Original subtitles

When I was a kid,

every adult I knew shared one thing in common;

a gap in their lives when everything appeared uncertain

and time itself seemed to stand still.

When they talked about it, they simply called it The War.

For six dark years, the world was on fire,

cities were demolished, and whole populations threatened.

When would the war end? No-one knew.

How would it end?

No-one knew.

Life was in stasis.

The War is now a part of our culture,

portrayed in movies and on television,

in novels and history books.

The Allies usually defeat the enemy and save the world.

But the grim reality of the war is almost impossible to comprehend.

Over 65 million people are killed, the majority civilians.

Everyone fought some version of The War,

beginning with the mothers and fathers,

who sent their children overseas, not knowing when, or if,

they would ever see them again.

And, of course, the soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines,

often just a bunch of kids,

who served with honour and bravery to liberate enslaved peoples

and preserve human dignity.

In doing so,

they saved that which is most precious and valued by us all.

Freedom.

The Second World War is the largest event in human history.

No part of the globe is unaffected.

World War Two changed everything, for all of us.

All wars change the world.

But none of them change the world like the Second World War did.

Japan's on the march; Germany's on the march.

No-one can imagine the nightmare they're about to unleash,

the most destructive war in human history.

Suddenly the world is turned upside down.

And all hell is let loose.

The West is stunned by the speed of the advance.

You get the Allies led by the big three,

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin.

Men who are dealing with immensely complicated questions.

It's the biggest military operation of human history.

The Allies have to come together,

not just militarily but industrial scale,

it's a global perspective.

They have to fight in every climate from the Arctic

to the jungles of the Pacific

to the deserts of Africa and the depths of the ocean.

But there was no certainty of victory;

it was going to be a horrific bloodbath.

We see humans at their absolute worst,

how they treat other human beings.

And we see them at their absolute best,

willing to give their lives that others might live.

World War Two was a struggle in which there could be one victor

and one vanquished.

Sometimes the most monumental events begin without fanfare.

Before the world wakes.

And so it is, on the 1st of September 1939

as dawn breaks over a sleeping city on the Baltic Sea,

that the bloodiest conflict in all history begins.

This is the National Programme from London.

Germany has invaded Poland.

Heavy outbreaks of fighting along the German Polish frontier.

In just a matter of hours, a million and a half men...

...1,300 planes...

...and 2,750 tanks...

...cross the Polish border at lightning speed.

September 1st 1939.

A storm breaks over Poland.

The Germans are racing through with tanks and with artillery

following up with the infantry and accompanied by the Luftwaffe.

And all of a sudden people were waking up to the sound of tanks

rumbling through the town, not really knowing what was happening.

You're going to see waves of trucks and mechanised

and motorised vehicles.

It looks a bit like a science fiction novel,

like all those novels written in the '20s and '30s

about what the war of the future would look like.

And suddenly in 1939, the future is now.

At 11am, Hitler arrives at a Berlin opera house,

where he's gathered the Reichstag.

This is the moment Hitler has been waiting for all his life.

He's been the leader of the Nazi Party since 1921.

He came to power in '33. He rearms the country in '35.

And since then, it's been prepare, prepare, prepare.

But Hitler wants a war.

The invasion follows months of diplomatic tension

over a strip of land known as the Polish Corridor.

Land that had once been part of Germany...

...but was ceded to Poland to give her access to the sea

after the first World War.

Twenty years earlier,

global leaders gathered in the French city of Versailles

to sign the historic treaty ending that war.

After four years of brutal fighting,

an alliance led by Britain and France,

and supported by the United States, emerged victorious.

Germany, its military exhausted and its people near starvation,

had lost.

And now, they would pay the price of defeat.

The Treaty of Versailles takes territories away from Germany.

It strips Germany of populations and raw materials.

It turns the entire German merchant marine over to the allies.

It imposes reparations on the Germans.

The Allies were attempting to limit the future power of Germany.

The effects of the First World War were so grave.

They were so catastrophic that no-one wanted to see

a repeat of that.

One young Austrian corporal fighting for the German army

is Adolf Hitler.

