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Currently, there is a race
to get off the planet.
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This is what all
of human history is about,
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this present moment
where we migrate into space.
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NARRATOR: It's a special
two-hour Ancient Aliens event.
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JOSH RICHARDS: This is very much
about humanity setting up
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a permanent outpost
on another planet.
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MICHIO KAKU: Either we prepare
to leave the Earth,
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or we prepare to die.
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NARRATOR: When humans become the
alien visitors on other planets,
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what, or whom,
will they encounter?
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What if we arrive on Mars,
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and there are
artificial structures?
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LINDA MOULTON HOWE:
There is alien intelligence,
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and our government
knows about it.
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And that has to break out if
we're going to go beyond Earth.
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NARRATOR: As a new generation
of astronauts
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prepares for life
on other worlds,
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are they simply realizing
mankind's future,
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or returning
to its extraterrestrial past?
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HENRY:
We're very near a discovery
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where we're gonna understand
that everything
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that ancient astronaut theorists
have been talking about is true.
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Original W4F's Subtitle
Resync by TEDI for WEB.x264-TBS
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NARRATOR:
The Mojave Desert, California.
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May 29, 2018.
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Virgin Galactic's
SpaceShipTwo Unity
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lifts off from
the Mojave Air and Space Port
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under the power of a carrier jet
named VMS Eve.
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PILOT 1:
Three, two, one. Release.
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NARRATOR:
At 50,000 feet above the Earth,
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the Unity is dropped
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from its mother ship
and rockets upward
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to an altitude of 114,500 feet,
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before descending back to Earth.
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-(applause)
-The Unity is the brainchild
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of billionaire entrepreneur
Richard Branson.
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It represents a new era
in space exploration,
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as it is designed to carry
not only astronauts,
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but civilians.
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Right now is an amazing time
to see what's happening
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with the world's
space exploration.
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You have commercial entities
that are building rockets
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that we're actually using
to get to the Space Station,
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and maybe even to Mars
in the very near future.
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We've got people talking about
putting colonies on the Moon
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and on Mars.
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And we also are now
talking about a Space Force
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that's very similar to what you
might have heard in the old days
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of, uh, like the
Starfleet Academy in Star Trek
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and other
science fiction stories.
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Within a few short generations,
we're likely to have people
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that are being born as Martians.
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We will soon be the Martians.
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So we are really reaching
a point where
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space is right there, right
for us to reach out and grab.
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NARRATOR: Today, a new
21st-century space race
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has captured mankind's
collective imagination.
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Not since the Apollo program's
history-making Moon landings
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has there been such interest in
and hope for
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a return to manned missions
to explore other places
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in our solar system.
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Although only the United States,
Russia and China
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currently have human
space flight capabilities,
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dozens of other nations,
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in addition to
well-funded corporations,
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are committing
unprecedented resources
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to join this exclusive club.
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I'm old enough to remember
that first small step
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that Neil Armstrong took.
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And, at the time, I think
we all believed it was
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the first step on a stairway
to the stars.
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NEIL ARMSTRONG (over comm):
That's one small step for man,
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one giant leap for mankind.
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DAVIES:
And then, after a few years,
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everything seemed to stall,
people lost interest.
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What we're seeing
in recent years
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is other nations
getting into this, and so...
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particularly China,
and also India...
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with the prospect that we'll be
blazing a new trail
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to the stars.
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KAKU: We're entering the second
golden age of space exploration.
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Even Silicon Valley billionaires
are jumping into the game,
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funding their own fleet
of rockets.
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FLIGHT DIRECTOR:
...NTS is ready for launch.
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-(crowd cheering)
-WOMAN: There's Falcon Heavy.
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KAKU: Elon Musk shot that
Falcon Heavy rocket
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from Cape Canaveral.
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Millions watched it online. Why?
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Because that was a Moon rocket.
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For the first time in 50 years,
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a Moon rocket, capable of
putting astronauts on the Moon,
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took off from Cape Canaveral.
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And now, Jeff Bezos,
the richest man on the planet,
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has funded his own private
space port in Texas,
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with a fleet of rockets, one
of which we think is designed
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to go to the Moon.
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NARRATOR: Many experts have
suggested that space exploration
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slowed down after the initial
Apollo Moon missions
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because of the staggering costs.
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So, what is driving humankind
to once again undertake
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such an expensive endeavor?
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It is a law of nature
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that organisms have to either
leave, adapt or perish.
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99.9% of all living forms
on the Earth
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have gone extinct.
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Extinction is the norm.
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If you don't believe me, simply
drill right under your feet
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until you hit the bones.
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PETER DIAMANDIS: Backing up
the biosphere, so to speak,
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backing up humanity into a
multitude of different locations
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makes a lot of sense.
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One of the quotes I love
comes from Tsiolkovsky,
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who's one of the
Russian founders
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of the whole space movement,
and he goes,
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"Humanity was born
in the cradle of Earth,
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and we should not always remain
in the cradle."
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I think that it's
an inevitability.
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As humans, we love to explore.
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We started in the savannahs
of Africa
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and moved out throughout
the entire planet,
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and that made us
a robust species.
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And so that will continue
as we move off the planet.
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(man calls contingent to prayer)
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STEPHEN PETRANEK:
It would appear
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that there is a genetic
survival mechanism we have
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which says that we must explore,
and we must move on
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beyond the next horizon.
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I think that's built into us.
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NARRATOR: For humans to thrive
on alien worlds,
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they must first learn to
overcome profound technological,
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physiological and even
psychological challenges.
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But they must also face
something even more daunting:
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what if they encounter
other intelligent beings?
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The idea of intelligent life,
of sentient life
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being confined to the Earth is
just a human-centered,
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anthropocentric idea that
we've got to get rid of.
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In our Milky Way alone,
there is reckoned to be
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140 billion planetary systems
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that are not too dissimilar
to the Earth
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and the solar system.
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KAKU: The Kepler satellite has
allowed us to create a census
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of the Milky Way galaxy.
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We now know that, on average,
every single star has
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a planet going around it.
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And of them, we know that
a fraction of them...
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maybe one out of 20 or so...
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have Earth-like planets
going around them.
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In other words, the Earth could
have a doppelganger.
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The Earth could have a twin
in outer space.
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And how many of them?
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Billions. Billions
of Earth-like planets.
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And so, for us to assume that
we are the only game in town,
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I think, is ridiculous.
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NARRATOR: As far as ancient
astronaut theorists
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are concerned, evidence that
there is other intelligent life
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in the universe
has already been found
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on every corner of the globe.
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They believe Earth has been
visited by intelligent beings
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for thousands of years,
and that it most likely began
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during the time of the ancient
Sumerian kings.
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Khorsabad, Iraq.
March 23, 1843.
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While excavating for
archaeological treasures,
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a group of men, led by French
scientist Paul-Emile Botta,
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came upon the remains
of a huge Assyrian palace,
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and within it, an abundance of
Sumerian cuneiform inscriptions.
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When translated,
the inscriptions told
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of what archaeologists
believe to be
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the world's oldest civilization,
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and a group of powerful beings
called the Anunnaki.
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ANDREW COLLINS: "Anunnaki" was
a term of the gods
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used by the ancient Sumerians.
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But the original form of it,
it simply meant,
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"the sky people."
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It meant those that were
connected with the stars.
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The Anunnaki were seen to be
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the givers of civilization
to mortal kind.
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And they are described as having
these shining eyes,
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and having a radiance and an
otherworldly feeling about them.
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NARRATOR:
Based on 30 years of studying
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the Sumerian cuneiform tablets,
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in 1976, author and researcher
Zecharia Sitchin
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published a book called
The 12th Planet,
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in which he proposed that the
Sumerian gods were, in fact,
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refugees from another world.
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According to Sitchin's
interpretation of the tablets,
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these alien visitors, the
Anunnaki, created humankind.
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JASON MARTELL: It appears to be
that gods came down
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and literally started
a colonization project
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here on Earth,
creating us in their image
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and after their likeness.
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It also might stand to reason,
then, that they've infused us
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with a desire to then spread
this colonization project
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beyond Earth.
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GEORGE NOORY:
I think if you look
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at what we've been doing
in our space program,
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it's a blueprint
for what may have happened here
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a long time ago
with extraterrestrials.
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00:11:14,373 --> 00:11:17,641
But I think
we're on the same path.
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HOWE:
We're beginning to understand
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that the Anunnaki gods
that were actually ETs
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could be still out
throughout the universe,
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that we could now,
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as we are starting
to head out into space,
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be encountering
the prime intelligence
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that originally had
civilizations on Earth
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00:11:41,434 --> 00:11:44,168
and were working
throughout this solar system.
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NARRATOR: Are today's astronauts
simply repeating
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an ancient pattern,
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that of exploring the universe
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with an eye
toward future colonization?
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But, if so,
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what will become of the planet
they leave behind?
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00:11:59,085 --> 00:12:02,319
Perhaps further clues
can be found by taking
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00:12:02,421 --> 00:12:06,156
a closer look
at our most likely destinations.
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00:12:12,496 --> 00:12:14,997
NARRATOR:
Houston, Texas.
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00:12:15,032 --> 00:12:18,200
June 7, 2017.
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00:12:18,335 --> 00:12:20,335
At Johnson Space Center,
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00:12:20,371 --> 00:12:22,471
Vice President Mike Pence
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00:12:22,506 --> 00:12:26,742
announces NASA's
2017 astronaut class.
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00:12:26,844 --> 00:12:29,378
As American astronauts,
you may yet return
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00:12:29,480 --> 00:12:30,879
our nation to the Moon.
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00:12:31,015 --> 00:12:32,626
You may be the first
to travel to Mars.
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You may have experiences that...
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we can only imagine,
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00:12:36,654 --> 00:12:39,321
those of us
who walk on terra firma.
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00:12:39,356 --> 00:12:41,657
NARRATOR: These 12 men
and women were chosen
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from a record 18,300 applicants,
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00:12:45,529 --> 00:12:48,330
more than doubling
the previous record of 8,000
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00:12:48,365 --> 00:12:52,334
set four decades earlier
in 1978.
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00:12:52,369 --> 00:12:55,003
Today,
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00:12:55,039 --> 00:12:57,739
humankind's desire
to travel to space
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has never been greater,
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00:13:00,010 --> 00:13:01,822
and establishing colonies
off Earth
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00:13:01,846 --> 00:13:05,414
is not only a possibility
but a priority.
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00:13:05,549 --> 00:13:07,249
The only question is,
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where will we go first?
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In the near term,
there are three basic locations:
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there is going to the Moon,
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00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:17,926
there is going to Mars,
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00:13:18,062 --> 00:13:20,696
and then there is free space.
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00:13:20,731 --> 00:13:22,264
This is going to the asteroids,
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00:13:22,366 --> 00:13:26,735
and using the asteroidal
materials to build colonies.
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00:13:26,770 --> 00:13:29,972
I think you can look
at all three of those as options
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00:13:30,074 --> 00:13:32,274
in the near term.
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I firmly believe that, um,
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a single-planet species
is not long to survive
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00:13:38,582 --> 00:13:40,649
and that we really have
to be able
248
00:13:40,751 --> 00:13:42,711
to move out
into the solar system.
249
00:13:43,921 --> 00:13:47,055
Early on in the evolution
of the solar system,
250
00:13:47,091 --> 00:13:50,192
we believe Venus,
Earth, and Mars
251
00:13:50,227 --> 00:13:52,038
had a significant amount
of water.
252
00:13:52,062 --> 00:13:54,696
And they all evolved
differently.
253
00:13:54,732 --> 00:13:57,833
Venus went through
a runaway greenhouse effect.
254
00:13:57,868 --> 00:13:59,334
The water evaporated,
255
00:13:59,436 --> 00:14:01,737
and now the temperature
is so high
256
00:14:01,772 --> 00:14:03,372
and the pressure is so high,
257
00:14:03,407 --> 00:14:05,974
it's a place
we just can't inhabit.
258
00:14:06,110 --> 00:14:07,576
And when you think about that,
259
00:14:07,611 --> 00:14:10,579
what is the next place
for humankind to go?
260
00:14:10,614 --> 00:14:12,014
It's Mars.
261
00:14:12,116 --> 00:14:14,716
It's smaller than the Earth,
262
00:14:14,752 --> 00:14:18,053
but it's got a lot
of the basic characteristics
263
00:14:18,088 --> 00:14:21,757
and it's a great place
to start and work from.
264
00:14:21,792 --> 00:14:24,860
I think the most common
misconception about Mars
265
00:14:24,962 --> 00:14:28,163
is that it's going to be easier
than it actually is.
266
00:14:28,265 --> 00:14:30,599
Right now,
the International Space Station
267
00:14:30,634 --> 00:14:33,335
is orbiting 250 miles above us.
268
00:14:33,470 --> 00:14:35,904
The Moon is 250,000 miles away,
269
00:14:35,940 --> 00:14:37,339
a factor of a thousand.
270
00:14:37,474 --> 00:14:40,008
The trip to Mars
will take you on a trip
271
00:14:40,144 --> 00:14:43,879
that's 250 million miles away.
272
00:14:43,981 --> 00:14:46,214
This is not
a simple rocket trip.
273
00:14:46,317 --> 00:14:49,017
Wernher von Braun built
the Saturn V rocket
274
00:14:49,153 --> 00:14:51,887
to get astronauts to the Moon.
275
00:14:51,989 --> 00:14:55,591
We took three days to go there
in the Saturn V.
276
00:14:55,626 --> 00:14:59,328
Going to Mars
is at least 240 days,
277
00:14:59,363 --> 00:15:01,396
given current technology.
278
00:15:01,498 --> 00:15:04,132
And that's not an easy trip.
279
00:15:04,168 --> 00:15:06,635
NARRATOR: While a manned mission
to the Red Planet
280
00:15:06,670 --> 00:15:08,904
will be a long
and perilous journey,
281
00:15:09,006 --> 00:15:12,341
experts say
Mars has many advantages
282
00:15:12,376 --> 00:15:14,376
for human colonization.
283
00:15:14,511 --> 00:15:17,613
Temperature fluctuations
are less extreme
284
00:15:17,648 --> 00:15:19,815
than those of the Moon,
for example,
285
00:15:19,850 --> 00:15:23,085
and its gravity
is more Earth-like.
286
00:15:23,187 --> 00:15:24,931
People don't seem
to be terraforming the Moon.
287
00:15:24,955 --> 00:15:26,321
Mars is a little easier.
288
00:15:26,357 --> 00:15:28,156
Mars already has an atmosphere.
289
00:15:28,192 --> 00:15:29,625
There's a lot of real estate.
290
00:15:29,660 --> 00:15:32,294
I mean, you could do this.
291
00:15:32,329 --> 00:15:34,463
NARRATOR:
For thousands of years,
292
00:15:34,498 --> 00:15:38,367
Mars has practically been
a human obsession.
293
00:15:38,402 --> 00:15:41,003
Even before
it was known to be a planet,
294
00:15:41,038 --> 00:15:43,739
it was distinguished
from the other nearby stars
295
00:15:43,874 --> 00:15:45,974
by its deep amber color.
296
00:15:46,010 --> 00:15:48,343
HENRY:
Mars was referred to
297
00:15:48,379 --> 00:15:49,945
as Nergal by the Babylonians,
298
00:15:50,047 --> 00:15:52,447
the great hero,
also a god of war.
299
00:15:52,549 --> 00:15:57,619
In Greece, they referred to Mars
as Ares, the god of war.
300
00:15:57,721 --> 00:16:01,490
The god Mars, the god of war,
the god of aggression
301
00:16:01,525 --> 00:16:05,994
comes from this particularly
visible heavenly body.
302
00:16:06,030 --> 00:16:09,464
And I wonder
if the desire, the quest,
303
00:16:09,566 --> 00:16:11,833
the yearning to explore Mars
304
00:16:11,869 --> 00:16:14,302
has an aggressive
or competitive element to it,
305
00:16:14,405 --> 00:16:19,374
if Mars himself is not somehow
involved in the project.
306
00:16:19,410 --> 00:16:22,844
The ancient Egyptians had a very
particular interest in Mars.
307
00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:27,049
Cairo was named after Mars:
al Qahirah.
308
00:16:27,084 --> 00:16:30,152
It means the vanquisher,
or the conqueror.
309
00:16:30,254 --> 00:16:32,065
Even the Sphinx itself
was believed
310
00:16:32,089 --> 00:16:34,289
to have originally
been painted red,
311
00:16:34,391 --> 00:16:37,459
perhaps an homage to Mars.
312
00:16:37,561 --> 00:16:41,863
NARRATOR: Over the centuries,
humans have conceived numerous...
313
00:16:41,899 --> 00:16:45,167
and often humorous...
notions of what Mars
314
00:16:45,269 --> 00:16:46,713
and its possible
Martian inhabitants
315
00:16:46,737 --> 00:16:49,504
might look like up close.
316
00:16:49,606 --> 00:16:52,307
It has been the subject
of countless books,
317
00:16:52,443 --> 00:16:56,311
motion pictures
and even video games.
