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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:09,777 --> 00:00:12,320 I spent a good portion of my early acting career 2 00:00:12,381 --> 00:00:14,383 treading the boards in theatres like this one. 3 00:00:16,603 --> 00:00:18,458 It's a profession full of superstitions. 4 00:00:19,986 --> 00:00:20,743 For instance, 5 00:00:21,606 --> 00:00:24,215 a theatre is never supposed to be completely dark, 6 00:00:24,546 --> 00:00:25,183 so... 7 00:00:25,879 --> 00:00:28,541 the ghost light remains on stage, lit, 8 00:00:28,648 --> 00:00:30,128 even when no one is around. 9 00:00:31,180 --> 00:00:32,469 Whistling back stage? 10 00:00:33,035 --> 00:00:34,235 Completely forbidden. 11 00:00:34,912 --> 00:00:36,559 And there's a certain Shakespearean play 12 00:00:36,620 --> 00:00:39,631 whose name must never be uttered within these walls. 13 00:00:41,736 --> 00:00:43,623 You only become privy to these rules 14 00:00:43,684 --> 00:00:45,042 when you work in a theatre. 15 00:00:46,733 --> 00:00:48,761 Many religions keep secrets too. 16 00:00:49,559 --> 00:00:51,639 Some have a hidden hierarchy of knowledge 17 00:00:51,700 --> 00:00:54,328 available only to higher officials. 18 00:00:55,859 --> 00:00:58,915 Why do religions shroud themselves in secrecy? 19 00:00:59,530 --> 00:01:02,168 I mean, why would they obscure holy wisdom? 20 00:01:02,894 --> 00:01:03,647 Or, 21 00:01:05,260 --> 00:01:07,423 do divine secrets actually... 22 00:01:08,091 --> 00:01:09,503 bring us closer to god? 23 00:01:16,572 --> 00:01:19,723 I am going to peer behind the curtain of hidden cults. 24 00:01:20,389 --> 00:01:23,863 They used music to drown out the cries. 25 00:01:25,128 --> 00:01:28,520 I'll see how secrets triggered one faith's battle for survival. 26 00:01:28,753 --> 00:01:31,653 Your leaders were imprisoned by the French. 27 00:01:33,297 --> 00:01:35,829 And spread dangerous rumours about another. 28 00:01:36,121 --> 00:01:39,058 Christians drank the blood of children. 29 00:01:39,752 --> 00:01:40,725 Oh my. 30 00:01:40,887 --> 00:01:43,286 I'll witness the rebirth of the sun... 31 00:01:43,802 --> 00:01:48,712 So let's give a rousing cheer for the returning sun god. 32 00:01:48,845 --> 00:01:50,577 And a long suppressed faith. 33 00:01:50,637 --> 00:01:52,392 Yeah! 34 00:01:53,121 --> 00:01:56,029 Learn about decoding divine secrets. 35 00:01:56,263 --> 00:02:00,907 God encoded secrets of reality in this Torah. 36 00:02:01,621 --> 00:02:05,521 And seek a hidden pathway to enlightenment. 37 00:02:06,584 --> 00:02:07,930 Could I get a mantra? 38 00:02:08,327 --> 00:02:10,277 I doubt you get any mantras. 39 00:02:34,128 --> 00:02:36,960 I'm starting my quest outside of Naples, Italy... 40 00:02:39,404 --> 00:02:44,683 in a city whose secrets were buried in ash in 79 AD, 41 00:02:45,262 --> 00:02:46,221 Pompeii. 42 00:02:52,146 --> 00:02:54,739 Historian, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, 43 00:02:54,800 --> 00:02:56,648 is taking me to an ancient home 44 00:02:56,709 --> 00:02:59,237 that Mount Vesuvius froze in time. 45 00:03:01,763 --> 00:03:03,838 So, push through the leaves, Morgan, 46 00:03:03,899 --> 00:03:06,651 and you're gonna get an eye full of something amazing. 47 00:03:11,131 --> 00:03:13,274 That is the Villa of the Mysteries. 48 00:03:13,599 --> 00:03:15,377 That's lovely. That is terrific. 49 00:03:16,032 --> 00:03:19,666 Soon after archaeologists unearthed the villa in 1909, 50 00:03:20,202 --> 00:03:22,113 they realized it held clues 51 00:03:22,174 --> 00:03:25,373 to one of the most secretive religious sects in history, 52 00:03:26,247 --> 00:03:28,103 the Cult of Dionysus. 53 00:03:32,110 --> 00:03:33,604 So, Morgan, you've got to see this. 54 00:03:33,665 --> 00:03:35,292 This is the Room of the Mysteries. 55 00:03:35,707 --> 00:03:37,089 Oh, my goodness. 56 00:03:41,671 --> 00:03:43,200 -This... -Oh my goodness. 57 00:03:43,269 --> 00:03:46,918 is the most extraordinary painted room 58 00:03:47,332 --> 00:03:49,259 in any Roman house that I know. 59 00:03:50,383 --> 00:03:53,493 And there is the god, Dionysus. 60 00:03:53,553 --> 00:03:54,890 The Greeks called him Dionysus, 61 00:03:54,951 --> 00:03:56,263 the Romans called him Bacchus. 62 00:03:56,728 --> 00:03:58,922 And you see, he's sort of, he's slumped, 63 00:03:59,458 --> 00:04:01,221 because he's the god of wine, 64 00:04:01,282 --> 00:04:03,473 he's the god of drink and he's had some. 65 00:04:03,947 --> 00:04:05,850 He looks a little bit stoned. 66 00:04:05,910 --> 00:04:08,241 He's way, way out of it. 67 00:04:10,563 --> 00:04:14,382 Then around, are all these scenes that are 68 00:04:14,765 --> 00:04:18,000 somehow associated with the Cult of Dionysus. 69 00:04:18,060 --> 00:04:18,680 Uh, huh. 70 00:04:20,046 --> 00:04:22,846 Dionysus was the god, not just of wine, 71 00:04:23,149 --> 00:04:25,367 but also of fertility, 72 00:04:25,580 --> 00:04:27,468 theatre and ecstasy. 73 00:04:29,312 --> 00:04:33,194 Ancient Roman writers told stories of wine fuelled orgies, 74 00:04:33,867 --> 00:04:36,859 Bacchanalia, held in his honour. 75 00:04:39,046 --> 00:04:40,833 The Cult of Dionysus, 76 00:04:41,579 --> 00:04:42,532 what's the purpose of it? 77 00:04:42,752 --> 00:04:43,319 Huh. 78 00:04:43,380 --> 00:04:44,025 Is it... 79 00:04:44,291 --> 00:04:46,025 Is it a religious thing or? 80 00:04:46,125 --> 00:04:48,341 It's absolutely a religious thing. 81 00:04:48,625 --> 00:04:51,897 But most religious practices in the Roman world, 82 00:04:52,217 --> 00:04:55,147 are about how you hold the community together. 83 00:04:55,801 --> 00:04:59,062 This is not about the whole community, it's for the initiated, 84 00:04:59,123 --> 00:05:04,421 for the chosen few who have dedicated themselves to this. 85 00:05:05,221 --> 00:05:07,560 You actually have to go through a process 86 00:05:08,120 --> 00:05:10,364 to join that type of cult. 87 00:05:11,009 --> 00:05:13,124 What happened in the Cult of Dionysus 88 00:05:13,184 --> 00:05:17,096 remained shrouded in almost total mystery for two millennia, 89 00:05:17,740 --> 00:05:19,690 until the frescoes in this room 90 00:05:20,180 --> 00:05:21,406 saw the light of day. 91 00:05:22,227 --> 00:05:23,451 Many historians believe 92 00:05:23,958 --> 00:05:26,210 they show the secret initiation rites 93 00:05:26,271 --> 00:05:28,267 of a young woman into the cult. 94 00:05:29,357 --> 00:05:30,383 Where does it begin? 95 00:05:30,443 --> 00:05:32,836 Probably, reading left to right, 96 00:05:32,897 --> 00:05:35,552 begins there with a woman walking into the scene. 97 00:05:36,932 --> 00:05:38,949 The woman arrives fully clothed, 98 00:05:40,038 --> 00:05:44,042 but after a child reads from what might be a sacred text, 99 00:05:45,656 --> 00:05:47,759 we see her more scantily clad, 100 00:05:48,150 --> 00:05:50,787 possibly bringing an offering of food for the god. 101 00:05:51,740 --> 00:05:54,838 Then some sort of, is this a ritual cleansing, 102 00:05:54,899 --> 00:05:55,856 some sort of preparation? 