Like many, he is shocked by the way the war ends.

Your average German was surprised by the news of the armistice

because it happened so suddenly.

The army was still in the field, and there was the sense

that we haven't been invaded and thoroughly beaten.

It was personally a tragedy for Hitler.

He heard the news of the armistice

when he was still ill from injuries sustained in battle.

He did not process the end of the war well.

He did not accept the defeat of Germany.

Surviving soldiers come home angry and confused.

Frankly, the response of many of them is disillusionment.

Four years at the front, I managed to dodge all those bullets,

and now I came home and this is what I fought for.

When Hitler comes back from the war,

he learns to talk to former soldiers who are now disgruntled

and begins to feel the fact that he's actually quite a good speaker.

He attends a meeting of a small group,

which will become the National Socialist German Workers,

or Nazi Party.

He finds something attractive. this is a party of grievance,

talking about how Germany could be transformed,

and Germany could be made powerful again.

In 1921, Hitler's talent for public speaking

makes him the leader of this tiny party.

Hitler's first move is an attempted coup

against the Bavarian state government in Munich...

...but it fails and he's arrested for treason.

At his trial,

the Judge allows Hitler to publicly share his movement's grievances,

against war guilt, reparation, and communism.

In jail, he publishes his memoir Mein Kampf,

or My Struggle.

With Hitler's notoriety, Nazi Party membership grows

as Germany's Weimar Republic moves through the unstable '20s.

The economy is burdened by heavy war reparations.

In 1923, the cost of one loaf of bread

rockets from three Marks to 80 billion.

The years that follow are unstable, chaotic.

Hitler's Nazi Party fuels racial hatred against Jews

and fears about communism.

Then, just as the economy is recovering,

the Great Depression throws six million Germans out of work.

People in Germany are confused, bewildered, unhappy.

And so there's a real opening for a leader who will speak

all these lines perfectly and talk about

how I'm going to bring the Germans back together.

In the 1932 elections, Germany is deeply divided.

But President von Hindenberg, backed by conservative businessmen,

appoints Hitler Chancellor to run the government

at the beginning of 1933.

In 1934,

Hitler declares that he will now continue to be Chancellor

and take over the role of the President as well.

He's transformed what was a democracy in Germany

into a one-party and a one-man dictatorship.

He's become the German leader, the Fuhrer.

His first promise as Fuhrer is to reclaim the land

Germany lost at Versailles.

He seizes The Rhineland, Austria, and the Sudetenland,

German-speaking parts of Czechoslovakia.

By 1938, just four years later, he's reshaped the map of Europe.

Desperate to avoid another war,

Britain and France allow Hitler to expand his empire.

In 1938, at Munich, Neville Chamberlain,

the British Prime Minister,

and the French actually made a deal with Hitler.

What he wanted was the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia.

The British had said, fine,

we'll just dismantle an entire country to keep you happy.

But when Hitler turns to Poland,

the West finally takes a stand.

The Poles have already endured centuries of foreign rule.

The country regains its independence as part of the Versailles treaty,

but its new borders now include 20,000 square miles

of what had been German land.

In summer 1939,

the British and the French sign a guarantee with the Poles,

promising military assistance if the Germans invade.

Hitler, speaking to his officers, they're asking him questions.

What was the attitude of the West going to be if you attack Poland?

And he snorted. 'Don't worry,' he said.

'I've seen my opponents at Munich. They're little worms.'

Hitler doesn't believe the West has the will to go to war...

...so he moves across the border,

ready to invade with the full force of the Nazi Wehrmacht.

In the first 24 hours of the invasion...

...the Germans take out railroads, bridges, and airfields.

The destruction paves the way

for their army to advance deep into Poland.

The Poles have a modern army.

It's the fifth-largest army in the world.

And it's equipped with modern tanks,

with all sorts of artillery, and armoured trains.

But Hitler has been putting almost all his resources

into equipping the military.

The Poles were outgunned by the Germans who had 3-to-1 tanks,

and 5-to-1 aeroplanes

so there's no question that the Germans were a superior force.