318
00:16:56,413 --> 00:16:58,425
But what if some
of the creative depictions
319
00:16:58,449 --> 00:17:00,348
of our interplanetary neighbor
320
00:17:00,451 --> 00:17:02,751
don't come
from human imagination,
321
00:17:02,786 --> 00:17:05,220
but from human memory?
322
00:17:05,255 --> 00:17:07,489
Carl Jung theorized
323
00:17:07,591 --> 00:17:10,759
that mankind had
a collective consciousness,
324
00:17:10,794 --> 00:17:13,829
and this is
a kind of genetic memory,
325
00:17:13,964 --> 00:17:16,131
or inherited memory.
326
00:17:16,166 --> 00:17:20,535
For instance,
if our ancestors perceived
327
00:17:20,637 --> 00:17:24,039
that lightening was dangerous,
we might inherit, then,
328
00:17:24,074 --> 00:17:26,341
a fear of lightening.
329
00:17:26,477 --> 00:17:29,111
And so it's possible
in the same way
330
00:17:29,146 --> 00:17:33,515
that our ancient
associations with Mars
331
00:17:33,650 --> 00:17:38,954
are actually within our genes
and embedded in our neurons
332
00:17:38,989 --> 00:17:42,758
as part of our DNA.
333
00:17:42,793 --> 00:17:45,060
If our ancestors
experienced something,
334
00:17:45,095 --> 00:17:47,295
it goes into our genome.
335
00:17:47,331 --> 00:17:50,465
It goes into our DNA.
336
00:17:50,501 --> 00:17:53,502
What if humanity
originated on Mars
337
00:17:53,537 --> 00:17:57,873
and we are still answering
to that call unknowingly?
338
00:17:59,176 --> 00:18:02,244
NARRATOR: Could there be
a profound connection
339
00:18:02,279 --> 00:18:04,079
that links humans to Mars
340
00:18:04,114 --> 00:18:07,415
deeply embedded
in our subconsciousness?
341
00:18:07,518 --> 00:18:10,585
Ancient astronaut theorists
say yes,
342
00:18:10,687 --> 00:18:14,256
and suggest the answer
is slowly being revealed
343
00:18:14,358 --> 00:18:19,060
as we get closer to colonizing
the so-called Red Planet.
344
00:18:22,866 --> 00:18:25,634
Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
345
00:18:25,669 --> 00:18:27,803
2012.
346
00:18:27,838 --> 00:18:31,673
A private Dutch organization
known as Mars One
347
00:18:31,708 --> 00:18:33,809
announces a global mission
348
00:18:33,844 --> 00:18:37,479
to establish a permanent
human settlement on Mars.
349
00:18:37,514 --> 00:18:40,749
The following year, they
begin accepting applications
350
00:18:40,884 --> 00:18:43,518
from would-be colonists
for a manned expedition
351
00:18:43,554 --> 00:18:46,087
scheduled for 2023.
352
00:18:46,190 --> 00:18:50,525
But while the opportunity to be
among the first humans on Mars
353
00:18:50,561 --> 00:18:52,394
is an exciting one,
354
00:18:52,429 --> 00:18:55,463
one aspect of the mission
seems certain to turn away
355
00:18:55,499 --> 00:18:57,966
many would-be applicants.
356
00:18:58,068 --> 00:19:01,469
It will be a one-way trip.
357
00:19:01,505 --> 00:19:04,973
Nevertheless,
thousands of people apply.
358
00:19:06,210 --> 00:19:08,054
By the time I heard
about Mars One,
359
00:19:08,078 --> 00:19:09,556
I had been telling
all my friends,
360
00:19:09,580 --> 00:19:11,157
"I don't care
what it's gonna take,
361
00:19:11,181 --> 00:19:13,715
I'm gonna make it to space
in my lifetime."
362
00:19:13,750 --> 00:19:16,785
And it felt like there was
a calling, a destiny there.
363
00:19:16,887 --> 00:19:19,654
I get asked
if it's worth the sacrifice
364
00:19:19,756 --> 00:19:22,157
of leaving everything
I've known on Earth...
365
00:19:22,259 --> 00:19:24,793
family, friends, sunshine...
(laughs)
366
00:19:24,895 --> 00:19:28,730
rain, the beach...
and I think...
367
00:19:28,765 --> 00:19:31,099
to live
the first half of my life
368
00:19:31,134 --> 00:19:33,535
as an earthling, and
the second half as a Martian,
369
00:19:33,570 --> 00:19:38,039
what an amazing way
to kind of give your life to...
370
00:19:38,075 --> 00:19:39,975
the greater cause of humanity.
371
00:19:40,110 --> 00:19:45,914
This is a defining point
in the human time line.
372
00:19:45,949 --> 00:19:48,516
So, I suppose the biggest thing
that draws people to Mars One,
373
00:19:48,619 --> 00:19:50,363
the thing that
kind of hooks their attention,
374
00:19:50,387 --> 00:19:52,265
is the fact that it's
a one-way mission.
375
00:19:52,289 --> 00:19:54,356
This is very much about humanity
376
00:19:54,391 --> 00:19:58,360
setting up a permanent outpost
on another planet, and that's...
377
00:19:58,395 --> 00:20:01,863
I suppose, the thing that drew
me to it in the first place.
378
00:20:01,965 --> 00:20:05,200
PETRANEK:
Mars and Earth have to be
379
00:20:05,302 --> 00:20:07,469
in a very synchronous place
380
00:20:07,504 --> 00:20:10,639
in order to make
the shortest trip to Mars.
381
00:20:11,775 --> 00:20:13,241
When you get there,
382
00:20:13,277 --> 00:20:16,278
Earth and Mars
are gonna be very far apart...
383
00:20:16,313 --> 00:20:19,381
and you will not be able
to leave and come back
384
00:20:19,416 --> 00:20:21,416
for at least 400 days.
385
00:20:21,451 --> 00:20:24,552
In fact, it would
take you longer to get back
386
00:20:24,588 --> 00:20:26,721
if you left right away
387
00:20:26,823 --> 00:20:30,258
than if you waited 400 days
to come back.
388
00:20:30,294 --> 00:20:33,395
So once you get there,
you're stuck,
389
00:20:33,497 --> 00:20:35,730
and you have to stay there.
390
00:20:35,832 --> 00:20:39,567
And the truth is that it's so
expensive to get people to Mars
391
00:20:39,670 --> 00:20:41,614
and to establish
the first colonies
392
00:20:41,638 --> 00:20:46,641
that this is always, always
gonna be a one-way trip.
393
00:20:46,677 --> 00:20:48,788
I don't like the idea
that we do the same thing
394
00:20:48,812 --> 00:20:50,278
that we did with the Moon
395
00:20:50,314 --> 00:20:53,081
50 years ago,
where we go there, walk around,
396
00:20:53,183 --> 00:20:55,450
explore it a little bit,
and then come back,
397
00:20:55,485 --> 00:20:57,552
and then
sort of ask the question:
398
00:20:57,688 --> 00:21:01,089
Why bother going there?
We've been there before.
399
00:21:01,191 --> 00:21:03,892
The most common attribute
through all of the candidates
400
00:21:03,994 --> 00:21:06,962
is this idea that we're all
interested in serving something
401
00:21:06,997 --> 00:21:08,975
that's bigger than ourselves
as an individual.
402
00:21:08,999 --> 00:21:12,434
It's very much about doing
something for the species.
403
00:21:14,004 --> 00:21:16,604
PIEN: The journey
to get to Mars is very similar
404
00:21:16,707 --> 00:21:20,375
to the first settlers arriving
in the Americas.
405
00:21:21,378 --> 00:21:23,445
Mars One plans to send
406
00:21:23,547 --> 00:21:26,781
teams of four at a time,
and every two years afterwards,
407
00:21:26,883 --> 00:21:29,417
there will be
a new team to arrive
408
00:21:29,519 --> 00:21:31,686
and join the community.
409
00:21:31,722 --> 00:21:34,055
Eventually, probably,
410
00:21:34,091 --> 00:21:37,292
we're gonna see tens
of thousands of people arrive.
411
00:21:37,394 --> 00:21:40,061
I think for us right now,
if we make the leap
412
00:21:40,097 --> 00:21:42,931
and start to create
colonies off planet,
413
00:21:43,066 --> 00:21:46,935
we're looking at the next
giant leap of humankind.
414
00:21:47,037 --> 00:21:51,206
NARRATOR: Are current efforts to
leave Earth and travel to Mars
415
00:21:51,241 --> 00:21:53,508
simply based on a desire
416
00:21:53,543 --> 00:21:56,277
to explore and colonize
a new world?
417
00:21:56,380 --> 00:22:00,949
Or could it be based
on something even more profound?
418
00:22:01,051 --> 00:22:04,886
Is it possible
that we wish to return home
419
00:22:04,921 --> 00:22:07,689
to humankind's place of origin?
420
00:22:07,724 --> 00:22:10,859
As far as ancient astronaut
theorists are concerned,
421
00:22:10,894 --> 00:22:14,329
further clues
still need to be examined,
422
00:22:14,431 --> 00:22:16,998
starting with recent discoveries
made on Mars
423
00:22:17,034 --> 00:22:19,734
that point to evidence of life.
424
00:22:25,540 --> 00:22:29,408
NARRATOR:
July 20, 1976.
425
00:22:29,444 --> 00:22:32,845
NASA's unmanned Viking 1
orbiter and lander
426
00:22:32,880 --> 00:22:35,815
touches down
on the surface of Mars.
427
00:22:35,917 --> 00:22:39,285
Three weeks later it is joined
by its companion,
428
00:22:39,387 --> 00:22:40,820
the Viking 2.
429
00:22:40,922 --> 00:22:42,955
For the first time ever,
430
00:22:43,057 --> 00:22:47,026
humanity has established
a presence on another planet.
431
00:22:48,730 --> 00:22:51,831
The Viking landers
actually landed on Mars
432
00:22:51,933 --> 00:22:54,533
and took a sample.
But they landed in one spot
433
00:22:54,569 --> 00:22:56,068
and they stayed in one spot.
434
00:22:56,104 --> 00:22:59,338
We've since sent
the Pathfinder Sojourner.
435
00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:03,609
And for the first time,
we have a system on Mars that,
436
00:23:03,645 --> 00:23:05,778
if we see something
shiny over there
437
00:23:05,813 --> 00:23:08,347
and we want to go check it out,
we'll send the rover
438
00:23:08,449 --> 00:23:10,716
and get a very close look
at it, take samples,
439
00:23:10,752 --> 00:23:14,687
get high-definition video
from it. And, uh, that
440
00:23:14,789 --> 00:23:17,490
is a very good start
for figuring out
441
00:23:17,592 --> 00:23:20,359
where people need to go when we
get ready to send them there.
442
00:23:20,461 --> 00:23:23,095
NARRATOR:
In 2012,
443
00:23:23,131 --> 00:23:27,433
the Curiosity rover
landed on Mars' Gale Crater.
444
00:23:27,468 --> 00:23:31,904
It was the most ambitious Mars
mission flown by NASA to date.
445
00:23:33,641 --> 00:23:35,074
(cheering, applause)
446
00:23:35,109 --> 00:23:37,576
One of its objectives
was to gather data
447
00:23:37,612 --> 00:23:40,212
that will help scientists
determine what is needed
448
00:23:40,315 --> 00:23:43,883
to make the planet more
habitable for human exploration.
449
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:51,074
Advertise your product or brand here
contact www.OpenSubtitles.org today
450
00:23:52,160 --> 00:23:56,829
In June 2018, scientist
and aerospace engineer
451
00:23:56,864 --> 00:24:00,599
Dr. Travis Taylor traveled
to Johnson Space Center
452
00:24:00,635 --> 00:24:02,435
in Houston, Texas.
453
00:24:02,470 --> 00:24:07,073
There, he met with NASA
exploration mission scientist
454
00:24:07,175 --> 00:24:09,075
Dr. Elizabeth Rampe.
455
00:24:09,177 --> 00:24:14,380
Dr. Rampe analyzes data obtained
by the Mars Curiosity rover,
456
00:24:14,482 --> 00:24:16,982
which, six years
into its mission,
457
00:24:17,018 --> 00:24:22,922
is sending back some of its most
extraordinary findings yet.
458
00:24:23,024 --> 00:24:25,358
So there was very late
breaking news recently
459
00:24:25,393 --> 00:24:26,792
from the Curiosity rover,
460
00:24:26,828 --> 00:24:30,062
and some interesting
information came out
461
00:24:30,164 --> 00:24:33,366
of the sample analysis at Mars...
or SAM... instrument.
462
00:24:33,401 --> 00:24:35,835
-Okay.
-So, SAM can measure gases
463
00:24:35,870 --> 00:24:37,815
in the atmosphere,
and it can also measure gases
464
00:24:37,839 --> 00:24:40,773
that are evolved from samples.
465
00:24:40,875 --> 00:24:42,608
So basically, we drill a rock,
466
00:24:42,710 --> 00:24:46,545
deliver that powder
to the instrument,
467
00:24:46,581 --> 00:24:49,548
and then that instrument
heats up the sample
468
00:24:49,584 --> 00:24:51,951
and measures the gases
that are coming off.
469
00:24:52,053 --> 00:24:54,031
Whatever outgasses,
it can tell you what this...
470
00:24:54,055 --> 00:24:55,566
-what that is, right? Okay.
-Exactly.
471
00:24:55,590 --> 00:24:59,125
So a big piece of information
from the atmosphere
472
00:24:59,227 --> 00:25:01,327
is that we've been
tracking methane
473
00:25:01,362 --> 00:25:04,196
over the last few Martian years.
474
00:25:04,232 --> 00:25:09,135
And what we see is that there is
a cycle to it, where it spikes
475
00:25:09,237 --> 00:25:12,571
late summer, early autumn,
and then dips again.
476
00:25:12,607 --> 00:25:14,807
-Wow. Yeah.
-Yeah, so the big question is:
477
00:25:14,909 --> 00:25:17,042
-Why is that happening?
-Right. (Stammers)
478
00:25:17,078 --> 00:25:21,180
So that could possibly be due
to an organic material, right?
479
00:25:21,215 --> 00:25:22,926
-Or a biological source?
-Exactly.
480
00:25:22,950 --> 00:25:24,361
-Meaning life.
-So that's... right. I know.
481
00:25:24,385 --> 00:25:25,863
-Right. Wow.
-So huge.
482
00:25:25,887 --> 00:25:28,120
I-It's not the only hypothesis
out there.
483
00:25:28,222 --> 00:25:29,989
-Sure.
-But, you know,
484
00:25:30,091 --> 00:25:33,993
there is the possibility that
there is extant life on Mars
485
00:25:34,095 --> 00:25:35,594
that is creating this methane.
486
00:25:35,630 --> 00:25:37,830
Wow.
487
00:25:37,932 --> 00:25:40,110
The fact that NASA has now
released information
488
00:25:40,134 --> 00:25:43,636
that they've measured
a cycle of methane
489
00:25:43,738 --> 00:25:46,672
that goes up in the summer
and down in the winter,
490
00:25:46,774 --> 00:25:48,674
it sounds very similar
491
00:25:48,776 --> 00:25:52,745
to how biological processes
create methane here on Earth.
492
00:25:52,780 --> 00:25:54,380
That could be evidence
493
00:25:54,415 --> 00:25:57,683
that there's life, right now,
on Mars.
494
00:25:57,785 --> 00:26:01,187
NARRATOR:
Life on Mars?
495
00:26:01,289 --> 00:26:02,922
According to NASA,
496
00:26:02,957 --> 00:26:07,026
such a profound notion
is a distinct possibility.
497
00:26:07,128 --> 00:26:10,029
But although the space agency
is still working
498
00:26:10,131 --> 00:26:12,097
to confirm their findings,
499
00:26:12,133 --> 00:26:16,535
ancient astronaut theorists
remain confident of the outcome.
500
00:26:16,637 --> 00:26:18,938
They have maintained for decades
501
00:26:18,973 --> 00:26:22,475
that not only does
the Red Planet contain life,
502
00:26:22,510 --> 00:26:24,109
but that it was once home
503
00:26:24,145 --> 00:26:28,113
to a highly advanced
extraterrestrial civilization.
504
00:26:28,149 --> 00:26:31,083
And for their proof,
they point to the existence
505
00:26:31,118 --> 00:26:36,088
of possible structures found
on its surface.
506
00:26:36,123 --> 00:26:40,826
There are lots of claims
of photographs
507
00:26:40,862 --> 00:26:45,130
showing different features
on the surface of Mars.
508
00:26:45,166 --> 00:26:47,900
These have come
from the orbiters
509
00:26:48,002 --> 00:26:50,469
that are obviously
taking pictures
510
00:26:50,505 --> 00:26:53,005
as they go around, all the time.
511
00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:55,441
And some people will find
different features,
512
00:26:55,476 --> 00:27:00,646
and interpret them as geometric
or rectilinear structures
513
00:27:00,681 --> 00:27:03,082
that suggest civilization.