103 00:05:55,916 --> 00:05:58,825 I think this is the scene that really tells us 104 00:05:58,886 --> 00:06:01,068 that it's something to do with mysteries. 105 00:06:01,128 --> 00:06:03,052 It's incredibly rare 106 00:06:03,332 --> 00:06:06,778 to depict someone, like turning your back to the camera. 107 00:06:10,429 --> 00:06:12,459 And that's concealing something. 108 00:06:13,184 --> 00:06:13,840 Oh. 109 00:06:13,900 --> 00:06:15,654 It's something secret going on. 110 00:06:20,078 --> 00:06:21,370 After this scene, 111 00:06:21,954 --> 00:06:24,371 we lose track of the initiate for a while. 112 00:06:25,532 --> 00:06:27,128 But when she reappears, 113 00:06:27,769 --> 00:06:29,526 she's in a different state of mind. 114 00:06:30,019 --> 00:06:33,100 She's looking at something that's happening over here, 115 00:06:33,873 --> 00:06:36,931 with an expression of horror on her face. 116 00:06:38,514 --> 00:06:39,587 This woman, 117 00:06:41,434 --> 00:06:43,684 she has a whip in her hand, 118 00:06:45,134 --> 00:06:48,632 which appears to be about to descend 119 00:06:48,912 --> 00:06:53,580 on the back of this lady here, who has a bare back. 120 00:06:55,907 --> 00:06:58,434 Her head in another woman's lap, 121 00:06:58,914 --> 00:07:00,770 giving her comfort and support. 122 00:07:09,408 --> 00:07:12,844 And the fact there's another naked woman, 123 00:07:13,677 --> 00:07:15,763 dancing and she's got... 124 00:07:15,937 --> 00:07:18,126 Those bells, so it's bing, ding, ding. 125 00:07:18,240 --> 00:07:22,992 In her hand and one of the things they complained about this cult, 126 00:07:23,245 --> 00:07:27,390 was that they used the sound of music to drown out... 127 00:07:29,113 --> 00:07:31,502 the cries of the people. 128 00:07:34,514 --> 00:07:37,655 You've got this basket down below, 129 00:07:38,122 --> 00:07:40,364 but in this winnowing basket, 130 00:07:40,710 --> 00:07:44,667 is a very large object covered with a veil. 131 00:07:45,186 --> 00:07:47,706 And we can be absolutely certain 132 00:07:47,767 --> 00:07:50,091 that what is being revealed is a phallus. 133 00:07:50,388 --> 00:07:51,134 Oh. 134 00:07:51,195 --> 00:07:52,512 Because the phallus 135 00:07:52,996 --> 00:07:55,785 is so strongly connected with Dionysus. 136 00:07:56,899 --> 00:08:00,573 The phallus was the supreme symbol of the god of fertility. 137 00:08:01,421 --> 00:08:03,916 What role it played in the initiation rites, 138 00:08:04,131 --> 00:08:06,984 what secrets were revealed when it was uncovered, 139 00:08:07,438 --> 00:08:08,714 are not recorded here 140 00:08:09,144 --> 00:08:10,862 and by the next fresco, 141 00:08:11,188 --> 00:08:13,675 the mood has changed completely. 142 00:08:14,089 --> 00:08:18,930 Here, we have a girl preparing, apparently, for marriage. 143 00:08:20,031 --> 00:08:23,307 That way of doing your hair into separate locks, 144 00:08:23,630 --> 00:08:26,884 was part of a Roman tradition of preparing your hair 145 00:08:26,945 --> 00:08:27,629 for the wedding ceremony. 146 00:08:27,689 --> 00:08:28,322 Okay. 147 00:08:28,383 --> 00:08:31,890 And she has two Cupids on either side... 148 00:08:31,998 --> 00:08:33,282 and one is holding up... 149 00:08:33,343 --> 00:08:35,179 Probably a mirror of some sort. 150 00:08:37,112 --> 00:08:40,490 The marriage seems to imply the end of the initiation. 151 00:08:42,275 --> 00:08:45,696 The woman is now ready to devote herself to Dionysus 152 00:08:46,017 --> 00:08:47,447 and be part of his cult. 153 00:08:53,735 --> 00:08:56,971 This is just fascinating to end all fascinations. 154 00:08:57,104 --> 00:08:57,978 Uh, huh. 155 00:08:58,322 --> 00:08:58,819 But, 156 00:09:00,069 --> 00:09:02,672 I count 17 women, 157 00:09:03,192 --> 00:09:04,235 where are the men? 158 00:09:04,415 --> 00:09:06,702 So, I think this is as it's meant to be. 159 00:09:06,762 --> 00:09:08,564 It's a women's cult. 160 00:09:09,584 --> 00:09:11,422 Across the Greco-Roman world, 161 00:09:11,629 --> 00:09:13,630 women seem to have accounted for most 162 00:09:13,691 --> 00:09:15,804 members of the Cult of Dionysus. 163 00:09:16,232 --> 00:09:19,935 Perhaps it wasn't just a place to lose one's self in wine. 164 00:09:20,595 --> 00:09:23,399 It may have been a place where women made the rules. 165 00:09:24,242 --> 00:09:24,893 Of course, 166 00:09:25,488 --> 00:09:26,880 we will never really know. 167 00:09:27,265 --> 00:09:29,725 You know why a mystery is called a mystery? 168 00:09:29,838 --> 00:09:30,476 No. 169 00:09:30,541 --> 00:09:31,835 It's a Greek word. 170 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:35,345 Mustes is someone who has been initiated, 171 00:09:35,942 --> 00:09:38,838 and the word muo in Greek means, 172 00:09:39,257 --> 00:09:40,840 'Keep your mouth shut.' 173 00:09:40,900 --> 00:09:42,341 Once you're initiated, 174 00:09:42,509 --> 00:09:45,258 you can't reveal what you have seen. 175 00:09:50,288 --> 00:09:52,224 The Dionysiac cult 176 00:09:52,411 --> 00:09:56,071 used wine and sex to get closer to their gods. 177 00:09:57,123 --> 00:09:59,666 But it seems that the secrecy of their faith 178 00:10:00,016 --> 00:10:02,842 helped them to connect, not just to the divine, 179 00:10:02,903 --> 00:10:04,299 but to one another. 180 00:10:04,786 --> 00:10:06,280 It allowed initiates, 181 00:10:06,381 --> 00:10:07,363 especially women, 182 00:10:07,703 --> 00:10:10,400 to worship away from the prying eyes of Rome. 183 00:10:11,781 --> 00:10:13,080 Their secret religion 184 00:10:13,778 --> 00:10:14,773 set them free. 185 00:10:22,238 --> 00:10:24,596 Secrets are designed to conceal, 186 00:10:25,525 --> 00:10:27,887 but sometimes the very presence of a secret, 187 00:10:28,528 --> 00:10:30,053 draws unwelcome attention. 188 00:10:35,437 --> 00:10:37,112 I'm in southern Vietnam, 189 00:10:37,489 --> 00:10:39,542 travelling toward the Cambodian border 190 00:10:39,735 --> 00:10:41,600 in the province of Tay Ninh. 191 00:10:51,978 --> 00:10:54,755 This is the spiritual home of Cao Dai, 192 00:10:54,929 --> 00:10:57,770 a religion that was once banned by the government, 193 00:10:57,977 --> 00:11:00,095 but now is practised in plain view 194 00:11:00,156 --> 00:11:02,499 by over four million Vietnamese. 195 00:11:04,949 --> 00:11:07,970 It's epicentre is the Holy See Temple, 196 00:11:08,230 --> 00:11:10,101 in the City of Tay Ninh. 197 00:11:17,237 --> 00:11:20,422 I'm meeting with Cao Dai's esteemed archbishop, 198 00:11:20,482 --> 00:11:24,357 Le Phuong Hong and his interpreter, Nguyen Tuan Em. 199 00:11:24,943 --> 00:11:25,859 -Hello. -Yeah, good morning. 200 00:11:25,920 --> 00:11:26,980 -Hello. -How are you? 201 00:11:27,040 --> 00:11:28,257 Thank you. And you? 202 00:11:28,317 --> 00:11:29,431 Very well and thank you very much. 203 00:11:29,491 --> 00:11:30,876 -Yeah. -Big question. 204 00:11:31,673 --> 00:11:33,716 The eye, what does it mean? 205 00:11:52,307 --> 00:11:53,688 This is amazing! 206 00:12:05,078 --> 00:12:06,135 There are nine steps, 207 00:12:06,333 --> 00:12:09,268 representing the nine stages in heaven. 