world." 84 00:06:18,846 --> 00:06:23,915 The economic crisis helps carry hitler to power in 1933. 85 00:06:24,752 --> 00:06:27,119 He begins to transform germany. 86 00:06:27,221 --> 00:06:29,955 Opposition parties are banned. 87 00:06:30,124 --> 00:06:34,559 Democracy is dead. 88 00:06:36,096 --> 00:06:39,097 Hitler wants to create a new nation whose extreme 89 00:06:39,199 --> 00:06:43,602 Nationalism is devoted entirely to its leader. 90 00:06:48,742 --> 00:06:52,344 To draw the 9 million german children into party ranks and 91 00:06:52,446 --> 00:06:55,147 Transform them into fanatical nazis, 92 00:06:55,249 --> 00:06:59,384 Hitler will play both the "menace and seduction" cards. 93 00:07:03,223 --> 00:07:08,226 The menace is immediately enacted: As of 1933, 94 00:07:08,328 --> 00:07:11,196 All rival political party youth organizations are 95 00:07:11,298 --> 00:07:15,534 Dissolved and incorporated into the hitler youth. 96 00:07:18,038 --> 00:07:20,572 To attract even more young people, 97 00:07:20,674 --> 00:07:23,975 The hitler youth also have the means to seduce: 98 00:07:24,077 --> 00:07:29,514 It monopolizes summer camps, the climax of the year for youth associations. 99 00:07:30,350 --> 00:07:34,352 Far from parents, in a setting that appears adventurous and free, 100 00:07:34,788 --> 00:07:38,557 An ideological education is made easier. 101 00:07:38,959 --> 00:07:40,759 Through playful activities, 102 00:07:40,861 --> 00:07:44,796 The promise of a happy future takes shape. 103 00:07:44,965 --> 00:07:48,099 Supervised by boys barely older than themselves, 104 00:07:48,202 --> 00:07:52,838 For many of the children, this seems too good to be true. 105 00:07:53,707 --> 00:07:56,041 The number of members skyrockets. 106 00:07:56,143 --> 00:07:58,777 In a twelve-month period, the hitler youth membership 107 00:07:58,879 --> 00:08:03,215 Increases from 100,000 to over two million. 108 00:08:03,350 --> 00:08:06,685 As long as you're not jewish or a political opponent, 109 00:08:06,787 --> 00:08:10,856 Life can be quite pleasant under the third reich. 110 00:08:15,095 --> 00:08:18,530 Although the hitler youth includes both girls and boys, 111 00:08:18,632 --> 00:08:21,399 The boys are more important to hitler. 112 00:08:21,502 --> 00:08:25,337 They're the ones he is counting on to see his project through. 113 00:08:25,439 --> 00:08:28,006 They're the future soldiers of his empire and a special 114 00:08:28,108 --> 00:08:31,743 Program awaits them. 115 00:08:32,713 --> 00:08:36,882 Full-scale war games are organized. 116 00:08:37,885 --> 00:08:41,553 The children have to move around in "enemy" territory 117 00:08:41,755 --> 00:08:45,156 With only a compass and a map, camouflage themselves, 118 00:08:45,259 --> 00:08:48,493 And try to secretly infiltrate... 119 00:08:48,595 --> 00:08:52,664 These "adventure" games fascinate the young people. 120 00:08:55,269 --> 00:08:57,936 -It went like this: When the fight began, 121 00:08:58,038 --> 00:09:01,006 You had to rip off the armbands of the other team. 122 00:09:01,108 --> 00:09:03,441 They were the trophies. 123 00:09:03,544 --> 00:09:06,678 Then afterwards, we counted them. 124 00:09:06,780 --> 00:09:09,147 And the team which had torn off the most armbands, 125 00:09:09,249 --> 00:09:12,918 They had won the war, so to speak. 126 00:09:17,357 --> 00:09:20,458 -For us boys, it was really lots of fun. 127 00:09:20,961 --> 00:09:23,728 And I must add, it was completely apolitical; 128 00:09:23,830 --> 00:09:26,898 In any case, we knew nothing about all that. 129 00:09:28,535 --> 00:09:31,202 -It was a great experience, because of course, 130 00:09:31,305 --> 00:09:35,874 We wanted to play soldier. 131 00:09:35,976 --> 00:09:38,944 For us, it was an adventure. 132 00:09:48,822 --> 00:09:52,090 Narrator: German filmmakers make movies of their escapades. 133 00:09:52,192 --> 00:09:54,593 True "made-in-germany" westerns. 134 00:10:08,208 --> 00:10:10,542 Narrator: The films are screened in movie theaters, 135 00:10:10,644 --> 00:10:13,912 Where they capture a wide audience and new members. 136 00:10:14,014 --> 00:10:17,983 The message: The young german male must once again become a 137 00:10:18,085 --> 00:10:21,019 Beast of prey, an attack dog. 138 00:10:21,121 --> 00:10:24,923 An illiterate brute is preferable to a pale, weak dilettante. 139 00:10:27,861 --> 00:10:30,395 Narrator: The king of sports is fighting. 140 00:10:41,975 --> 00:10:44,976 Narrator: Not all the young people are cut out for this. 141 00:10:45,078 --> 00:10:48,513 The weak and the scrawny are made fun of, humiliated. 