All language subtitles for 01 The Cause (1861).en

"We have shared the incommunicable experience of war."

"We have felt, we still feel,"

"the passion of life to its top."

"In our youths, our hearts were touched with fire."

Oliver Wendell Holmes.

By the summer of 1861, Wilmer McLean had had enough.

Two great armies were converging on his farm,

and what would be the first
major battle of the Civil War...

Bull Run, or Manassas, as the Confederates called it...

would soon rage across the aging Virginian's farm,

a Union shell going so far as to
explode in the summer kitchen.

Now McLean moved his family away from Manassas,

far south and west of Richmond,

out of harm's way, he prayed,

to a dusty little crossroads called.

Appomattox Courthouse,

and it was there in his living room, 3½ years later,

that Lee surrendered to Grant.

And Wilmer McLean could rightfully say

that "the war began in my front yard"

"and ended in my front parlor."

The Civil War was fought in 10,000 places

from Valverde, New Mexico, and Tullahoma, Tennessee,

to St. Albans, Vermont, and
Fernandina on the Florida coast.

More than three million Americans fought in it,

and over 600,000 men, 2% of the population,

died in it.

American homes became headquarters.

American churches and schoolhouses

sheltered the dying,

and huge foraging armies swept across American farms

and burned American towns.

Americans slaughtered one another
wholesale here, in America,

in their own corn fields and peach orchards,

along familiar roads, and by waters

with old American names.

In two days at Shiloh, on the banks of the Tennessee,

more American men fell than in all
previous American wars combined.

At Cold Harbor,

7,000 Americans fell in twenty minutes.

Men who had never strayed twenty
miles from their own front doors

now found themselves soldiers in great armies,

fighting epic battles hundreds of miles from home.

They knew they were making history,

and it was the greatest adventure of their lives.

The war made some rich, ruined others,

and changed forever the lives of all who lived through it:

a lackluster clerk from Galena, Illinois,

a failure in everything except marriage and war,

who, in three years, would be head of the Union army,

and in seven, President of the United States;

an eccentric student of theology and military tactics,

a hypochondriac who rode into battle with one hand raised

"to keep," he said, "the blood balanced;"

a college professor from Maine,

who, on a little hill in Pennsylvania,

ordered an unlikely textbook maneuver

that saved the Union army and possibly the Union itself.

Two ordinary soldiers...

one from Providence, Rhode Island,

the other from Columbia, Tennessee,

who each served four years

and together seemed to have been everywhere during the war

and lived to tell the tale;

the courtly, unknowable aristocrat,

who disapproved of secession and slavery,

yet went on to defend them both

at the head of one of the greatest armies of all time;

the runaway boy who "stole himself" from slavery,

recruited two regiments of black soldiers,

and helped transform the Civil War

into a struggle for the freedom of all Americans;

and then there was the rough man from Illinois,

who would rise to be the greatest president

the country has ever seen.

Between 1861 and 1865,

Americans made war on each other

and killed each other in great numbers,

if only to become the kind of country

that could no longer conceive how that was possible.

What began as a bitter dispute
over Union and states' rights

ended as a struggle over the meaning of freedom in America.

At Gettysburg in 1863,

Abraham Lincoln said perhaps more than he knew:

The war was about "a new birth of freedom."

1938... 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg.

President Roosevelt spoke to the
remaining few Civil War veterans.

“Veterans of the blue and the gray:

“On behalf of the people of the United States,

“I accept this monument

“in the spirit of brotherhood and peace.”

Year after year, the nation remembered.

In 1930, veterans of the Union army

marched in Cincinnati, Ohio;

four years later, in New York City.

They and the surviving veterans of the Confederacy

were the last link

with a terrible conflict that tore America apart

from 1861 to 1865.

The last Civil War veteran would die in 1959,

and no longer would there be living
memories of long-ago battles,

only history and legends.

Any understanding of this nation

has to be based, and I mean really based,

on an understanding of the Civil War.

I believe that firmly. It defined us.

The revolution did what it did.

Our involvement in European wars,

beginning with the First World War, did what it did,

but the Civil War defined us as what we are,

and it opened us to being what we became,

good and bad things.

And it... it is very necessary

if you're going to understand the American character

in the twentieth century

to learn about this enormous
catastrophe of the mid-19th century.

It was the... the... the crossroads of our being,

and it was a hell of a crossroads.

For me, the picture

of the Civil War as a

historic phenomenon

is not on the battlefield. It's not about weapons.

It's not about soldiers,

except to the extent that weapons and soldiers

at that crucial moment

joined a discussion about something higher,

about humanity, about human dignity,

about human freedom.

"Whence shall we expect the approach of danger?

"Shall some transatlantic giant step
the earth and crush us at a blow?

"Never.

"All the armies of Europe and Asia

"could not by force take a drink from the Ohio River

"or make a track on the Blue Ridge
in the trial of a thousand years.

"If destruction be our lot, we must ourselves"

"be its author and finisher."

"As a nation of free men, we will live forever,"

"or die by suicide."

Abraham Lincoln, 1837.

In 1861, most of nation's thirty-one million people

lived peaceably on farms and in small towns.

At Sharpsburg, Maryland, a German
pacifist sect, the Dunkards,

made their home in a sea of wheat and corn.

In Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, population 2,400,

young men studied Latin and
mathematics at the small college there.

Steamboats filled with cotton

came and went at Vicksburg on the Mississippi.

In Washington, D.C, Senator Jefferson Davis

reviewed plans for remodeling the capitol.

In Richmond, the 900 employees of the Tredegar Iron Works

turned out gun carriages and cannon

for the U.S. Government.

At West Point on the Hudson, officers trained,

and friendships were formed they
thought would last a lifetime.

"In thinking of America,

"I sometimes find myself admiring her bright blue sky

"her grand old woods,"

"her fertile fields, her beautiful rivers,"

"her mighty lakes and star-crowned mountains,"

"but my rapture is soon checked

"when I remember that all is
cursed with the infernal spirit

"of slave-holding and wrong;

"when I remember that with the
waters of her noblest rivers,

"the tears of my brethren are borne to the ocean,

"disregarded and forgotten,

"that her most fertile fields drink daily

of the warm blood of my outraged sisters,

"I am filled with unutterable loathing."

Frederick Douglass.

We are (we are)

Climbing (climbing)

Jacob's (Jacob's)

Ladder (ladder)

We are (we are)

Climbing (climbing)

Jacob's (Jacob's)

Ladder (ladder)

We are (we are)

Climbing (climbing)

Jacobs.

Ladder.

Soldiers.

Of the.

Cross.

Keep on (keep on)

Climbing (climbing, )

We will (we will)

Make it (make it)

Keep on (keep on)

Climbing (climbing, )

We will (we will)

Make it (make it)

Keep on (keep on)

Climbing (climbing, )

We will (we will)

Make it (make it)

Soldiers.

Of the.

Cross.

"No day ever dawns for the slave,"

a freed black man wrote,

"nor is it looked for."

"For the slave, it is all night;"

"all night forever."