208 00:12:09,514 --> 00:12:10,231 Ah-ha! 209 00:12:10,292 --> 00:12:11,174 And you can see, 210 00:12:11,235 --> 00:12:14,659 there are 18 columns surrounded by dragons. 211 00:12:17,961 --> 00:12:19,349 Are these saints? 212 00:12:20,878 --> 00:12:25,230 They are representing the religions combined of Caodaism. 213 00:12:28,002 --> 00:12:30,119 There was a message from God 214 00:12:30,307 --> 00:12:33,110 to unite the branches of the religion. 215 00:12:33,244 --> 00:12:34,200 Of religion. 216 00:12:34,425 --> 00:12:36,522 And you can see, in the middle, 217 00:12:36,603 --> 00:12:37,640 the first one is Buddha 218 00:12:38,243 --> 00:12:40,434 and then on the left hand side, 219 00:12:40,495 --> 00:12:43,987 you can see Lao Zi, representing Taoism, 220 00:12:44,048 --> 00:12:46,186 and this is Confucius. 221 00:12:47,130 --> 00:12:50,263 And then Jesus Christ representing Christianity. 222 00:12:50,324 --> 00:12:51,984 Ah-ha, that is him. 223 00:12:55,853 --> 00:12:57,195 And now is time for the service 224 00:12:57,256 --> 00:12:58,821 and we would like to go upstairs 225 00:12:58,914 --> 00:13:01,662 and we show you where you can see the service. 226 00:13:01,751 --> 00:13:02,589 Excellent. 227 00:13:23,274 --> 00:13:24,838 As I watch the congregation 228 00:13:24,899 --> 00:13:27,010 being marshalled into precise formation, 229 00:13:27,931 --> 00:13:30,155 I can't help thinking that Caodaism 230 00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:32,754 has almost militaristic overtones. 231 00:13:34,806 --> 00:13:37,483 It's a hint of the religion's secret past 232 00:13:37,878 --> 00:13:39,581 and its battles with governments 233 00:13:40,340 --> 00:13:42,222 that grew into outright war. 234 00:13:55,844 --> 00:13:57,302 The Cao Dai religion, 235 00:13:57,363 --> 00:14:00,247 an unusual blend of eastern and western faiths, 236 00:14:00,599 --> 00:14:02,839 appears to be flourishing in Vietnam. 237 00:14:03,492 --> 00:14:06,994 Across the country there are almost 400 temples. 238 00:14:07,579 --> 00:14:09,173 Followers worship openly, 239 00:14:10,103 --> 00:14:12,236 but it wasn't always that way. 240 00:14:17,106 --> 00:14:19,194 I've been offered an audience with Cao Dai's 241 00:14:19,255 --> 00:14:21,402 senior cardinal, Thuong Tom Thanh, 242 00:14:21,842 --> 00:14:24,424 to understand the religion's secretive history. 243 00:14:24,976 --> 00:14:26,004 How do you do, sir. 244 00:14:26,557 --> 00:14:27,939 Very pleased to meet you. 245 00:14:30,961 --> 00:14:32,330 Can you give me... 246 00:14:33,150 --> 00:14:36,075 a brief history of the religion? 247 00:14:40,336 --> 00:14:42,344 The purpose of Caodaism is... 248 00:14:42,530 --> 00:14:46,342 to unite the traditions of all religions in the world. 249 00:14:48,344 --> 00:14:52,992 Caodaism was established in Vietnam in 1926, 250 00:14:53,053 --> 00:14:54,698 and Vietnam, at that time, 251 00:14:54,759 --> 00:14:57,637 was under the control of the French administration. 252 00:14:57,936 --> 00:15:01,168 I understood that some of your leaders 253 00:15:01,229 --> 00:15:03,582 were imprisoned by the French. Is that so? 254 00:15:05,775 --> 00:15:07,952 There was some misunderstanding 255 00:15:08,013 --> 00:15:09,062 between the French 256 00:15:09,645 --> 00:15:11,322 and Caodaism at the time. 257 00:15:13,152 --> 00:15:16,973 The leader was arrested and sent in exile... 258 00:15:17,218 --> 00:15:18,287 for five years. 259 00:15:18,616 --> 00:15:19,468 But after that, 260 00:15:19,529 --> 00:15:22,230 when they understood the purpose of this religion, 261 00:15:22,347 --> 00:15:25,153 the French administration let His Holiness 262 00:15:25,354 --> 00:15:27,165 to be returned into Vietnam. 263 00:15:30,628 --> 00:15:34,203 But Cao Dai's struggles did not end with the French. 264 00:15:34,666 --> 00:15:38,951 In 1943, they took up arms against Japanese invaders. 265 00:15:39,706 --> 00:15:41,070 The Cao Dai army, 266 00:15:41,131 --> 00:15:44,377 established a semi-autonomous state in the Mekong Delta, 267 00:15:44,617 --> 00:15:47,956 that survived for a decade after the Japanese left. 268 00:15:49,129 --> 00:15:52,797 When the Communists took control of Vietnam in 1975, 269 00:15:53,197 --> 00:15:56,754 Caodaism was banned for more than two decades. 270 00:15:57,551 --> 00:15:59,363 It wasn't just because the government 271 00:15:59,424 --> 00:16:01,958 feared Cao Dai's military history, 272 00:16:02,019 --> 00:16:04,840 or its blending of faiths from all over the world. 273 00:16:05,821 --> 00:16:08,233 It was also because of the secret ceremony 274 00:16:08,294 --> 00:16:10,142 that lay at the heart of the religion. 275 00:16:29,517 --> 00:16:31,165 So those mediums 276 00:16:31,472 --> 00:16:34,103 were used to establish the religion. 277 00:16:35,065 --> 00:16:37,340 Those mediums received the messages from God 278 00:16:37,401 --> 00:16:41,161 to establish and write out the religious regulations, 279 00:16:41,421 --> 00:16:42,637 the constitutions 280 00:16:42,698 --> 00:16:45,449 and now we use those as the basis of Caodaism. 281 00:16:47,981 --> 00:16:51,373 The details of what happened in these seances is still secret, 282 00:16:52,443 --> 00:16:54,781 known only by high dignitaries. 283 00:16:55,195 --> 00:16:56,360 What is known, 284 00:16:57,007 --> 00:16:59,609 is that there were always two mediums 285 00:16:59,670 --> 00:17:01,807 controlling some sort of instrument; 286 00:17:02,927 --> 00:17:04,676 someone to read the instrument, 287 00:17:04,934 --> 00:17:07,353 and a secretary to write down the message. 288 00:17:08,105 --> 00:17:10,271 When the Vietnamese government made it legal 289 00:17:10,332 --> 00:17:13,453 to practice the Cao Dai religion in 1997, 290 00:17:13,938 --> 00:17:15,715 one of the conditions was 291 00:17:15,776 --> 00:17:18,482 that seances would remain banned. 292 00:17:20,517 --> 00:17:23,753 So, are these mediums chosen by God today? 293 00:17:25,674 --> 00:17:27,743 All the former mediums 294 00:17:27,860 --> 00:17:31,464 have fulfilled their duties and now they return with God. 295 00:17:32,633 --> 00:17:35,535 All the regulations and doctrines have been 296 00:17:35,939 --> 00:17:37,853 written down by God through mediums. 297 00:17:38,687 --> 00:17:40,919 Now, all we have to do is just 298 00:17:41,419 --> 00:17:43,419 follow the rules and carry on? 299 00:17:43,793 --> 00:17:50,142 And we all try for peace and independence in the world. 300 00:17:52,169 --> 00:17:52,955 Got it. 301 00:18:16,383 --> 00:18:18,261 The followers of Cao Dai say 302 00:18:18,322 --> 00:18:20,646 they no longer need secret seances to spread 303 00:18:20,707 --> 00:18:25,084 their message of universal humanity, love and justice. 304 00:18:26,355 --> 00:18:28,884 What was once the most sacred part of their worship 305 00:18:28,944 --> 00:18:32,883 is now history and the religion is thriving. 306 00:18:34,501 --> 00:18:36,131 Being forced to hide something 307 00:18:36,347 --> 00:18:40,424 sometimes helps us to learn to get along just fine without it. 308 00:18:47,997 --> 00:18:49,873 But some religions keep secrets, 309 00:18:49,934 --> 00:18:52,810 because they believe they are too powerful to be revealed, 310 00:18:53,431 --> 00:18:55,567 except to those with years of training. 