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1
00:00:09,800 --> 00:00:13,710
BARBARIC LAND
2
00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:30,030
APRIL 29, 1945 - MILAN
PIAZZALE LORETO
3
00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:33,630
THE CORPSE OF IL DUCE
4
00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:37,310
"After initiating so many massacres
without images,
5
00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:40,150
the final images of him
are those of his massacre."
6
00:00:40,350 --> 00:00:41,750
Italo Calvino
7
00:09:55,870 --> 00:09:58,710
LIBYA, 1926
DUCE'S "NAPOLEONIC" YEAR
8
00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:00,790
From the dream
of the Empire's conquest
9
00:10:00,960 --> 00:10:03,670
to the practical transposition
of the African undertaking
10
00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:16,750
ON THE WAY TO TRIPOLI, APRIL 1926
11
00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:54,630
We play and dance
on the Mediterranean
12
00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:58,510
On the fringes of a Europe that today
13
00:16:58,720 --> 00:17:02,990
Rejects those who flee war and hunger
14
00:17:03,160 --> 00:17:07,110
And accept the risk
of drowning at sea
15
00:17:07,360 --> 00:17:09,870
Bottomless grave
16
00:17:20,310 --> 00:17:24,430
We play and dance
on the Mediterranean
17
00:17:25,720 --> 00:17:28,510
On the fringes of a Europe that today
18
00:17:28,720 --> 00:17:31,630
Rejects those who flee war and hunger
19
00:17:33,920 --> 00:17:37,710
And accept the risk
of drowning at sea
20
00:17:40,310 --> 00:17:42,150
Bottomless grave
21
00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:52,300
African adventure
22
00:17:53,360 --> 00:17:56,190
for entrepreneurs, financiers,
23
00:17:56,440 --> 00:17:59,430
administrators, explorers,
24
00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:00,910
doctors,
25
00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:05,550
priests, nuns and missionaries,
26
00:18:06,120 --> 00:18:07,230
all eager
27
00:18:07,640 --> 00:18:09,550
to tear Africans away
28
00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:13,230
from superstition and slavery.
29
00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:32,750
1922-1932...
30
00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:35,710
The occupation of Libya.
31
00:18:37,960 --> 00:18:40,110
No mercy for the "rebels"
32
00:18:41,120 --> 00:18:43,390
whose property is seized,
33
00:18:45,200 --> 00:18:47,190
be it goods or real estate.
34
00:18:57,520 --> 00:18:59,830
100,000 Libyans are deported
35
00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:03,550
between July and December 1930.
36
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:08,300
No prisoners were taken:
37
00:19:11,640 --> 00:19:13,670
they shot everyone...
38
00:19:16,120 --> 00:19:18,590
men, women and children.
39
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:45,010
A HOLIDAY, ITALY 1926
40
00:19:45,500 --> 00:19:48,410
We celebrate the "new spirit"
of collaboration
41
00:19:48,660 --> 00:19:51,470
between industrialists
and the working class.
42
00:20:07,310 --> 00:20:15,270
A textile firm
working for the Lybian war effort.
43
00:21:24,401 --> 00:21:26,400
We have found
44
00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:28,710
several letters
45
00:21:29,720 --> 00:21:32,470
from a young worker
to her gunner fiancé
46
00:21:33,500 --> 00:21:35,671
stationed in Tobruk
47
00:21:36,550 --> 00:21:38,670
during the Libyan war.
48
00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:45,190
Benvenuta, February 28,
49
00:21:46,720 --> 00:21:48,350
1925.
50
00:21:50,380 --> 00:21:51,770
"My dear Riccardo,
51
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:54,710
Where has our love gone?
52
00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:59,190
It isn't a passing fancy for me,
you know.
53
00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:02,600
Do you find me ugly,
don't you?
54
00:22:04,101 --> 00:22:07,800
Or have you found a woman there?
55
00:22:09,960 --> 00:22:13,990
Unless your parents
have written to you
56
00:22:15,360 --> 00:22:18,710
to say they weren't pleased with me,
57
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:25,600
that they would prefer
a country girl.