142 00:10:48,615 --> 00:10:53,685 The vision of the nazi world allows only for performance and excellence. 143 00:10:54,021 --> 00:10:56,588 Anyone who can't live up to these expectations is 144 00:10:56,690 --> 00:10:59,658 A failure and must be treated like one. 145 00:11:04,431 --> 00:11:06,164 -Not only were they disliked, in addition, 146 00:11:06,266 --> 00:11:08,900 They were harassed. 147 00:11:09,169 --> 00:11:12,704 They were battered and bullied by certain hitler youth leaders. 148 00:11:16,643 --> 00:11:19,511 They were pushed off to the sidelines; 149 00:11:19,613 --> 00:11:22,447 Sometimes they were beaten too. 150 00:11:22,549 --> 00:11:25,684 That also, was absolutely awful. 151 00:11:25,786 --> 00:11:27,452 It really was a horrible period. 152 00:11:27,554 --> 00:11:29,087 Those who, like myself, were athletes, 153 00:11:29,189 --> 00:11:30,922 Could do things with their eyes closed, 154 00:11:31,024 --> 00:11:33,892 But those who couldn't, they paid for it. 155 00:11:36,263 --> 00:11:40,498 (singing in german) 156 00:11:45,372 --> 00:11:48,173 Narrator: The harassment and humiliation are so intense 157 00:11:48,275 --> 00:11:50,408 That some young people break down, 158 00:11:50,510 --> 00:11:54,079 Some even committing suicid. 159 00:11:54,281 --> 00:11:58,416 But such negative incidents are carefully concealed by the third reich. 160 00:11:58,819 --> 00:12:02,320 Officially, all the hitler youth are valiant fighters. 161 00:12:12,699 --> 00:12:16,735 Narrator: Gradually, all rival youth groups are absorbed into the hitler youth. 162 00:12:18,138 --> 00:12:23,141 By 1937, churches are no longer allowed to organize any sports. 163 00:12:24,111 --> 00:12:28,246 Soon, hitler youth membership is mandatory. 164 00:12:32,619 --> 00:12:35,186 Young germans are no longer allowed to belong to sports 165 00:12:35,288 --> 00:12:39,424 Clubs or go to summer camps outside of the hitler youth organization. 166 00:12:41,762 --> 00:12:45,864 Soon, one flag flies on every road in germany: 167 00:12:45,966 --> 00:12:48,633 The flag of the hitler youth. 168 00:12:51,104 --> 00:12:53,805 To honor its members, the children are invited, 169 00:12:53,907 --> 00:12:57,942 Beginning at a very young age, to parade in cities. 170 00:12:58,044 --> 00:13:02,347 They are now the only young people that have this right. 171 00:13:02,449 --> 00:13:06,951 These events unite battalions, which practice marching. 172 00:13:10,290 --> 00:13:14,125 Their pace becomes standardized, like their thinking. 173 00:13:14,761 --> 00:13:17,796 The youth are flattered and congratulated. 174 00:13:17,898 --> 00:13:20,498 They're the showcase of the regime and they let themselves 175 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:24,235 Be carried away by the euphoria of the parades. 176 00:13:26,206 --> 00:13:28,406 -There were gigantic parades, with flags, 177 00:13:28,508 --> 00:13:29,707 People and speeches. 178 00:13:29,810 --> 00:13:31,876 It was exceptional. 179 00:13:33,613 --> 00:13:35,547 It was interesting. 180 00:13:35,649 --> 00:13:39,918 Imagine, for a child, participating in a parade is always interesting. 181 00:13:40,620 --> 00:13:43,087 It's a little bit like, excuse the comparison, 182 00:13:43,890 --> 00:13:46,191 A religious procession. 183 00:13:46,293 --> 00:13:48,526 When you take part in one as a choir boy, 184 00:13:48,628 --> 00:13:51,162 It's also something quite special. 185 00:13:56,303 --> 00:14:01,673 -Try to picture it, we marched in columns in our streets. 186 00:14:01,775 --> 00:14:04,042 Ahead of us, music, drums and trumpets! 187 00:14:05,045 --> 00:14:06,978 And the flag. 188 00:14:11,751 --> 00:14:15,653 Yes, and you marched, while the parents stood at the windows. 189 00:14:16,323 --> 00:14:19,657 So, of course, you were very proud. 190 00:14:27,100 --> 00:14:31,769 -It was first and foremost a demonstration of power to the outside world. 191 00:14:33,206 --> 00:14:38,176 There we were, who knows, 10,000 young people? 192 00:14:39,746 --> 00:14:44,182 And secondly, it was of course a demonstration to ourselves as well; 193 00:14:45,585 --> 00:14:47,886 It meant, "we are someone." 194 00:14:51,458 --> 00:14:55,827 Narrator: Sometimes, the führer will make an appearance at these gigantic meetings. 195 00:15:00,133 --> 00:15:03,902 The nation of tomorrow meets its creator. 196 00:15:11,378 --> 00:15:16,281 -I must admit, for us, he was not really a father figure, 197 00:15:16,383 --> 00:15:20,685 He was more like a god who lorded over everything. 198 00:15:25,158 --> 00:15:29,294 (crowd cheering) 199 00:15:37,671 --> 00:15:40,605 -"one people, one führer, one reich." 