311 00:19:06,084 --> 00:19:07,844 I'm in Kathmandu, Nepal, 312 00:19:08,046 --> 00:19:11,471 to learn about a branch of Buddhism called Vajrayana, 313 00:19:11,957 --> 00:19:14,127 or The Diamond Vehicle. 314 00:19:16,750 --> 00:19:19,058 It is the final level of Buddhist teachings, 315 00:19:19,477 --> 00:19:22,892 known as an accelerated path to enlightenment. 316 00:19:25,311 --> 00:19:27,138 Here at the Kopan Monastery, 317 00:19:28,538 --> 00:19:30,369 I'm meeting one of their head monks, 318 00:19:31,143 --> 00:19:33,365 Geshe Thubten Jinpa. 319 00:19:36,397 --> 00:19:37,921 -Hi, Morgan. -Hello, Jinpa. 320 00:19:37,982 --> 00:19:40,045 -Welcome to Kopan. -Thank you so much. 321 00:19:40,106 --> 00:19:41,577 -Thank you. -Thank you. Thank you. 322 00:19:41,637 --> 00:19:42,393 Come see. 323 00:19:42,487 --> 00:19:44,646 I take you to the monastery, okay? 324 00:19:49,197 --> 00:19:50,859 I want to try to learn more 325 00:19:50,920 --> 00:19:53,266 about their rapid pathway to enlightenment. 326 00:19:54,926 --> 00:19:57,537 Some of the mantras the monks will chant today, 327 00:19:57,850 --> 00:20:01,371 are said to contain the sacred power of enlightened beings. 328 00:20:09,463 --> 00:20:12,458 They recite them to invoke those divine energies and 329 00:20:13,245 --> 00:20:15,632 advance toward their own enlightenment. 330 00:20:24,807 --> 00:20:25,909 Okay. 331 00:20:29,892 --> 00:20:32,964 These mantras are not for my ears. 332 00:20:49,333 --> 00:20:51,308 In the hills above Kathmandu, 333 00:20:51,957 --> 00:20:54,241 only the faintest sound of Buddhist monks 334 00:20:54,302 --> 00:20:55,980 chanting a secret mantra 335 00:20:56,043 --> 00:20:57,818 escapes the temple doors. 336 00:21:07,824 --> 00:21:09,745 This only makes me more curious. 337 00:21:10,656 --> 00:21:12,004 Why all the secrecy? 338 00:21:13,659 --> 00:21:15,339 If it will lead to enlightenment, 339 00:21:16,293 --> 00:21:18,150 why not reveal it to all? 340 00:21:21,132 --> 00:21:22,678 'Diamond Vehicle', Jinpa. 341 00:21:22,944 --> 00:21:24,827 Why do you use that term, 'diamond?' 342 00:21:25,188 --> 00:21:27,369 It really cuts through, 343 00:21:27,592 --> 00:21:31,708 like you use a sort of a 344 00:21:31,790 --> 00:21:33,412 diamond to slice the glass. 345 00:21:33,491 --> 00:21:34,044 Yes. 346 00:21:34,105 --> 00:21:36,696 And it pierce the wrong conceptions. 347 00:21:37,113 --> 00:21:39,365 So that's why we call it 'diamond.' 348 00:21:39,485 --> 00:21:41,117 If you are a student and you are starting out, 349 00:21:41,178 --> 00:21:43,008 you could get into the Diamond Vehicle? 350 00:21:43,068 --> 00:21:45,857 First, we have to get well trained for that, 351 00:21:45,918 --> 00:21:49,120 so when Buddha taught this, The Diamond Vehicles, 352 00:21:51,603 --> 00:21:55,504 He reveal it to the some particular, special students. 353 00:21:56,928 --> 00:22:00,709 Why must these mantras be kept secret? 354 00:22:01,309 --> 00:22:03,337 So without that proper training, 355 00:22:03,513 --> 00:22:05,803 so you will misuse of that mantra 356 00:22:05,864 --> 00:22:08,843 and it bring harms to others and as well as yourself. 357 00:22:08,904 --> 00:22:10,340 As well to yourself. 358 00:22:11,372 --> 00:22:14,054 These monks have had years of training in meditation. 359 00:22:14,471 --> 00:22:16,724 They believe learning a secret mantra, 360 00:22:16,792 --> 00:22:18,480 without such preparation, 361 00:22:18,574 --> 00:22:21,909 risks actually increasing their negative thoughts, 362 00:22:22,729 --> 00:22:25,152 taking them further away from enlightenment. 363 00:22:26,732 --> 00:22:27,515 So, Jinpa, 364 00:22:27,938 --> 00:22:31,361 what are the real requirements in terms of 365 00:22:32,321 --> 00:22:33,704 trying to gain enlightenment? 366 00:22:34,084 --> 00:22:37,798 So the very first requirements is the motivations. 367 00:22:37,859 --> 00:22:38,693 Motivation? 368 00:22:48,226 --> 00:22:49,613 Now, Jinpa, 369 00:22:53,570 --> 00:22:57,405 I'm fairly intelligent myself, 370 00:22:57,819 --> 00:22:59,612 so my question is, 371 00:23:01,094 --> 00:23:02,601 could I get a mantra? 372 00:23:03,295 --> 00:23:06,203 Uh, oh, wait. 373 00:23:06,440 --> 00:23:07,682 Okay, is this on... 374 00:23:08,305 --> 00:23:08,930 -Yeah. -Is on? 375 00:23:08,991 --> 00:23:10,450 Okay, oh, sorry, sorry. 376 00:23:11,318 --> 00:23:12,177 Mantra? 377 00:23:13,481 --> 00:23:15,869 I know you are very smart but, 378 00:23:17,628 --> 00:23:19,448 I doubt you'd get any mantras. 379 00:23:19,543 --> 00:23:20,634 Ha ha! 380 00:23:21,384 --> 00:23:22,452 Ha ha ha! 381 00:23:22,512 --> 00:23:24,003 Oh no, I'm just joking. 382 00:23:24,548 --> 00:23:27,422 There is different degrees of mantras. 383 00:23:27,482 --> 00:23:31,142 The one mantras, which always brings goods to everyone, 384 00:23:31,203 --> 00:23:34,808 whether you have the pre-required training or not. 385 00:23:35,188 --> 00:23:36,984 So I can share that with you. 386 00:23:37,044 --> 00:23:37,913 Thank you. 387 00:23:39,563 --> 00:23:40,480 Okay. 388 00:23:43,360 --> 00:23:44,430 Traditionally, 389 00:23:44,833 --> 00:23:47,337 a mantra can only be given by a guru 390 00:23:47,573 --> 00:23:51,248 to a monk who is in the process of becoming his disciple. 391 00:23:52,507 --> 00:23:54,363 Jinpa, however, will make an exception, 392 00:23:55,210 --> 00:23:58,005 since he considers me a spiritual friend. 393 00:24:00,483 --> 00:24:02,927 The mantra that we're going to work together 394 00:24:05,610 --> 00:24:07,496 He is the Buddha of compassion. 395 00:24:07,644 --> 00:24:08,942 Compassion Buddha. 396 00:24:09,003 --> 00:24:11,523 So, this mantra helps 397 00:24:11,966 --> 00:24:14,643 us to enhance all that compassions 398 00:24:14,930 --> 00:24:16,256 to the universe. 399 00:24:17,118 --> 00:24:19,544 So I am going to give you the mantra, 400 00:24:19,605 --> 00:24:22,826 so you can generate motivation to yourself, 401 00:24:22,887 --> 00:24:25,470 for the goodness of all the living beings. 402 00:24:27,680 --> 00:24:31,383 So, as I say the mantra, you try to repeat. 403 00:24:31,443 --> 00:24:32,141 Om... 404 00:24:32,656 --> 00:24:33,695 Om. 405 00:24:33,755 --> 00:24:35,559 -Mani... -Mani. 406 00:24:35,619 --> 00:24:37,320 -Padme... -Padme. 407 00:24:37,554 --> 00:24:38,942 -Hum. -Hum. 408 00:24:39,002 --> 00:24:41,400 So, you visualize that on my crown 409 00:24:41,461 --> 00:24:43,170 there's a Buddha of compassion. 410 00:24:43,724 --> 00:24:47,067 So there's a radiance of light sending towards you, 411 00:24:47,353 --> 00:24:50,195 with this all good heart in the form of light. 412 00:24:50,690 --> 00:24:51,321 Okay? 413 00:24:51,648 --> 00:24:54,500 So repeat for final time. Om... 414 00:24:54,561 --> 00:24:55,730 -Om. -Mani... 415 00:24:55,791 --> 00:24:57,374 -Mani. -Padme... 