58
00:22:29,901 --> 00:22:31,900
Send me back my photo
59
00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:35,390
and I'll send you yours.
60
00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:39,200
If you're still my Riccardo,
61
00:22:41,601 --> 00:22:43,100
I send you a kiss.
62
00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:45,300
Your Benvenuta.
63
00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:57,700
Farewell.
64
00:22:59,071 --> 00:23:00,671
Farewell."
65
00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:13,000
Benvenuta comments
on a postcard from Libya:
66
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:18,270
"You say you laugh
when you see how these people
67
00:23:18,500 --> 00:23:20,071
are dressed.
68
00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:22,800
What look like rags to us
69
00:23:23,240 --> 00:23:26,750
are in fact
their traditional costumes."
70
00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:43,500
CARNIVAL
71
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:05,300
Carnival.
Carnival-time contestation
72
00:24:05,501 --> 00:24:07,800
was one of the tactics
73
00:24:08,100 --> 00:24:10,790
used by the superior "caste"
74
00:24:11,760 --> 00:24:14,550
to establish its power.
75
00:24:15,310 --> 00:24:17,550
Arabs, Black Africans...
76
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:21,390
A reference
to those called "discoveries",
77
00:24:21,720 --> 00:24:25,630
an euphemism that designated
brutal conquests.
78
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:35,910
Carnival is a corrosive acid...
79
00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:40,130
in actual fact, those in power
rule as absolute masters.
80
00:24:43,040 --> 00:24:44,110
Harsh.
81
00:24:46,580 --> 00:24:48,310
Merciless.
82
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:48,000
Carnival.
83
00:25:48,701 --> 00:25:50,801
Carnival-time contestation
84
00:25:50,940 --> 00:25:55,550
was one of the tactics
used by the superior "caste"
85
00:25:55,800 --> 00:26:00,350
to establish its power.
Arabs, Black Africans...
86
00:26:05,080 --> 00:26:08,630
A reference
to those called "discoveries",
87
00:26:09,320 --> 00:26:10,870
an euphemism
88
00:26:12,920 --> 00:26:16,230
that designated brutal conquests.
89
00:27:10,760 --> 00:27:13,990
Carnival is a corrosive acid...
90
00:27:14,680 --> 00:27:16,990
In actual fact, those in power
91
00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:19,590
rule as absolute masters.
92
00:27:21,200 --> 00:27:22,270
Harsh.
93
00:27:23,960 --> 00:27:25,750
Merciless.
94
00:27:30,620 --> 00:27:34,300
THE 1930s IN ITALY
95
00:27:34,720 --> 00:27:39,800
The regime's
military and civilian parades
96
00:27:51,580 --> 00:27:52,970
They obeyed
97
00:27:54,660 --> 00:27:56,210
and collaborated
98
00:27:56,940 --> 00:27:58,370
in a policy
99
00:27:59,420 --> 00:28:03,810
that pursued
a blood and cruel conquest.
100
00:28:37,940 --> 00:28:39,930
They need uniforms...
101
00:28:41,380 --> 00:28:42,690
costumes...
102
00:28:43,580 --> 00:28:46,850
in short,
it's all a matter of appearance.
103
00:30:05,300 --> 00:30:06,900
Individuals,
104
00:30:07,700 --> 00:30:09,050
neither perverse,
105
00:30:10,020 --> 00:30:11,570
nor sadistic,
106
00:30:12,571 --> 00:30:14,000
but normal.
107
00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:18,800
Horrifyingly normal.
108
00:30:42,100 --> 00:30:43,450
Fascism
109
00:30:44,500 --> 00:30:46,600
is a form of government
110
00:30:47,801 --> 00:30:49,500
through which
111
00:30:51,180 --> 00:30:52,850
a whole people
112
00:30:53,740 --> 00:30:55,530
can be dominated
113
00:30:56,531 --> 00:30:58,031
to the extent
114
00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:01,300
that it's possible to abuse them
115
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:05,000
in order to dominate other peoples.
116
00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:29,150
ORIGINAL TITLE-CARD 1935-1936
117
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:32,750
"Ethiopia,
for this primitive and barbaric land,
118
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:36,630
the age of civilization
has now arrived."