200 00:15:41,174 --> 00:15:44,976 These three slogans were inculcated in us. 201 00:15:45,745 --> 00:15:48,246 There was no other führer, there was only one. 202 00:15:49,282 --> 00:15:52,850 And he was worshipped like a god! 203 00:15:54,654 --> 00:15:57,956 Narrator: The young people are beside themselves with joy. 204 00:15:58,558 --> 00:16:01,159 Hitler is worshiped like a pop star. 205 00:16:13,773 --> 00:16:16,975 -When he opened his mouth, it was if we were hypnotized. 206 00:16:17,143 --> 00:16:18,676 That's what I would say today. 207 00:16:18,778 --> 00:16:21,079 We hung on his lips, we drank in his words, 208 00:16:21,181 --> 00:16:23,281 And we believed everything he said. 209 00:16:40,333 --> 00:16:43,368 -The nazi regime flattered its youth in a way never seen 210 00:16:43,470 --> 00:16:49,407 Before then or since: "the nation is you! 211 00:16:50,744 --> 00:16:53,478 You are the nation's future!" 212 00:16:53,580 --> 00:16:56,214 That is truly what was inculcated in us. 213 00:17:08,228 --> 00:17:11,629 (chanting "heil") 214 00:17:15,435 --> 00:17:18,870 -You see, we were "someone," because children, 215 00:17:18,972 --> 00:17:20,571 In comparison to their parents, 216 00:17:20,673 --> 00:17:23,775 Often feel like they're worthless. 217 00:17:25,111 --> 00:17:28,880 And the hitler youth made us count in society, 218 00:17:31,518 --> 00:17:35,253 And yes, we were taken more seriously too. 219 00:17:36,289 --> 00:17:39,257 And, naturally, we liked that. 220 00:17:46,366 --> 00:17:50,501 Narrator: Nazi propaganda sells the german youth on an agenda: 221 00:17:50,703 --> 00:17:53,304 "you will be someone, you will be strong, 222 00:17:53,406 --> 00:17:55,840 You will have a wonderful life." 223 00:17:55,942 --> 00:18:00,411 Young people are only too happy to let themselves be swept away. 224 00:18:02,115 --> 00:18:08,119 As of 1936, over 5 million of them shouted out their love for the führer. 225 00:18:10,056 --> 00:18:13,324 At each gathering, they sing their hymn. 226 00:18:21,734 --> 00:18:24,135 -This is how the hitler youth hymn went. 227 00:18:40,053 --> 00:18:42,954 -When we marched, we sang at the same time. 228 00:18:43,056 --> 00:18:45,490 The important thing was not to sing in tune, 229 00:18:45,592 --> 00:18:47,925 The important thing was to sing loud! 230 00:19:03,610 --> 00:19:06,077 Narrator: To complete the brainwashing process, 231 00:19:06,179 --> 00:19:09,814 The "heil hitler" salute becomes a part of everyday life. 232 00:19:12,118 --> 00:19:13,885 -We started doing the hitler salute, 233 00:19:13,987 --> 00:19:17,388 With our arms in the air, as of 7, 8 years of age. 234 00:19:17,490 --> 00:19:19,023 When the teacher came into the classroom, 235 00:19:19,125 --> 00:19:21,092 We all stood: "heil hitler!" 236 00:19:21,194 --> 00:19:22,627 With our hands raised. 237 00:19:22,729 --> 00:19:25,530 When we entered a shop to buy something: "heil hitler!" 238 00:19:25,632 --> 00:19:27,498 With our hand raised. 239 00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:31,435 It became a habit, like when you say "hello" or "cheers." 240 00:19:33,439 --> 00:19:35,439 -My father was a party member. 241 00:19:35,542 --> 00:19:38,476 For him, it was important that we say, "heil hitler!" 242 00:19:39,612 --> 00:19:41,879 And if as children we didn't say it, 243 00:19:41,981 --> 00:19:44,715 He'd say to us: "didn't you forget something?" 244 00:19:45,585 --> 00:19:49,020 Yes, it happened sometimes. 245 00:19:52,258 --> 00:19:54,825 -When we got to school, they watched us, 246 00:19:54,928 --> 00:19:56,827 Near the entrance of the schoolyard, 247 00:19:56,930 --> 00:20:00,064 To see if we'd done the hitler salute or not. 248 00:20:00,967 --> 00:20:05,203 And if you hadn't, they'd slap you on the head, like this, whack! 249 00:20:05,572 --> 00:20:09,106 And believe me, you instantly remembered hitler again. 250 00:20:22,622 --> 00:20:25,890 (crowd cheering/chanting) 251 00:20:25,992 --> 00:20:28,359 Narrator: Repeating "heil hitler" mechanically dozens 252 00:20:28,461 --> 00:20:31,662 Of times a day, the hitler youth are indoctrinated witha 253 00:20:31,764 --> 00:20:35,066 National socialist education. 254 00:20:35,168 --> 00:20:38,636 The ideological noose is tightening. 255 00:20:41,975 --> 00:20:45,710 The nazis leave nothing to chance and supervise everyone 256 00:20:45,812 --> 00:20:48,112 Who is in contact with children. 257 00:20:48,214 --> 00:20:52,750 The regime limits religious services offered by the church 258 00:20:52,852 --> 00:20:57,455 And parental influences are removed during the summer camps. 