416 00:24:57,434 --> 00:24:58,968 -Padme. Hum. -Hum. 417 00:24:59,229 --> 00:25:01,793 Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani padme hum. 418 00:25:01,854 --> 00:25:03,864 Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani padme hum... 419 00:25:03,924 --> 00:25:06,038 Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani padme hum. 420 00:25:06,098 --> 00:25:07,979 Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani padme hum... 421 00:25:11,724 --> 00:25:13,572 As I chant the mantra, 422 00:25:14,498 --> 00:25:18,409 I am trying to see the light dissolving into my body 423 00:25:18,995 --> 00:25:21,356 and imagine it filling me with love 424 00:25:21,750 --> 00:25:22,783 and compassion. 425 00:25:30,260 --> 00:25:32,858 Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani padme hum. 426 00:25:32,918 --> 00:25:34,618 Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani... 427 00:25:34,678 --> 00:25:38,051 As we recite the mantras togethers, 428 00:25:38,365 --> 00:25:41,964 so you feel so much compassion and love 429 00:25:42,780 --> 00:25:44,303 generated within you, 430 00:25:44,559 --> 00:25:46,238 then sending this all love 431 00:25:46,465 --> 00:25:48,282 towards the all the sentient being. 432 00:25:54,973 --> 00:25:58,756 Secrecy isn't always a way to protect a faith from outsiders. 433 00:26:00,359 --> 00:26:02,701 It also provides in the faithful 434 00:26:03,255 --> 00:26:04,738 a hunger for... 435 00:26:05,029 --> 00:26:06,084 divine knowledge. 436 00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:09,516 To learn a secret mantra at Kopan, 437 00:26:10,059 --> 00:26:12,092 a monk must study the methods of 438 00:26:12,153 --> 00:26:14,545 Vajrayana Buddhism for many years. 439 00:26:16,045 --> 00:26:18,732 Some secrets are the reward of a lifetime of work. 440 00:26:20,078 --> 00:26:22,342 Shows how precious enlightenment is. 441 00:26:23,485 --> 00:26:24,961 As precious as a diamond. 442 00:26:29,492 --> 00:26:30,955 Devotees of many faiths 443 00:26:31,162 --> 00:26:33,618 make a lifelong quest for divine knowledge, 444 00:26:35,684 --> 00:26:39,130 but that knowledge is not always deliberately withheld. 445 00:26:40,037 --> 00:26:43,148 Sometimes, it is hidden in plain sight. 446 00:26:47,682 --> 00:26:48,914 In the south of France, 447 00:26:49,130 --> 00:26:50,798 in the city of Carpentras, 448 00:26:51,395 --> 00:26:53,688 there is an unassuming building that houses 449 00:26:53,749 --> 00:26:56,518 one of the oldest synagogues in the country. 450 00:26:58,361 --> 00:27:00,223 Journalist, Nelufar Hedayat, 451 00:27:00,596 --> 00:27:02,507 has come here to explore the secrets 452 00:27:02,568 --> 00:27:04,503 of the mystical Jewish Kabbalah. 453 00:27:05,321 --> 00:27:08,016 She is meeting scholar, Julien Darmon. 454 00:27:08,679 --> 00:27:09,537 Julien! 455 00:27:10,174 --> 00:27:11,025 Absolute pleasure to see you. 456 00:27:11,085 --> 00:27:12,536 -Pleased to meet you. -How are you? 457 00:27:12,810 --> 00:27:13,759 Delighted to meet you. 458 00:27:13,820 --> 00:27:15,014 The pleasure's all mine. 459 00:27:20,519 --> 00:27:21,113 Wow. 460 00:27:22,223 --> 00:27:23,263 Indeed, huh? 461 00:27:23,324 --> 00:27:25,257 It's not what I expected. 462 00:27:25,824 --> 00:27:27,598 It's beautiful. 463 00:27:34,295 --> 00:27:36,602 When we say Kabbalah, what do we mean? 464 00:27:36,739 --> 00:27:38,165 What is it that you study? 465 00:27:38,226 --> 00:27:40,891 Kabbalah is the method of plunging the depth 466 00:27:41,260 --> 00:27:43,041 of the Torah, over every letter, 467 00:27:43,398 --> 00:27:45,937 every word and they retrieve, 468 00:27:46,411 --> 00:27:48,580 through combinations of letters, 469 00:27:49,026 --> 00:27:50,927 secrets that tell us, 470 00:27:50,988 --> 00:27:54,124 stories that happened before the creation of time. 471 00:27:54,197 --> 00:27:56,255 Can you show me? I'd love to see this. 472 00:27:56,316 --> 00:27:57,416 Of course I can show you. 473 00:28:14,381 --> 00:28:17,878 So, this is the actual text of the Torah, hand written. 474 00:28:18,049 --> 00:28:20,157 This is the literal word of God. 475 00:28:20,557 --> 00:28:22,338 This is the literal word of God. 476 00:28:22,398 --> 00:28:23,400 So, where should we start? 477 00:28:23,601 --> 00:28:25,199 Well, we should start at the beginning 478 00:28:25,299 --> 00:28:26,311 with the verse saying, 479 00:28:26,380 --> 00:28:29,452 'In the beginning, God created the heavens and the Earth.' 480 00:28:30,751 --> 00:28:32,338 So the very first word 481 00:28:32,534 --> 00:28:34,600 which we would usually translate as 482 00:28:34,900 --> 00:28:35,918 'at the beginning' 483 00:28:36,470 --> 00:28:38,706 does not necessarily mean that. 484 00:28:39,095 --> 00:28:40,976 It reads 'bereishit.' 485 00:28:41,037 --> 00:28:42,020 Bereishit. 486 00:28:42,375 --> 00:28:45,204 And literally it means 'at the beginning of.' 487 00:28:45,731 --> 00:28:49,227 And Kabbalah says that at the beginning of what? 488 00:28:49,557 --> 00:28:50,591 Good question. 489 00:28:50,652 --> 00:28:53,801 And there is a hint in the way the word is written. 490 00:28:54,067 --> 00:28:54,967 Bereishit. 491 00:28:55,262 --> 00:28:57,535 So if you rearrange the letters, 492 00:28:57,745 --> 00:28:58,805 bereishit... 493 00:28:59,784 --> 00:29:00,945 can also be read, 494 00:29:01,572 --> 00:29:03,181 'berit-esh' 495 00:29:03,865 --> 00:29:06,012 which means 'covenant of fire.' 496 00:29:06,097 --> 00:29:08,246 Ah, the covenant of fire. 497 00:29:08,306 --> 00:29:10,558 That means first that this text 498 00:29:11,067 --> 00:29:12,686 is not just information, 499 00:29:13,167 --> 00:29:15,869 it's something that binds you to God. 500 00:29:18,247 --> 00:29:19,107 Another reading, 501 00:29:19,485 --> 00:29:20,485 bereishit 502 00:29:21,216 --> 00:29:24,221 has, at its root, the word 'rosh' 503 00:29:24,616 --> 00:29:26,936 which is, like in Arabic, ras, 504 00:29:27,590 --> 00:29:28,941 which means the head. 505 00:29:29,002 --> 00:29:30,163 Ras, yes. 506 00:29:30,826 --> 00:29:33,543 So, what it alludes to, 507 00:29:33,604 --> 00:29:35,980 is that before God 508 00:29:36,531 --> 00:29:39,380 created the world by speaking, 509 00:29:40,146 --> 00:29:42,646 he thought the world. 510 00:29:43,617 --> 00:29:45,230 Why is it important that God said 511 00:29:45,540 --> 00:29:48,643 'the head' or thought before he said the words? 512 00:29:49,243 --> 00:29:51,501 We usually translate, 'In the beginning 513 00:29:51,661 --> 00:29:54,296 God created the heavens and the Earth.' 514 00:29:54,490 --> 00:29:56,949 But in Hebrew, the order is 515 00:29:57,095 --> 00:30:00,311 'In the beginning he created God 516 00:30:00,372 --> 00:30:02,501 and the heavens and the Earth.' 517 00:30:03,050 --> 00:30:06,128 We can read this text as meaning that 518 00:30:06,245 --> 00:30:08,799 the first thing that God created, 519 00:30:08,860 --> 00:30:10,662 was not the heavens and Earth, 520 00:30:10,916 --> 00:30:14,410 but he created his own manifestation to the world. 521 00:30:14,717 --> 00:30:15,732 This is astonishing. 