119
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:29,750
We recently went back
120
00:32:30,480 --> 00:32:32,950
to search film archives
121
00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:36,350
to look for photograms
122
00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:40,110
of Ethiopia-Abyssinia
123
00:32:40,700 --> 00:32:44,000
from the Italian colonial period.
124
00:32:48,700 --> 00:32:53,190
The bare bodies of the women
and the "body" of the film,
125
00:32:54,860 --> 00:32:56,970
this stock damaged
126
00:32:58,220 --> 00:32:59,930
and torn even
127
00:33:00,700 --> 00:33:02,690
from countless viewings.
128
00:33:21,420 --> 00:33:24,910
Certain words appear
in one card after another:
129
00:33:25,820 --> 00:33:28,250
"type", "barbaric",
130
00:33:28,860 --> 00:33:29,930
"marauder",
131
00:33:30,620 --> 00:33:31,930
"primitive",
132
00:33:32,580 --> 00:33:33,770
"devious",
133
00:33:34,660 --> 00:33:36,810
"proverbial wariness",
134
00:33:37,420 --> 00:33:38,530
"bigamy".
135
00:33:40,060 --> 00:33:43,570
Zoological vocabulary is applied.
136
00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:14,470
Today,
137
00:34:15,200 --> 00:34:17,570
here, in Europe,
138
00:34:18,410 --> 00:34:20,630
racism is spreading.
139
00:34:22,220 --> 00:34:23,490
People arm themselves
140
00:34:24,180 --> 00:34:25,850
to drive out the poor
141
00:34:26,820 --> 00:34:29,090
and disturbing foreigners
142
00:34:30,740 --> 00:34:35,000
to send them back
to their original hell.
143
00:34:58,220 --> 00:35:02,890
I remember a letter from Abyssinia
by Arthur Rimbaud:
144
00:35:04,091 --> 00:35:07,700
"The people of the Harar
are neither more stupid,
145
00:35:08,780 --> 00:35:10,330
nor more dishonest
146
00:35:11,500 --> 00:35:15,531
than the white negroes
of so-called "civilized" countries."
147
00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:29,310
EASTERN AFRICA, 1935-1937
148
00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:32,030
There was no conflict, no tension,
149
00:37:32,240 --> 00:37:34,430
no butchery, no bloodshed...
150
00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:36,510
and so no consequences:
151
00:37:36,680 --> 00:37:38,910
The massacres went undocumented.
152
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:05,800
A telegram from Mussolini:
153
00:38:07,320 --> 00:38:09,430
"Approval of the use of gas
154
00:38:11,030 --> 00:38:14,470
"for superior reasons
of national defence.
155
00:38:19,120 --> 00:38:21,350
To finish with the rebels,
156
00:38:23,320 --> 00:38:25,110
use gas."
157
00:38:29,720 --> 00:38:31,830
"I again authorize
158
00:38:32,300 --> 00:38:34,000
a policy of terror
159
00:38:34,280 --> 00:38:38,350
and extermination of rebels
and collusive populations."
160
00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:42,090
Emperor Haile Selassie,
June 30, 1936.
161
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:46,470
"The country seemed to be crumbling.
162
00:39:48,280 --> 00:39:51,630
The silence became more oppressive
by the day
163
00:39:53,640 --> 00:39:56,310
over the magnificent high plateaus
164
00:39:57,510 --> 00:39:59,550
where the horizons are so vast
165
00:40:02,400 --> 00:40:03,950
and so pure.
166
00:40:05,720 --> 00:40:09,830
Neither men nor animals could breathe.
167
00:40:15,500 --> 00:40:18,300
All living beings
168
00:40:19,320 --> 00:40:21,830
who had been touched
169
00:40:22,120 --> 00:40:25,750
by the light rain
that fell from the planes,
170
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:29,751
who had drunk the poisoned water
171
00:40:30,030 --> 00:40:32,550
or eaten contaminated food,
172
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:35,590
fled screaming and sought refuge
173
00:40:36,030 --> 00:40:37,710
in the huts
174
00:40:40,920 --> 00:40:43,230
or deep in the forest to die there.