259 00:20:58,157 --> 00:21:02,193 The new masters of germany draw up new school programs. 260 00:21:03,563 --> 00:21:08,332 Children are taught to hate the jew and the bolshevist. 261 00:21:09,535 --> 00:21:12,670 Narrator: Disgusting racial laws are enacted. 262 00:21:12,772 --> 00:21:16,073 Patriotic hymns gradually grow into hymns of hatred and are 263 00:21:16,175 --> 00:21:20,478 So often repeated they can still be recalled 70 years later. 264 00:21:25,084 --> 00:21:29,020 -"throw them out, the entire gang of jews, 265 00:21:29,122 --> 00:21:32,323 Throw them out of our nation." 266 00:21:33,726 --> 00:21:36,527 Then, in the original song, 267 00:21:36,629 --> 00:21:42,833 It carried on with warnings for them never to come back and then it said: 268 00:21:43,569 --> 00:21:47,071 "chop off their head and legs, 269 00:21:47,173 --> 00:21:49,607 Otherwise they'll come back." 270 00:21:50,677 --> 00:21:53,477 We sang that without ever questioning it. 271 00:21:53,579 --> 00:21:57,548 After all, we were already secondary school students. 272 00:22:00,620 --> 00:22:05,723 -At school, we saw an exhibition on "bolshevism." 273 00:22:06,292 --> 00:22:09,460 And in this exhibition, we saw posters where the russians 274 00:22:09,595 --> 00:22:12,930 Were represented with horns. 275 00:22:13,900 --> 00:22:17,768 We even wrote essays on the subject. 276 00:22:17,937 --> 00:22:22,206 What this meant was: They are sub-humans. 277 00:22:22,542 --> 00:22:26,110 So, we were humans, and the russians were sub-humans. 278 00:22:30,817 --> 00:22:32,683 -We were the good ones. 279 00:22:32,785 --> 00:22:35,086 They were the ones who had brought every misfortune to 280 00:22:35,188 --> 00:22:38,255 Europe and the world, it was the jews. 281 00:22:38,725 --> 00:22:41,258 This was the number one topic. 282 00:22:41,661 --> 00:22:44,028 And I believed it. 283 00:22:46,165 --> 00:22:48,165 Narrator: Once infected with hatred, 284 00:22:48,267 --> 00:22:50,434 Acting out becomes easier. 285 00:22:50,536 --> 00:22:53,537 Along with the sa and ss nazi militias, 286 00:22:53,639 --> 00:22:56,507 The hitler youth participate in large-scale anti-semitic 287 00:22:56,609 --> 00:22:59,176 Rituals of public humiliation. 288 00:23:12,859 --> 00:23:17,161 -We always walked past one store, a jewish shop. 289 00:23:20,066 --> 00:23:26,003 And there, we were ordered, to chant: "jews get out." 290 00:23:30,543 --> 00:23:35,346 And that, that was our anti-semitic activity, 291 00:23:35,448 --> 00:23:37,515 So to speak. 292 00:23:37,617 --> 00:23:40,151 But, in fact, it was not conscious. 293 00:23:41,888 --> 00:23:46,323 Narrator: By 1936, germany emerges from its recession. 294 00:23:46,793 --> 00:23:48,793 Hitler has lowered unemployment through armament 295 00:23:48,895 --> 00:23:52,329 And large-scale reconstruction projects and makes his country 296 00:23:52,432 --> 00:23:55,766 A fearsome force in europe. 297 00:23:56,102 --> 00:23:58,736 During the second half of the 1930's, 298 00:23:58,838 --> 00:24:00,838 He goes on the offensive. 299 00:24:01,007 --> 00:24:04,775 In 1938, he annexes austria to germany. 300 00:24:05,278 --> 00:24:08,846 The sudetenland region of czechoslovakia is occupied and annexed. 301 00:24:10,216 --> 00:24:12,616 War is coming closer. 302 00:24:12,718 --> 00:24:15,719 The german chancellor needs the hitler youth. 303 00:24:15,822 --> 00:24:19,323 They are the future soldiers of the wehrmacht. 304 00:24:19,892 --> 00:24:23,794 Hitler intends to shape them into the warriors he wants. 305 00:25:05,104 --> 00:25:07,104 Narrator: In addition to the fun and games, 306 00:25:07,206 --> 00:25:11,175 The young people begin receiving true military training. 307 00:25:17,783 --> 00:25:21,919 The spirit of competition is encouraged at all levels. 308 00:25:22,321 --> 00:25:27,291 At age 16, the boys hike 13 miles with 18-pound backpacks. 309 00:25:35,167 --> 00:25:39,537 They learn to master their fear and are taught to be warriors. 310 00:25:48,214 --> 00:25:51,248 Narrator: The hitler youth now have access to everything they 311 00:25:51,350 --> 00:25:53,651 Want in the adult world. 312 00:25:53,819 --> 00:25:56,687 They're taught to shoot: First compressed air rifles, 313 00:25:56,789 --> 00:26:00,124 Then with firearms. 314 00:26:04,564 --> 00:26:06,864 They are introduced to water activities to prepare 315 00:26:06,966 --> 00:26:10,334 Them for the navy. 316 00:26:15,274 --> 00:26:18,142 And for those who dream of being in the luftwaffe, 317 00:26:18,244 --> 00:26:21,545 They start training in gliders. 