522 00:30:15,793 --> 00:30:17,783 So I might as well have 523 00:30:18,090 --> 00:30:21,037 an infinite number of these parchments, 524 00:30:21,098 --> 00:30:23,304 because that's how many meanings there are here. 525 00:30:23,365 --> 00:30:24,868 But, Julien, why would God 526 00:30:25,089 --> 00:30:27,484 make it so difficult to understand? 527 00:30:28,109 --> 00:30:30,424 When you start reading texts that way, 528 00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:33,012 you become humble. 529 00:30:33,770 --> 00:30:34,734 You say, 530 00:30:34,805 --> 00:30:37,837 'I have to study and study and study more' 531 00:30:38,725 --> 00:30:41,235 and what I understand now 532 00:30:41,295 --> 00:30:44,747 'is not the final word of the Bible.' 533 00:30:51,472 --> 00:30:52,828 To an outsider, 534 00:30:53,122 --> 00:30:56,789 the endless decoding of Kabbalah may seem like a fool's errand. 535 00:30:58,327 --> 00:31:01,750 But I think it's more about the journey than the destination. 536 00:31:02,799 --> 00:31:05,949 Many religions are an attempt to explain the infinite, 537 00:31:06,326 --> 00:31:08,831 the universe in finite terms. 538 00:31:09,964 --> 00:31:11,904 But, what better way to give yourself 539 00:31:11,965 --> 00:31:13,747 over to the mystery of the eternal 540 00:31:14,460 --> 00:31:16,145 than a quest with no end? 541 00:31:22,279 --> 00:31:24,921 Secrecy can be part of a faith's allure, 542 00:31:25,509 --> 00:31:27,905 or surround a religion's birth, 543 00:31:28,456 --> 00:31:31,878 or entice the believers to find the pathway to enlightenment. 544 00:31:33,203 --> 00:31:34,376 But sometimes, 545 00:31:35,070 --> 00:31:37,489 a faith is forced to hide underground. 546 00:31:37,739 --> 00:31:38,696 Oh my. 547 00:31:40,181 --> 00:31:43,254 And secrets can smear its name. 548 00:31:54,222 --> 00:31:56,638 Below Rome's cobblestone streets, 549 00:31:57,180 --> 00:32:00,136 there is still evidence of an ancient, secret sect, 550 00:32:02,132 --> 00:32:04,014 one that was rumoured to drink blood 551 00:32:04,801 --> 00:32:07,296 and perform human sacrifice. 552 00:32:14,967 --> 00:32:16,644 Religious scholar, Bruce Chilton, 553 00:32:16,705 --> 00:32:18,142 is taking me to a house 554 00:32:18,257 --> 00:32:20,867 that was hidden under a fourth century church 555 00:32:21,117 --> 00:32:22,664 for 1500 years. 556 00:32:23,699 --> 00:32:26,306 It's named after two men, who were executed 557 00:32:26,647 --> 00:32:28,982 for being part of an illegal cult. 558 00:32:30,075 --> 00:32:31,302 John and Paul... 559 00:32:31,928 --> 00:32:33,608 were two young men, 560 00:32:33,669 --> 00:32:35,158 who had worked in the family 561 00:32:35,263 --> 00:32:36,894 of the Emperor Constantine. 562 00:32:37,707 --> 00:32:39,286 They were ardent Christians. 563 00:32:39,543 --> 00:32:43,554 In the year 361 a new emperor came to power, 564 00:32:43,974 --> 00:32:45,272 the Emperor Julian. 565 00:32:45,618 --> 00:32:46,679 He decided, 566 00:32:47,148 --> 00:32:50,345 I'm going to get rid of this sect of Christians. 567 00:32:51,019 --> 00:32:54,443 I'm going to treat it as a superstition, 568 00:32:54,832 --> 00:32:55,495 a cult... 569 00:32:55,889 --> 00:32:57,419 and as a result of that, 570 00:32:57,579 --> 00:32:59,574 John and Paul were beheaded 571 00:33:00,121 --> 00:33:01,590 at Julian's order. 572 00:33:08,239 --> 00:33:09,894 Bruce, are you telling me that... 573 00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:14,517 this place was buried under the basilica for 1500 years? 574 00:33:14,578 --> 00:33:16,921 It's all underneath the basilica 575 00:33:16,982 --> 00:33:19,690 and you can see this whole complex 576 00:33:20,004 --> 00:33:21,562 was really quite high. 577 00:33:30,387 --> 00:33:31,619 -Bruce. -Yeah? 578 00:33:31,940 --> 00:33:33,496 You're not getting us lost, are you? 579 00:33:33,557 --> 00:33:35,398 I hope I'm not getting us lost. 580 00:33:40,742 --> 00:33:42,706 Oh, my. Look at this. 581 00:33:43,962 --> 00:33:46,519 These are the remains of a house church 582 00:33:46,580 --> 00:33:48,371 dating to the fourth century. 583 00:33:48,845 --> 00:33:51,235 Here, wealthy Roman Christians 584 00:33:51,296 --> 00:33:53,524 practised their faith in secret. 585 00:33:53,927 --> 00:33:55,521 So a Christian family 586 00:33:55,875 --> 00:33:56,820 could come here 587 00:33:57,789 --> 00:33:59,518 and pray in private? 588 00:33:59,899 --> 00:34:02,440 What you looked for was a safe place, 589 00:34:02,501 --> 00:34:04,256 where you could gather with others 590 00:34:04,664 --> 00:34:08,071 and go about your celebration of Christ's presence 591 00:34:08,665 --> 00:34:09,655 in the Eucharist. 592 00:34:10,220 --> 00:34:11,305 The Eucharist, 593 00:34:11,366 --> 00:34:15,037 a meal that remembered and celebrated Jesus' last supper, 594 00:34:15,333 --> 00:34:18,315 was the central part of early Christian worship. 595 00:34:18,504 --> 00:34:20,761 The sharing of Jesus' body and blood 596 00:34:20,822 --> 00:34:22,793 in the form of bread and wine 597 00:34:22,854 --> 00:34:24,418 was their act of communion 598 00:34:24,524 --> 00:34:26,708 with God and one another. 599 00:34:27,823 --> 00:34:31,036 But some outsiders saw it in a different light. 600 00:34:31,198 --> 00:34:33,386 When you practice in secret, 601 00:34:33,611 --> 00:34:35,885 especially in the Roman world, 602 00:34:36,360 --> 00:34:39,216 you open yourself up to the possibility 603 00:34:39,277 --> 00:34:41,383 of all kinds of rumours circulating. 604 00:34:42,256 --> 00:34:43,415 -Rumours? -Rumours. 605 00:34:43,476 --> 00:34:44,169 Or course. 606 00:34:44,230 --> 00:34:46,799 That Christians in rooms like this one, 607 00:34:47,273 --> 00:34:48,760 practised orgies. 608 00:34:49,903 --> 00:34:52,835 That they drank the blood of children. 609 00:34:54,678 --> 00:34:56,815 In the imaginations of the Romans, 610 00:34:59,786 --> 00:35:01,633 Christians drank actual blood, 611 00:35:02,274 --> 00:35:04,283 not the metaphorical blood of Christ. 612 00:35:06,293 --> 00:35:08,827 It was a libel used to incite fear 613 00:35:09,220 --> 00:35:12,008 and reprisal against this upstart sect. 614 00:35:16,217 --> 00:35:18,705 How do rumours like that get started, I wonder? 615 00:35:18,874 --> 00:35:22,447 They get started, because the rumour, 616 00:35:22,527 --> 00:35:24,878 what is now called the Blood Libel, 617 00:35:25,332 --> 00:35:28,700 is always very effective to use against people you hate. 618 00:35:29,644 --> 00:35:31,056 And if people you hate, 619 00:35:31,617 --> 00:35:33,829 because they're concerned about oppression, 620 00:35:34,252 --> 00:35:35,602 practice in secrecy, 621 00:35:36,270 --> 00:35:39,019 then that secrecy is used against them. 622 00:35:40,180 --> 00:35:40,940 Here's the question. 623 00:35:41,920 --> 00:35:43,146 How safe was it? 624 00:35:43,311 --> 00:35:45,225 Although the families were wealthy, 625 00:35:45,286 --> 00:35:47,044 and they protected Christians, 626 00:35:47,824 --> 00:35:50,663 they also had to use a kind of code 627 00:35:51,077 --> 00:35:52,292 in their artwork 628 00:35:52,819 --> 00:35:54,525 to support Christianity 629 00:35:55,299 --> 00:35:57,547 without advertising Christianity. 