One white Mississippian was more blunt...

"I'd rather be dead," he said,

"than be a nigger on one of these big plantations."

A slave entered the world in a
one-room, dirt-floored shack.

Drafty in winter, reeking in summer,

slave cabins bred pneumonia, typhus, cholera,

lockjaw, tuberculosis.

The child who survived to be sent to the fields at twelve

was likely to have rotten teeth,

worms, dysentery, malaria.

Fewer than four out of a hundred lived to be sixty.

Work began at sunrise and
continued as long as there was light...

fourteen hours sometimes,

unless there was a full moon, when it went on still longer.

On the auction block, blacks were made to jump and dance

to demonstrate their sprightliness

and stripped to show how little whipping they needed.

Buyers poked and prodded them,

examined their feet, eyes, and teeth,

"precisely," one ex-slave recalled,

"as a jockey examines a horse."

A slave could expect to be sold
at least once in his lifetime,

maybe two times, maybe more.

Since slave marriages had no legal status,

preachers changed the wedding vows to read,

"until death or distance do you part."

“You know what I'd rather do?

"If I thought"

"that I'd ever be a slave again,"

"I'd take a gun and just end it all right away,"

"because you're nothing but a dog."

"You're not a thing but a dog."

Some slaves refused to work.

Some ran away.

Still, blacks struggled to hold their families together,

created their own culture under the worst of conditions,

and yearned to be free.

If there was a single event that caused the war,

it was the establishment of the United States

in independence from Great Britain

with slavery still a part of its heritage.

It was because we failed to do the thing we

really have a genius for, which is compromise.

Americans like to think of themselves as uncompromising.

Our true genius is for compromise.
Our whole government's founded on it,

and it failed.

"There was never a moment in our history when slavery

"was not a sleeping serpent:

"it lay coiled up under the table during the

deliberations of the Constitutional Convention,

"Owing to the cotton gin,"

"it was more than half awake."

"Thereafter, slavery was on everyone's mind,"

"though not always on his tongue."

John Jay Chapman.

By the time the nation was founded,
slavery was dying in the north.

There were doubts in the south, too,

but few could conceive of any alternative.

Thomas Jefferson of Virginia said maintaining slavery

was like holding a wolf by the ears:

you didn't like it, but you didn't dare let it go.

Then in 1793, a northerner, Eli Whitney,

taught the south how to make slavery pay.

Whitney's engine, or gin,

made it easier to separate cotton from its seed.

Where before it had taken one slave ten hours

to produce a single pound of lint,

the cotton gin could crank out a thousand pounds a day.

Production soared, and with it, the demand for slaves.

By 1860, the last year of peace,

one out of every seven Americans

belonged to another American.

Four million men, women, and children were slaves.

In Boston in 1831,

claiming, "that which is not just is not law,"

William Lloyd Garrison began publishing a militant

antislavery newspaper, The Liberator.

He called for complete and immediate abolition.

"I am in earnest.

"I will not equivocate."

"I will not excuse."

"I will not retreat a single inch,"

"and I will be heard."

He was heard,

and his message was clear:

slavery was sin,

and those who maintained it, criminals.

The abolition movement grew,
inspired by passionate leaders...

Harriet Tubman, called "Moses" by the slaves

who followed her north to freedom.

Wendell Phillips, named
"The Golden Trumpet of Abolitionism"

for his oratory;

and Frederick Douglass,

the son of a slave and a white man.

"I appear this evening as a thief and robber;."

"I stole this head, these limbs,"

"this body from my master, and ran off with them."

Douglass was so eloquent that skeptics charged

he could never have been a slave.

In part to prove them wrong, he wrote an autobiography,

purchased his freedom with $600
obtained from English admirers,

and returned to the struggle.

“The abolitionists would raise the Negroes

"to a social and political equality with the whites.

"And, that being affected, we would soon see"

"the present condition of the two races reversed."

"They and their northern allies would be the masters"

"and we the slaves."

John C. Calhoun.

More and more, Southerners
worried about the growing political

as well as economic power of the north.

Northerners were increasingly hostile to slavery.

Still, most southerners refused to acknowledge

even the possibility of changing their way of life.

"On the north bank of the Ohio,

"everything is activity, industry.

"Labor is honored. There are no slaves."

"Pass to the south bank and the scene changes so suddenly"

"that you think yourself on the other side of the world."

"The enterprising spirit is gone."

Alexis de Tocqueville.

"We are separated because of incompatibility of temper."

"We are divorced north from south"

"because we hated each other so."

Mary Chesnut.

On the clear, moonlit night of November 7th, 1837,

a mob surrounded a warehouse at Alton, Illinois,

intent on destroying an antislavery newspaper

run by the reverend Elijah P. Lovejoy.

When one of the mob moved to set the building on fire,

Lovejoy, armed with a pistol, came out to stop him.

The slavery men shot him dead

and dumped his printing press into the Mississippi.

The news stunned the nation...

a white man had been killed over black slavery.

Protest meetings were held throughout the north.

One abolitionist wrote that, "thousands of our citizens"

"who lately believed that they
had nothing to do with slavery"

"now begin to discover their error."

In Hudson, Ohio,

a clergyman told a church gathering,

"the question now before us is no longer,"

"can slaves be made free,"

"but, are we free, or are we slaves under mob law?"

In the back of the church, a strange, gaunt man

rose to his feet and raised his right hand.

"Here, before God, in the presence of these witnesses,"

"I consecrate my life to the destruction of slavery."

John Brown.

In 1846, a lawyer from Springfield, Illinois,

was elected to Congress.

He was born in Kentucky, the son of a farmer

who could barely sign his name.

He became a legislator at twenty-
four, a prosperous attorney,

and after a turbulent courtship,

the husband of Miss Mary Todd,

the daughter of a slave-holding Kentucky banker.

For Abraham Lincoln,

the Declaration of Independence
was to be taken literally...

all men had the right to rise as
far as talent would take them,

just as he had.

He detested slavery, but he called for its restriction,

not immediate abolition.

By mid-century, the country was deeply divided.

Southerners feared the north might forbid slavery.

Northerners feared slavery might move west.

As each new state was added to the Union,

it threatened to upset the delicate equilibrium of power.

"There are grave doubts at the hugeness of the land,"

"and whether one government"

"can comprehend the whole."

Henry Adams.

Now events accelerated.

In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe

published Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Its portrayal of slavery's cruelty
moved readers as nothing else had.

Queen Victoria wept over it, and within a year,

more than 1.5 million copies were in print worldwide.

In 1854, Congress allowed settlers

in the Kansas and Nebraska territories

to decide for themselves whether or not to permit slavery.

Kansas exploded,

and 5,000 pro-slavery men invaded the territory.

In the next three months, 200 men
died in "bleeding Kansas."

The killing would not stop for ten years.

In 1857, the supreme court
refused to free a slave, Dred Scott,

even though he had lived for many years on free soil.

Chief justice Roger B. Taney

said, “a black man had no rights a white man

was bound to respect.

"As a nation, we began by declaring

"that all men are created equal.