318 00:26:27,186 --> 00:26:29,353 With all these oversized toys, 319 00:26:29,455 --> 00:26:32,923 The children in the hitler youth movement play war. 320 00:26:33,326 --> 00:26:36,060 And it's a serious game. 321 00:26:39,765 --> 00:26:43,601 -Without our realizing it, we were being prepared militarily 322 00:26:43,703 --> 00:26:50,407 For the upcoming war, those people were so clever, 323 00:26:50,977 --> 00:26:55,746 They made it into something fun, something interesting. 324 00:27:00,486 --> 00:27:02,586 Narrator: To complete the indoctrination of this 325 00:27:02,688 --> 00:27:08,058 Miniature army, one final step remains: Taking the oath. 326 00:27:11,163 --> 00:27:16,100 At all ages, they swear loyalty to the reich and their führer. 327 00:27:16,502 --> 00:27:19,670 From the age of 10, children recite: 328 00:27:19,772 --> 00:27:23,240 "in the presence of this banner which represents our führer, 329 00:27:23,342 --> 00:27:26,443 I swear to devote all my energies and my strength to 330 00:27:26,545 --> 00:27:29,747 The savior of our country, adolf hitler. 331 00:27:29,849 --> 00:27:32,282 I am willing and ready to give up my life for him, 332 00:27:32,385 --> 00:27:35,486 So help me god." 333 00:27:40,726 --> 00:27:44,328 -We were asked to swear in the name of the führer, 334 00:27:44,430 --> 00:27:48,265 The people and the nation and if necessary, 335 00:27:48,367 --> 00:27:52,636 To sacrifice our lives and this was something we found normal. 336 00:28:02,682 --> 00:28:05,616 ♪ ♪ 337 00:28:05,718 --> 00:28:10,487 Narrator: The hitler youth has become a formidable organization. 338 00:28:10,856 --> 00:28:16,427 From around 17,000 in 1929, to over 8 million children and 339 00:28:16,529 --> 00:28:19,630 Adolescents ten years later. 340 00:28:19,732 --> 00:28:23,400 That's 98% of all young germans. 341 00:28:26,305 --> 00:28:31,308 It's a huge organization, worthy of a ministry. 342 00:28:34,113 --> 00:28:37,581 To convince the last holdouts, the hitler youth movement 343 00:28:37,683 --> 00:28:40,684 Becomes mandatory. 344 00:28:40,786 --> 00:28:44,221 Refusing to join exposes families to heavy fines, 345 00:28:44,323 --> 00:28:48,058 And even arrest. 346 00:28:52,932 --> 00:28:55,532 Those who have reached fighting age enthusiastically 347 00:28:55,634 --> 00:28:59,737 Join the wehrmacht and even the ss. 348 00:29:09,815 --> 00:29:12,182 (explosions) 349 00:29:15,688 --> 00:29:19,456 On September 1, 1939, war breaks out. 350 00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:24,862 The wehrmacht invades poland under the pretext of a polish attack. 351 00:29:29,301 --> 00:29:33,370 Their advance is lightning fast. 352 00:29:35,708 --> 00:29:42,379 -At the time, we said to ourselves: "okay, this is it, we're heading east." 353 00:29:42,815 --> 00:29:43,981 That's what we thought: 354 00:29:44,083 --> 00:29:46,984 "adolf is right; he promised us vital space. 355 00:29:47,086 --> 00:29:51,321 Poland is big, they have lots of vital space." 356 00:29:57,096 --> 00:30:00,464 (air raid sirens) 357 00:30:00,733 --> 00:30:03,367 -We were all of the opinion that these sub-humans who wanted 358 00:30:03,469 --> 00:30:06,503 To put us under their yoke had to be vanquished, 359 00:30:07,573 --> 00:30:10,107 And that this was just. 360 00:30:10,209 --> 00:30:13,544 The atmosphere was victorious. 361 00:30:13,712 --> 00:30:16,647 It has been prepared at school for many long years. 362 00:30:16,749 --> 00:30:19,850 And this was the climax. 363 00:30:20,052 --> 00:30:24,421 At last, we could assert ourselves as germans. 364 00:30:27,560 --> 00:30:29,927 -Naturally we were proud of our victories. 365 00:30:30,029 --> 00:30:32,029 It all went so fast, within 19 days, 366 00:30:32,131 --> 00:30:33,564 The war was already over. 367 00:30:33,666 --> 00:30:37,201 It had barely started and there it was, almost over. 368 00:30:39,438 --> 00:30:41,071 Narrator: Eight months after poland, 369 00:30:41,140 --> 00:30:43,607 The wehrmacht attacks the west. 370 00:30:43,709 --> 00:30:46,476 In may 1940, the netherlands, belgium, 371 00:30:46,579 --> 00:30:50,881 Luxembourg and France are invaded and occupied. 372 00:30:52,585 --> 00:30:54,117 For the german people, 373 00:30:54,220 --> 00:30:58,055 Hitler is the greatest strategist of all times. 374 00:30:58,224 --> 00:31:02,626 Day after day, the hitler youth follow the progress of german troops; 375 00:31:03,028 --> 00:31:06,029 They can't believe it. 376 00:31:06,565 --> 00:31:10,234 In 6 weeks, the wehrmacht has beaten France. 377 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:17,741 -Following the summer of 1940, the nation was drunk. 