514
00:27:03,184 --> 00:27:05,317
You see everything
you would expect to see
515
00:27:05,353 --> 00:27:08,287
if you went to someplace
on Planet Earth
516
00:27:08,322 --> 00:27:12,091
50,000 years from now, when the
human race have been wiped out.
517
00:27:12,193 --> 00:27:14,927
They clearly are
technological objects
518
00:27:15,029 --> 00:27:16,629
that have become fossilized.
519
00:27:16,664 --> 00:27:20,833
NARRATOR: While the notion
that an ancient civilization
520
00:27:20,868 --> 00:27:24,003
once existed on Mars
may sound farfetched,
521
00:27:24,038 --> 00:27:26,906
NASA has continued
to make discoveries
522
00:27:27,008 --> 00:27:29,842
that could reveal something
even more incredible:
523
00:27:29,877 --> 00:27:36,282
that life on Earth actually
originated on Mars.
524
00:27:36,384 --> 00:27:38,362
So what is this?
Tell me what this is.
525
00:27:38,386 --> 00:27:40,986
RAMPE: Okay, so this is
a Martian meteorite.
526
00:27:41,022 --> 00:27:44,290
So this is a rock
that came from Mars.
527
00:27:44,392 --> 00:27:46,036
TAYLOR:
How long ago?
528
00:27:46,060 --> 00:27:49,128
The rock itself is about
180 million years old,
529
00:27:49,230 --> 00:27:51,008
so that's when
it crystallized on Mars.
530
00:27:51,032 --> 00:27:53,065
And to give you some context,
531
00:27:53,100 --> 00:27:55,534
180 million years ago, dinosaurs
were roaming the Earth.
532
00:27:55,570 --> 00:27:59,805
Right. Well, we know that
this rock came from Mars.
533
00:27:59,907 --> 00:28:01,718
So if there was
organic material on Mars
534
00:28:01,742 --> 00:28:03,420
three and a half
billion years ago,
535
00:28:03,444 --> 00:28:05,389
something could have caused
that organic material
536
00:28:05,413 --> 00:28:07,346
to go from there to here, right?
537
00:28:07,381 --> 00:28:10,349
Right. And what's interesting
about, you know,
538
00:28:10,384 --> 00:28:12,062
"three and a half
billion years ago"
539
00:28:12,086 --> 00:28:16,121
is that's when life
was taking hold on Earth.
540
00:28:16,223 --> 00:28:18,390
-Right.
-So... and, and Mars was
541
00:28:18,426 --> 00:28:22,528
once very Earth-like
with, uh, rivers and lakes.
542
00:28:22,563 --> 00:28:24,296
So why not Mars?
543
00:28:24,398 --> 00:28:25,909
We've got
all the building blocks
544
00:28:25,933 --> 00:28:27,911
for life on Mars,
so why couldn't it happen there?
545
00:28:27,935 --> 00:28:31,203
So it's very possible that
we're descendants of Martians.
546
00:28:31,238 --> 00:28:33,305
I, it... I'm not
gonna rule that out.
547
00:28:33,407 --> 00:28:34,940
(both chuckle)
548
00:28:34,976 --> 00:28:37,876
There have been a lot of changes
in my lifetime
549
00:28:37,912 --> 00:28:40,913
about speaking about life
on other planets.
550
00:28:40,948 --> 00:28:44,516
"Is it possible that humanity
evolved from Mars?"
551
00:28:44,619 --> 00:28:46,430
If I would have said that
ten years ago,
552
00:28:46,454 --> 00:28:48,098
people would have thought
I was crazy.
553
00:28:48,122 --> 00:28:51,156
And what that tells me, though,
is the conversation has changed.
554
00:28:51,258 --> 00:28:54,560
NARRATOR: While NASA's most
recent findings suggest
555
00:28:54,595 --> 00:28:57,363
that there may be life on Mars,
556
00:28:57,465 --> 00:28:59,798
and that life has potentially
existed there
557
00:28:59,834 --> 00:29:03,035
for billions of years,
is it also possible
558
00:29:03,137 --> 00:29:07,406
that Mars was the original
source of life here on Earth?
559
00:29:07,441 --> 00:29:12,745
Since 1974,
Dr. Chandra Wickramasinghe
560
00:29:12,780 --> 00:29:16,882
has advanced an intriguing
theory known as panspermia.
561
00:29:16,984 --> 00:29:20,052
He maintains
that carbon-based matter
562
00:29:20,154 --> 00:29:23,422
exists amidst space dust
and can be carried,
563
00:29:23,457 --> 00:29:25,924
via asteroids and comets.
564
00:29:29,864 --> 00:29:32,665
The standard position is that
life started on the Earth
565
00:29:32,700 --> 00:29:34,645
in the very small
primordial soup.
566
00:29:34,669 --> 00:29:36,902
And the Earth
is a very small place,
567
00:29:37,004 --> 00:29:40,606
in terms of cosmic distances
and cosmic sizes.
568
00:29:40,641 --> 00:29:42,541
It's a, a speck of dust.
569
00:29:42,643 --> 00:29:46,145
So to argue that the most
complicated system
570
00:29:46,180 --> 00:29:49,248
that we can ever know about,
which is life,
571
00:29:49,350 --> 00:29:51,083
started here on the Earth,
572
00:29:51,185 --> 00:29:53,952
is almost a travesty
of common sense.
573
00:29:53,988 --> 00:29:55,499
I think the first life
is certainly...
574
00:29:55,523 --> 00:29:57,668
there's no question
that it came from space.
575
00:29:57,692 --> 00:30:01,527
The first thing to say about
the origin of life on Earth
576
00:30:01,562 --> 00:30:06,331
is that we really have no idea
how, where or when it happened.
577
00:30:06,367 --> 00:30:08,767
But there's one scenario
that does work,
578
00:30:08,869 --> 00:30:12,671
in my view, very well,
and that is, uh, impact ejector.
579
00:30:12,707 --> 00:30:16,141
Mars takes a hit,
Mars rocks come here to Earth
580
00:30:16,177 --> 00:30:18,844
and Mars material is raining
down on Earth all the time.
581
00:30:18,879 --> 00:30:20,779
If there were any life on Mars,
582
00:30:20,881 --> 00:30:24,783
it would be conveyed to Earth
in this impact ejector.
583
00:30:24,885 --> 00:30:26,997
And so it's entirely possible,
in my view,
584
00:30:27,021 --> 00:30:30,989
that life started on Mars
and came to Earth only later,
585
00:30:31,025 --> 00:30:32,836
when conditions here
settled down.
586
00:30:32,860 --> 00:30:36,295
NARRATOR:
In 1953,
587
00:30:36,397 --> 00:30:38,931
British geneticist Francis Crick
588
00:30:39,033 --> 00:30:42,201
along with American biologist
James Watson
589
00:30:42,236 --> 00:30:45,838
discovered that the shape
of human DNA resembles that
590
00:30:45,873 --> 00:30:48,707
of a three-dimensional
double helix.
591
00:30:48,743 --> 00:30:52,344
But as Crick learned more
about our genetic code,
592
00:30:52,379 --> 00:30:55,013
he came to the conclusion
that it was so complex,
593
00:30:55,049 --> 00:30:59,351
it could not have developed
by mere evolutionary chance.
594
00:30:59,386 --> 00:31:04,089
He also believed
it did not originate on Earth.
595
00:31:05,926 --> 00:31:08,327
When we hear terms
like panspermia,
596
00:31:08,429 --> 00:31:11,330
this really resonates with
the ancient astronaut theory
597
00:31:11,432 --> 00:31:13,365
because it confirms the idea
598
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:16,201
that life has arrived on Earth
whole and complete,
599
00:31:16,237 --> 00:31:20,005
and that the evolutionary
process for life even to begin
600
00:31:20,107 --> 00:31:22,841
would take
a much longer lifespan
601
00:31:22,943 --> 00:31:24,421
than even Earth
was able to provide.
602
00:31:24,445 --> 00:31:26,845
This raises the question,
is it possible
603
00:31:26,947 --> 00:31:29,515
that life doesn't
just randomly arrive,
604
00:31:29,617 --> 00:31:31,750
but is actually sent here
to Earth?
605
00:31:31,786 --> 00:31:35,587
NARRATOR: If, as ancient
astronaut theorists believe,
606
00:31:35,623 --> 00:31:39,024
life on Earth was seeded here
by extraterrestrials
607
00:31:39,126 --> 00:31:44,029
millions of years ago, did they
have a plan for humanity?
608
00:31:44,131 --> 00:31:47,366
Perhaps further clues
can be found
609
00:31:47,468 --> 00:31:50,335
by examining the ancient
Sumerian stories
610
00:31:50,437 --> 00:31:55,474
about the earthly activities
of the gods.
611
00:31:59,958 --> 00:32:02,392
NARRATOR:
In 2017,
612
00:32:02,494 --> 00:32:06,696
NASA's Advanced Exploration
Systems division asserted
613
00:32:06,798 --> 00:32:10,633
that identifying and extracting
mineral resources in space...
614
00:32:10,668 --> 00:32:14,904
such as iron, tungsten and
titanium... would be essential
615
00:32:15,006 --> 00:32:18,274
for future space exploration
and colonization.
616
00:32:18,309 --> 00:32:20,910
The Moon
and the near-Earth objects
617
00:32:21,012 --> 00:32:22,745
that are not too far from Earth,
618
00:32:22,781 --> 00:32:26,048
they're loaded with minerals
and-and raw materials.
619
00:32:26,184 --> 00:32:27,417
You can look at the Moon
620
00:32:27,519 --> 00:32:29,919
and where the, uh,
Sea of Tranquility
621
00:32:30,021 --> 00:32:32,588
and the other seas, they have
a different coloration,
622
00:32:32,690 --> 00:32:34,468
because there's titanium oxide
covering the surface.
623
00:32:34,492 --> 00:32:35,892
We know there's uranium there
624
00:32:35,994 --> 00:32:38,461
because we've detected
radon gas.
625
00:32:38,496 --> 00:32:40,456
So there's all sorts
of materials.
626
00:32:40,532 --> 00:32:43,933
DIAMANDIS: One of the companies
I'm proud of having cofounded,
627
00:32:44,035 --> 00:32:45,813
uh, is a company called
Planetary Resources,
628
00:32:45,837 --> 00:32:49,138
who's got a vision of going
to near-Earth asteroids
629
00:32:49,174 --> 00:32:51,941
to mine those asteroids
for fuel,
630
00:32:52,043 --> 00:32:54,811
and ultimately,
precious metals...
631
00:32:54,846 --> 00:32:58,047
platinum-group metals,
or construction metals.
632
00:32:59,851 --> 00:33:01,811
NARRATOR:
But as NASA makes plans
633
00:33:01,853 --> 00:33:03,953
to mine essential
space minerals,
634
00:33:04,055 --> 00:33:07,123
is it possible that other
advanced civilizations
635
00:33:07,225 --> 00:33:11,227
came to Earth... centuries ago...
for the same reason?
636
00:33:11,262 --> 00:33:14,964
As far as ancient astronaut
theorists are concerned,
637
00:33:15,066 --> 00:33:17,200
the answer is yes,
638
00:33:17,235 --> 00:33:19,702
and they believe
the evidence can be found
639
00:33:19,737 --> 00:33:22,672
in the Sumerian stories
of the Anunnaki,
640
00:33:22,707 --> 00:33:25,808
written more
than 5,000 years ago.
641
00:33:25,844 --> 00:33:28,711
MARTELL:
When we analyze the story
642
00:33:28,746 --> 00:33:31,147
of the Anunnaki's creation
of humanity,
643
00:33:31,249 --> 00:33:33,382
some very interesting nuances
come out
644
00:33:33,418 --> 00:33:35,378
that might lead
into understanding
645
00:33:35,420 --> 00:33:36,886
what humans might face
646
00:33:36,921 --> 00:33:39,689
in their own eventual
colonization of another planet.
647
00:33:39,724 --> 00:33:42,992
NARRATOR: When famed
ancient astronaut theorist
648
00:33:43,027 --> 00:33:44,994
Zecharia Sitchin
649
00:33:45,096 --> 00:33:47,730
studied the Sumerian tablets
in the 1970s,
650
00:33:47,765 --> 00:33:50,366
he not only
reached the conclusion
651
00:33:50,401 --> 00:33:54,036
that the Anunnaki came to Earth
to escape a dying planet,
652
00:33:54,072 --> 00:33:56,739
but also noted that, while here,
653
00:33:56,774 --> 00:34:00,309
they used humans
to mine for gold.
654
00:34:00,411 --> 00:34:02,571
MARTELL: When we look at
the creation stories
655
00:34:02,614 --> 00:34:04,146
of biblical tales,
656
00:34:04,249 --> 00:34:07,984
we understand that God created
the Earth in seven days.
657
00:34:08,086 --> 00:34:10,246
It turns out that
this consolidated version
658
00:34:10,288 --> 00:34:12,889
of seven days
can be translated to
659
00:34:12,924 --> 00:34:15,558
a much earlier story
in Sumerian form,
660
00:34:15,593 --> 00:34:17,093
called the "Atra-Hasis,"
661
00:34:17,128 --> 00:34:20,229
where there is actually
seven tablets of creation,
662
00:34:20,265 --> 00:34:23,399
telling how the Anunnaki
came to Earth
663
00:34:23,434 --> 00:34:26,202
and genetically engineered us
in their image,
664
00:34:26,237 --> 00:34:29,739
and in their likeness, to mine
the gold for them here on Earth.
665
00:34:29,774 --> 00:34:34,043
NARRATOR: Is it possible
that when the ancient Sumerians
666
00:34:34,145 --> 00:34:37,413
wrote about giant beings
coming down from the sky
667
00:34:37,448 --> 00:34:40,216
and digging for gold,
they were, in fact,
668
00:34:40,318 --> 00:34:42,618
documenting a visitation
by extraterrestrials
669
00:34:42,654 --> 00:34:45,655
who were mining for resources...
670
00:34:45,690 --> 00:34:49,992
just as NASA is planning to do
in the not-too-distant future?
671
00:34:52,163 --> 00:34:56,566
June, 2018.
672
00:34:56,668 --> 00:35:00,236
Scientist and aerospace engineer
Dr. Travis Taylor
673
00:35:00,271 --> 00:35:03,306
is at Johnson Space Center's
Building 9,
674
00:35:03,341 --> 00:35:06,108
the astronaut training facility.
675
00:35:06,144 --> 00:35:09,679
He is meeting with robotics
engineer Lucien Junkin,
676
00:35:09,714 --> 00:35:12,281
who is eager to show him
the latest
677
00:35:12,317 --> 00:35:14,917
in extraterrestrial
transportation.
678
00:35:15,019 --> 00:35:17,887
I see this is a-a rover.
Tell me a little bit about it.
679
00:35:17,989 --> 00:35:19,667
Yeah, this is basically
an off-roading RV
680
00:35:19,691 --> 00:35:21,691
for Moon and Mars.
681
00:35:21,726 --> 00:35:24,527
And what-what is it that makes
this so much better than, say,
682
00:35:24,562 --> 00:35:25,728
the lunar rover?
683
00:35:25,830 --> 00:35:27,229
It can go out and explore.
684
00:35:27,365 --> 00:35:29,966
So the concept is
if you have a habitat,
685
00:35:30,001 --> 00:35:32,268
you're gonna take
two of these rovers
686
00:35:32,370 --> 00:35:36,272
and they'll go out for a week
to two weeks and explore,
687
00:35:36,374 --> 00:35:38,519
come back, refuel and then
we'll be back out exploring.
688
00:35:38,543 --> 00:35:40,487
Can-can we look inside
or maybe go for a ride?
689
00:35:40,511 --> 00:35:41,844
Absolutely. Let's go for a ride.
690
00:35:41,879 --> 00:35:43,779
-Oh, that'll be awesome.
-Okay.
691
00:35:43,881 --> 00:35:45,859
Just put your foot there,
jump on up.
692
00:35:45,883 --> 00:35:47,416
All right.
693
00:35:47,518 --> 00:35:50,119
Pilot's on, power's on.
694
00:35:50,221 --> 00:35:51,498
-Go to low gear.
-Low gear.
695
00:35:51,522 --> 00:35:54,256
Push forward on the stick.
696
00:35:57,695 --> 00:35:59,173
NARRATOR:
The Planetary Analog Test Site,
697
00:35:59,197 --> 00:36:02,798
also known as The Rock Yard,
698
00:36:02,900 --> 00:36:06,636
is a multi-acre simulation
of lunar and Martian terrain.
699
00:36:06,738 --> 00:36:09,705
It is here that
the Space Exploration Vehicle
700
00:36:09,741 --> 00:36:12,975
endures rigorous testing
to determine its readiness
701
00:36:13,077 --> 00:36:15,645
for eventual
off-Earth deployment.
702
00:36:15,747 --> 00:36:17,947
-Let's go through that crater first.
-Okay.
703
00:36:18,082 --> 00:36:19,860
-Just go up and over?
-Yeah.
704
00:36:19,884 --> 00:36:22,985
TAYLOR: Can it handle
that kind of a...?