"We now practically read it...

"all men are created equal, except Negroes.

"Soon it will read... all men are
created equal, except Negroes

"and foreigners and Catholics.

"When it comes to this, I should
prefer emigrating to some country

"where they make no pretense of loving liberty..."

"To Russia, for instance,"

"where despotism can be taken pure"

"and without the base alloy of hypocrisy."

Abraham Lincoln.

Violence reached the floor of the United States senate,

where Congressman Preston Brooks of south Carolina

savagely beat abolitionist Senator
Charles Sumner with his cane.

Southern sympathizers sent Brooks new canes.

Members began carrying knives and pistols into the chamber.

Meanwhile, the nation's chief executive, James Buchanan,

did nothing.

"A house divided against itself cannot stand.

"I believe this government cannot endure,

"permanently half slave and half free.

"I do not expect the Union to be dissolved.

"I do not expect the house to fall,"

"but I do expect it will cease to be divided."

"It will become all one thing"

"or all the other."

On Sunday evening, October 16th, 1859,

the radical abolitionist John Brown

led five blacks and thirteen whites
into Harper's Ferry, Virginia.

He brought along a wagon-load of guns to arm the slaves

he was sure would rally to him.

Once they had, he planned to lead them southward

along the crest of the Appalachians

and destroy slavery.

Brown was an inept businessman who had failed twenty times

in six states and defaulted on his debts.

Yet he believed himself God's agent on earth.

In 1856, at Pottawatomie Creek in Kansas,

he and his sons

had hacked five pro-slavery men to death with broadswords,

all in the name of defeating Satan and his legions.

Brown and his men quietly seized the armory,

arsenal, and engine house, and took up hostages,

including George Washington's great-grandnephew.

After that, nothing went right.

The first person killed was the town baggage master,

a free black.

The slaves did not rise up; Angry townspeople did.

The first of Brown's followers to fall

was Dangerfield Newby, a former slave.

Someone in the crowd cut off his ears as souvenirs.

On Tuesday morning, federal troops arrived from Washington,

led by a U.S. Army Colonel,

Robert E. Lee.

Lee's men stormed the engine house,

and nine more of Brown's men were killed,

including two of his sons.

Brown, severely wounded,

was turned over to Virginia to be tried for treason.

"In firing his gun,."

"John Brown has merely told what time of day it is."

"It is high noon, thank God."

William Lloyd Garrison.

"An undivided south says, let him hang."

Albany, Georgia Patriot.

Virginia found Brown guilty and sentenced him to death.

Among the troops at the scene of his hanging

were cadets from the Virginia Military Institute

led by an eccentric professor,

Thomas J. Jackson.

Also there was a private in the Richmond Grays,

a young actor named John Wilkes Booth.

"December 2nd, 1859:

"Old John Brown has been executed

for treason against a state.

"We cannot object, even though he agreed with us"

"in thinking slavery wrong."

"That cannot excuse violence, bloodshed, and treason."

"It could avail him nothing that
he might think himself right."

Abraham Lincoln.

Ralph Waldo Emerson likened Brown to Christ.

Nathaniel Hawthorne declared,

"No man ever more justly hanged,"

and Herman Melville called him,

"The meteor of the war."

Brown had said nothing from the gallows,

but he did hand one of his guards a note:

"I, John Brown, am now quite certain"

"that the crimes of this guilty land"

"will never be purged away but with blood."

"His zeal in the cause of freedom
was infinitely superior to mine;

"mine was as the taper light;"

"his was as the burning sun."

"I could live for the slave;."

"John Brown could die for him."

John Brown... John Brown...

very important person in history;

important, though, for only one
episode: Failure in everything in life,

except, he becomes the

single most importing factor, in my
opinion, in bringing on the war.

The militia system in the south,
which had been a joke before this,

before then, becomes a viable instrument,

as the southern militias begin to take a true form

and the south begins to worry about northerners

agitating the blacks to murder them in their beds.

It was the beginning of the Confederate army.

"The feeling among the southern
members for dissolution of the Union

"is becoming more general."

"Men are now beginning to talk of it seriously"

"who twelve months ago hardly
permitted themselves to think of it."

"The crisis is not far ahead."

Alexander Stephens.

The country was coming apart.

In the presidential election of 1860,

Buchanan happily stepped aside,

but not before his ruling Democratic party

was fatally split over the issue of slavery.

The republicans, a new party, saw their chance

and nominated Abraham Lincoln, a moderate.

His platform pledged only to halt slavery's further spread.

"On that point, hold firm as with a chain of steel."

"Those who deny freedom to others
deserve it not for themselves,"

"and under a just God cannot long retain it."

Radical abolitionists in the north complained

that Lincoln's opposition to slavery did not go far enough.

But to most people in the south,

the prospect of Lincoln's election posed a lethal threat.

The 1860 campaign had become a referendum

on the southern way of life.

On November 6th, 1860,

Abraham Lincoln won the presidency
with only 40% of the vote.

He did not even appear on the
ballot in ten southern states.

"The election of Mr. Lincoln is
undoubtedly the greatest evil

"that has ever befallen this country,"

"but the mischief is done."

"And the only relief for the American
people is to shorten sail,"

"send down the top masts, and prepare for a hurricane."

Richmond Whig.

In the South, Lincoln was burned in effigy,

and now the South Carolina legislature

called for a convention to consider
seceding from the Union.

Southerners would have told you they
were fighting for self-government.

They believed the gathering of power in Washington

was against them.

When they entered into that federation,

they certainly would never have entered into it

if they hadn't believed it would be possible to get out,

and when the time came that they wanted to get out,

they thought they had every right.

Southerners saw the election of Lincoln

as a sign that the Union was about to be radicalized

and that they were about to be taken in directions

they did not care to go.

The abolitionist aspect of it was very strong,

and, they figured they were about to lose

what they called their property and faced ruin.

Yet many southerners thought secession was madness.

"South Carolina," one southern politician wrote,

"is too small for a republic"

"and too large for an insane asylum."

"November 19th, 1860:"

"A most gloomy day in Wall Street:"

"everything at a deadlock, first-
class paper not negotiable;"

"stocks falling."

George Templeton Strong.

In New York, emotions were no less explosive,

and George Templeton Strong,

a conservative lawyer who distrusted Lincoln,

began to keep track of events in his diary.

"The bird of our country is a debilitated chicken,

"disguised in eagle feathers.

"We have never been a nation;

we are only an aggregate of communities,

"ready to fall apart at the first serious shock."

When Abraham Lincoln was elected president,

there were thirty-three states in the Union,

and a thirty-fourth, free Kansas, was about to join.

By the time of his inauguration five months later,

just twenty-seven states would remain.

The suddenness of secession took everyone by surprise.

South Carolina led the way on December 20th.

A bell in Charleston tolled the
succession of departing states...

Mississippi on January 9th;

Florida on the 10th;

then Alabama,

Georgia, Louisiana.

In Texas, Governor Sam Houston was deposed

when he tried to stop his state
from joining the Confederacy.