175
00:40:48,760 --> 00:40:50,390
There were corpses everywhere,
176
00:40:55,960 --> 00:40:57,510
in every bush,
177
00:40:59,030 --> 00:41:00,830
in every tree,
178
00:41:03,240 --> 00:41:07,230
wherever refuge seemed possible.
179
00:41:11,680 --> 00:41:15,630
But there were even more
spread out there
180
00:41:20,600 --> 00:41:23,750
in broad daylight, in full sight,
181
00:41:24,400 --> 00:41:27,150
for death arrived at top speed
182
00:41:27,500 --> 00:41:29,599
and many did not have time
183
00:41:29,740 --> 00:41:32,390
to seek a refuge to die in peace.
184
00:41:37,910 --> 00:41:39,310
Very quickly,
185
00:41:39,510 --> 00:41:42,910
an unbearable stench spread
186
00:41:43,640 --> 00:41:45,230
over the whole region."
187
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:54,230
For the Italian airmen,
it was no longer a war but a game.
188
00:41:56,080 --> 00:41:59,430
What risk was there in shooting
the dead and the dying
189
00:41:59,680 --> 00:42:03,110
whose eyes had been burned
by the gas?
190
00:42:05,700 --> 00:42:09,500
What risk was there in shooting
191
00:42:15,680 --> 00:42:20,090
the dead and the dying whose eyes
192
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:30,030
had been burned by the gas?
193
00:42:54,280 --> 00:42:56,030
Telegram from Il Duce:
194
00:42:56,960 --> 00:42:58,590
"No agreement.
195
00:42:59,300 --> 00:43:00,500
I want everything.
196
00:43:01,480 --> 00:43:04,630
Including the emperor's head.
197
00:43:07,030 --> 00:43:11,310
No one is more in favour than I am
of a harsh war.
198
00:43:12,500 --> 00:43:14,300
In other words, war."
199
00:43:41,320 --> 00:43:44,230
No one is more in favour than I am
200
00:43:47,720 --> 00:43:49,710
of a harsh war.
201
00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:53,630
In other words, war.
202
00:44:53,720 --> 00:44:55,390
1936...
203
00:44:56,640 --> 00:45:00,110
Extract from a balcony speech
by Mussolini:
204
00:45:02,400 --> 00:45:04,110
"...an empire of peace
205
00:45:04,510 --> 00:45:06,630
because Italy wants peace,
206
00:45:06,920 --> 00:45:09,510
for herself and all peoples."
207
00:45:11,120 --> 00:45:15,070
But, at the time,
Mussolini was already preparing
208
00:45:15,320 --> 00:45:18,310
the military intervention in Spain.
209
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:57,400
AN EASTERN AFRICAN WAR ALBUM
1935-1937
210
00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:46,230
An army of specialized workers,
211
00:48:47,160 --> 00:48:49,110
the dictatorship's labourers,
212
00:48:51,600 --> 00:48:53,310
apply their efforts
213
00:48:57,080 --> 00:48:59,230
to the apparatus of destruction.
214
00:49:00,160 --> 00:49:02,510
Do these men care
215
00:49:02,760 --> 00:49:06,430
about the consequences of their work?
216
00:49:08,720 --> 00:49:10,750
Capable of not seeing
217
00:49:11,120 --> 00:49:12,430
the madness
218
00:49:13,280 --> 00:49:15,510
and the horrors of war.
219
00:49:23,880 --> 00:49:25,070
The armies
220
00:49:26,640 --> 00:49:28,030
of specialized workers,
221
00:49:30,360 --> 00:49:32,910
the dictatorship's labourers,
222
00:49:34,400 --> 00:49:36,870
apply their efforts
223
00:49:37,320 --> 00:49:39,950
to the apparatus of destruction.
224
00:49:40,320 --> 00:49:42,830
Do these men care
225
00:49:43,320 --> 00:49:44,870
about the consequences
226
00:49:49,400 --> 00:49:50,670
of their work?
227
00:49:52,080 --> 00:49:54,510
Capable of not seeing
228
00:49:56,320 --> 00:49:59,430
the madness and the horrors
of the war.