705
00:36:23,021 --> 00:36:24,565
-Yeah, if you put your foot right up there...
-All right.
706
00:36:24,589 --> 00:36:26,233
...that'll brace you
in your seat.
707
00:36:26,257 --> 00:36:28,891
So, like, on a tank,
708
00:36:28,926 --> 00:36:31,127
-you would typically feel it tip over.
-Yeah.
709
00:36:31,229 --> 00:36:34,664
JUNKIN: So, active suspension,
each one of the wheel modules,
710
00:36:34,699 --> 00:36:35,865
it senses it.
711
00:36:35,900 --> 00:36:37,199
Right. I see that.
712
00:36:37,235 --> 00:36:39,735
How about that?
713
00:36:39,771 --> 00:36:41,715
It's all right
to ride across these?
714
00:36:41,739 --> 00:36:43,699
Yeah, drive over...
across anything.
715
00:36:44,709 --> 00:36:47,076
TAYLOR:
Wow, this is amazing.
716
00:36:47,111 --> 00:36:48,756
When it sees a big rock
like that,
717
00:36:48,780 --> 00:36:50,279
it just goes right over it?
718
00:36:50,314 --> 00:36:53,649
JUNKIN: Yeah,
it just goes right over it.
719
00:36:53,751 --> 00:36:55,729
-Let me show you something.
-All right.
720
00:36:55,753 --> 00:36:57,931
So you're gonna pick out a rock
and we're gonna explore the rock
721
00:36:57,955 --> 00:37:00,022
-in this.
-Okay.
722
00:37:00,124 --> 00:37:03,092
-Yeah, let's look at that rock right over there.
-Okay, that one.
723
00:37:03,127 --> 00:37:06,195
-So, look at this rock right here.
-Uh-huh.
724
00:37:06,297 --> 00:37:09,098
We can bow down to it.
And now, another cool feature:
725
00:37:09,133 --> 00:37:12,268
you twist this way...
726
00:37:12,303 --> 00:37:15,938
TAYLOR: Oh, that crabs. Yeah,
yeah. I got you, I got you.
727
00:37:15,973 --> 00:37:18,118
JUNKIN: That crabs.
See how we can just rotate
728
00:37:18,142 --> 00:37:20,710
-all the way around?
-That-that's amazing.
729
00:37:20,745 --> 00:37:22,423
JUNKIN:
You're doing perfect.
730
00:37:22,447 --> 00:37:24,080
And then we're gonna shoot
731
00:37:24,115 --> 00:37:25,459
straight up that hill
right there.
732
00:37:25,483 --> 00:37:26,449
-All right. Straight?
-It'll take you... yeah.
733
00:37:26,484 --> 00:37:28,184
TAYLOR:
All right.
734
00:37:30,154 --> 00:37:32,166
JUNKIN:
So it is a rock-climbing fool.
735
00:37:32,190 --> 00:37:34,623
-You could climb up a wall in this thing.
-Yeah.
736
00:37:34,659 --> 00:37:37,393
We want the vehicle to go places
where they're like,
737
00:37:37,495 --> 00:37:39,895
"This is my
life support system."
738
00:37:39,997 --> 00:37:41,475
-Right. Yeah, right.
-"I'm not going there."
739
00:37:41,499 --> 00:37:43,733
-But the vehicle would go...
-Will do it,
740
00:37:43,835 --> 00:37:45,512
-if they had to.
-Will do it, if they have to.
741
00:37:45,536 --> 00:37:50,072
NARRATOR: If ancient astronaut
theorists are correct,
742
00:37:50,108 --> 00:37:52,875
and extraterrestrials
came to our planet
743
00:37:53,010 --> 00:37:55,644
thousands of years ago
in search of gold
744
00:37:55,680 --> 00:37:59,615
and other precious minerals,
wouldn't there be evidence?
745
00:37:59,650 --> 00:38:01,884
Some telltale sign
that the Earth
746
00:38:01,986 --> 00:38:06,388
was once the site of a vast,
global mining operation?
747
00:38:06,524 --> 00:38:09,759
CHILDRESS: There was a place
in Peru called Cajamarquilla,
748
00:38:09,794 --> 00:38:15,030
and at this spot there are
thousands of shallow pits
749
00:38:15,066 --> 00:38:19,802
that are going up the ridge of
a mountain, and they're in-line.
750
00:38:19,837 --> 00:38:21,370
They're quite uniform.
751
00:38:21,405 --> 00:38:25,508
They are only say, two,
three feet deep, these pits.
752
00:38:25,543 --> 00:38:28,711
And they are baffling.
753
00:38:28,746 --> 00:38:32,148
What these pits
might actually be
754
00:38:32,183 --> 00:38:35,451
is the result of
some kind of mining probe
755
00:38:35,553 --> 00:38:38,287
that was going up this mountain,
756
00:38:38,389 --> 00:38:42,291
digging these holes, and then
sampling for valuable minerals.
757
00:38:42,393 --> 00:38:46,362
NARRATOR: Today,
Cajamarquilla is mined for zinc,
758
00:38:46,397 --> 00:38:50,833
a mineral used in metal alloys
and electrical equipment.
759
00:38:50,868 --> 00:38:55,004
But if Earth may have provided a
treasure trove of raw materials
760
00:38:55,039 --> 00:38:57,039
for extraterrestrial
space travelers,
761
00:38:57,074 --> 00:39:00,810
what resources would Mars
have to offer?
762
00:39:00,912 --> 00:39:04,880
Recent NASA findings
suggest the Red Planet
763
00:39:04,916 --> 00:39:07,316
could be capable
of supporting human life,
764
00:39:07,418 --> 00:39:10,352
and in ways
never before imagined.
765
00:39:17,409 --> 00:39:19,609
NARRATOR:
After decades of searching,
766
00:39:19,711 --> 00:39:22,345
scientists believe they have
recently found something
767
00:39:22,381 --> 00:39:26,783
incredible on Mars: water.
768
00:39:26,885 --> 00:39:30,287
On July 25, 2018,
769
00:39:30,389 --> 00:39:33,857
the European Space Agency's
Mars Express spacecraft
770
00:39:33,892 --> 00:39:37,260
reported the discovery
of a subglacial lake
771
00:39:37,296 --> 00:39:42,599
located a mile or so beneath the
planet's otherwise arid surface.
772
00:39:42,634 --> 00:39:47,370
If confirmed, it would be the
most significant evidence yet
773
00:39:47,406 --> 00:39:50,407
that Mars either did...
or perhaps still does...
774
00:39:50,442 --> 00:39:55,078
provide a habitat
for living organisms.
775
00:39:55,114 --> 00:39:58,982
We know that evidence for life
occurs almost as soon
776
00:39:59,118 --> 00:40:02,085
as you have a liquid water
environment on Earth.
777
00:40:02,121 --> 00:40:04,588
We could anticipate that,
you know,
778
00:40:04,623 --> 00:40:06,101
there would be scenarios
where people
779
00:40:06,125 --> 00:40:08,291
could have seeded the Earth
with life
780
00:40:08,327 --> 00:40:12,195
so that life would develop
very similarly on Mars.
781
00:40:12,231 --> 00:40:15,065
NARRATOR:
The existence of water on Mars
782
00:40:15,100 --> 00:40:19,536
would also be of huge benefit
to colonization efforts.
783
00:40:19,638 --> 00:40:23,006
And while scientists are still
confirming the presence
784
00:40:23,142 --> 00:40:25,275
of this subglacial lake,
785
00:40:25,310 --> 00:40:27,911
they are now certain
that in the distant past,
786
00:40:27,946 --> 00:40:30,580
the Red Planet was once blue,
787
00:40:30,616 --> 00:40:35,619
and boasting
a more robust atmosphere.
788
00:40:35,654 --> 00:40:38,221
One of the most fantastic things
that we've discovered
789
00:40:38,257 --> 00:40:42,893
with our orbiters and our rovers
on Mars is about its history.
790
00:40:42,995 --> 00:40:45,562
And a number of really
spectacular surprises
791
00:40:45,597 --> 00:40:47,164
have come out.
792
00:40:47,199 --> 00:40:51,468
The first one is that Mars,
at one time in its past,
793
00:40:51,503 --> 00:40:53,904
looked more like the Earth.
794
00:40:54,006 --> 00:40:57,240
It was a blue ocean world,
795
00:40:57,342 --> 00:41:00,477
with a significant amount
of water.
796
00:41:00,512 --> 00:41:02,590
We know for a fact
that billions of years ago,
797
00:41:02,614 --> 00:41:06,483
when we were first
getting started here on Earth,
798
00:41:06,518 --> 00:41:09,319
then Mars was a much more
clement place.
799
00:41:09,354 --> 00:41:11,821
We know that it had
a thick atmosphere
800
00:41:11,857 --> 00:41:14,758
to shield and blanket
the planet.
801
00:41:14,793 --> 00:41:16,671
And it would have had
organic molecules,
802
00:41:16,695 --> 00:41:19,062
the building blocks
of all life as we know it.
803
00:41:19,164 --> 00:41:23,400
So it stands to reason that
maybe Mars had its own genesis,
804
00:41:23,502 --> 00:41:25,101
its own origin of life.
805
00:41:25,204 --> 00:41:27,571
NARRATOR:
Was Mars a fertile planet,
806
00:41:27,706 --> 00:41:30,340
teaming with life, thousands...
807
00:41:30,375 --> 00:41:32,742
or perhaps millions...
of years ago?
808
00:41:32,844 --> 00:41:36,246
And if so, could the planet
be modified
809
00:41:36,381 --> 00:41:40,050
in such a way that it could
sustain human life?
810
00:41:41,720 --> 00:41:43,587
It is NASA's stated goal
811
00:41:43,689 --> 00:41:47,357
to send astronauts to Mars
in the 2030s.
812
00:41:47,392 --> 00:41:50,193
But while humanity's efforts
to colonize space
813
00:41:50,229 --> 00:41:52,929
are well underway,
there is still
814
00:41:53,065 --> 00:41:55,505
a tremendous amount of planning
and scientific groundwork
815
00:41:55,534 --> 00:42:00,670
to be done before we can truly
begin to populate alien planets
816
00:42:00,706 --> 00:42:02,939
with large numbers of humans.
817
00:42:04,409 --> 00:42:06,676
Right now, we're...
818
00:42:06,712 --> 00:42:08,856
we're basically just tourists
in the... in space.
819
00:42:08,880 --> 00:42:11,514
We take everything we need
with us.
820
00:42:11,550 --> 00:42:15,318
And in order to make
the next giant leap,
821
00:42:15,420 --> 00:42:17,787
you're gonna actually have
to start using the materials
822
00:42:17,889 --> 00:42:20,009
that you find in space
to help you explore.
823
00:42:20,092 --> 00:42:23,159
Okay? As soon as you make
that step to use the materials
824
00:42:23,195 --> 00:42:25,206
that are available to you
on the surface,
825
00:42:25,230 --> 00:42:26,963
now you're truly a pioneer.
826
00:42:27,099 --> 00:42:28,999
There's a number of resources
827
00:42:29,034 --> 00:42:30,967
that are already
available to us.
828
00:42:31,069 --> 00:42:33,203
And then, of course,
we're going to want
829
00:42:33,238 --> 00:42:34,738
to start planting things.
830
00:42:34,773 --> 00:42:36,684
We're going to have
to grow food.
831
00:42:36,708 --> 00:42:41,144
We're going to have to live
off the land the best we can.
832
00:42:41,280 --> 00:42:43,813
NARRATOR:
Live off the land?
833
00:42:43,915 --> 00:42:45,315
On Mars?
834
00:42:45,417 --> 00:42:48,551
According to NASA,
innovations in technology
835
00:42:48,587 --> 00:42:51,521
will be able to make
the Martian landscape
836
00:42:51,623 --> 00:42:55,692
more hospitable to humans
than was previously believed.
837
00:42:55,794 --> 00:42:59,896
But could this same adjustment
to a planet's environment
838
00:42:59,931 --> 00:43:01,909
be similar to what
extraterrestrials
839
00:43:01,933 --> 00:43:05,568
could have accomplished here
on Earth centuries ago?
840
00:43:05,604 --> 00:43:09,205
Ancient astronaut theorists
say yes,
841
00:43:09,241 --> 00:43:12,676
and suggest that stories from
nearly every ancient culture
842
00:43:12,778 --> 00:43:16,746
prove this audacious notion
to be true.
843
00:43:16,782 --> 00:43:20,784
One of the strangest traditions
in South America
844
00:43:20,819 --> 00:43:24,054
is with the Kayapo people
in Brazil.
845
00:43:24,156 --> 00:43:29,059
And they have this legend
of the Bep-Kororoti,
846
00:43:29,161 --> 00:43:31,394
who came down from the sky
847
00:43:31,496 --> 00:43:33,963
in a lot of noise and wind,
848
00:43:33,999 --> 00:43:36,833
and landed his craft.
849
00:43:36,868 --> 00:43:39,903
He then taught the people
knowledge of civilization,
850
00:43:39,938 --> 00:43:41,971
of herbs and medicine,
851
00:43:42,007 --> 00:43:46,609
of building
and agriculture and crops.
852
00:43:46,645 --> 00:43:49,846
And today, the Kayapo people
853
00:43:49,881 --> 00:43:52,415
celebrate him every year,
854
00:43:52,451 --> 00:43:54,884
and a priest dresses up
855
00:43:54,986 --> 00:43:57,921
in this outlandish outfit
856
00:43:58,023 --> 00:44:00,623
that looks like a spacesuit.
857
00:44:00,659 --> 00:44:02,826
So you have to wonder,
where are they getting
858
00:44:02,861 --> 00:44:05,462
these ideas
of people in spacesuits
859
00:44:05,497 --> 00:44:08,164
if not from
some extraterrestrials
860
00:44:08,200 --> 00:44:11,234
who landed there
in the distant past?
861
00:44:11,370 --> 00:44:15,505
Today we are on the verge
of going to other planets
862
00:44:15,540 --> 00:44:18,441
and seeding them with life.
863
00:44:18,543 --> 00:44:21,344
And it makes complete sense
864
00:44:21,380 --> 00:44:23,780
that something like that
happened on our planet
865
00:44:23,815 --> 00:44:26,950
in the very distant past.
866
00:44:27,052 --> 00:44:29,452
NARRATOR:
At Johnson Space Center
867
00:44:29,554 --> 00:44:31,454
in Houston, Texas,
868
00:44:31,490 --> 00:44:33,757
NASA exploration mission
scientist
869
00:44:33,892 --> 00:44:36,626
Dr. Elizabeth Rampe introduces
870
00:44:36,728 --> 00:44:39,829
-Travis Taylor to John Gruener...
-Nice to meet you.
871
00:44:39,865 --> 00:44:41,631
...a space scientist with NASA's
872
00:44:41,666 --> 00:44:45,535
Astromaterials Research and
Exploration Science Division.
873
00:44:45,570 --> 00:44:47,670
Gruener is working to determine
874
00:44:47,706 --> 00:44:50,206
what humans will be able
to grow and eat on Mars,
875
00:44:50,242 --> 00:44:54,778
so that they can live off
the planet's resources.
876
00:44:54,880 --> 00:44:57,046
TAYLOR:
So what is this?
877
00:44:57,082 --> 00:44:59,416
GRUENER: It's weathered
volcanic ash, or tephra.
878
00:44:59,451 --> 00:45:01,329
And it's very similar
to what's on Mars.
879
00:45:01,353 --> 00:45:04,621
Everybody thinks of Hawaii
as this paradise, right?
880
00:45:04,756 --> 00:45:06,033
-Warm beaches...
-Right, right.
881
00:45:06,057 --> 00:45:08,035
You get up on top
of these volcanoes,
882
00:45:08,059 --> 00:45:10,171
-and it's cold, it's dry.
-That's right, cold. Right.
883
00:45:10,195 --> 00:45:12,562
And so we've been using this
for a number of decades.
884
00:45:12,597 --> 00:45:15,231
It's kind of our
general-purpose Mars simulant.
885
00:45:15,267 --> 00:45:17,700
Uh, we've tried
growing plants in it.
886
00:45:17,736 --> 00:45:19,881
-Well, have you been able
to grow plants in it? -Sure.
887
00:45:19,905 --> 00:45:22,739
Because people grow in volcanic
soil all over the Earth.
888
00:45:22,774 --> 00:45:24,419
It's full of minerals,
all right?
889
00:45:24,443 --> 00:45:26,020
But what we're lacking
on Mars are
890
00:45:26,044 --> 00:45:28,511
-those biological things...
-Well, at least we think
891
00:45:28,547 --> 00:45:30,258
-we are, right?
-At least we think, yeah.
892
00:45:30,282 --> 00:45:32,682
Maybe not.
We're finding this methane.
893
00:45:32,784 --> 00:45:34,929
Well, will we need some
other things, like bacteria
894
00:45:34,953 --> 00:45:36,731
or something that
you have to mix into the soil
895
00:45:36,755 --> 00:45:38,433
-before seeds will germinate and grow?