"Let me tell you what is coming:

"after the sacrifice of countless millions of treasure

"and hundreds of thousands of lives,

"you may win Southern independence,

"but I doubt it.

"The north is determined to preserve this Union.

"They are not a fiery, impulsive people as you are,

for they live in colder climates,

"but when they begin to move in a given direction,"

"they move with the steady momentum and perseverance"

"of a mighty avalanche."

Texas left anyway.

Even Virginia, the most populous southern state,

birthplace of seven presidents,

seemed sure to follow.

"All the indications are that this
treasonable inflammation,

"secessionitis,

"keeps on making steady progress, week by week.

"If disunion becomes an established fact,

"we have one consolation..."

"The self-amputated members"

"were diseased beyond immediate cure,"

"and their virus will infect our system no longer."

George Templeton Strong.

The Charleston Mercury:

"The tea has been thrown overboard;"

"the revolution of 1860 has been initiated."

After South Carolina seceded,

the handful of federal troops still stationed in Charleston

withdrew to Fort Sumter, far out in the harbor.

Their commander, Major Robert Anderson,

said he had moved his men in order
to prevent the effusion of blood.

They were quickly surrounded by rebel batteries.

"Thank God we have a country at last,"

"to live for, to pray for,"

"and, if need be, to die for."

Lucius Quintus Lamar.

On February 18th, a few minutes after noon,

Jefferson Davis stood on the steps of
the Alabama statehouse at Montgomery

and took the oath of office as president of the.

Provisional Confederate States of America.

The crowds cheered, wept, sang.

Farewell to the Star Spangled Banner, and Dixie,

a minstrel tune written by a northerner.

He was brittle, nervous, often unable to sleep,

and partly blind in one eye.

Accustomed to being obeyed, he scorned the bargaining

that made democratic government work.

Sam Houston said he was as cold as a lizard

and ambitious as Lucifer.

Like Lincoln, he was a Kentuckian,

the son of an itinerant farmer,

but he had been educated at West Point, fought in Mexico,

and served as Secretary of War.

As senator from Mississippi, he resisted secession

as long as he could,

but when his state withdrew from the Union,

he headed home to his plantation, Brierfield,

south of Vicksburg.

He and his wife Varina were there,

clipping roses in the garden,

when word came that he had been elected president.

"Reading that telegram, he looked so grieved"

"that I feared some evil had befallen our family."

"After a few minutes, he told me,"

"as a man might speak of a sentence of death."

"Upon my head were showered smiles,"

"plaudits, and flowers,"

"but beyond them, I saw troubles innumerable."

Jefferson Davis.

The Confederate constitution was almost identical

to the United States constitution,

but it gave the president a line-item veto,

a six-year term,

and it outlawed international slave trading.

The Confederate cabinet met for
the first time in a hotel room.

A sheet of stationery pinned to the
door marked the president's office.

"Where will I find the state department,"
a visitor asked Robert Toombs,

Secretary of State.

"In my hat, sir, and the archives in my coat pocket."

"Our new government is founded upon the great truth"

"that the negro is not equal to the white man."

Vice President Alexander Stephens.

"God forgive us,

"but ours is a monstrous system.

"Like the patriarchs of old, our men
live all in one house with their wives

"and their concubines,

"and the mulattoes one sees in every family"

"exactly resemble the white children."

"All the time, they seem to think themselves patterns,"

"models of husbands and fathers."

Mary Chesnut.

Mary Chesnut and her husband James,

a former United States Senator from South Carolina,

moved among the highest circles of the Confederacy

and were close to Jefferson Davis and his wife.

Mary was subject to depressions and nightmares,

for which she sometimes took opium.

Now she, too, began to keep a diary.

"This journal is intended to be entirely objective."

"My subjective days are over."

"The impression produced by the size of his extremities

"and by his flapping and wide-projecting ears

"may be removed by the appearance of kindliness, sagacity.

"The nose itself, a prominent organ,

"stands out from the face with an inquiring, anxious air,

"as though it were sniffing for
some good thing in the wind.

"The eyes... dark, full,"

"and deeply set... are penetrating,"

"but full of an expression which"

"almost amounts to tenderness."

William Russell, The London Times.

Two days after Jefferson Davis left home,

Abraham Lincoln set out from Springfield, Illinois,

for his capital.

"Here I have lived a quarter of a century

"and passed from a young to an old man.

"Here my children have been born and one is buried.

"I now leave, not knowing when

"or whether ever, I may return,

"with the task before me greater than
that which rested upon Washington.

"Without the assistance of that
divine being whoever attended him,

"I cannot succeed.

"With that assistance, I cannot fail."

"To his care commending you,"

"as I hope in your prayers you will commend me."

"I bid you an affectionate farewell."

En route to Washington, the
President's train stopped at Cleveland,

Buffalo, Albany, and New York.

In Philadelphia, warned of plots to kill him,

Lincoln declared he would rather be assassinated

than see a single star removed from the American flag.

Two days later, he reluctantly canceled plans

for a grand arrival in Washington

and slipped into the capital by train at dawn,

wrapped in a shawl and protected by two armed guards.

Inauguration day in Washington was cloudy and cold.

A large, tense crowd gathered beneath the unfinished dome.

Cannon guarded the capitol grounds.

Sharpshooters lined the roof.

Lincoln promised not to interfere with slavery,

but he denied the right of any state to secede,

vowed to defend federal installations,

and spoke directly to the South.

"In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen,

"and not in mine,

"is the momentous issue of civil war.

"The government will not assail you.

"You can have no conflict without
being yourselves the aggressors.

"We are not enemies, but friends.

"We must not be enemies.

"Though passion may have strained, it must not break,

"our bonds of affection.

"The mystic chords of memory,

"stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave

"to every living heart and hearthstone

"all over this broad land"

"will yet swell the chorus of the Union,"

"when again touched, as surely they will be,"

"by the better angels of our nature."

"I do not pretend to go to sleep. How can I?

"If Anderson does not accept terms at 4:00,

"the orders are he shall be fired upon.

"I count"

"four St. Michael chimes."

"I begin to hope."

"The heavy booming of a cannon... I sprang out of bed"

"and on my knees, prostrate,"

"I prayed as I have never prayed before."

The Civil War began at 4:30 a.m.

on the 12th of April, 1861.

General Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard

ordered his Confederate gunners
to open fire on Fort Sumter,

at that hour, only a dark shape out in Charleston Harbor.

Confederate commander Beauregard was a gunner,

so skilled as an artillery student at West Point

that his instructor kept him on as
an assistant for another year.

That instructor was Major Robert Anderson,

Union Commander inside Fort Sumter.

"All the pent-up hatred of the past months and years"

"is voiced in the thunder of these cannon,"

"and the people seem almost beside themselves"

"in the exultation of a freedom they deem already won."

The signal to fire the first shot was
given by a civilian, Edmund Ruffin,

a Virginia farmer and editor

who had preached secession for twenty years.

"Of course," he said,

"I was delighted to perform the service."

Thirty-four hours later, a white flag over the fort

ended the bombardment.