229
00:50:01,080 --> 00:50:03,510
Capable of not seeing
230
00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:06,230
the madness and the horrors
of war.
231
00:50:40,320 --> 00:50:43,030
Weapons of mass extermination
232
00:50:45,000 --> 00:50:48,110
and mustard gas bombs
are loaded onto planes.
233
00:50:49,240 --> 00:50:51,630
These weapons of extermination
234
00:50:53,240 --> 00:50:56,310
are still used today
235
00:50:57,120 --> 00:50:59,990
even though, as in the past,
236
00:51:00,700 --> 00:51:03,500
those responsible deny their use.
237
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:32,200
"Do you love me, Maria?"
238
00:51:32,701 --> 00:51:35,501
is written on the back of a photo.
239
00:51:36,600 --> 00:51:40,700
The words date from May, 1936,
240
00:51:41,960 --> 00:51:44,470
the month of the empire's conquest.
241
00:51:49,060 --> 00:51:50,570
The wife and mother.
242
00:51:51,720 --> 00:51:53,990
Photos of families in Italy
243
00:51:54,760 --> 00:51:57,430
during the war in Eastern Africa.
244
00:52:29,960 --> 00:52:33,310
The measures taken
by the Fascist government
245
00:52:34,080 --> 00:52:35,910
to protect the race
246
00:52:36,760 --> 00:52:40,630
and to avoid interbreeding
that was deemed unacceptable
247
00:52:41,120 --> 00:52:42,310
are well known.
248
00:53:59,920 --> 00:54:02,310
The "Disperatata" squadron,
249
00:54:03,280 --> 00:54:07,150
commanded by Ciano,
flies Caproni planes.
250
00:54:09,920 --> 00:54:11,910
They descend to a low altitude
251
00:54:13,640 --> 00:54:15,630
and open fire on peasants
252
00:54:15,880 --> 00:54:18,550
with rifles and pistols.
253
00:55:05,160 --> 00:55:08,830
The Fascist man
has been perfectly educated.
254
00:55:09,360 --> 00:55:13,110
He exalts drinking and eating,
love,
255
00:55:13,560 --> 00:55:15,750
work and absence of thought.
256
00:55:23,160 --> 00:55:24,710
The Ascari,
257
00:55:25,560 --> 00:55:28,310
the Eritrean soldiers serving in
258
00:55:28,560 --> 00:55:30,270
the Italian colonial army.
259
00:55:31,640 --> 00:55:34,310
Ethnical hatred and religion are used
260
00:55:35,080 --> 00:55:36,950
as mortal weapons.
261
00:56:51,650 --> 00:56:54,000
The bullet holes are painted
262
00:56:54,201 --> 00:56:55,401
to highlight them.
263
00:56:56,002 --> 00:56:57,800
They are emblems.
264
00:57:45,280 --> 00:57:46,830
The pleasure
265
00:57:49,320 --> 00:57:50,830
of war.
266
00:57:52,300 --> 00:57:55,400
The feeling of being sheltered
267
00:57:57,880 --> 00:57:59,030
from need.
268
00:58:06,840 --> 00:58:09,110
Physical activity.
269
00:58:11,320 --> 00:58:14,110
Contact with the machines of war.
270
00:58:17,240 --> 00:58:19,010
Colonial eroticism.
271
00:58:22,320 --> 00:58:26,470
Could all that explain
the success of Fascism?
272
00:58:33,320 --> 00:58:34,390
So that's it?
273
00:58:41,820 --> 00:58:45,500
Each period has its fascism.
274
01:01:14,120 --> 01:01:18,300
Insolent and hideously farcical,
275
01:01:18,300 --> 01:01:21,030
Fascism returns again.
276
01:01:21,800 --> 01:01:25,710
We sense a feeling of concern.
277
01:01:26,320 --> 01:01:29,800
We are plunged into a dark night,
278
01:01:29,800 --> 01:01:32,500
we don't know where we are going.
279
01:01:32,500 --> 01:01:34,330
And you?
280
01:01:35,800 --> 01:01:40,700
Subtitles : Mos3n
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