-Yeah.
896
00:45:38,457 --> 00:45:40,401
GRUENER: Yes,
'cause those roots in the soil
897
00:45:40,425 --> 00:45:43,092
don't just suck up the minerals
by themselves.
898
00:45:43,128 --> 00:45:45,995
And, of course, that makes
the planetary protection people
899
00:45:46,097 --> 00:45:49,599
go crazy, because we
want to bring bacteria
900
00:45:49,634 --> 00:45:51,167
and fungi and microbes to Mars,
901
00:45:51,303 --> 00:45:52,780
and, of course,
we're trying to understand...
902
00:45:52,804 --> 00:45:54,248
-If they're already there...
-...if they're
903
00:45:54,272 --> 00:45:55,950
already there
or if there ever was.
904
00:45:55,974 --> 00:45:57,574
So I have a theory about that.
905
00:45:57,609 --> 00:46:00,243
And I believe that
we've already contaminated
906
00:46:00,278 --> 00:46:02,378
the rest of the solar system
907
00:46:02,481 --> 00:46:03,925
the way Mars
has contaminated Earth
908
00:46:03,949 --> 00:46:05,715
with its organic material.
909
00:46:05,817 --> 00:46:08,952
'Cause we've had
major meteor impacts on Earth,
910
00:46:08,987 --> 00:46:12,755
and it's likely
that an impact meteorite
911
00:46:12,791 --> 00:46:15,136
that's ejected from Earth
with enough escape velocity
912
00:46:15,160 --> 00:46:17,627
to achieve an orbit
that would bring it to Mars.
913
00:46:17,662 --> 00:46:22,232
And absolutely, if a comet
had impacted Mars and Earth,
914
00:46:22,267 --> 00:46:24,479
-we all have the same stuff,
so we're all... -Yes.
915
00:46:24,503 --> 00:46:25,902
I think whatever we find here,
916
00:46:26,004 --> 00:46:28,304
we're likely to find there,
and vice versa.
917
00:46:28,340 --> 00:46:30,351
Yeah. And so this stuff's
just sitting there,
918
00:46:30,375 --> 00:46:31,975
waiting for us to use it.
919
00:46:33,979 --> 00:46:37,146
NARRATOR: If many of
the minerals that exist on Earth
920
00:46:37,182 --> 00:46:39,616
already exist on Mars,
921
00:46:39,651 --> 00:46:43,720
is it possible that not only did
the planet once support life,
922
00:46:43,855 --> 00:46:46,890
but that it does so even today?
923
00:46:46,992 --> 00:46:50,493
There are scientists
who believe the answer is yes,
924
00:46:50,529 --> 00:46:54,130
and they are even willing
to go one step further.
925
00:46:54,165 --> 00:46:56,766
They suggest
we might be able to use
926
00:46:56,801 --> 00:46:59,769
sophisticated
terraforming technology
927
00:46:59,871 --> 00:47:01,804
to transform
the Mars environment
928
00:47:01,840 --> 00:47:06,342
so that it more closely
resembles that of Earth.
929
00:47:06,378 --> 00:47:08,144
DIAMANDIS:
When we go...
930
00:47:08,179 --> 00:47:10,980
off Earth, whether it's
to the Moon, to Mars,
931
00:47:11,016 --> 00:47:14,117
ultimately we have a choice.
932
00:47:14,152 --> 00:47:18,688
We either evolve ourselves
to meet that environment,
933
00:47:18,723 --> 00:47:23,593
or we turn that environment
to an Earth-like environment.
934
00:47:23,695 --> 00:47:28,464
GREEN: As we have evolved on the
planet, so has the biosphere.
935
00:47:28,567 --> 00:47:30,967
And indeed,
that's what will happen on Mars.
936
00:47:31,069 --> 00:47:33,336
We'll be using
the resources there
937
00:47:33,371 --> 00:47:36,205
and changing that environment.
938
00:47:36,241 --> 00:47:38,341
It's fascinating that right now
939
00:47:38,376 --> 00:47:42,078
there are active talks
by scientists
940
00:47:42,113 --> 00:47:46,816
who are proposing
the terraforming of Mars.
941
00:47:46,851 --> 00:47:49,185
It means that we know
942
00:47:49,220 --> 00:47:52,488
that Mars is a great candidate
943
00:47:52,591 --> 00:47:56,125
to, over time,
develop a similar atmosphere
944
00:47:56,261 --> 00:47:58,561
like here on Earth.
945
00:47:58,597 --> 00:48:00,697
Which is incredible, because...
946
00:48:00,732 --> 00:48:04,033
a planet that can sustain life
947
00:48:04,069 --> 00:48:06,135
is a rare thing
948
00:48:06,271 --> 00:48:08,972
in the billions and billions
of celestial bodies
949
00:48:09,107 --> 00:48:11,574
that we have in the universe.
950
00:48:11,610 --> 00:48:14,177
NARRATOR:
When the first Earth pioneers
951
00:48:14,212 --> 00:48:17,180
arrive on Mars,
what will they discover?
952
00:48:18,583 --> 00:48:21,050
A barren world devoid of life?
953
00:48:21,086 --> 00:48:24,754
Or will they confront
a profound reality,
954
00:48:24,789 --> 00:48:26,434
one in which
they encounter evidence
955
00:48:26,458 --> 00:48:29,158
of an advanced
alien civilization
956
00:48:29,260 --> 00:48:32,495
which once existed
thousands of years ago?
957
00:48:37,917 --> 00:48:39,361
NARRATOR:
As scientists face
958
00:48:39,385 --> 00:48:42,453
the enormous challenge
of colonizing space,
959
00:48:42,555 --> 00:48:45,189
it is widely believed
that robots equipped
960
00:48:45,225 --> 00:48:49,660
with artificial intelligence
will play a critical role.
961
00:48:49,762 --> 00:48:53,498
Even now,
AI technology has been used
962
00:48:53,600 --> 00:48:55,399
to find alien planets...
963
00:48:55,435 --> 00:48:57,168
classify galaxies...
964
00:48:57,270 --> 00:49:02,340
and even create spacecraft
capable of dodging space debris.
965
00:49:02,442 --> 00:49:06,511
Robotic probes, like
NASA's Cassini, for example,
966
00:49:06,613 --> 00:49:09,013
explored space
for nearly 20 years
967
00:49:09,115 --> 00:49:13,384
and was instrumental in the
study of Saturn and its rings.
968
00:49:13,419 --> 00:49:15,653
We always send robots out
ahead of the humans
969
00:49:15,755 --> 00:49:17,889
to find out
a lot of those unknown things,
970
00:49:17,924 --> 00:49:21,893
like, uh, is the radiation,
you know, hazardous to us.
971
00:49:21,928 --> 00:49:24,428
When we get there,
rather than astronauts
972
00:49:24,464 --> 00:49:27,498
going out in spacesuits
by themselves,
973
00:49:27,600 --> 00:49:29,560
it's gonna be astronauts
and robots
974
00:49:29,636 --> 00:49:32,737
going out
and exploring together.
975
00:49:32,772 --> 00:49:36,040
NARRATOR:
Most experts agree
976
00:49:36,142 --> 00:49:39,277
that before travel
into deep space can take place
977
00:49:39,312 --> 00:49:42,580
artificially intelligent robots
will need to be able
978
00:49:42,615 --> 00:49:46,250
to harvest mineral resources
to keep operating.
979
00:49:46,286 --> 00:49:48,920
A version of this idea
was first proposed
980
00:49:48,955 --> 00:49:51,255
by Hungarian scientist
and mathematician
981
00:49:51,291 --> 00:49:54,458
John von Neumann in the 1960s.
982
00:49:54,494 --> 00:49:58,563
He came up with the idea of
a self-replicating robotic probe
983
00:49:58,665 --> 00:50:01,065
that could be built and rebuilt
984
00:50:01,167 --> 00:50:03,267
from materials found
on asteroids.
985
00:50:03,303 --> 00:50:05,570
BRANDENBURG:
Von Neumann envisioned the idea
986
00:50:05,672 --> 00:50:08,806
of self-replicating automatons
987
00:50:08,841 --> 00:50:10,942
using asteroidal rubble
988
00:50:10,977 --> 00:50:12,944
as source material.
989
00:50:12,979 --> 00:50:16,514
Machines could be sent
to another planet,
990
00:50:16,549 --> 00:50:18,661
and it would start
making copies of itself,
991
00:50:18,685 --> 00:50:21,352
and perhaps evolve
from just the original copy
992
00:50:21,387 --> 00:50:23,988
to something more complex.
993
00:50:24,023 --> 00:50:26,023
From one probe,
you get a thousand,
994
00:50:26,059 --> 00:50:27,625
then a million,
995
00:50:27,660 --> 00:50:30,361
then a billion, and a trillion.
996
00:50:30,396 --> 00:50:33,831
And pretty soon you have
a sphere of trillions of probes
997
00:50:33,866 --> 00:50:38,302
colonizing the galaxy
at near the speed of light.
998
00:50:39,706 --> 00:50:41,973
BRANDENBURG:
NASA has proposed the idea
999
00:50:42,008 --> 00:50:44,475
of self-replicating automata
1000
00:50:44,510 --> 00:50:46,322
to be sent out
to the asteroid belt,
1001
00:50:46,346 --> 00:50:49,780
which is a place rich
in minerals and materials
1002
00:50:49,882 --> 00:50:52,984
that are easy to get to
because they have low gravity.
1003
00:50:53,019 --> 00:50:56,721
You don't land on an asteroid,
you dock with it.
1004
00:50:56,756 --> 00:50:59,957
Is it possible that we
are looking at, in the future,
1005
00:51:00,059 --> 00:51:02,293
such self-replicating automata
1006
00:51:02,395 --> 00:51:05,029
building spaceships
out of asteroids,
1007
00:51:05,064 --> 00:51:09,200
going different places,
doing exploration for us?
1008
00:51:09,235 --> 00:51:10,901
It's quite conceivable.
1009
00:51:10,937 --> 00:51:14,005
NARRATOR:
But if intelligent space robots
1010
00:51:14,040 --> 00:51:17,675
are mankind's best hope
for exploring the galaxy,
1011
00:51:17,710 --> 00:51:19,710
is it possible
that Earth was visited
1012
00:51:19,746 --> 00:51:21,746
by extraterrestrial robots
1013
00:51:21,781 --> 00:51:25,916
hundreds, and perhaps
even thousands, of years ago?
1014
00:51:25,952 --> 00:51:30,154
If so, are we likely
to encounter them again?
1015
00:51:31,557 --> 00:51:34,158
CHILDRESS:
If we go to other planets,
1016
00:51:34,260 --> 00:51:36,994
we would first send
mechanical probes down
1017
00:51:37,096 --> 00:51:39,664
to evaluate the climate
and the minerals
1018
00:51:39,766 --> 00:51:41,076
and the temperature
and everything.
1019
00:51:41,100 --> 00:51:42,911
You would think
that extraterrestrials
1020
00:51:42,935 --> 00:51:45,036
would do the same
for our planet.
1021
00:51:46,572 --> 00:51:49,006
GREEN: When you think about it,
it's got to be
1022
00:51:49,108 --> 00:51:52,043
one of the most fundamental
things that they would do first.
1023
00:51:52,078 --> 00:51:56,781
Sending out intelligent
robotic systems to probe.
1024
00:51:56,816 --> 00:52:01,018
They're expendable, and you
can send them everywhere.
1025
00:52:01,120 --> 00:52:02,887
And perhaps we should be looking
1026
00:52:02,922 --> 00:52:06,791
for those systems first
as aliens.
1027
00:52:06,826 --> 00:52:09,794
NARRATOR: According
to ancient astronaut theorists,
1028
00:52:09,829 --> 00:52:13,097
evidence that extraterrestrials
sent robots to Earth
1029
00:52:13,132 --> 00:52:16,667
can be found in the stories
of ancient cultures.
1030
00:52:16,769 --> 00:52:19,670
ERICH VON DANIKEN:
In the story of the Argonauts...
1031
00:52:19,772 --> 00:52:22,406
that's an old Greek myth...
1032
00:52:22,442 --> 00:52:25,843
we for the first time hear
about Talos.
1033
00:52:25,945 --> 00:52:29,046
Talos was... today we
would call it a kind of robot.
1034
00:52:29,148 --> 00:52:33,384
Talos was always surrounding
the island of Crete.
1035
00:52:33,486 --> 00:52:36,053
And whenever someone went
to come close
1036
00:52:36,155 --> 00:52:38,923
to the island of Crete,
he shut it down.
1037
00:52:38,958 --> 00:52:40,958
Except they had a certain code
1038
00:52:40,993 --> 00:52:43,160
on which
he did not shoot anymore.
1039
00:52:43,196 --> 00:52:46,931
So for us,
Talos was like a robot.
1040
00:52:46,966 --> 00:52:48,766
YOUNG:
An important figure
1041
00:52:48,835 --> 00:52:51,635
in early Greek mythology
was Cadmus,
1042
00:52:51,671 --> 00:52:54,305
a divine character,
the first hero,
1043
00:52:54,340 --> 00:52:58,743
fifth in the lineage
from Zeus of the Greek gods.
1044
00:52:58,845 --> 00:53:02,079
It was Cadmus
that started agriculture,
1045
00:53:02,181 --> 00:53:04,582
who brought civilization,
and he brought
1046
00:53:04,684 --> 00:53:06,250
the making of bronze.
1047
00:53:06,352 --> 00:53:09,286
He knew how to make alloys,
special metals,
1048
00:53:09,322 --> 00:53:12,089
which, in the early days
of civilization,
1049
00:53:12,191 --> 00:53:14,959
was the beginning of technology.
1050
00:53:14,994 --> 00:53:16,894
He was a slayer of monsters.
1051
00:53:16,996 --> 00:53:20,431
And he killed a water dragon,
and he took the dragon's teeth
1052
00:53:20,533 --> 00:53:22,666
and planted them like seeds,
1053
00:53:22,702 --> 00:53:26,403
and great, fierce warriors grew
out of the process.
1054
00:53:26,506 --> 00:53:28,806
MARTELL: We have to wonder
if a lot of this
1055
00:53:28,841 --> 00:53:30,541
is, again, depicting machines
1056
00:53:30,576 --> 00:53:33,477
being powered by some type
of extraterrestrial energy.
1057
00:53:33,513 --> 00:53:35,513
NOORY:
When you look at the planet,
1058
00:53:35,548 --> 00:53:37,948
you try to hypothesize
1059
00:53:38,050 --> 00:53:40,584
what came here,
in terms of extraterrestrials,
1060
00:53:40,686 --> 00:53:42,286
and what came here first.
1061
00:53:42,388 --> 00:53:44,054
Look at what we do to Mars.
1062
00:53:44,090 --> 00:53:45,901
We send little rovers
all over the place,
1063
00:53:45,925 --> 00:53:47,324
electronic things.
1064
00:53:47,360 --> 00:53:49,994
Did they do that
to Planet Earth, too?
1065
00:53:50,029 --> 00:53:51,796
Or did they come here directly
1066
00:53:51,898 --> 00:53:55,332
and then come down
with occupants?
1067
00:53:55,368 --> 00:53:57,668
I think what probably
happened was
1068
00:53:57,703 --> 00:53:59,937
the craft came to the planet,
1069
00:54:00,039 --> 00:54:03,340
and then they sent down robots
or androids
1070
00:54:03,376 --> 00:54:06,177
to explore the planet.
1071
00:54:06,212 --> 00:54:08,145
You must be Julie.
1072
00:54:08,247 --> 00:54:09,980
-I am.
-I'm Travis.
1073
00:54:10,082 --> 00:54:12,194
NARRATOR: During his visit
to the Johnson Space Center,
1074
00:54:12,218 --> 00:54:15,486
aerospace engineer
Dr. Travis Taylor
1075
00:54:15,588 --> 00:54:17,922
visited NASA's Robotics Lab,
1076
00:54:17,957 --> 00:54:21,192
where he was shown the latest
in space-faring robots.
1077
00:54:21,227 --> 00:54:24,161
Wow, so this is
the robotics lab, huh?
1078
00:54:24,263 --> 00:54:26,108
Well, this is the Dexterous
Robotics Lab,
1079
00:54:26,132 --> 00:54:27,709
-and this is Robonaut.
-Oh, wow.
1080
00:54:27,733 --> 00:54:29,745
BADGER: A lot of our
future exploration concepts
1081
00:54:29,769 --> 00:54:32,269
have us sending our assets,
sending our spacecraft,
1082
00:54:32,305 --> 00:54:35,039
sending the food
and logistics first,
1083
00:54:35,074 --> 00:54:37,141
and making sure
everything's set up,
1084
00:54:37,243 --> 00:54:39,054
and then sending
our crew members.
1085
00:54:39,078 --> 00:54:41,056
So it's possible that
the robots could actually
1086
00:54:41,080 --> 00:54:43,258
build our habitats and things
before we got there.
1087
00:54:43,282 --> 00:54:44,760
That's the...
That's the thought, yes.