The only casualty had been a Confederate horse.

It was a bloodless opening

to the bloodiest war in American history.

"The first gun that was fired at Fort Sumter"

"sounded the death knell of slavery."

"They who fired it"

"were the greatest practical abolitionists
this nation has produced."

April 13th:

"So civil war is inaugurated at last."

"God defend the right."

Fourteen April, Montgomery Daily Advertiser:

"The intelligence that Fort Sumter has surrendered

"to the Confederate forces yesterday"

"sent a thrill of joy to the heart of
every true friend of the south."

"The face of every Southern man
was brighter, his step lighter,"

"and his bearing prouder than it had been before."

In Boston, jubilant volunteers

marched past Faneuil Hall, eager to avenge Fort Sumter.

In Baltimore, anti-Lincoln men
rampaged through the streets.

In Richmond, a mob marched on the statehouse,

tore down the Stars and Stripes,

and raised the Stars and Bars.

There was no longer any doubt that Virginia would secede.

And in New York, 100,000 people crowded Union Square,

where the Sumter flag now flew.

Walt Whitman, sometime poet and
journalist for the Brooklyn Standard,

was stunned by the news.

"All the past we leave behind with Sumter," he said.

"Woe to those who began this war

“if they were not in bitter earnest."

Mary Chesnut.

"Father and I were husking out corn"

"when William Corry came across
the field. He was excited and said,"

"'Jonathan, the rebels have fired upon Fort Sumter!'"

"Father got white and couldn't say a word."

Theodore F. Upson.

"April 15th. Events multiply."

"The President is out with a proclamation
calling for 75,000 volunteers."

"It is said 200,000 more will be called within a few days."

On the day Sumter fell, the
regular army of the United States

consisted of fewer than 17,000 men,

most of whom were stationed in the far west.

Only two of its generals had ever
commanded an army in the field,

and both were long past their prime.

Winfield Scott, the hero of the Mexican War,

"old fuss and feathers",

was too fat even to mount a horse.

"We was treated as good as a
company could be at every station."

"We got kisses from the girls at a good many places,"

"and we returned the same to them."

Hercules Standard.

"I've got the best suit of clothes I ever had in my life."

In the north, they came by hundreds and by thousands...

from Boston, Massachusetts...

from Detroit and Ann Arbor, Michigan...

and Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in the rain.

Whole towns signed up.

The 10th Michigan Volunteer Infantry

was made up of Flint boys.

Their commander was the mayor, their regimental doctor,

the man who had been taking care
of them since they were young.

The 6th New York contained so many Bowery toughs,

it was said a man had to have done time in prison

just to get into the regiment.

The elite 7th, on the other hand,

set out for Washington with sandwiches from Delmonico's

and 1,000 velvet-covered camp stools

on which to sit and eat them.

On his way to war, Lieutenant George Armstrong Custer,

just twenty-two and less than a month out of West Point,

where he graduated at the bottom of his class,

stopped in New York to have himself fitted out

with a splendid new uniform,

then went to a photographer.

In Pawtuxet, Rhode Island, nineteen-
year-old Elisha Hunt Rhodes

left his job as a harness maker's clerk

and signed on as a private

in the 2nd Rhode Island Volunteers.

He would have joined earlier, but his widowed mother

begged him to stay home.

"We drilled all day and night.

"Standing before a long mirror,
I put many hours of weary work

"and soon thought myself quite a soldier.

"I was elected First Sergeant, much to my surprise.

"Just what a First Sergeant's duties might be,

“I had no idea."

After two weeks of drilling,
the 2nd Rhode Island moved out.

"Today we have orders to pack up and be ready to leave

"for Washington.

"My knapsack was so heavy that I
could scarcely stagger under the load."

"At the wharf, an immense crowd had gathered,"

"and we went on board our steamer with mingled feelings"

"of joy and sorrow."

In Baton Rouge, William Tecumseh
Sherman resigned as superintendent

of the Louisiana Military Academy and headed north.

"You politicians," he told his brother,
Senator John Sherman of Ohio,

"have got things in a hell of a fix,"

"and you may get them out as best you can."

"I will have no more to do with it."

But when Sumter fell, he put his uniform back on

and reluctantly went to war.

"You might as well attempt to put out the flames"

"of a burning house with a squirt gun."

"I think this is to be a long war, very long,"

"much longer than any politician thinks."

"There are but two parties now:"

"traitors and patriots,"

"and I want hereafter to be ranked with the latter."

Ulysses S. Grant.

In Galena, Illinois, thirty-nine-year-old Ulysses S. Grant

was working in his father's harness shop,

having failed as a peacetime soldier

and considered by some a drunk.

Now he signed on as a mustering officer,

handling the flood of volunteers

at $4.20 a day.

"New Orleans, 1861."

"I feel that I would like to shoot a Yankee,"

"and yet I know that this would not be in harmony"

"with the spirit of Christianity."

William Nugent.

"So impatient did I become for starting"

"that I felt like 1,000 pins were pricking
me in every part of my body,"

"and I started off a week in advance of my brothers."

"I found Mobile boiling over with enthusiasm."

"The young merchants had dropped
their ledgers and were forming"

"and drilling companies by night and day."

"Every day, regiments marched by.

"Charleston is crowded with soldiers.

"These new ones are running in fairly.

"They fear the war will be over
before they get sight of the fun.

"Every man from every little country precinct

“wants a place in the picture."

The Confederate government, its capital now in Richmond,

called for 100,000 volunteers.

So many southerners volunteered that a third of them

had to be sent home.

They came from Catahoula and Baton Rouge, Louisiana...

Greenville, Mississippi, Moonsville, Alabama,

and Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Tennessee joined the Confederacy.

So did Arkansas and North Carolina.

In Memphis, Nathan Bedford Forrest,

a blacksmith's son who had made himself a millionaire

selling land, cotton, and slaves,

put up posters calling on anyone who wanted to kill Yankees

to come and ride with him.

The Clinch Rifles from Augusta, Georgia,

started out in May 1861.

Only the drummer boy would survive.

The odds against a Southern victory were long.

There were nearly twenty-one million people in the north,

just nine million in the Confederacy,

and four million of them were slaves,

whom their masters did not dare arm.

The value of all the manufactured goods produced

in all the Confederate States

added up to less than one-quarter of those produced

in New York state alone.

But none of this mattered to the men
who joined the Tallapoosa Thrashers

and Chickasaw Desperados

and Cherokee Lincoln Killers.

"The histories of the lost cause
are all written out by big bugs..."

"Generals and renowned historians."

"Well, I have as much right as any man to write a history."

Sam Watkins.

One of the first to answer the southern
call was twenty-one-year-old

Sam Watkins of Columbia, Tennessee.

He joined Company H of the 1st Tennessee at Nashville.

Like most rebel soldiers, he owned no slaves.

"The bugle sounded to strike tents and
place everything aboard the cars.

"We went bowling along at thirty miles an hour

"as fast as steam could carry us."

"At every town and station, citizens and
ladies were waving their handkerchiefs"

"and hurrahing for Jeff Davis and the southern Confederacy."

