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I spent a good portion
of my early acting career
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00:00:12,381 --> 00:00:14,383
treading the boards in
theatres like this one.
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00:00:16,603 --> 00:00:18,458
It's a profession
full of superstitions.
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00:00:19,986 --> 00:00:20,743
For instance,
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00:00:21,606 --> 00:00:24,215
a theatre is never supposed
to be completely dark,
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00:00:24,546 --> 00:00:25,183
so...
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00:00:25,879 --> 00:00:28,541
the ghost light
remains on stage, lit,
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00:00:28,648 --> 00:00:30,128
even when no one is around.
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00:00:31,180 --> 00:00:32,469
Whistling back stage?
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00:00:33,035 --> 00:00:34,235
Completely forbidden.
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00:00:34,912 --> 00:00:36,559
And there's a certain
Shakespearean play
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00:00:36,620 --> 00:00:39,631
whose name must never be
uttered within these walls.
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00:00:41,736 --> 00:00:43,623
You only become
privy to these rules
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00:00:43,684 --> 00:00:45,042
when you work in a theatre.
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00:00:46,733 --> 00:00:48,761
Many religions keep secrets too.
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00:00:49,559 --> 00:00:51,639
Some have a hidden
hierarchy of knowledge
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00:00:51,700 --> 00:00:54,328
available only to
higher officials.
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00:00:55,859 --> 00:00:58,915
Why do religions shroud
themselves in secrecy?
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00:00:59,530 --> 00:01:02,168
I mean, why would they
obscure holy wisdom?
20
00:01:02,894 --> 00:01:03,647
Or,
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00:01:05,260 --> 00:01:07,423
do divine secrets actually...
22
00:01:08,091 --> 00:01:09,503
bring us closer to god?
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00:01:16,572 --> 00:01:19,723
I am going to peer behind
the curtain of hidden cults.
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00:01:20,389 --> 00:01:23,863
They used music
to drown out the cries.
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00:01:25,128 --> 00:01:28,520
I'll see how secrets triggered
one faith's battle for survival.
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00:01:28,753 --> 00:01:31,653
Your leaders were
imprisoned by the French.
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00:01:33,297 --> 00:01:35,829
And spread dangerous
rumours about another.
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00:01:36,121 --> 00:01:39,058
Christians drank
the blood of children.
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00:01:39,752 --> 00:01:40,725
Oh my.
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00:01:40,887 --> 00:01:43,286
I'll witness the
rebirth of the sun...
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00:01:43,802 --> 00:01:48,712
So let's give a rousing cheer
for the returning sun god.
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00:01:48,845 --> 00:01:50,577
And a long suppressed faith.
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00:01:50,637 --> 00:01:52,392
Yeah!
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00:01:53,121 --> 00:01:56,029
Learn about decoding
divine secrets.
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00:01:56,263 --> 00:02:00,907
God encoded secrets
of reality in this Torah.
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00:02:01,621 --> 00:02:05,521
And seek a hidden
pathway to enlightenment.
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00:02:06,584 --> 00:02:07,930
Could I get a mantra?
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00:02:08,327 --> 00:02:10,277
I doubt you get any mantras.
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00:02:34,128 --> 00:02:36,960
I'm starting my quest
outside of Naples, Italy...
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00:02:39,404 --> 00:02:44,683
in a city whose secrets were
buried in ash in 79 AD,
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00:02:45,262 --> 00:02:46,221
Pompeii.
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00:02:52,146 --> 00:02:54,739
Historian, Andrew
Wallace-Hadrill,
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00:02:54,800 --> 00:02:56,648
is taking me to an ancient home
44
00:02:56,709 --> 00:02:59,237
that Mount Vesuvius
froze in time.
45
00:03:01,763 --> 00:03:03,838
So, push through
the leaves, Morgan,
46
00:03:03,899 --> 00:03:06,651
and you're gonna get an eye
full of something amazing.
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00:03:11,131 --> 00:03:13,274
That is the Villa
of the Mysteries.
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00:03:13,599 --> 00:03:15,377
That's lovely.
That is terrific.
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00:03:16,032 --> 00:03:19,666
Soon after archaeologists
unearthed the villa in 1909,
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00:03:20,202 --> 00:03:22,113
they realized it held clues
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00:03:22,174 --> 00:03:25,373
to one of the most secretive
religious sects in history,
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00:03:26,247 --> 00:03:28,103
the Cult of Dionysus.
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00:03:32,110 --> 00:03:33,604
So, Morgan,
you've got to see this.
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00:03:33,665 --> 00:03:35,292
This is the Room
of the Mysteries.