1088
00:54:44,784 --> 00:54:46,851
And what if you needed
to make repairs
1089
00:54:46,953 --> 00:54:48,252
on the outside of the ship?
1090
00:54:48,287 --> 00:54:49,798
Could Robonaut do
stuff like that
1091
00:54:49,822 --> 00:54:50,899
instead of you having
to go out and do that?
1092
00:54:50,923 --> 00:54:52,267
Absolutely.
Robots are great
1093
00:54:52,291 --> 00:54:53,691
for the dull, dirty, dangerous,
1094
00:54:53,793 --> 00:54:56,093
and the crew members
inside the spacecraft
1095
00:54:56,128 --> 00:54:58,095
could basically be the robot,
1096
00:54:58,130 --> 00:55:00,464
commanding everything about it.
1097
00:55:00,499 --> 00:55:03,200
So, I noticed that Robonaut
looks very human.
1098
00:55:03,302 --> 00:55:05,447
Why make it look human?
It doesn't have to have a head.
1099
00:55:05,471 --> 00:55:07,149
You could put the sensors
anywhere, right?
1100
00:55:07,173 --> 00:55:08,617
BADGER:
Yes. Absolutely.
1101
00:55:08,641 --> 00:55:10,875
However, since we were trying
to make it
1102
00:55:10,977 --> 00:55:13,244
for a human environment,
and to work with humans,
1103
00:55:13,279 --> 00:55:17,548
we thought that, well,
form should follow function.
1104
00:55:17,650 --> 00:55:20,050
So, it's an engineering
decision, but it's also
1105
00:55:20,152 --> 00:55:24,555
kind of a good
human-interaction decision, too.
1106
00:55:24,657 --> 00:55:26,935
We've had one on board
the International Space Station
1107
00:55:26,959 --> 00:55:28,325
for many years.
1108
00:55:28,361 --> 00:55:30,761
And we always,
always get the crew request
1109
00:55:30,796 --> 00:55:33,230
to say, "Hey, can I tweet
this really cool photo"
1110
00:55:33,332 --> 00:55:35,132
"that I took of me and Robonaut,
1111
00:55:35,167 --> 00:55:36,945
and we're doing
Tae Bo together"?
1112
00:55:36,969 --> 00:55:40,638
So, it tends to promote bonding
a little bit more.
1113
00:55:40,673 --> 00:55:42,818
TAYLOR: There's something
we could learn from that.
1114
00:55:42,842 --> 00:55:45,910
If we ever were to, say,
go to another star system,
1115
00:55:46,012 --> 00:55:49,146
and we found a culture
that were not bipedal...
1116
00:55:49,181 --> 00:55:50,959
-Right.
-We might want to send
1117
00:55:50,983 --> 00:55:54,184
our AI that's got, whatever,
if they were quadrupeds,
1118
00:55:54,220 --> 00:55:57,087
we might want to make
a quadrupedal robot, right?
1119
00:55:57,189 --> 00:55:59,629
Absolutely. I mean, people put
faces on everything, right?
1120
00:55:59,659 --> 00:56:00,991
You'd want to do the same thing
1121
00:56:01,027 --> 00:56:03,160
for an alien culture,
if you would.
1122
00:56:03,195 --> 00:56:06,196
Yeah. And what kind of AI,
or whatever, runs its systems?
1123
00:56:06,232 --> 00:56:07,631
We have sound, uh, on board.
1124
00:56:07,667 --> 00:56:09,645
So, we do a lot
of vision processing,
1125
00:56:09,669 --> 00:56:11,769
and we have used neural nets.
1126
00:56:11,871 --> 00:56:13,682
Uh, we're working right now
to connect the Robonaut
1127
00:56:13,706 --> 00:56:15,439
to the spacecraft.
1128
00:56:15,541 --> 00:56:17,719
So, have a smart spacecraft
that knows what's going on
1129
00:56:17,743 --> 00:56:20,978
within its walls
and be able to say,
1130
00:56:21,013 --> 00:56:24,882
"Hey, Robonaut, I need you to go
and change this filter out."
1131
00:56:24,917 --> 00:56:27,685
Well, the other thing that jumps
out at me is, of course,
1132
00:56:27,720 --> 00:56:30,654
the negative scenario, where
they can become smart enough,
1133
00:56:30,690 --> 00:56:32,022
and they want to take over.
1134
00:56:32,058 --> 00:56:34,191
I'm not worried about that yet.
1135
00:56:34,226 --> 00:56:36,038
TAYLOR: You're not worried
about that just yet. Okay.
1136
00:56:36,062 --> 00:56:39,563
NARRATOR: Is mankind following
in the footsteps
1137
00:56:39,598 --> 00:56:43,233
of its alien ancestors
by using humanoid robots
1138
00:56:43,269 --> 00:56:47,004
in the exploration and
colonization of other worlds?
1139
00:56:47,039 --> 00:56:50,841
Ancient astronaut theorists
say yes.
1140
00:56:50,876 --> 00:56:54,845
But how will mankind fulfill
its own extraterrestrial destiny
1141
00:56:54,880 --> 00:56:59,216
if only robots are able
to function on other planets?
1142
00:56:59,251 --> 00:57:02,619
For many, the answer is simple.
1143
00:57:02,722 --> 00:57:06,924
Surviving on Mars will require
not only new technology,
1144
00:57:06,959 --> 00:57:10,094
but a new breed of humans.
1145
00:57:13,464 --> 00:57:14,608
PAUL VALLE: All right,
you want to go to Mars?
1146
00:57:14,632 --> 00:57:16,665
TAYLOR:
Sure, let's go to Mars.
1147
00:57:16,767 --> 00:57:18,879
NARRATOR: At the Johnson Space
Center in Houston, Texas,
1148
00:57:18,903 --> 00:57:22,905
aerospace engineer Dr. Travis
Taylor meets with Paul Valle,
1149
00:57:22,940 --> 00:57:26,842
the project manager for
the Active Response Gravity
1150
00:57:26,944 --> 00:57:30,579
Offload System,
otherwise known as "ARGOS."
1151
00:57:30,614 --> 00:57:33,415
Travis is eager
to experience firsthand
1152
00:57:33,450 --> 00:57:36,685
how space colonists will be
trained in order to survive
1153
00:57:36,787 --> 00:57:40,022
in reduced-gravity environments.
1154
00:57:40,124 --> 00:57:42,224
And now you are on Mars.
1155
00:57:42,259 --> 00:57:43,499
So this is what Mars is like?
1156
00:57:43,594 --> 00:57:44,771
-Yep.
-I can jump...
1157
00:57:44,795 --> 00:57:47,930
oh... a lot higher.
1158
00:57:47,965 --> 00:57:51,533
So, if I were gonna try
and walk across Mars...
1159
00:57:51,635 --> 00:57:53,902
TAYLOR: The ARGOS simulator
is amazing
1160
00:57:53,938 --> 00:57:56,638
in giving me some insight
in realizing
1161
00:57:56,674 --> 00:57:59,141
it's not easy to work
on a planet
1162
00:57:59,176 --> 00:58:01,476
that isn't the planet
I came from.
1163
00:58:01,512 --> 00:58:04,713
If I was on Mars or the Moon
or anywhere else,
1164
00:58:04,815 --> 00:58:07,093
I would have to completely
retrain my mind and body
1165
00:58:07,117 --> 00:58:08,483
for working there.
1166
00:58:08,519 --> 00:58:10,586
Wow.
1167
00:58:10,621 --> 00:58:12,487
-Whoa, getting up is the hard part.
(laughter)
1168
00:58:12,523 --> 00:58:15,490
So if any civilizations
have done that,
1169
00:58:15,526 --> 00:58:18,293
they would have had to do
the same type of training,
1170
00:58:18,329 --> 00:58:20,629
or when they got here,
they'd be extremely clumsy.
1171
00:58:20,664 --> 00:58:23,632
Yeah.
Ah, that's almost impossible.
1172
00:58:23,667 --> 00:58:25,779
-Yeah, now imagine doing it...
-Uh-oh. There we go.
1173
00:58:25,803 --> 00:58:28,503
-(laughter)
-VALLE: Now imagine doing it
1174
00:58:28,539 --> 00:58:29,471
with a space suit,
life support...
1175
00:58:29,506 --> 00:58:31,006
Yeah, like the Michelin... Yeah.
1176
00:58:31,041 --> 00:58:32,641
You don't realize how much
1177
00:58:32,676 --> 00:58:34,743
you use gravity
to do everything.
1178
00:58:34,845 --> 00:58:37,813
-Yeah, you don't realize until it's gone.
-Right.
1179
00:58:40,217 --> 00:58:42,784
NARRATOR: Although recent NASA
footage of astronauts
1180
00:58:42,820 --> 00:58:46,989
doing somersaults in midair
and eating floating M&Ms
1181
00:58:47,024 --> 00:58:49,491
paints a whimsical picture
of what it's like to live
1182
00:58:49,526 --> 00:58:51,994
in a low-gravity environment,
1183
00:58:52,029 --> 00:58:56,098
the lack of gravity can,
over time, have a devastating
1184
00:58:56,200 --> 00:58:59,167
and profound impact
on the human body.
1185
00:59:00,838 --> 00:59:03,338
What we have to do
when we decide to go to Mars
1186
00:59:03,374 --> 00:59:07,643
is really study all aspects
of human physiology,
1187
00:59:07,678 --> 00:59:11,980
how we're going to operate
in a gravity
1188
00:59:12,016 --> 00:59:13,615
that's much less than the Earth.
1189
00:59:13,717 --> 00:59:16,318
Our body will change
because of that environment.
1190
00:59:16,353 --> 00:59:18,854
We're doing research
in many ways right now,
1191
00:59:18,889 --> 00:59:21,056
studying the effects
of being weightless
1192
00:59:21,091 --> 00:59:23,558
and then coming back
to the Earth.
1193
00:59:23,594 --> 00:59:28,797
NARRATOR:
March 2, 2016. Kazakhstan.
1194
00:59:28,899 --> 00:59:32,334
American Astronaut Scott Kelly
returns to Earth
1195
00:59:32,369 --> 00:59:36,672
after a record-setting
360-day mission
1196
00:59:36,707 --> 00:59:39,808
aboard the International
Space Station.
1197
00:59:39,910 --> 00:59:41,543
The duration of the mission
1198
00:59:41,578 --> 00:59:44,012
was intended
to help researchers understand
1199
00:59:44,048 --> 00:59:47,049
how prolonged periods of time
in zero gravity
1200
00:59:47,084 --> 00:59:49,685
can affect the human body.
1201
00:59:49,720 --> 00:59:54,423
Scott's identical twin brother,
Mark, also an astronaut,
1202
00:59:54,458 --> 00:59:57,492
served as a control subject.
1203
00:59:57,594 --> 00:59:59,528
Because of his twin's DNA,
1204
00:59:59,563 --> 01:00:02,230
which is, in theory,
identical to his,
1205
01:00:02,266 --> 01:00:04,666
they could then determine
1206
01:00:04,768 --> 01:00:07,636
what kind of DNA changes
had happened to him.
1207
01:00:07,738 --> 01:00:11,106
And what they discovered
was that about seven percent
1208
01:00:11,141 --> 01:00:14,242
of his DNA had been altered.
1209
01:00:16,146 --> 01:00:19,081
NARRATOR: Extensive post-mission
lab tests confirmed
1210
01:00:19,116 --> 01:00:23,085
the astonishing changes
that had taken place.
1211
01:00:23,120 --> 01:00:27,689
Genes related to Scott Kelly's
immune system, DNA repair,
1212
01:00:27,791 --> 01:00:30,926
bone formation networks,
his bloodstream,
1213
01:00:30,961 --> 01:00:34,696
and numerous other systems
have all been altered.
1214
01:00:36,467 --> 01:00:41,003
The startling results prompt
scientists around the world
1215
01:00:41,105 --> 01:00:43,238
to ask:
what are the implications
1216
01:00:43,273 --> 01:00:46,708
for humans who
leave Earth permanently?
1217
01:00:47,945 --> 01:00:50,412
So, I did a lot of my
early medical work
1218
01:00:50,447 --> 01:00:53,615
and medical research on how
the human body adapts to space
1219
01:00:53,650 --> 01:00:55,384
as you go up into orbit.
1220
01:00:55,486 --> 01:00:58,720
So, we are gonna begin
to speciate
1221
01:00:58,822 --> 01:01:00,722
and form sub-species of humans
1222
01:01:00,824 --> 01:01:03,325
as we head off towards
the stars.
1223
01:01:03,360 --> 01:01:05,505
Perhaps we should genetically
modify ourselves
1224
01:01:05,529 --> 01:01:08,397
to thrive in outer space.
1225
01:01:08,499 --> 01:01:11,600
We're gonna have to modify
ourselves to adjust
1226
01:01:11,635 --> 01:01:15,337
to different atmospheres,
cosmic rays,
1227
01:01:15,372 --> 01:01:18,373
radiation, you name it.
1228
01:01:18,475 --> 01:01:21,143
DIAMANDIS: Do we want to use
gene editing technology
1229
01:01:21,178 --> 01:01:25,914
to evolve ourselves and modify
our DNA, modify our bodies
1230
01:01:26,016 --> 01:01:29,251
to meet the needs of space
as the human race is moving
1231
01:01:29,353 --> 01:01:32,320
irreversibly off the planet?
1232
01:01:34,324 --> 01:01:37,225
NARRATOR:
February 2017.
1233
01:01:37,327 --> 01:01:41,830
Maverick geneticist Dr. George
Church, of Harvard University,
1234
01:01:41,865 --> 01:01:44,066
makes an announcement
that sounds like
1235
01:01:44,168 --> 01:01:46,268
something out of
a Hollywood movie.
1236
01:01:46,370 --> 01:01:51,606
Using a genome editing tool
called CRISPR-Cas9,
1237
01:01:51,708 --> 01:01:55,143
he and his team have combined
DNA from an Asian elephant
1238
01:01:55,179 --> 01:01:58,246
with genetic material from
a species that's been extinct
1239
01:01:58,348 --> 01:02:01,817
for nearly 4,000 years.
1240
01:02:01,852 --> 01:02:05,020
With the substitution
of 45 sections
1241
01:02:05,055 --> 01:02:09,124
of the elephant's genome with
the DNA of a woolly mammoth,
1242
01:02:09,226 --> 01:02:12,794
they insist that a creature from
ancient times could soon be,
1243
01:02:12,896 --> 01:02:15,564
once again, walking the Earth.
1244
01:02:17,734 --> 01:02:22,471
Once you have the technology
to completely decode DNA
1245
01:02:22,573 --> 01:02:26,641
and-and recode it, you also have
the technology, then,
1246
01:02:26,743 --> 01:02:30,912
to genetically alter
any human being,
1247
01:02:30,948 --> 01:02:33,248
or any animal or plant.
1248
01:02:33,283 --> 01:02:37,352
And so, therefore, you're able
to genetically engineer
1249
01:02:37,387 --> 01:02:40,555
a humanoid species that will be
1250
01:02:40,591 --> 01:02:43,258
better adapted to space travel,
1251
01:02:43,293 --> 01:02:47,095
better adapted to life
on a different planet.
1252
01:02:47,131 --> 01:02:50,232
Extraterrestrials coming here
in the ancient past
1253
01:02:50,267 --> 01:02:53,869
could easily have done
exactly the same thing.
1254
01:02:53,904 --> 01:02:57,205
NARRATOR:
Could extraterrestrials,
1255
01:02:57,241 --> 01:02:59,674
in possession of this same
DNA-altering knowledge,
1256
01:02:59,776 --> 01:03:02,577
have used it to aid
their colonization efforts
1257
01:03:02,613 --> 01:03:05,881
here on Earth
thousands of years ago?
1258
01:03:05,916 --> 01:03:09,384
An idea which once seemed absurd
1259
01:03:09,419 --> 01:03:13,255
now seems remarkably...
and eerily... plausible.
1260
01:03:13,290 --> 01:03:16,424
TAYLOR: Could you go
back in time and look at
1261
01:03:16,460 --> 01:03:19,227
something like
the prehuman creatures,
1262
01:03:19,263 --> 01:03:22,264
and genetically modify them
and create
1263
01:03:22,299 --> 01:03:24,332
what has become Homo sapiens?
1264
01:03:24,434 --> 01:03:27,269
With our technology today,
we could pick
1265
01:03:27,304 --> 01:03:30,305
a near-sentient creature,
1266
01:03:30,340 --> 01:03:32,741
and start doing
genetic modifications on it,
1267
01:03:32,776 --> 01:03:35,810
and create a new, sentient race.
1268
01:03:37,814 --> 01:03:39,125
NARRATOR:
In addition to genetically
1269
01:03:39,149 --> 01:03:40,882
modifying the human body
1270
01:03:40,984 --> 01:03:42,462
in order to make it
better suited
1271
01:03:42,486 --> 01:03:44,653
for space travel
and colonization,
1272
01:03:44,688 --> 01:03:48,056
many experts propose that
there will also need to be
1273
01:03:48,158 --> 01:03:50,959
a merging of man and machine.