378 00:31:19,345 --> 00:31:23,180 -When we went to the movies, we saw news reels. 379 00:31:23,282 --> 00:31:29,419 It was a feeling of joy, the führer had beaten the french. 380 00:31:34,193 --> 00:31:36,193 -Those, of course, were events where we said: 381 00:31:36,295 --> 00:31:38,395 "damn, we're good!" 382 00:31:38,597 --> 00:31:40,764 -I thought that the wehrmacht was invincible. 383 00:31:40,866 --> 00:31:41,899 Until then, I did. 384 00:31:53,078 --> 00:31:55,746 Narrator: Hitler continues the offensive. 385 00:31:55,848 --> 00:31:59,650 In June 1941, he launches his surprise attack 386 00:31:59,752 --> 00:32:02,920 Against the soviet union. 387 00:32:03,022 --> 00:32:05,622 The years of training pay off. 388 00:32:05,724 --> 00:32:08,458 The young soldiers who had been part of the hitler youth 389 00:32:08,560 --> 00:32:12,195 Prove to be fearsome warriors. 390 00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:16,333 When they return from the front, 391 00:32:16,435 --> 00:32:19,303 These "heroes" are used to spread the word to the 392 00:32:19,405 --> 00:32:21,104 Soldiers of tomorrow. 393 00:32:57,776 --> 00:32:59,876 -The older members would laugh and say: 394 00:33:00,045 --> 00:33:03,580 "hey, the final victory can't wait for you guys to grow up; 395 00:33:03,782 --> 00:33:05,782 We're going to finish the job before." 396 00:33:18,030 --> 00:33:19,696 -Those of us who were, let's say, 397 00:33:19,798 --> 00:33:24,001 Between 10 and 16 years old, it's true, 398 00:33:25,871 --> 00:33:28,972 There was this apprehension that maybe we'd have nothing 399 00:33:29,074 --> 00:33:32,642 Left to do; that the war would be over, 400 00:33:32,711 --> 00:33:36,013 All the bad enemies beaten, before we reached the age to 401 00:33:36,115 --> 00:33:39,282 Wear a soldier's uniform. 402 00:33:45,324 --> 00:33:48,625 Narrator: The german army is advancing towards the east. 403 00:33:48,727 --> 00:33:51,628 Following these troops, special commandos called 404 00:33:51,730 --> 00:33:56,033 Einsatzgroupen, partially composed of former hitler youth, 405 00:33:56,368 --> 00:34:00,203 Are tasked with killing jewish civilians. 406 00:34:05,110 --> 00:34:08,545 Solomon perel is a young german of the jewish faith. 407 00:34:08,747 --> 00:34:11,815 He is forced to flee his country towards the east to 408 00:34:11,917 --> 00:34:15,485 Escape the anti-semitic persecutions. 409 00:34:15,587 --> 00:34:19,022 When he arrives in byelorussia in 1941, 410 00:34:19,124 --> 00:34:22,859 He is captured by german units and questioned. 411 00:34:23,862 --> 00:34:25,929 -I was sure I was going to die, 412 00:34:26,031 --> 00:34:28,865 I suddenly heard an order: "hands in the air!" 413 00:34:28,967 --> 00:34:30,901 So, now it was my turn. 414 00:34:31,003 --> 00:34:32,736 In front of me, stood a german soldier: 415 00:34:32,838 --> 00:34:36,273 And he asked me, "are you jewish?" 416 00:34:38,477 --> 00:34:41,211 I instantly thought of my father who had told me: 417 00:34:41,313 --> 00:34:44,681 "always remain a jew, otherwise god will abandon you." 418 00:34:45,684 --> 00:34:47,050 But, fortunately for me, 419 00:34:47,152 --> 00:34:50,153 I immediately understood that if I told them the truth, 420 00:34:50,255 --> 00:34:53,723 "I am jewish," I would be shot within the next 5 minutes. 421 00:34:54,326 --> 00:34:58,161 And in the middle of this jumble of thoughts, 422 00:34:58,397 --> 00:35:00,363 I suddenly heard an inner voice, 423 00:35:00,532 --> 00:35:03,800 My mother's voice: "you must live." 424 00:35:04,369 --> 00:35:06,736 And the fear that paralyzed me vanished, 425 00:35:06,872 --> 00:35:08,405 I felt in completely security, 426 00:35:08,507 --> 00:35:11,441 And I answered the soldier in an assured voice: 427 00:35:11,543 --> 00:35:13,076 "no, of course I'm not jewish! 428 00:35:13,178 --> 00:35:16,713 I'm a pure german from eastern germany." 429 00:35:17,182 --> 00:35:20,317 And miraculously, he believed me. 430 00:35:24,823 --> 00:35:27,924 I was immediately handed a wehrmacht uniform, 431 00:35:28,026 --> 00:35:30,660 And suddenly I saw the german eagle with the nazi swastika 432 00:35:30,762 --> 00:35:34,564 On my chest, I was horrified. 433 00:35:35,033 --> 00:35:37,634 "is this sally? 434 00:35:37,736 --> 00:35:40,804 One swastika here, another swastika there..." 435 00:35:41,773 --> 00:35:45,008 I was in shock. 436 00:35:45,277 --> 00:35:47,644 But I drew strength in my mother's three words. 437 00:35:47,779 --> 00:35:51,414 I never forgot them: "you must live!" 438 00:35:53,085 --> 00:35:57,187 Narrator: Solomon perel hides his name and goes by joseph perjel. 