630 00:35:57,848 --> 00:35:59,314 Just on this wall, 631 00:35:59,935 --> 00:36:02,454 is a figure, she's a woman 632 00:36:03,028 --> 00:36:04,632 called the Orante, 633 00:36:04,835 --> 00:36:05,957 which means, 634 00:36:06,428 --> 00:36:07,515 'the woman who prays.' 635 00:36:08,262 --> 00:36:11,672 And you notice that she has her hands outstretched? 636 00:36:11,739 --> 00:36:12,391 Right. 637 00:36:12,628 --> 00:36:16,155 We can't actually say whether she is a Christian lady 638 00:36:16,216 --> 00:36:17,199 or a pagan lady, 639 00:36:17,655 --> 00:36:19,461 and I think that was part of the point. 640 00:36:20,095 --> 00:36:23,867 That the room could be accessible to everyone, 641 00:36:24,227 --> 00:36:27,781 but Christians would find a safe home here, 642 00:36:28,161 --> 00:36:29,201 where they could worship. 643 00:36:29,262 --> 00:36:30,214 I see. 644 00:36:30,589 --> 00:36:33,145 This code may have helped ordinary Christians 645 00:36:33,206 --> 00:36:35,049 blend in with their pagan neighbours, 646 00:36:35,832 --> 00:36:39,284 but it did not help prominent Christians like John and Paul. 647 00:36:41,094 --> 00:36:44,311 We're now in the special installation 648 00:36:44,538 --> 00:36:46,932 for the martyrs, John and Paul. 649 00:36:48,348 --> 00:36:50,061 We can't prove 650 00:36:50,364 --> 00:36:51,918 that they were buried here, 651 00:36:52,564 --> 00:36:53,749 but we do know 652 00:36:54,185 --> 00:36:56,025 that since the fourth century, 653 00:36:56,252 --> 00:36:57,973 this has been used as the place, 654 00:36:58,513 --> 00:36:59,859 where they were venerated. 655 00:37:01,367 --> 00:37:05,532 Christianity obviously got past this period. 656 00:37:06,504 --> 00:37:07,228 How? 657 00:37:07,604 --> 00:37:11,548 The Emperor Julian led the Roman army in battle 658 00:37:11,871 --> 00:37:13,205 against the Persians, 659 00:37:14,315 --> 00:37:15,310 but he was killed. 660 00:37:15,762 --> 00:37:16,882 Oh, oh. 661 00:37:17,086 --> 00:37:19,877 His place was taken by the Emperor Jovans, 662 00:37:20,947 --> 00:37:23,550 and Jovans decided, I'm going back, 663 00:37:24,206 --> 00:37:27,101 not only to tolerate Christianity, 664 00:37:27,781 --> 00:37:30,705 but even to prefer Christianity. 665 00:37:35,384 --> 00:37:36,632 It's hard to believe that 666 00:37:37,070 --> 00:37:39,981 Christianity was once a small, secret faith, 667 00:37:40,382 --> 00:37:41,594 practised in the shadows. 668 00:37:42,742 --> 00:37:45,529 But secrecy actually gave Christianity strength. 669 00:37:46,367 --> 00:37:49,853 Its followers venerated Jesus, who died opposing Rome. 670 00:37:50,647 --> 00:37:52,262 Oppression only fed the movement. 671 00:37:53,201 --> 00:37:54,548 And once it was set free, 672 00:37:55,157 --> 00:37:57,288 it travelled to every corner of the globe. 673 00:37:57,619 --> 00:37:58,366 Hmm. 674 00:38:02,831 --> 00:38:03,899 Christianity... 675 00:38:04,039 --> 00:38:06,826 flourished after a few centuries of Roman suppression, 676 00:38:08,532 --> 00:38:10,839 but other faiths weren't as quick to recover. 677 00:38:11,978 --> 00:38:13,948 There is one that, only now, 678 00:38:14,095 --> 00:38:15,902 is coming back into the light. 679 00:38:49,170 --> 00:38:51,020 On the eve of the Winter Solstice, 680 00:38:51,759 --> 00:38:53,706 journalist Sal Masekela 681 00:38:54,039 --> 00:38:57,143 is travelling to the English village of Stanton Drew. 682 00:38:58,007 --> 00:39:00,073 He's come to witness a celebration 683 00:39:00,134 --> 00:39:02,968 that was banned for almost two millennia. 684 00:39:08,569 --> 00:39:10,494 -Hello. -Hello! 685 00:39:10,555 --> 00:39:12,728 How are you, sir? Nice to meet you, sir. 686 00:39:12,789 --> 00:39:13,997 It's lovely to meet you. 687 00:39:14,057 --> 00:39:17,445 First thing I see is that this pub is called the Druid's Arms. 688 00:39:17,506 --> 00:39:19,106 Do the Druids have their own pub? 689 00:39:19,166 --> 00:39:20,464 Alas, no. 690 00:39:20,525 --> 00:39:22,391 But there's some interesting stuff to see. 691 00:39:22,452 --> 00:39:23,116 Alright. 692 00:39:23,177 --> 00:39:24,068 Please come. 693 00:39:25,930 --> 00:39:27,673 Ronald Hutton is an expert 694 00:39:27,734 --> 00:39:30,782 in the pre-Christian religions of the British Isles. 695 00:39:30,933 --> 00:39:32,460 We're really not having a beer? 696 00:39:32,521 --> 00:39:34,253 -Alas, no. -Alright. 697 00:39:37,218 --> 00:39:38,046 Wow. 698 00:39:43,259 --> 00:39:44,897 You just walked back around 699 00:39:45,084 --> 00:39:47,611 five and a half thousand years 700 00:39:47,751 --> 00:39:49,101 to the New Stone Age. 701 00:39:49,161 --> 00:39:52,328 That's why this village is called Stanton, Stone Town. 702 00:39:52,389 --> 00:39:55,133 There are just ancient, huge stones everywhere. 703 00:39:57,394 --> 00:40:00,019 What does the Druid belief system... 704 00:40:00,399 --> 00:40:02,183 look like? How would you explain it? 705 00:40:03,106 --> 00:40:06,291 Druids essentially hold the Earth itself, 706 00:40:06,418 --> 00:40:08,802 the natural world, to be sacred. 707 00:40:09,457 --> 00:40:13,500 So they have a profound relationship with the land itself. 708 00:40:16,844 --> 00:40:20,132 What happened to the ancient practice that it went away? 709 00:40:20,192 --> 00:40:22,631 The Romans came and conquered most of Britain 710 00:40:23,050 --> 00:40:25,931 and they suppressed the practice of Druidry. 711 00:40:25,991 --> 00:40:27,741 Then along came Christianity 712 00:40:28,037 --> 00:40:30,072 and suppressed it in turn. 713 00:40:30,225 --> 00:40:33,045 And it was dormant for about 1000 years. 714 00:40:34,897 --> 00:40:38,874 But as the power of the church waned in the 18th century, 715 00:40:39,207 --> 00:40:43,155 the enigmatic stone circles here and across the British Isles, 716 00:40:43,216 --> 00:40:45,532 began to draw people back to Druidism, 717 00:40:45,839 --> 00:40:48,114 to revive an extinct religion. 718 00:40:50,267 --> 00:40:52,850 What about the principles of Druidry, do you think, 719 00:40:52,984 --> 00:40:55,128 made it something that people got curious about 720 00:40:55,189 --> 00:40:56,582 and wanted to revive? 721 00:40:56,674 --> 00:40:59,978 Because Druidry provides one way of reconnecting 722 00:41:00,039 --> 00:41:03,244 modern people with things from which they often feel cut off. 723 00:41:04,547 --> 00:41:06,810 From the land and the natural world, 724 00:41:07,803 --> 00:41:08,958 from the past, 725 00:41:10,021 --> 00:41:12,008 especially the remote past. 726 00:41:12,201 --> 00:41:13,424 It gives them roots. 727 00:41:14,039 --> 00:41:16,342 And just as Stonehenge comes into 728 00:41:16,403 --> 00:41:19,492 alignment with the rising sun on the Winter Solstice, 729 00:41:20,972 --> 00:41:24,482 modern Druids across the country are preparing to celebrate 730 00:41:24,543 --> 00:41:26,031 the rebirth of the sun, 731 00:41:26,613 --> 00:41:29,109 including here in Stanton Drew. 732 00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:33,003 Sal, may I introduce you to my two druid friends, 733 00:41:33,064 --> 00:41:34,516 Adrien and JJ. 734 00:41:34,577 --> 00:41:35,967 Hi, JJ. I'm Sal. Nice to meet you. 735 00:41:36,027 --> 00:41:37,581 Lovely to meet you, Sal. 736 00:41:44,307 --> 00:41:46,735 What's the significance of the mistletoe? 