1274
01:03:50,994 --> 01:03:54,763
Genetically modified space
colonists, they argue,
1275
01:03:54,798 --> 01:03:58,266
will have to be fitted
with bio-mechatronic parts
1276
01:03:58,302 --> 01:04:01,336
in order to create a human
that is smarter,
1277
01:04:01,371 --> 01:04:05,273
faster, stronger
and more durable.
1278
01:04:05,309 --> 01:04:08,210
HOWE: I've been talking
with some scientists,
1279
01:04:08,312 --> 01:04:11,813
and they say the next thing
that's going to be coming
1280
01:04:11,848 --> 01:04:16,084
is the cyborg evolution
of humanity
1281
01:04:16,186 --> 01:04:19,421
for those that are going
to go into space.
1282
01:04:19,523 --> 01:04:22,090
KAKU:
We have this Hollywood image
1283
01:04:22,192 --> 01:04:24,632
that the aliens are gonna land,
and they're gonna come out
1284
01:04:24,661 --> 01:04:26,261
looking somewhat like us.
1285
01:04:26,363 --> 01:04:29,998
And they'll say, "Take us
to your leader, Earth man."
1286
01:04:30,033 --> 01:04:32,133
But I think it could be
quite different.
1287
01:04:32,169 --> 01:04:33,969
They could be part robotic.
1288
01:04:34,004 --> 01:04:36,638
Realize that they could be
thousands of years
1289
01:04:36,673 --> 01:04:38,473
more advanced than us.
1290
01:04:38,508 --> 01:04:41,810
TAYLOR: There is a culture out
there that's more advanced
1291
01:04:41,845 --> 01:04:44,980
than us, that they've already
built these robotic bodies.
1292
01:04:45,015 --> 01:04:47,115
Why wait for them to come to us?
1293
01:04:47,217 --> 01:04:50,318
We have to become
a huge, spacefaring culture,
1294
01:04:50,354 --> 01:04:52,635
a civilization to go out
and answer these questions
1295
01:04:52,689 --> 01:04:56,424
for ourselves instead of just
sitting on our hands
1296
01:04:56,526 --> 01:04:59,361
and waiting for them to give us
the answer someday.
1297
01:04:59,396 --> 01:05:03,164
NARRATOR: In finding ways
to modify the human body,
1298
01:05:03,200 --> 01:05:05,967
along with developing
highly advanced methods
1299
01:05:06,069 --> 01:05:08,036
for terraforming other planets,
1300
01:05:08,071 --> 01:05:13,108
is mankind really going
"where no one has gone before"?
1301
01:05:13,210 --> 01:05:17,012
Or are we simply fulfilling
our destiny,
1302
01:05:17,047 --> 01:05:19,648
one that stretches back
to the very beginnings
1303
01:05:19,750 --> 01:05:22,584
of human life here on Earth?
1304
01:05:22,619 --> 01:05:27,155
As far as ancient astronaut
theorists are concerned,
1305
01:05:27,257 --> 01:05:30,825
the more humans venture into
space, the closer they will be
1306
01:05:30,927 --> 01:05:32,961
to discovering
their true origins.
1307
01:05:33,063 --> 01:05:34,996
Not on Earth,
1308
01:05:35,098 --> 01:05:39,200
but on an alien world,
far, far away.
1309
01:05:45,573 --> 01:05:49,175
NARRATOR:
December 20, 2013.
1310
01:05:49,277 --> 01:05:53,212
Noted ecologist Dr. Ellis Silver
publishes his book
1311
01:05:53,248 --> 01:05:55,748
Humans are not from Earth.
1312
01:05:55,784 --> 01:05:58,918
In it, he proposes
that humans possess
1313
01:05:58,953 --> 01:06:01,220
a multitude of physical
vulnerabilities,
1314
01:06:01,256 --> 01:06:04,057
such as slower
childhood development,
1315
01:06:04,092 --> 01:06:07,860
a heightened susceptibility
to illness,
1316
01:06:07,962 --> 01:06:11,297
spinal problems
and difficulty giving birth.
1317
01:06:11,333 --> 01:06:14,367
He concludes that they most
likely evolved
1318
01:06:14,469 --> 01:06:17,737
on another planet.
1319
01:06:17,772 --> 01:06:20,373
There are a lot of indications
that mankind, the human race,
1320
01:06:20,475 --> 01:06:22,909
actually did not evolve
on the planet Earth.
1321
01:06:22,944 --> 01:06:25,044
For one thing, you know,
1322
01:06:25,146 --> 01:06:27,291
if we go out in the sun
too long, we get sunburned.
1323
01:06:27,315 --> 01:06:29,493
And that doesn't make a lot
of sense unless the conditions
1324
01:06:29,517 --> 01:06:31,429
on Planet Earth have changed
very dramatically
1325
01:06:31,453 --> 01:06:33,386
in the last few thousand years.
1326
01:06:33,488 --> 01:06:35,722
You have to wear
sunglasses outdoors.
1327
01:06:35,824 --> 01:06:37,468
That also indicates
that our eyes
1328
01:06:37,492 --> 01:06:39,792
are not properly adapted
to the planet.
1329
01:06:39,828 --> 01:06:42,628
Some recent studies
in sports medicine
1330
01:06:42,664 --> 01:06:47,200
have shown us that the human
body creates two types of fat.
1331
01:06:47,302 --> 01:06:50,403
One is isn't a good type of fat,
and the other one is.
1332
01:06:50,505 --> 01:06:52,772
And interestingly enough,
the studies show
1333
01:06:52,807 --> 01:06:55,274
that if you bring
the temperature down
1334
01:06:55,310 --> 01:06:58,010
to about 67 degrees Fahrenheit,
1335
01:06:58,046 --> 01:07:00,646
you create the good fat
and not the bad fat.
1336
01:07:00,682 --> 01:07:04,751
Near the equator on Mars
in the summertime,
1337
01:07:04,853 --> 01:07:07,086
it's about
67 degrees Fahrenheit.
1338
01:07:07,188 --> 01:07:10,890
Now, that's Mars today,
with very little atmosphere.
1339
01:07:10,992 --> 01:07:14,160
Imagine, in the past
where Mars had an atmosphere,
1340
01:07:14,195 --> 01:07:16,929
the average temperature
on the surface
1341
01:07:17,031 --> 01:07:19,932
might be around 67 degrees.
1342
01:07:21,703 --> 01:07:23,736
BARA:
Another factor is that
1343
01:07:23,838 --> 01:07:26,305
when astronauts actually go
into space,
1344
01:07:26,341 --> 01:07:29,175
their circadian rhythms,
their body clocks,
1345
01:07:29,210 --> 01:07:34,480
change from 24-hour days
to a 24.9-hour day,
1346
01:07:34,516 --> 01:07:37,116
and that happens to be
the exact rotational period
1347
01:07:37,218 --> 01:07:40,052
of a single day
on the planet Mars.
1348
01:07:40,088 --> 01:07:42,355
Given the fact
that our body clocks
1349
01:07:42,390 --> 01:07:44,857
are tuned to the planet Mars,
not to the planet Earth,
1350
01:07:44,893 --> 01:07:49,162
that indicates to me that we
actually came here from there.
1351
01:07:49,197 --> 01:07:54,500
Some have suggested that at some
point, Mars had an atmosphere,
1352
01:07:54,536 --> 01:08:00,039
and due to some cataclysmic
events on Mars,
1353
01:08:00,074 --> 01:08:05,445
the Martians had to find a new
home within our solar system.
1354
01:08:05,547 --> 01:08:07,480
And they came to Earth.
1355
01:08:07,582 --> 01:08:10,483
So what if we are the Martians?
1356
01:08:10,585 --> 01:08:14,520
NARRATOR: Could it be
that the human race
1357
01:08:14,556 --> 01:08:17,323
actually evolved on Mars?
1358
01:08:17,425 --> 01:08:21,761
And if so, what might have
caused our ancient ancestors
1359
01:08:21,796 --> 01:08:26,866
to come to Earth
so many years ago?
1360
01:08:26,901 --> 01:08:28,901
At some point,
billions of years ago,
1361
01:08:28,937 --> 01:08:33,840
Mars, it suffered a kind
of environmental catastrophe.
1362
01:08:33,942 --> 01:08:38,411
Its atmosphere started bleeding
away into outer space
1363
01:08:38,446 --> 01:08:41,581
'cause it had no magnetic field
to help shield the planet.
1364
01:08:41,616 --> 01:08:47,053
NARRATOR: In 1976, author
and researcher Zecharia Sitchin
1365
01:08:47,088 --> 01:08:51,591
proposed that a 12th planet once
existed in our solar system
1366
01:08:51,626 --> 01:08:55,294
just beyond Mars
that was somehow destroyed.
1367
01:08:55,330 --> 01:08:58,297
Although his declaration
was based on his study
1368
01:08:58,333 --> 01:09:00,766
of ancient Sumerian texts,
1369
01:09:00,802 --> 01:09:03,970
it was largely dismissed
by the academic community,
1370
01:09:04,005 --> 01:09:06,572
who thought the idea absurd.
1371
01:09:06,608 --> 01:09:09,308
But recent physical evidence
has come to light
1372
01:09:09,344 --> 01:09:11,288
that may prove Sitchin
more correct
1373
01:09:11,312 --> 01:09:15,414
than even he believed possible.
1374
01:09:17,819 --> 01:09:21,254
NARRATOR:
October 7, 2008.
1375
01:09:21,289 --> 01:09:24,423
An 80-ton asteroid enters
the Earth's atmosphere
1376
01:09:24,459 --> 01:09:30,563
and explodes 23 miles above
the Nubian Desert in Sudan.
1377
01:09:30,665 --> 01:09:33,666
That day, an estimated
600 meteorites
1378
01:09:33,701 --> 01:09:38,471
literally showered
the landscape.
1379
01:09:38,506 --> 01:09:40,706
But when examined,
the meteorites were found
1380
01:09:40,808 --> 01:09:44,644
to contain something
incredible: diamonds.
1381
01:09:44,679 --> 01:09:47,947
They also contained
something else:
1382
01:09:47,982 --> 01:09:51,117
evidence that they came from
what scientists now believe
1383
01:09:51,152 --> 01:09:54,921
to have been a lost planet
in our solar system,
1384
01:09:55,023 --> 01:09:58,991
one which was destroyed
thousands of years ago.
1385
01:10:02,830 --> 01:10:08,167
The asteroid belt in our solar
system, it's a strange thing.
1386
01:10:08,202 --> 01:10:11,337
And some have suggested that
these are the remnants
1387
01:10:11,372 --> 01:10:15,441
of a planet that exploded
at some point.
1388
01:10:15,543 --> 01:10:18,344
And the inhabitants of that
planet either went to Mars
1389
01:10:18,379 --> 01:10:21,047
or they came to Earth.
1390
01:10:21,082 --> 01:10:22,693
I am convinced
that the reason why
1391
01:10:22,717 --> 01:10:25,685
there's such a huge fascination
with space travel
1392
01:10:25,720 --> 01:10:29,121
is because that's
where we come from.
1393
01:10:30,725 --> 01:10:33,006
NARRATOR: If there really were
an additional planet
1394
01:10:33,061 --> 01:10:36,729
in our solar system that was
destroyed by a cosmic collision,
1395
01:10:36,764 --> 01:10:40,633
as Zecharia Sitchin suggested,
could its displacement
1396
01:10:40,735 --> 01:10:43,202
have had a calamitous effect
on other,
1397
01:10:43,237 --> 01:10:47,640
nearby planets, perhaps Mars?
1398
01:10:47,742 --> 01:10:52,044
And how would the ancient
Sumerians have known about it?
1399
01:10:52,080 --> 01:10:56,315
Between Mars and Jupiter today,
we have the asteroid belt,
1400
01:10:56,417 --> 01:10:58,484
and the asteroid belt,
in my opinion,
1401
01:10:58,586 --> 01:11:02,321
was once a planet
which exploded.
1402
01:11:02,423 --> 01:11:05,057
Which exploded
because there was a war.
1403
01:11:05,093 --> 01:11:08,894
There was a war in space,
a war in heaven.
1404
01:11:08,930 --> 01:11:11,931
Many mythologies speak about
this war in heaven,
1405
01:11:11,966 --> 01:11:14,867
including
our Christian religion,
1406
01:11:14,902 --> 01:11:17,236
where they speak
that the archangel Lucifer
1407
01:11:17,271 --> 01:11:19,839
fighted against
the archangel Michael.
1408
01:11:19,941 --> 01:11:23,075
Greek mythology, every mythology
around the world
1409
01:11:23,111 --> 01:11:26,178
begins with the war in space,
the war in heaven.
1410
01:11:26,280 --> 01:11:29,548
In my opinion,
Mars was inhabited.
1411
01:11:32,819 --> 01:11:36,221
NARRATOR: Could the human race
actually be populated
1412
01:11:36,256 --> 01:11:39,858
by the descendants
of refugees from Mars?
1413
01:11:39,960 --> 01:11:41,960
And could this be the basis
1414
01:11:41,995 --> 01:11:44,863
not only for
our longstanding fascination
1415
01:11:44,965 --> 01:11:46,665
with the so-called Red Planet,
1416
01:11:46,767 --> 01:11:50,101
but why we are so compelled
to return there?
1417
01:11:54,273 --> 01:11:57,841
NARRATOR:
June 20, 2018.
1418
01:11:57,977 --> 01:12:01,111
The White House Office
of Science and Technology
1419
01:12:01,146 --> 01:12:03,780
releases an 18-page report.
1420
01:12:03,816 --> 01:12:06,249
It outlines what NASA and FEMA,
1421
01:12:06,285 --> 01:12:08,385
the Federal Emergency
Management Agency,
1422
01:12:08,487 --> 01:12:12,255
must do in the next decade
to prevent deadly asteroids
1423
01:12:12,291 --> 01:12:14,257
from crashing into Earth.
1424
01:12:14,293 --> 01:12:18,762
The document covers everything
from earlier detection
1425
01:12:18,797 --> 01:12:21,231
and possible deflection
to ways of dealing
1426
01:12:21,333 --> 01:12:26,136
with the fallout
from a catastrophic impact.
1427
01:12:26,171 --> 01:12:29,373
We have a lot
of these small bodies,
1428
01:12:29,475 --> 01:12:32,809
these things that are coming out
of the asteroid belt,
1429
01:12:32,845 --> 01:12:37,381
these rocky meteors
that then impact the Earth.
1430
01:12:37,483 --> 01:12:39,983
So over the last 15 years,
1431
01:12:40,019 --> 01:12:43,887
we've studied how many are
there, how many cross our orbit.
1432
01:12:44,023 --> 01:12:46,890
And we find that there are
some really big ones.
1433
01:12:47,026 --> 01:12:48,725
They are gonna hit the Earth.
1434
01:12:48,827 --> 01:12:52,763
It's not a matter of if,
it's only a matter of when.
1435
01:12:55,868 --> 01:12:58,835
We get a single hit
from an asteroid
1436
01:12:58,871 --> 01:13:01,016
that's as big as the one
that took out the dinosaurs...
1437
01:13:01,040 --> 01:13:03,940
and, that by the way,
is a 100% probability
1438
01:13:03,976 --> 01:13:06,843
that that is gonna happen,
sooner or later.
1439
01:13:06,879 --> 01:13:10,480
When that happens, all human
life on Earth comes to a halt
1440
01:13:10,516 --> 01:13:12,983
and we go extinct.
1441
01:13:13,018 --> 01:13:15,886
All of our proverbial eggs
are in this one basket.
1442
01:13:15,921 --> 01:13:20,257
If anything happens to us, if
there is an asteroid incident,
1443
01:13:20,392 --> 01:13:25,362
if there is,
a human disaster created,
1444
01:13:25,397 --> 01:13:30,867
every element of our culture
can get wiped out instantly.
1445
01:13:30,903 --> 01:13:32,969
NARRATOR:
In recent years,
1446
01:13:33,005 --> 01:13:35,472
more and more experts
have come forward
1447
01:13:35,507 --> 01:13:37,808
to stress the importance
of establishing
1448
01:13:37,910 --> 01:13:40,277
human settlements off Earth
1449
01:13:40,412 --> 01:13:44,548
in order to insure
the continuation of the species.
1450
01:13:44,583 --> 01:13:48,652
But is humankind still
many years away
1451
01:13:48,687 --> 01:13:52,689
from having the capability
to realize this ambitious goal?
1452
01:13:52,724 --> 01:13:57,461
Or could efforts to colonize
Mars be much further along
1453
01:13:57,563 --> 01:14:00,931
than the government
is willing to reveal?
1454
01:14:02,434 --> 01:14:07,003
Boulder, Colorado,
August 8, 2018.
1455
01:14:07,039 --> 01:14:10,841
Tech titan and SpaceX founder
Elon Musk
1456
01:14:10,876 --> 01:14:14,010
convenes a secret meeting
of high-level scientists,
1457
01:14:14,113 --> 01:14:18,081
engineers and
space colonization experts.