"It's worth soldiering to receive such a welcome as this."

"If the president of the United States would tell me

"that a great battle was to be fought

"for the liberty or slavery of the country,

"and asked my judgment as to the ability of a commander,

"I would say with my dying breath:

'Let it be Robert E. Lee.'"

General Winfield Scott.

"I can anticipate no greater calamity for the country

"than a dissolution of the Union."

"It would be an accumulation of
all the evils we complain of,"

"and I am willing to sacrifice everything but honor"

"for its preservation."

Robert E. Lee.

The most promising officer in the regular army

was Robert E. Lee of Virginia.

On April 18th, four days after Sumter,

Lee was summoned to Blair House at Lincoln's behest

and offered field command of the entire Union army.

Lee said he would think about it.

Virginia had voted to secede the day before.

That night, he paced anxiously in the
gardens around his Arlington mansion

across the Potomac.

At midnight, Saturday the 20th,

Lee wrote his letter of resignation
from the United States Army.

On the 21st, the Governor of Virginia

asked Lee to take command of the state militia.

When Lee had to choose

between the nation and Virginia,
there was never any choice...

any doubt about what his choice would be.

He went with his state, and he said, "I can't draw my

"sword against my native state,"
or, as he often said, "my country."

Lincoln had lost his best soldier.

"Not by one word or look can we detect any change"

"in the demeanor of the negro servants."

"They make no sign.

"Are they stupid, or wiser than we are,

“silent and strong, biding their time?"

Mary Chesnut.

Both sides thought it would be a ninety-day war,

and both sides agreed it was to be a white man's fight.

Blacks who tried to sign up were turned away.

"April 19th.

"There has been a serious disturbance in Baltimore.

"Regiments from Massachusetts assailed
by a mob that was repulsed by"

"shot and steel."

"It's a notable coincidence that the
first blood in this great struggle"

"is drawn by Massachusetts men
on the anniversary of Lexington."

"We are in Washington, and what a city:

"mud, pigs, Negroes, palaces, shanties everywhere.

"As we passed the White House, I had
my first view of Abraham Lincoln."

"He looks like a good, honest man,"

"and I trust that, with God's help,
he can bring our country"

"safely out of its peril."

Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

The Rhode Islanders set up
their bunks at the patent office;

New Yorkers slept on the carpeted
floor of the house chamber;

Massachusetts men camped in the rotunda

and cooked their bacon on furnaces in the basement.

Overhead, the capitol dome remained incomplete.

Despite the war, Lincoln insisted that the work go on.

"I take it as a sign," he said,

"that the Union will continue."

"The first thing in the morning is drill,

"then drill,

"then drill again,

"then drill, drill, a little more drill, then drill,"

"then lastly, drill."

"Between drills, we drill and
sometimes stop to eat a little"

"and have a roll call."

"Outskirts of Baltimore: My dear William,

"I can now march twenty and twenty-five miles a day,

"live on short rations of hardtack, raw, rancid bacon,

"green roasting ears and cold water,

"sleep out in the rain and heavy dew
with nothing but an army coat over me,

“and enjoy myself capitally."

Edward Hastings Ripley.

Early in the war, there was a Confederate veteran,

a young country boy,

on guard duty. He's walking his post in the woods,

and there was an owl,

unknown to him in a tree nearby

and the owl said, "hooo."

And the boy, trembling with fear, said,

"It's me, sir, John Albert, a friend of yours."

In May, Union troops crossed the Potomac by torchlight

and took the heights of Arlington.

Robert E. Lee's house would be occupied by Union troops

for the rest of the war.

In late June, the new general in charge
of the Union army, Irvin McDowell,

outlined plans for attacking the Confederates in Virginia,

but he did not yet want to fight.

"This is not an army," he warned the president.

"You are green, it is true," Lincoln answered,

"but they are green also.

“You are all green alike."

To preserve the Constitution, Lincoln had,
for three months, gone beyond it...

waging war without Congressional consent,

seizing northern telegraph offices,

suspending ha be as corpus.

To keep the border states from seceding,

Lincoln sent troops to occupy Baltimore,

and clapped the mayor and nineteen secessionist legislators

in jail without trial.

Chief Justice Taney ruled that the
president had exceeded his power.

Lincoln simply ignored him.

"More rogues than honest men find
shelter under ha be as corpus," he said,

and even contemplated arresting the Chief Justice.

A very mysterious man,

he's got so many sides to him.

The curious thing about Lincoln to me,

is that he could remove himself from himself

as if he were looking at himself.

It's a very strange, very eerie thing,

and highly intelligent.

It's a simple thing to say, but.

Lincoln's been so smothered with stories of his compassion,

that people forget what a highly intelligent man he was,

and almost everything he did...

almost everything he did was calculated for effect.

Keep on (keep on)

Climbing (climbing)

We will (we will)

Make it (make it)

"Teach the rebels and traitors"

"that the price they are to pay for the
attempt to abolish this government"

"must be the abolition of slavery."

Frederick Douglass.

Soldiers.

Of the cross.

From the start of the war slaves fled
their plantations for the Union lines,

but Lincoln's policy was clear:

despite pressure from the abolitionists,

he insisted he was making war on secession, not slavery

and ordered the army to return fugitives to their owners.

But now, an unlikely figure helped to change men's minds.

General Benjamin Butler was a Massachusetts politician

with crossed eyes and mixed motives

who had once backed Jefferson Davis
for president of the United States.

"Returning slaves only aided the enemy," Butler argued,

and he got permission to hold
fugitive slaves as contraband of war

and employ them as laborers in the Union army.

"Major Cary of Virginia asked if I did not feel myself

"bound by my constitutional obligations

"to deliver up fugitives under the Fugitive Slave Act;

"to this I replied,

"that the Fugitive Slave Act did
not affect a foreign country,"

"which Virginia claimed to be, and she must reckon it"

"one of the infelicities of her position,"

"that insofar, at least, she was taken at her word."

General Benjamin Butler.

The trickle of runaways coming into northern lines

now swelled to a flood.

One ex-slave who had recently bought his freedom

told a Union soldier,

"if I had known you gun men was a-comin',"

"I'd have saved my money."

War was breaking out all across the country.

There were engagements at Big Bethel, Virginia,

and Bonneville, Missouri;

skirmishes from Maryland to new Mexico Territory.

At Phillipi, in western Virginia,

a young Union General, George McClellan,

won a small, highly publicized victory

over a tiny Confederate force.

But still, there had been no decisive battle.

"July 9. Our battle summer.

"May it be our first and our last so called.

“After all, we have not had any of the horrors of war."

Mary Chesnut.

"July 16. It begins to look warlike,"

"and we shall probably have a
chance to pay our southern brethren"

"a visit upon the sacred soil of Virginia very soon."

"I hope we shall be successful and
give the rebels a good pounding."

Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

On July 16th, the volunteer Union army

of 37,000 men marched into Virginia.

Their aim... to cut the railroad at Manassas,

then move on at last to Richmond.