Despite those odds,

the Poles are determined to defend their country.

- Everyone had to help;

and soldiers conscripted civilians on the street, putting them to work.

I saw one man who was stopped six times on his way home

with a loaf of bread.

The Poles remain resilient.

But the question is what will Britain and France do?

Here as ever in critical days we're seeing the coming

and going of the leaders of the country.

The British and French had an alliance with the Poles.

They have to defend Poland.

But they're not militarily prepared to do so,

and they're not mentally prepared to do so.

The home fronts in Britain and France are dead set against war.

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain tells Parliament

he's considering issuing an ultimatum.

But many feel he's backtracking on his promise to Poland.

This is a profound injury to British honour,

that if we don't act and declare war,

no other country will ever trust a treaty with Britain ever again.

Britain delivers an ultimatum to Berlin

on the morning of September 3rd 1939.

Hitler has until 11am to withdraw his forces.

It's ignored.

- This morning, the British Ambassador in Berlin

handed the German government a final note,

and consequently, this country is at war with Germany.

In cities across Britain,

air-raid sirens signal a strange new era,

and millions of gas masks are sent to British homes.

Across the Atlantic,

America is just emerging from the Great Depression

and not prepared for war.

The peacetime army is small.

And neutrality laws make it nearly impossible to aid the Allies.

In the White House,

the press gathers for one of President Roosevelt's

Fireside Chats.

I have said not once but many times

that I have seen war,

and that I hate war.

I say that again and again.

I hope the United States will keep out of this.

And I give you assurance and reassurance,

that every effort of your government will be directed toward that end.

Most Americans,

when they're asked should the United States get involved,

90% of Americans say absolutely not.

But Franklin Delano Roosevelt is watching...

what's happening in Europe very closely.

The question is about freedom and democracy.

He understands what is at stake.

In Germany, Hitler is surprised when Britain and France declare war.

When the British declaration of war is made,

Hitler receives it in silence and for a couple of moments,

he stares at his foreign minister, Ribbentrop,

and then, with a quite vicious tone to his voice,

he says, 'What now?'

Despite the British and French declaration,

Hitler continues his master plan for Poland

and sends in the Luftwaffe.

Hitler's air force is led by a trusted member

of his inner circle,

Field Marshal Hermann Goering.

Goering is a German celebrity.

In WWI, he was the head of the Flying Circus,

Der Fliegende Zirkus. This elite group of fighter pilots.

And so he's well known in Germany.

He's very handsome, very charismatic guy.

But there's also a very dark side to Goering.

He feels deeply embittered by the way the war ended.

And he falls under Hitler's spell.

And he's able to get huge appropriations from Hitler

for Luftwaffe procurement.

Goering's elite pilots are young

and have spent thousands of hours in training.

From the cockpits of heavy bombers, they drop explosives.

But it's the precision dive bombers that wreak the most terror.

The Sturzkampfflugzeug,

the Stuka as it's usually abbreviated,

you know, it's not a particularly swift craft.

But they dive at an almost 90-degree angle...

...and literally drop a bomb in your lap.

And there's even a bit of psy war here as well.

As they're coming down on you, there's a siren screaming.

In Poland, there are pilots flying at low altitude

who can see women and children fleeing the roads,

who actually target them deliberately.

Polish civilians experience modern war

in an unbelievably horrifying way.

They see people killed. They see bodies all around them.

It's a nightmare.

Poland is being destroyed.

It is not clear when, or even if,

Britain and France can send forces to help.

On day three,

Adolf Hitler boards his heavily armoured private train,

the Amerika.

He named it after his admiration for the way America settled

a vast continent.

Now, travelling towards Poland,

he looks out on the territory he means to conquer.

Land stretching deep into Eastern Europe.

Lebensraum. Living space, for his new German Empire.

This is his and Germany's destiny.

Hitler talks about a thousand-year Reich.

Its borders would stretch from the Atlantic in the west

to Scandinavia in the north, and the Mediterranean in the south.

Poland and the lands to the east play a special role

in Hitler's foreign policy plans.

They're wide-open spaces,

farmland as far as the eye could see.