439 00:35:57,723 --> 00:36:00,323 Fortunately, he is sent back to germany and 440 00:36:00,492 --> 00:36:03,260 Joins one of the regime's elite schools. 441 00:36:03,495 --> 00:36:07,797 He becomes a fully integrated member of the hitler youth. 442 00:36:08,967 --> 00:36:12,369 While war rages on the front, the physical and ideological 443 00:36:12,471 --> 00:36:15,071 Preparation continues. 444 00:36:17,309 --> 00:36:21,178 The lesson of the day: Racial superiority. 445 00:36:22,047 --> 00:36:24,481 Proportional relationships between the depth, 446 00:36:24,583 --> 00:36:27,784 Height and width of the skull are determined. 447 00:36:27,886 --> 00:36:30,820 Eye and hair color are both recorded and nazi science 448 00:36:30,923 --> 00:36:34,391 Categories are established. 449 00:36:35,761 --> 00:36:39,696 -I remember that on my photos, I believe it was written: 450 00:36:39,798 --> 00:36:42,832 80% nordic. 451 00:36:45,137 --> 00:36:48,972 -I was classified as a type 2 aryan, or nordic. 452 00:36:49,641 --> 00:36:54,444 I was only second choice. 453 00:36:57,816 --> 00:37:01,651 -It gave rise to a feeling of superiority amongst many of us. 454 00:37:08,260 --> 00:37:11,761 -At the time, we were better human beings. 455 00:37:11,863 --> 00:37:13,697 The others were sub-humans. 456 00:37:13,799 --> 00:37:17,000 This is what they told us and we believed it. 457 00:37:17,102 --> 00:37:20,170 So, the jews and the poles, they were all people who 458 00:37:20,272 --> 00:37:23,206 Needed to be exterminated. 459 00:37:23,875 --> 00:37:26,810 It's unimaginable that I could have believed that. 460 00:37:26,912 --> 00:37:29,946 It was only later that I realized it was all rubbish. 461 00:37:31,483 --> 00:37:33,883 But at the time, we believed it. 462 00:37:35,821 --> 00:37:39,990 Narrator: One day, solomon perel is questioned by his race teacher. 463 00:37:42,561 --> 00:37:47,097 -I was sure he was going discover that I was jewish, 464 00:37:47,432 --> 00:37:50,567 That he'd pull my underpants down and see that I was circumcised, 465 00:37:51,370 --> 00:37:54,137 And that I'd land in a gestapo basement room. 466 00:37:54,239 --> 00:37:56,706 I was sure of it. 467 00:37:56,808 --> 00:38:00,644 But what happened there, was incredible. 468 00:38:01,013 --> 00:38:04,614 After being measured, he took very precise measurements: 469 00:38:04,883 --> 00:38:07,550 The shape of the skull, the distance between the eyes, 470 00:38:07,653 --> 00:38:11,554 The ears, all sorts of things and when he was finally done 471 00:38:11,657 --> 00:38:15,125 With all that, he told the classroom: 472 00:38:15,227 --> 00:38:18,295 "take a good look at joseph. 473 00:38:18,397 --> 00:38:22,198 He's the classical aryan type from the eastern baltic region." 474 00:38:24,236 --> 00:38:26,803 So, in fact, I'm a true aryan. 475 00:38:36,882 --> 00:38:41,217 Narrator: By the end of 1942, the reich begins losing the upper hand. 476 00:38:42,187 --> 00:38:44,854 In north africa and on the eastern front, 477 00:38:44,956 --> 00:38:48,124 The war is stagnating. 478 00:38:48,393 --> 00:38:51,161 The reich is almost out of adult men, 479 00:38:51,263 --> 00:38:53,997 All of whom have left for combat. 480 00:38:54,099 --> 00:38:57,701 The hitler youth are mobilized on the home front. 481 00:38:58,603 --> 00:39:03,073 From the age of 14, they are sent door-to-door collecting rags, 482 00:39:03,475 --> 00:39:05,108 Paper and metals. 483 00:39:05,210 --> 00:39:07,143 Others are recruited as postmen, 484 00:39:07,546 --> 00:39:12,048 Tram drivers and unskilled laborers for roadwork and railway lines. 485 00:39:13,952 --> 00:39:17,087 They're sent out to work in the fields. 486 00:39:17,189 --> 00:39:21,424 Their support of the economy is indispensable. 487 00:39:23,662 --> 00:39:27,197 While news propaganda highlights their iron wills, 488 00:39:27,299 --> 00:39:31,701 In truth, the young people suffer and begin to have doubts. 489 00:39:32,537 --> 00:39:34,938 Employed in factories and mines, 490 00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:38,775 The community service is more like hard labor. 491 00:39:43,014 --> 00:39:46,816 -When the time came, I joined the reich labor service. 492 00:39:48,920 --> 00:39:51,721 It was the worst thing imaginable. 493 00:39:53,625 --> 00:39:56,559 We had to repair a road. 494 00:39:56,828 --> 00:40:00,063 And to do that, we had to carry stones from a quarry 495 00:40:00,165 --> 00:40:03,032 Situated half a mile away. 496 00:40:04,236 --> 00:40:07,537 We didn't have the right to use wheelbarrows, 497 00:40:07,639 --> 00:40:11,040 Even though it was possible, we had to carry the stones on 498 00:40:11,143 --> 00:40:13,843 Our shoulders. 