Washington Star.

"The scene from the hills was grand."

"Regiment after regiment was seen coming along the road"

"and across the long bridge,
their arms gleaming in the sun."

"Cheer after cheer was heard as regiment greeted regiment,"

"and with the martial music and sharp,
clear orders of commanding officers,"

"it made a combination of sounds very
pleasant to the ear of a Union man."

To stop the Union invasion,

22,000 Confederate troops had moved north from Richmond,

commanded by General Beauregard,

who knew in advance the federals were coming.

Rose Greenhow, a prominent socialite in Washington

and a Confederate spy, had alerted him.

Now Beauregard made his headquarters

in Wilmer McLean's farmhouse.

The Confederates formed a meandering eight-mile line

along one side of Bull Run Creek.

They were less than twenty-five miles from Washington,

and there they waited.

Hundreds of Washingtonians in
holiday mood rode out to Manassas

hoping to see a real battle.

Some brought field glasses, picnic baskets,

bottles of champagne.

"We saw carriages which contained civilians

"who'd driven out from Washington
to witness the operations.

"A Connecticut boy said, 'there's our senator, '

"and some of our men recognized other members of Congress.

"We thought it wasn't a bad idea

"to have the great men from Washington come out to

“see us thrash the Rebs."

Private James Tinkham.

On the morning of the 21st,

McDowell sent his men across Bull Run.

They smashed into the left side of the Confederate line,

driving the rebels from one position after another.

The civilian onlookers waved hats
and fluttered handkerchiefs.

It was not yet noon, and all was going just as they wanted.

"On reaching a clearing separated
from our left flank by a rail fence,

"we were saluted by a volley of musketry"

"which was fired so high that all
the bullets went over our heads."

"My first sensation was astonishment
at the peculiar whir of the bullets,"

"and that the regiment immediately laid
down without waiting for orders."

"We fired a volley and saw the rebels running.

"The boys were saying constantly
in great glee, 'we whipped 'em.

"'We'll hang Jeff Davis to a sour apple tree.

“ 'They're running. The war's over.'"

An onlooker remembered that the advancing Union army

looked like a bristling monster lifting himself by a slow,

wavy motion up the laborious ascent.

Union victory seemed so sure
that on one part of the battlefield

men stopped to gather souvenirs.

But holding a hill at the center of the southern line

was a Virginia brigade led by General Thomas Jackson.

While other southern commands wavered,

Jackson's held firm.

One Confederate officer, trying
to rally his own frightened men,

shouted, "Look! There's Jackson with his Virginians,

“standing like a stone wall."

The name stuck.

He had the strange combination of

religious fanaticism and, uh... glory in battle.

He loved battle. His eyes would light up.

They called him old blue light because of
the way his eyes would light up in battle.

He was totally fearless, had no thought whatsoever

of danger at any time when the battle was on,

and he could define what he wanted to do.

He said, "once you get them running,
you stay right on top of them."

"That way a small force can defeat a large one every time."

He knew perfectly well that a reputation for victory

would roll and build.

It was the turning point.

At 4:00, Beauregard ordered a counterattack.

Jackson urged his men to yell like furies.

The rebel yell first heard that
would echo from 1,000 battlefields.

Confederate reinforcements began
to arrive. The first came on horseback.

More arrived by train, something new in war.

The northern army fell apart.

The retreat soon became a rout

as Union guns became entangled with
the carriages of fleeing spectators.

"We tried to tell them that there was no danger,

"called on them to stop, implored them to stand."

"We called them cowards,"

"put out our heavy revolvers and threatened to shoot,"

"but all in vain."

"Along a shady little valley through which our road lay,

"the surgeons had plying their vocation

"all the morning upon the wounded.

"Tables about breast-high had been erected, upon which

"screaming victims were having legs and arms cut off.

"The surgeons and their assistants,

"stripped to the waist and all bespattered with blood,

"stood around, some holding the poor fellas, while others,"

"armed with long, bloody knives and saws,"

"cut and sawed away with frightful rapidity,"

"throwing the mangled limbs on a
pile nearby as soon as removed."

Lieutenant Colonel W. W. Blackford, 1st Cavalry, Virginia.

"What a horrible sight it was...

"here a man, grasping his gun firmly in his hands,

"stone dead;

"several with distorted features, all horribly dirty.

"Many were terribly wounded, some with legs shot off,

"others with arms gone.

"Some so badly wounded they could not drag themselves away,"

"slowly bleeding to death."

"We stopped many times to give some a drink,"

"and soon saw enough to satisfy
us with the horrors of war."

Lieutenant Josiah Favill.

"I struggled on, clinging to my gun and cartridge box.

"Many times, I sat down in the
mud, determined to go no further

"and willing to die and end my misery,"

"but soon a friend would pass and
urge me to make another effort,"

"and I would stagger a mile further."

"At daylight, we could see the spires of Washington,"

"and a welcome sight it was."

"The loss of the regiment in this disastrous affair"

"was ninety-three killed, wounded, or missing."

There is a… a… a Congressman,

I believe from Alabama... I've forgotten where from...

who said there would be no war, and
he offered to wipe up all the blood

that would be shed with a pocket handkerchief.

That… that was his prediction.

I've always said, someone could get a PhD. By calculating

how many pocket handkerchiefs it would take

to wipe up all the blood that was shed.

It'd be a lot of handkerchiefs.

From the Confederate White House in Richmond,

Jefferson Davis rejoiced.

"My fellow citizens, your little army,

"derided for its want of arms,

"derided for its lack of all the essential material of war,

"has met the grand army of the enemy, routed it

"at every point,

"and it now flies inglorious"

"in retreat before our victorious columns."

"We have taught them a lesson"

"in their invasion of the sacred soil of Virginia."

"Today will be known as Black Monday."

"We are utterly and disgracefully routed, beaten, whipped"

"by secessionists."

George Templeton Strong.

London Times.

"The inmates of the White House
are in a state of utmost trepidation"

"and Mr. Lincoln in despair."

"Why Beauregard does not attack Washington, I know not,"

"nor can I well guess."

It was remembered as the great skedaddle.

For days, discouraged troops
straggled back Into Washington.

"I saw a steady stream of men

"covered with mud, soaked through with rain,

"who were pouring irregularly up
Pennsylvania Avenue, toward the Capitol.

"A dense stream of vapor rose from the multitude.

"I asked a pale young man who looked exhausted to death

"whether the whole army had been defeated."

"'That's more than I know, ' he said."

"'I know I'm going home."

"'I've had enough of fighting to last my lifetime.'"

The north was appalled at the 5,000 casualties.

Both sides now knew it would be no ninety-days war.

Two days later, canny real estate speculators

bought up the battlefield to
make a second kind of killing...

as a tourist attraction.

"What upon earth is the matter with the American people?"

"Do they really covet the world's ridicule"

"as well as their own social and political ruin?"

"The national edifice is on fire.

"Every man who can carry a bucket of water

"or remove a brick is wanted.