In order to achieve this vast empire,

Germans must clear out the people living there,

in a remorseless race war.

Adolf Hitler's whole worldview

is based on a kind of neo-Darwinism,

in which every single act is a biological struggle.

Warfare between different races.

He believes that the Aryan race, the Germans,

is the superior race on the planet,

it's destined to rule Europe and indeed the world.

Until now, Hitler's main target

has been Germany's Jewish population.

Under his orders, they lost their status as citizens,

had their wealth and property seized,

and many were forced into exile.

Hitler believes that humanity is locked in this existential battle

between Aryans, as he describes them, and Jews.

And Jews are supposedly responsible for all of society's

and the world's ills.

So who is responsible for the German loss in World War One?

Jewish people.

Who is responsible for economic inequality?

Jewish people.

They control media, newspapers, all the businesses.

The reason you are poor is because they are hoarding money.

What the Nazis are seeking to do at this stage

is to make life so unpleasant, so difficult for Jewish people

within the Reich that they want to leave.

Hitler also wants to remove the Slavs of Eastern Europe,

including the people of Poland.

Day four. Hitler reaches the Polish frontlines,

where he holds a photo opportunity with his troops.

He makes himself very visible, goes to the front

and he's greeted by these thousands and thousands of people.

They're all vying with one another to get close to Adolf Hitler.

He's fought in World War One. He's a battle-tested leader.

He's taking back historic German territory.

He's built the armed forces.

They listen to him.

These German soldiers marching on Poland believe in Germany's destiny.

That they will be the creators of the great new Germany.

This is the first action they've had militarily

since the black day of the German army in 1918.

And it is an average infantryman from the First World War

who's leading it.

So this is redemption,

20 years after what never should have happened, happened.

Shadowing his invading forces is another wing of the Nazi regime.

The protection squadron.

In German, the Schutzstaffel. Or SS.

They were Hitler's personal bodyguards as he rose to power...

...but under the leadership of Heinrich Himmler,

they become a paramilitary outfit at the heart of the regime.

Himmler is somebody who has a sadistic streak.

He's quite meek. He's not particularly assuming.

He's certainly not very physically impressive.

But he's somebody who's got a burning desire to achieve things.

He gets drawn into the Nazi loop.

And then over a period of time,

he eventually takes control of the SS.

Himmler has developed the SS from a small kind of a bodyguard unit

that's supposed to really protect Hitler

into a vast, militarised force.

In Poland, the SS units fan out across the newly occupied territory,

as does a special wing of the SS,

the Einsatzgruppen.

Mobile death squads.

In September 1939, during the Invasion of Poland,

the Nazi Einsatzgruppen are under orders to neutralise any opposition.

The Einsatzgruppen are specifically set up

to go into towns, villages and other areas of Poland,

to kill civilians.

That's their only job.

Professors, landowners, politicians, newspaper editors,

these sorts of people, they were targeted and killed

because these were the people who were identified

as possibly leading some sort of resistance

against the German forces.

And this is something that the Poles could not have known yet

on those first days of the invasion,

that this wasn't just going to be a military invasion,

but this was also going to be a war of annihilation.

For Hitler, this is a chance not just to destroy Poland,

but to clear Poland, to crush the Polish people

who are Slavs,

and Slavs in the Nazi ideology are Untermenschen, under humans.

But it's more than that. There are also Jews in Poland.

For centuries, Poland has been home to millions of Europe's Jews,

who fled there to avoid religious persecution.

The Jews originally settled there because it was the freest kingdom

in Europe.

Now they found themselves in a terrifying, murderous trap.

The SS drag Orthodox Jewish men out into the streets

and they desecrate their clothes and their hair.

They smash up synagogues.

They are seeking to amplify the terror that they've sought

to develop within the Reich towards Jews within Poland.

These acts of brutality escalate into public executions.

In the town of Konskie on September 12th,

German troops order local Jews to the town square...

...to dig the grave of a German soldier.

This rather humiliating forced gravedigging exercise

quickly descends into a pogrom.