737 00:41:46,796 --> 00:41:48,803 Obviously, during the Christmas holiday, 738 00:41:49,083 --> 00:41:51,424 you know, kissing under the mistletoe. 739 00:41:51,611 --> 00:41:54,249 What does it mean in the Druid culture? 740 00:41:54,362 --> 00:41:57,561 I think the clue is in, the Druid term for it is 'all heal' 741 00:41:57,988 --> 00:42:00,220 and I think, traditionally, 742 00:42:00,363 --> 00:42:02,705 our ancestors understood the power 743 00:42:02,866 --> 00:42:05,104 and the wisdom inherent in this plant. 744 00:42:05,318 --> 00:42:07,982 Because it sits between heaven and earth. 745 00:42:08,043 --> 00:42:10,204 It never touches the ground. 746 00:42:10,475 --> 00:42:13,797 And how will it be used in the ceremony tomorrow? 747 00:42:13,857 --> 00:42:16,289 We honour the mistletoe and then we offer it 748 00:42:16,492 --> 00:42:17,349 to the earth. 749 00:42:17,549 --> 00:42:19,148 It's fertilizing the earth. 750 00:42:19,208 --> 00:42:21,271 So, the getting of the mistletoe, 751 00:42:21,332 --> 00:42:22,322 what do we need to do? 752 00:42:22,383 --> 00:42:26,148 So it's not about just coming and taking and going. 753 00:42:26,209 --> 00:42:29,147 It's about this tree will gift us 754 00:42:29,608 --> 00:42:30,675 the mistletoe, 755 00:42:30,736 --> 00:42:34,277 the mistletoe will then gift people that hope. 756 00:42:34,464 --> 00:42:36,601 It's been a long, hard winter, 757 00:42:36,894 --> 00:42:38,907 you know, so it's all gonna change! 758 00:42:39,100 --> 00:42:40,681 The sun's only round the corner! 759 00:42:40,742 --> 00:42:42,511 We can do this! We can do this! 760 00:42:42,572 --> 00:42:44,792 It's coming! It's not far away now. 761 00:42:47,408 --> 00:42:49,130 Now bless this tree, 762 00:42:49,973 --> 00:42:52,810 symbolic of all the trees in this orchard, 763 00:42:53,683 --> 00:42:55,239 with the element of fire. 764 00:42:57,878 --> 00:42:58,912 -You gonna go first? -Yeah. 765 00:42:59,018 --> 00:42:59,853 You go up. 766 00:43:08,102 --> 00:43:10,513 Chuck it out. Oi! Got it, great. 767 00:43:10,574 --> 00:43:12,201 Hey, well done. 768 00:43:12,616 --> 00:43:14,282 So the trick is not to let it hit the ground. 769 00:43:14,343 --> 00:43:15,120 Why is that? 770 00:43:15,181 --> 00:43:16,772 Because, once it hits the ground, 771 00:43:16,833 --> 00:43:18,075 the fertility goes into the earth. 772 00:43:18,142 --> 00:43:18,471 Right. 773 00:43:18,532 --> 00:43:20,540 Yeah, so the healing power, 774 00:43:20,710 --> 00:43:23,423 its potency is contained 775 00:43:23,484 --> 00:43:25,524 in the fact it's never touched the ground. 776 00:43:25,584 --> 00:43:26,693 The other thing about it is, 777 00:43:26,754 --> 00:43:29,085 you notice that in the depths of winter, 778 00:43:29,412 --> 00:43:31,055 this is still green and berried. 779 00:43:31,116 --> 00:43:32,718 This is still fertile, 780 00:43:32,779 --> 00:43:35,045 it's still vibrant, it's at its height. 781 00:43:35,106 --> 00:43:35,833 Yeah. 782 00:43:35,976 --> 00:43:41,301 It's almost as if Druidry was like the original environmentalism. 783 00:43:41,688 --> 00:43:44,736 I think it is very much so, from where we come from. 784 00:43:46,077 --> 00:43:47,419 It's at the heart. 785 00:43:47,744 --> 00:43:49,881 Instead of man being separate from nature, 786 00:43:49,942 --> 00:43:51,149 everything is connected. 787 00:43:51,731 --> 00:43:52,493 Well, thank you. 788 00:43:52,554 --> 00:43:53,907 Looking forward to tomorrow. 789 00:44:12,547 --> 00:44:13,988 It's an hour before dawn, 790 00:44:14,049 --> 00:44:15,920 on the shortest day of the year. 791 00:44:17,084 --> 00:44:19,225 Around 200 Druids assemble 792 00:44:19,286 --> 00:44:22,316 at Stanton Drew's 5,000 year old stone circle, 793 00:44:23,228 --> 00:44:26,227 rekindling a ceremony that must have taken place, 794 00:44:26,381 --> 00:44:28,396 thousands of times before. 795 00:44:33,135 --> 00:44:35,416 As we gather as we always do, 796 00:44:35,885 --> 00:44:37,284 in love and light, 797 00:44:38,287 --> 00:44:41,087 to honour the birth of the Mabon, 798 00:44:41,561 --> 00:44:43,169 the new Sun king, 799 00:44:43,717 --> 00:44:47,606 who will be seen to be moving back across these heavens, 800 00:44:48,216 --> 00:44:50,797 bestowing new life upon the lands. 801 00:44:54,156 --> 00:44:56,578 As the sun creeps toward the horizon, 802 00:44:57,128 --> 00:44:59,157 there's a sense here, that Druidry 803 00:44:59,312 --> 00:45:01,747 is finally making its way out of the shadows. 804 00:45:02,681 --> 00:45:03,671 Across the world, 805 00:45:03,762 --> 00:45:06,349 20,000 people have joined the Druid movement, 806 00:45:06,660 --> 00:45:09,319 driven by a need to reconnect with the Earth, 807 00:45:09,753 --> 00:45:11,537 and the numbers are growing. 808 00:45:12,390 --> 00:45:14,443 I am the spirit of mistletoe. 809 00:45:16,093 --> 00:45:18,472 Mistletoe is the sperm of the gods, 810 00:45:19,395 --> 00:45:21,160 impregnating the Earth 811 00:45:21,554 --> 00:45:23,043 to bring forth 812 00:45:23,460 --> 00:45:25,270 fresh life in abundance. 813 00:45:25,842 --> 00:45:28,124 I bring healing and protection, 814 00:45:29,051 --> 00:45:30,072 for the body 815 00:45:30,862 --> 00:45:31,995 and for the spirit 816 00:45:32,624 --> 00:45:33,538 and life 817 00:45:34,106 --> 00:45:36,318 renewed for the Earth. 818 00:45:46,967 --> 00:45:48,928 The Sun stands still, 819 00:45:49,797 --> 00:45:52,822 so let's give a rousing cheer 820 00:45:53,196 --> 00:45:55,831 for the returning Sun god. 821 00:45:56,505 --> 00:45:58,570 Yeah! 822 00:46:02,084 --> 00:46:05,743 Yeah! 823 00:46:26,881 --> 00:46:28,356 I'm always in awe 824 00:46:28,417 --> 00:46:30,519 of the richness of the world around me. 825 00:46:31,581 --> 00:46:33,913 I can't help but marvel 826 00:46:34,073 --> 00:46:35,986 at how all of this came to be. 827 00:46:38,092 --> 00:46:38,856 Well, 828 00:46:40,306 --> 00:46:42,237 if there were no mystery to life, 829 00:46:42,298 --> 00:46:43,758 there would be no need for faith, 830 00:46:44,791 --> 00:46:48,049 no room for divine secrets. 831 00:46:49,015 --> 00:46:52,433 The promise of access to those secrets inspire religions, 832 00:46:53,413 --> 00:46:56,506 encourages people to dig deeper into their faith. 833 00:46:57,555 --> 00:47:00,129 Secrets protect believers in times of oppression 834 00:47:01,136 --> 00:47:02,595 and keep them alive, 835 00:47:03,309 --> 00:47:06,430 until their message can take root in fertile ground. 836 00:47:08,417 --> 00:47:11,514 We can never expect to know the mind of God, 837 00:47:12,700 --> 00:47:14,075 but we can work 838 00:47:14,785 --> 00:47:15,796 to get closer to it. 839 00:47:15,846 --> 00:47:20,396 Repair and Synchronization by Easy Subtitles Synchronizer 1.0.0.0 60919

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