1458
01:14:18,117 --> 01:14:20,951
The 60 attendees are warned
1459
01:14:20,986 --> 01:14:23,286
not to publicize anything
about the meeting
1460
01:14:23,322 --> 01:14:26,656
or even acknowledge
their participation.
1461
01:14:26,792 --> 01:14:29,226
But news of the meeting leaks,
1462
01:14:29,261 --> 01:14:31,361
sparking widespread speculation.
1463
01:14:31,463 --> 01:14:34,764
Why such secrecy
from its organizer,
1464
01:14:34,800 --> 01:14:38,034
a man who rarely shies away
from the spotlight?
1465
01:14:38,070 --> 01:14:40,937
Some have suggested
there could be a connection
1466
01:14:40,973 --> 01:14:44,508
to an event that happened
seven weeks earlier...
1467
01:14:44,610 --> 01:14:48,378
President Donald Trump's call
for the establishment
1468
01:14:48,413 --> 01:14:50,847
of a new branch
of the U.S. military,
1469
01:14:50,949 --> 01:14:54,618
the Space Force.
1470
01:14:54,653 --> 01:14:57,687
So, recently, President Trump
announced a Space Force.
1471
01:14:57,823 --> 01:15:00,857
Basically, what he's saying is,
we are going to develop
1472
01:15:00,959 --> 01:15:04,027
an outer space initiative,
a deep space program...
1473
01:15:04,129 --> 01:15:06,863
that's gonna be started
from the military,
1474
01:15:06,965 --> 01:15:08,431
controlled by the military
1475
01:15:08,467 --> 01:15:09,978
and apparently will have
militaristic aims.
1476
01:15:10,002 --> 01:15:11,980
Now, some people
may find this alarming,
1477
01:15:12,004 --> 01:15:14,271
but others
may look at it and say,
1478
01:15:14,306 --> 01:15:15,906
what's really happening here
1479
01:15:16,008 --> 01:15:18,119
is a very, very crucial moment
in human history
1480
01:15:18,143 --> 01:15:19,988
and in the history
of the United States,
1481
01:15:20,012 --> 01:15:24,247
where we are stepping into space
in a real, real serious way.
1482
01:15:24,349 --> 01:15:27,117
NICK POPE: In relation
to the space program,
1483
01:15:27,152 --> 01:15:29,419
the private sector players...
1484
01:15:29,454 --> 01:15:32,255
the billionaires,
the Elon Musks...
1485
01:15:32,357 --> 01:15:35,792
they're increasingly the people
making the decisions on this.
1486
01:15:35,827 --> 01:15:39,996
It's almost as if government
is losing control of this.
1487
01:15:40,032 --> 01:15:44,834
Or it might be now wholly
in the private sector.
1488
01:15:44,870 --> 01:15:46,836
Maybe being deliberately moved.
1489
01:15:46,872 --> 01:15:48,783
It is, I think,
sometimes more difficult
1490
01:15:48,807 --> 01:15:52,642
for people to find out what's
going on in the private sector
1491
01:15:52,678 --> 01:15:55,045
than actually what's
going on in government.
1492
01:15:55,080 --> 01:15:57,914
I had an interview once
with an astronaut
1493
01:15:58,050 --> 01:16:02,085
about the fact that
if we don't get ourselves,
1494
01:16:02,221 --> 01:16:05,288
get some contingency
of humans off...
1495
01:16:05,390 --> 01:16:08,091
some on the Moon,
1496
01:16:08,227 --> 01:16:11,228
some on Mars and going beyond...
1497
01:16:11,263 --> 01:16:13,129
that eventually,
1498
01:16:13,165 --> 01:16:16,299
homo sapiens sapiens,
as a species,
1499
01:16:16,401 --> 01:16:18,868
if confined only to Earth,
1500
01:16:18,904 --> 01:16:22,038
might face
an existential crisis.
1501
01:16:22,074 --> 01:16:25,842
We deserve to know the truth,
1502
01:16:25,877 --> 01:16:28,078
that there is
alien intelligence,
1503
01:16:28,113 --> 01:16:30,647
and our government
knows about it in great detail.
1504
01:16:30,749 --> 01:16:35,885
And now we're finally
at the intersection, in time,
1505
01:16:35,921 --> 01:16:38,955
where that has to break out
1506
01:16:39,057 --> 01:16:42,225
if we're going to grow
and go beyond Earth
1507
01:16:42,261 --> 01:16:47,230
and start moving out
into our own solar system.
1508
01:16:47,266 --> 01:16:49,032
NARRATOR:
Is it possible
1509
01:16:49,067 --> 01:16:51,246
that there are people within
the United States government
1510
01:16:51,270 --> 01:16:55,972
who already know that the
first astronauts to land on Mars
1511
01:16:56,108 --> 01:17:00,377
will encounter intelligent
extraterrestrial life?
1512
01:17:00,412 --> 01:17:03,880
And are they secretly working
with billionaires
1513
01:17:03,915 --> 01:17:06,583
in order to help
carry out preparations
1514
01:17:06,618 --> 01:17:10,654
for this inevitability
outside of the public eye?
1515
01:17:10,756 --> 01:17:14,724
As far as ancient astronaut
theorists are concerned,
1516
01:17:14,760 --> 01:17:18,028
whatever the government does
or does not know,
1517
01:17:18,130 --> 01:17:21,164
as we begin
to migrate off Earth,
1518
01:17:21,266 --> 01:17:24,401
all of humanity
will soon learn the truth:
1519
01:17:24,436 --> 01:17:28,104
that we are not alone
in the universe.
1520
01:17:30,609 --> 01:17:35,178
I think what we're very near
is an event, a discovery.
1521
01:17:35,314 --> 01:17:38,181
Could be on the Moon,
could be Mars,
1522
01:17:38,317 --> 01:17:42,552
could be maybe Proxima Centauri
or any of our local stars,
1523
01:17:42,654 --> 01:17:44,354
where we're gonna understand
1524
01:17:44,489 --> 01:17:46,756
that everything
that ancient astronaut theorists
1525
01:17:46,792 --> 01:17:50,393
have been talking about is true.
1526
01:17:50,495 --> 01:17:53,797
We human beings,
we fancy ourselves as, you know,
1527
01:17:53,832 --> 01:17:56,766
being pioneers
and wanting to be the first.
1528
01:17:56,802 --> 01:18:00,036
And that's wonderful.
We are pioneers.
1529
01:18:00,172 --> 01:18:02,150
We are the first
on many, many things.
1530
01:18:02,174 --> 01:18:04,074
But...
1531
01:18:04,176 --> 01:18:08,111
what if we arrive on Mars,
1532
01:18:08,146 --> 01:18:10,780
we actually land there,
1533
01:18:10,816 --> 01:18:14,250
and there are
artificial structures?
1534
01:18:14,353 --> 01:18:17,620
It's just the closing
of a gigantic circle.
1535
01:18:17,656 --> 01:18:20,757
NARRATOR: Is it possible
that ancient stories,
1536
01:18:20,792 --> 01:18:23,226
involving everything
from angels and gods
1537
01:18:23,328 --> 01:18:24,894
descending to the Earth
1538
01:18:24,996 --> 01:18:28,598
to miracles and extraordinary
extraterrestrial events,
1539
01:18:28,700 --> 01:18:32,635
were handed down
from generation to generation
1540
01:18:32,671 --> 01:18:37,807
in order to prepare mankind
for interplanetary exploration?
1541
01:18:37,843 --> 01:18:43,380
Ancient astronaut theorists not
only believe the answer is yes,
1542
01:18:43,415 --> 01:18:46,683
but they also point
to a recent scientific discovery
1543
01:18:46,718 --> 01:18:51,121
that may indicate we are
rapidly approaching an exodus...
1544
01:18:51,223 --> 01:18:53,390
from Planet Earth.
1545
01:19:00,296 --> 01:19:03,164
NARRATOR:
The University of Tennessee.
1546
01:19:03,266 --> 01:19:05,566
2012.
1547
01:19:05,602 --> 01:19:09,370
Forensic anthropologists
examining human skulls
1548
01:19:09,405 --> 01:19:13,508
dating from the mid-1800s
to the mid-1980s
1549
01:19:13,610 --> 01:19:16,410
find that,
in the past 100 years,
1550
01:19:16,446 --> 01:19:21,048
human skulls have become larger,
taller and narrower.
1551
01:19:21,084 --> 01:19:24,685
Although exactly why
these changes have occurred
1552
01:19:24,787 --> 01:19:26,754
is still being debated,
1553
01:19:26,789 --> 01:19:29,891
many scientists believe
that even more rapid changes
1554
01:19:29,993 --> 01:19:32,226
will take place
when future humans
1555
01:19:32,328 --> 01:19:34,862
spend more and more
of their lives
1556
01:19:34,998 --> 01:19:37,298
living in outer space.
1557
01:19:37,333 --> 01:19:41,569
According to them, the human
head will continue to grow wider
1558
01:19:41,604 --> 01:19:43,638
as brain mass increases.
1559
01:19:43,673 --> 01:19:45,940
Decreased access to sunlight
1560
01:19:45,975 --> 01:19:48,910
could lead to the development
of larger eyes.
1561
01:19:49,012 --> 01:19:51,245
And nostrils might elongate,
1562
01:19:51,347 --> 01:19:54,749
in order to facilitate breathing
in dusty environments,
1563
01:19:54,851 --> 01:19:57,652
like that of Mars.
1564
01:19:57,687 --> 01:20:01,422
Scientists have suggested
that if beings like us
1565
01:20:01,457 --> 01:20:03,224
were to go into space
1566
01:20:03,359 --> 01:20:05,593
and spend long periods in space,
1567
01:20:05,695 --> 01:20:08,596
without normal gravity and such,
that our muscles
1568
01:20:08,631 --> 01:20:10,398
would begin to atrophy,
1569
01:20:10,533 --> 01:20:13,668
we would have
much more longer, spindly arms.
1570
01:20:13,703 --> 01:20:15,903
And this is how, sometimes,
1571
01:20:16,039 --> 01:20:18,606
extraterrestrials
are described as well.
1572
01:20:18,641 --> 01:20:21,275
If I say that,
somehow or other,
1573
01:20:21,311 --> 01:20:24,812
life on Earth came
from an extraterrestrial source,
1574
01:20:24,847 --> 01:20:26,807
your first thought
is immediately:
1575
01:20:26,883 --> 01:20:28,694
ooh, little green men
or little grey aliens
1576
01:20:28,718 --> 01:20:30,798
with big bug eyes
or whatever did that.
1577
01:20:30,887 --> 01:20:32,486
But it's an interesting parallel
1578
01:20:32,522 --> 01:20:35,656
when you hear people talk
about humans' evolution.
1579
01:20:35,692 --> 01:20:38,826
Is it possible that that's
what humanity might become
1580
01:20:38,861 --> 01:20:43,364
for spacefaring purposes,
is more like these grey aliens?
1581
01:20:44,534 --> 01:20:46,534
One theory that's been proposed,
1582
01:20:46,569 --> 01:20:49,337
that these are actually
ancestors of humanity
1583
01:20:49,372 --> 01:20:52,039
that left Planet Earth
at some point,
1584
01:20:52,075 --> 01:20:54,475
and over millions
and millions of years
1585
01:20:54,577 --> 01:20:57,111
have evolved
into this more spindly-limbed,
1586
01:20:57,213 --> 01:21:00,648
more neuro-focused,
night vision-focused creature,
1587
01:21:00,750 --> 01:21:04,318
but actually are tied
to humanity's past.
1588
01:21:04,354 --> 01:21:07,021
Some have suggested
that the ancient astronauts
1589
01:21:07,056 --> 01:21:09,557
that our ancestors encountered
1590
01:21:09,592 --> 01:21:14,395
perhaps were us human beings
from the future
1591
01:21:14,430 --> 01:21:17,665
going back in time to teach us.
1592
01:21:17,767 --> 01:21:20,067
That's an interesting idea,
1593
01:21:20,103 --> 01:21:23,537
because I think that time travel
is conceivably possible.
1594
01:21:23,573 --> 01:21:27,375
However, with the ancient texts
that I'm familiar with,
1595
01:21:27,410 --> 01:21:30,578
I have yet
to come across a passage
1596
01:21:30,613 --> 01:21:33,080
that one of these "gods"
1597
01:21:33,116 --> 01:21:35,916
says to our ancestors,
1598
01:21:35,952 --> 01:21:38,919
"We're the same,
but we are from the future."
1599
01:21:38,955 --> 01:21:42,490
NARRATOR: While ancient
astronaut theorists are divided
1600
01:21:42,625 --> 01:21:44,892
on the question
of whether extraterrestrials,
1601
01:21:44,927 --> 01:21:46,827
like the so-called Greys,
1602
01:21:46,929 --> 01:21:49,897
are, in fact,
biologically evolved humans
1603
01:21:49,932 --> 01:21:52,366
visiting us from the future,
1604
01:21:52,468 --> 01:21:56,037
what they all agree on is
that the day is fast approaching
1605
01:21:56,139 --> 01:21:58,272
when we will
finally know the truth
1606
01:21:58,307 --> 01:22:01,275
about mankind's alien origins.
1607
01:22:01,310 --> 01:22:03,711
HENRY:
In creation mythologies,
1608
01:22:03,813 --> 01:22:07,715
there's a plan that emerges,
and this plan
1609
01:22:07,817 --> 01:22:10,284
is for people
to become more like the gods,
1610
01:22:10,319 --> 01:22:14,121
so that we could be reunited
with them in the stars.
1611
01:22:14,157 --> 01:22:15,723
We are on the cusp of,
1612
01:22:15,825 --> 01:22:18,526
or perhaps even
in the middle of, right now,
1613
01:22:18,628 --> 01:22:20,909
this tremendous transformation
that will connect us
1614
01:22:20,997 --> 01:22:23,164
with extraterrestrial beings.
1615
01:22:24,667 --> 01:22:26,767
HOWE:
A Gallup poll was done
1616
01:22:26,803 --> 01:22:29,103
to ask questions
1617
01:22:29,138 --> 01:22:31,205
of the population
that would indicate
1618
01:22:31,340 --> 01:22:34,875
whether or not they had
had interactions with...
1619
01:22:34,977 --> 01:22:39,280
biological entities
that were not human.
1620
01:22:39,315 --> 01:22:42,383
And that Gallup poll
came to the conclusion
1621
01:22:42,485 --> 01:22:45,886
that three to four percent
of the current population
1622
01:22:46,022 --> 01:22:48,723
of our planet
have had an interaction
1623
01:22:48,858 --> 01:22:51,726
with something that's
in the nonhuman category.
1624
01:22:51,828 --> 01:22:55,763
So are the nonhumans waiting
for a specific moment
1625
01:22:55,865 --> 01:22:58,999
in which they will say
the human experiment
1626
01:22:59,035 --> 01:23:02,903
is beginning to grow up?
1627
01:23:03,039 --> 01:23:06,407
We want to go out and explore.
1628
01:23:06,542 --> 01:23:09,810
And we think it's the beginning.
1629
01:23:09,846 --> 01:23:12,246
It's not the beginning.
1630
01:23:14,217 --> 01:23:16,784
HENRY: I don't think it's
coincidental that at this moment
1631
01:23:16,819 --> 01:23:21,155
we are recording mass sightings
of extraterrestrial craft.
1632
01:23:21,190 --> 01:23:22,701
We're understanding
the ancient world
1633
01:23:22,725 --> 01:23:25,259
and how they interacted
with extraterrestrials.
1634
01:23:25,361 --> 01:23:27,628
Science is advancing
to understand this.
1635
01:23:27,663 --> 01:23:29,830
Communications
are being put in place.
1636
01:23:29,866 --> 01:23:32,266
I think all of this
is leading to this moment
1637
01:23:32,368 --> 01:23:33,968
where we're gonna peak,
1638
01:23:34,070 --> 01:23:35,803
where we're gonna experience
1639
01:23:35,838 --> 01:23:37,938
this disclosure,
this convergence,
1640
01:23:38,040 --> 01:23:41,742
this return, and it
will forever change humanity.
1641
01:23:41,778 --> 01:23:44,478
NARRATOR:
Will humankind succeed
1642
01:23:44,580 --> 01:23:48,516
in establishing new colonies
on other planets?
1643
01:23:48,551 --> 01:23:52,153
And if we do, will we discover
1644
01:23:52,188 --> 01:23:54,855
that we are not
the pinnacle of creation,
1645
01:23:54,891 --> 01:23:59,527
but just the newest members
of an intergalactic society?
1646
01:23:59,562 --> 01:24:02,196
Perhaps as we transition
off of Earth
1647
01:24:02,231 --> 01:24:05,399
and out into the stars,
we will find
1648
01:24:05,434 --> 01:24:09,036
that we are not reaching
the peak of our human evolution,
1649
01:24:09,071 --> 01:24:11,672
but only the beginning
of a destiny
1650
01:24:11,774 --> 01:24:14,741
that's as limitless
as the universe.
1651
01:24:15,074 --> 01:24:19,741
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1652
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