Jews are shot. You know, they try and run away from the scene,

they're quickly apprehended.

And in total, 22 Jews are killed on that day.

This was happening across Poland.

The brutal mass murder of innocent civilians.

Nine days into the invasion.

Britain and France continue to mobilise their forces.

Civilians are being killed in the streets,

but the army isn't defeated.

With their capital city, Warsaw, now the target.

Two Polish armies stage a counterattack

to the west of the city.

Polish cavalry and reconnaissance tanks drive German forces back

12-and-a-half miles, in the Battle of the Bzura River.

You know, all too often the Polish campaign is talked about

as some kind of pushover. But the Poles fought hard.

The classic stereotype of the Poles

is that they're all in their horses with sabres drawn,

riding toward tanks who are just shooting them down.

This is absurd. The Poles were very sophisticated.

Very finely trained soldiers, extremely brave.

As Poles fight under German bombardment...

...Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Premier Edward Daladier

meet for a Supreme War Council, and reach a grave decision.

Daladier and Chamberlain agree to leave Poland to its fate.

They also adopt formally what they call the long war strategy,

the idea that they have superior resources to Germany,

and that over time,

those resources will come to bear in the Allies' favour.

Although the statement that is given to the world's press

is one of wholehearted support,

Poland is essentially cast to the four winds.

There is one British politician who has always wanted

to take a more aggressive position against the Nazis.

Appointed to the new War Cabinet is Hitler's most vocal critic

in the West,

First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill.

Throughout the 1930s,

Churchill had spoken up with concern about German rearmament,

about the failure to take effective measures to enforce

the Versailles Treaty.

It's clear now that Germany couldn't be trusted as a diplomatic partner.

Two weeks into the invasion.

The Poles seem abandoned, and their counteroffensive is collapsing.

The German third, eighth and tenth armies encircle Warsaw.

The capital is a city of palaces, churches, and opera houses,

the heart of the Polish nation.

But now, Warsaw is in ruins and under siege.

Bombs were falling and everybody was trying to help get people out

of the rubble.

When your roof is burning, when your children are in hospital

because they've been bombed, I mean these are shocking moments.

American photographer and cameraman Julien Bryan

is in Poland's capital, filming suffering and defiance.

He pleads for Poland.

- President Roosevelt and the people of America,

listen to my story.

America must act. It must help.

As help is called for, there is an army preparing to sweep in.

They're not coming from the West.

But from the East.

On the 17th of September,

Joseph Stalin calls the German Ambassador to the Kremlin

and says, we're going to invade eastern Poland.

Poland's fate isn't sealed just by the Nazis.

The communists of Soviet Russia also sense opportunity;

and so does their all-powerful master.

Stalin is one of the most extraordinary figures in the history

of the 20th century.

From the very beginning of the Russian Revolution in 1917,

he's been part of the tiny clique that's been running Russia

and has emerged as the dominant leader of the whole Soviet Union.

The inner circle called him Hoziam: the Master, the Boss.

But in public, he was the Vozhd: the leader.

But he was a tough man, a morbid man, a mysterious man.

He learnt the hard way in the Russian Civil War

that you operate ruthlessly, you sacrifice, you attack,

you show no quarter to your enemies.

Stalin saw the world in geopolitical terms.

He recognised that the Soviet Union couldn't survive, isolated,

surrounded by adversaries.

He had to play the poker game of diplomacy and war.

And the players were the Western democracies

led by England and France, and the dictatorships.

His great fear was that the two sides would gang up

against him and destroy the Soviet Union.

And all of his decisions came from this fear.

In August 1939,

just one week before Germany invades Poland,

Joseph Stalin shocked the world

when he signed a non-aggression pact with Adolf Hitler.

The revelation of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

causes mayhem in the Western capitals.

It changes everything. It's a complete shock.

For the last sort of five years, the two dictatorships,

Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia,

had been pouring excrement over each other in the media.

They had been calling each other every name under the sun.

And for each, the other was the quintessential enemy

of everything they believed.

And now suddenly, there's thawing,

and the next thing you know, Ribbentrop is flying to Moscow.