"Yet government leaders persistently refuse

"to receive as soldiers the slaves,

"the very class of men which has
a deeper interest in the defeat"

"and humiliation of the rebels than all others."

"Such is the pride,"

"the stupid prejudice, and folly that rules the hour."

Frederick Douglass.

"Little did I conceive of the greatness of the defeat,

"the magnitude of the disaster which
had entailed upon the United States.

"So short-lived has been the American Union

"that men who saw it rise

“may live to see it fall."

William Russell, London Times.

"Washington, August.

"I found no preparations whatever for defense;"

"not a regiment was properly encamped,"

"not a single avenue or approach guarded."

“All was chaos, and the streets, hotels, and bar-rooms

"were filled with drunken officers and men absent"

"from their regiments without leave:"

"a perfect pandemonium."

George McClellan.

Five days after the disaster at
Bull Run, a new general took over

what was now called the "Army of the Potomac."

George Brinton McClellan, only thirty-four,

seemed just what the North needed.

He brought with him to the demoralized
capital what one aide called,

"an indescribable air of success."

He replaced inept officers with regulars.

He laid out tidy camps around Washington

to accommodate the 10,000 new
volunteers arriving each week,

drilled them eight hours a day,

and staged grand reviews to boost morale.

"All the attention was upon the young general"

"with the calm eye, with the satisfied air,"

"who moved around followed by an immense staff"

"to the clanking of sabers and the
acclamation of the spectators."

Regis de Trobiand.

"I find myself in a new and strange position here...

"president, cabinet, General
Scott, and all deferring to me.

"By some strange piece of magic,

"I seem to have become the power of the land.

"I almost think that were I to win some small success now,

"I could become dictator,

"or anything else that might please me,"

"but nothing of that kind would please me,"

"therefore, I won't be a dictator."

"Admirable self-denial."

The newspapers called him "young Napoleon,"

and he could not help seeing the resemblance himself.

But 100,000 untrained volunteers had become an army,

McClellan's army.

His men, who loved him for having
made them proud of themselves,

called him "little mac."

His specialty is preparing troops to fight,

and he did that superbly.

McClellan trained that army. Whatever the army of the.

Potomac did in the after years,

it is largely due to the training.

McClellan gave them in that first year.

With Lincoln, McClellan and his staff
devised a three-pronged attack

on the Confederacy.

One army would drive into Virginia and take Richmond.

Another would secure Kentucky and Tennessee,

then push into the heartland of the Confederacy

and occupy Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia.

Meanwhile, the navy would clear the Mississippi,

surround the Confederacy by sea,

and choke off supplies.

The war would be fought along a 1,000-mile front.

That fall, Lincoln elevated McClellan to General-In-Chief,

replacing the aging Winfield Scott.

"I can do it all," McClellan said,

but he did nothing.

As summer turned to autumn, it became Increasingly clear

that having made magnificent army,

George McClellan had no immediate
plans to lead it anywhere.

"As we approached the brow of the hill,

"my heart kept getting higher and higher,

"until it felt to me it was in my throat.

"I would have given anything,
then, to have been back in Illinois,

"but I kept right on.

"When the valley below was in full view, I halted.

"The enemy's troops were gone.

"My heart resumed its place.

"And it occurred to me at once

"that he had been as much afraid of me"

"as I of him."

"This was a view of the question I had never taken before,"

"but it was one I never forgot afterwards."

General Ulysses S. Grant.

In September, Ulysses S. Grant took Paducah, Kentucky,

a strategic city at the mouth of the Tennessee,

but two months later, his undisciplined
recruits were almost destroyed

looting a captured rebel camp

instead of preparing for a counterattack.

Grant was returned to desk duty.

In November, William Tecumseh Sherman

was relieved as Union commander in Kentucky

when he insisted that at least 200,000 men would be needed

to suppress the rebellion in the west.

No one believed him.

He grew melancholic,

prone to fits of anxiety and rage.

"Sherman," McClellan said, "is gone in the head."

December found him at home In the care of his wife,

contemplating suicide.

No, no one thought it would last long.

No one on either side thought it would last long.

Those few individuals who said that it would,

Tecumseh Sherman, for instance,

were actually judged to be insane

for making predictions about
casualties, which were actually low.

In November, a Union warship

stopped a British steamer at
gunpoint in international waters

and arrested two Confederate diplomats found on board.

Britain's prime minister, Lord Palmerston,

was outraged, demanded their immediate release,

and dispatched 11,000 troops to Canada.

"One war at a time," Lincoln said,

and quietly let the two Confederates go.

By December, optimists on both sides were disappointed.

The Confederacy showed no signs of imminent collapse.

The north would not abandon its
efforts to reunite the nation by force.

By the end of the year, there were
700,000 men in the Union army.

No one knew how many Confederates there were.

"December 31st.

"Poor old 1861 just going."

"It has been a gloomy year of trouble and disaster."

"I should be glad of its departure were it not that 1862"

"is likely to be no better."

George Templeton Strong.

A week before the battle of Bull Run, Sullivan Ballou,

a major in the 2nd Rhode Island Volunteers,

wrote home to his wife in Smithfield.

"July the 14th, 1861.

"Washington, D.C.

"Dear Sarah,

"The indications are very strong
that we shall move in a few days,

"perhaps tomorrow,

"and lest I should not be able to write you again,"

"I feel impelled to write a few lines
that may fall under your eye"

"when I am no more."

"I have no misgivings about or
lack of confidence in the cause

"in which I am engaged,

"and my courage does not halt or falter.

"I know how American civilization now leans

"upon the triumph of the government,

"and how great a debt we owe to those who went before us

"through the blood and suffering of the revolution,

"and I am willing, perfectly willing,

"to lay down all my joys in this life"

"to help maintain this government"

"and to pay that debt."

"Sarah,

"my love for you is deathless.

"It seems to bind me with mighty cables

"that nothing but omnipotence can break,"

"and yet my love of country comes
over me like a strong wind"

"and bears me irresistibly with all
those chains to the battlefield."

"The memory of all the blissful
moments I have enjoyed with you

"come crowding over me,

"and I feel most deeply grateful to God and you

"that I've enjoyed them for so long.

"And how hard it is for me to give them up

"and burn to ashes the hopes of future years,

"when, God willing, we might still
have lived and loved together,

"and see our boys grown up to honorable manhood around us.

"If I do not return, my dear Sarah,

"never forget how much I loved you,"

"nor that when my last breath
escapes me on the battlefield,"

"it will whisper your name."

"Forgive my many faults

"and the many pains I have caused you.

"How thoughtless, how foolish I have sometimes been.

"But, oh, Sarah,

"if the dead can come back to this earth

"and flit unseen around those they love,"

"I shall always be with you in the
brightest day and the darkest night,"

"always, always."

"And when the soft breeze fans your cheek,

"it shall be my breath,"

"or the cool air at your throbbing temple,"

"it shall be my spirit passing by."

"Sarah, do not mourn me dead."

"Think I am gone"

"and wait for me,"

"for we shall meet again."

Sullivan Ballou was killed a week later

at the first battle of Bull Run.