499 00:40:13,945 --> 00:40:15,445 When you run with rocks on your shoulder, 500 00:40:15,547 --> 00:40:18,114 Your shoulder bleeds. 501 00:40:19,985 --> 00:40:25,688 And that's when I started feeling hatred towards the regime, 502 00:40:27,626 --> 00:40:30,160 Because they treated us like dirt. 503 00:40:30,762 --> 00:40:33,730 We had no rights whatsoever. 504 00:40:37,769 --> 00:40:40,103 Narrator: In the winter of 1943, 505 00:40:40,205 --> 00:40:43,239 The hitler youth are in for a big surprise: 506 00:40:43,575 --> 00:40:48,278 The so-called sub-humans of the red army have managed to stand up to 507 00:40:48,380 --> 00:40:51,714 The supermen of the wehrmacht. 508 00:40:55,287 --> 00:40:57,887 In stalingrad, the axis powers lose 509 00:40:57,989 --> 00:41:02,358 Hundreds of thousands of men, dead, wounded or taken prisoner. 510 00:41:06,298 --> 00:41:09,766 Taking moscow, parading on the red square? 511 00:41:09,868 --> 00:41:13,236 Now, that's unthinkable. 512 00:41:18,543 --> 00:41:20,243 -We said to ourselves, 513 00:41:20,345 --> 00:41:24,013 "okay, fine, we've suffered a few defeats, but when we get there," 514 00:41:24,149 --> 00:41:28,318 That is, we who were born in 1928, "we'll straighten things out." 515 00:41:33,325 --> 00:41:37,293 -It was one of the reasons why I joined the ss, 516 00:41:37,395 --> 00:41:40,930 All this never would have happened with units like the ss, 517 00:41:41,032 --> 00:41:44,033 I was absolutely convinced of this. 518 00:41:45,036 --> 00:41:47,871 It was my opinion at the time, that the ss were the only 519 00:41:47,973 --> 00:41:50,874 Troops that carried on the combat. 520 00:41:50,976 --> 00:41:55,178 The ss, which I belonged to, we were the saviors. 521 00:42:00,886 --> 00:42:03,853 Narrator: To avoid heavy losses among their own ranks, 522 00:42:03,955 --> 00:42:08,057 In 1943 the americans and british carry out massive 523 00:42:08,159 --> 00:42:11,594 Bombing raids targeting industrial installations 524 00:42:11,696 --> 00:42:14,797 And cities in germany. 525 00:42:17,802 --> 00:42:20,603 The hitler youth wanted to fight the war, 526 00:42:20,705 --> 00:42:24,007 Now the war has come to them. 527 00:42:29,281 --> 00:42:31,848 The country is hit hard. 528 00:42:31,950 --> 00:42:33,883 In the midst of all the rubble, 529 00:42:33,985 --> 00:42:38,488 The hitler youth become impromptu firefighters and paramedics. 530 00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:50,266 -We got people out of basements, 531 00:42:50,368 --> 00:42:51,868 We helped the wounded... 532 00:42:51,970 --> 00:42:56,272 All of this when I was just 15, 16 years old... 533 00:42:59,511 --> 00:43:03,146 -First of all, we had to clear the stones with, with a pick. 534 00:43:04,382 --> 00:43:06,282 We had to be careful because underneath there might be 535 00:43:06,384 --> 00:43:11,888 People buried, or corpses; but when you felt something soft 536 00:43:11,990 --> 00:43:14,490 With the spade, you might've hurt that person, 537 00:43:14,593 --> 00:43:17,226 If they were still alive. 538 00:43:18,163 --> 00:43:21,030 Then we got them out of there. 539 00:43:23,401 --> 00:43:25,902 They were full of clay, all over, in their eyes. 540 00:43:26,204 --> 00:43:28,404 It always disgusted me. 541 00:43:28,506 --> 00:43:31,741 With a bucket of water, we had to rinse them, 542 00:43:31,843 --> 00:43:34,210 Rinse their faces. 543 00:43:34,312 --> 00:43:36,646 When the face was starting to appear, now that, 544 00:43:36,748 --> 00:43:40,116 That was really, something awful. 545 00:43:41,753 --> 00:43:45,321 The few people we got out of there, they were all dead. 546 00:43:47,726 --> 00:43:52,061 When a bomb fell there, 90% of the people died. 547 00:43:54,766 --> 00:43:58,034 Narrator: Brainwashed by the nazi regime for more than 10 years, 548 00:43:58,136 --> 00:44:01,704 The hitler youth are promised a dream by adolf hitler 549 00:44:01,806 --> 00:44:05,775 But now they find themselves living a nightmare under allied bombs. 550 00:44:06,678 --> 00:44:09,679 The worst is yet to come. 551 00:44:09,781 --> 00:44:13,082 By 1943, the time of conquest is over. 552 00:44:14,019 --> 00:44:17,353 As germany faces defeat, it'll be left to these adolescents 553 00:44:17,455 --> 00:44:22,358 And boys to defend their homeland until the final collapse. 554 00:44:22,460 --> 00:44:23,660 Captioned by cotter captioning services. 53197

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