In August 1939, by signing a pact with Hitler,

Stalin helps to ensure that the Second World War will break out.

In fact, it makes it virtually a certainty

that such a war will break out.

The pact promises a decade of non-aggression

between the two regimes.

But there's another, secret, protocol which carves up

Eastern Europe, sharing the land between them.

First up is Poland.

Neither the Germans nor the Soviets wanted Poland to exist.

They both saw it as an affront.

Poland had historically been a province of the Russian Empire.

The Soviets want that back

as a buffer against the stronger Germany that's emerging.

The division of Polish territory favoured the Soviets,

who got more territory than the Germans did.

So it's actually the Soviet invasion of eastern Poland

that decides the fate of Poland.

The Red Army pours into Poland's eastern provinces.

They too carry orders to eradicate Polish leaders and culture.

When the Red Army goes into eastern Poland,

they are accompanied, inevitably by the secret police,

the NKVD, and they arrest all these people.

Writers, diplomats, aristocrats, army officers.

Some of them are killed instantly, some of them are deported,

and a large number of them, between 20,000 and 30,000,

are stowed in camps near the Katyn woods.

All of these people are to be secretly executed,

shot in the back of the head.

On September 22nd 1939, in the town of Brest-Litovsk,

Nazi and Soviet generals gather to watch a parade of both armies.

There's this free mingling of German and Soviet forces,

the two sides are sort of mixing, sharing cigarettes,

sharing anecdotes.

And they even develop almost a slang between them

'Germanski Bolsheviki, together strong'.

If you're a Polish person, to see these two people

that have always been dangerous on both sides of you,

working together to see that Poland once again disappears,

you had to feel like there's no help close by.

As Poland burns, and her enemies celebrate,

one city resists.

Warsaw.

Despite weeks of assault, Warsaw has not yet surrendered.

Surviving Polish troops rush to the capital

where 300,000 soldiers and civilians hold the city.

To break the resistance,

Goering orders the largest air raid ever seen.

Goering levels Warsaw with no regard for civilian casualties.

They strew thousands of pounds of high-explosive and incendiary bombs,

firebombs over Warsaw, and they reduce it to rubble.

It is the largest incendiary bombing

that the world has ever seen.

Air raids last for the entirety of the day.

People are trapped in their basements.

They're trapped in courtyards. They're trapped in stairwells.

Those who crawl out when the bombardment is over,

there's no water. There's nothing to feed them.

20% of the city is destroyed in one way or another.

And about 18,000 people are injured or killed in these bombardments.

And the city finally has to surrender.

In London, Winston Churchill warns his country

that this is just the beginning.

- Poland has been overrun by two of the great Powers

which held her in bondage

for 150 years,

but were unable to quench the spirit of the Polish nation.

The heroic defence of Warsaw

shows that the soul of Poland is indestructible.

The British Empire and the French Republic

have been at war with Nazi Germany for a month tonight.

Directions have been given by the Government

to prepare for a war of at least three years.

But Churchill has received a signal of hope.

A few weeks earlier, President Roosevelt sent him a note,

congratulating him on his new role in the War Cabinet,

and opening up a secret line of communication.

Once Germany invades Poland, Roosevelt infers that this war

is going to be sizeable in its scope

and that the United States is probably going to need

to intervene at some point.

Churchill has this reputation of being a fighter.

It's really telling that Roosevelt seeks him out

rather than Chamberlain at this critical juncture

at the beginning of the Second World War.

So there's this relationship that develops between

Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Winston Churchill.

There's an understanding on the part of Roosevelt

that there is someone in the leadership of Great Britain

who understands what's at stake,

and just how dangerous this moment is.

It's not simply about the German invasion of Poland.

They are two men who are united in their belief

that Adolf Hitler is perhaps the most dangerous man on the planet

After the surrender,

Hitler travels to Warsaw to survey the ruins.

He points at the utter destruction

and tells the officers who are with him...

...this is the real meaning of war.

In less than a month,

a major European nation has been removed from the map.

It will be engulfed in darkness for most of the next six years.

And it's only the beginning as Hitler looks to the west.