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00:03:35,707 --> 00:03:37,089
Oh, my goodness.
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00:03:41,671 --> 00:03:43,200
-This...
-Oh my goodness.
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00:03:43,269 --> 00:03:46,918
is the most extraordinary
painted room
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00:03:47,332 --> 00:03:49,259
in any Roman house that I know.
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00:03:50,383 --> 00:03:53,493
And there is the god, Dionysus.
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00:03:53,553 --> 00:03:54,890
The Greeks called him Dionysus,
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00:03:54,951 --> 00:03:56,263
the Romans called him Bacchus.
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00:03:56,728 --> 00:03:58,922
And you see, he's
sort of, he's slumped,
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00:03:59,458 --> 00:04:01,221
because he's the god of wine,
64
00:04:01,282 --> 00:04:03,473
he's the god of drink
and he's had some.
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00:04:03,947 --> 00:04:05,850
He looks a little bit stoned.
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00:04:05,910 --> 00:04:08,241
He's way, way out of it.
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00:04:10,563 --> 00:04:14,382
Then around, are all
these scenes that are
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00:04:14,765 --> 00:04:18,000
somehow associated
with the Cult of Dionysus.
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00:04:18,060 --> 00:04:18,680
Uh, huh.
70
00:04:20,046 --> 00:04:22,846
Dionysus was the god,
not just of wine,
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00:04:23,149 --> 00:04:25,367
but also of fertility,
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00:04:25,580 --> 00:04:27,468
theatre and ecstasy.
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00:04:29,312 --> 00:04:33,194
Ancient Roman writers told
stories of wine fuelled orgies,
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00:04:33,867 --> 00:04:36,859
Bacchanalia, held in his honour.
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00:04:39,046 --> 00:04:40,833
The Cult of Dionysus,
76
00:04:41,579 --> 00:04:42,532
what's the purpose of it?
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00:04:42,752 --> 00:04:43,319
Huh.
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00:04:43,380 --> 00:04:44,025
Is it...
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00:04:44,291 --> 00:04:46,025
Is it a religious thing or?
80
00:04:46,125 --> 00:04:48,341
It's absolutely
a religious thing.
81
00:04:48,625 --> 00:04:51,897
But most religious
practices in the Roman world,
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00:04:52,217 --> 00:04:55,147
are about how you hold
the community together.
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00:04:55,801 --> 00:04:59,062
This is not about the whole
community, it's for the initiated,
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00:04:59,123 --> 00:05:04,421
for the chosen few who have
dedicated themselves to this.
85
00:05:05,221 --> 00:05:07,560
You actually have to
go through a process
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00:05:08,120 --> 00:05:10,364
to join that type of cult.
87
00:05:11,009 --> 00:05:13,124
What happened
in the Cult of Dionysus
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00:05:13,184 --> 00:05:17,096
remained shrouded in almost
total mystery for two millennia,
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until the frescoes in this room
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00:05:20,180 --> 00:05:21,406
saw the light of day.
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00:05:22,227 --> 00:05:23,451
Many historians believe
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00:05:23,958 --> 00:05:26,210
they show the secret
initiation rites
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00:05:26,271 --> 00:05:28,267
of a young woman into the cult.
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00:05:29,357 --> 00:05:30,383
Where does it begin?
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00:05:30,443 --> 00:05:32,836
Probably, reading left to right,
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00:05:32,897 --> 00:05:35,552
begins there with a woman
walking into the scene.
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00:05:36,932 --> 00:05:38,949
The woman arrives fully clothed,
98
00:05:40,038 --> 00:05:44,042
but after a child reads from
what might be a sacred text,
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00:05:45,656 --> 00:05:47,759
we see her more scantily clad,
100
00:05:48,150 --> 00:05:50,787
possibly bringing an
offering of food for the god.
101
00:05:51,740 --> 00:05:54,838
Then some sort of, is
this a ritual cleansing,
102
00:05:54,899 --> 00:05:55,856
some sort of preparation?
103
00:05:55,916 --> 00:05:58,825
I think this is the scene
that really tells us
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00:05:58,886 --> 00:06:01,068
that it's something
to do with mysteries.
105
00:06:01,128 --> 00:06:03,052
It's incredibly rare
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00:06:03,332 --> 00:06:06,778
to depict someone, like turning
your back to the camera.
107
00:06:10,429 --> 00:06:12,459
And that's concealing something.
108
00:06:13,184 --> 00:06:13,840
Oh.
109
00:06:13,900 --> 00:06:15,654
It's something secret going on.
110
00:06:20,078 --> 00:06:21,370
After this scene,
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00:06:21,954 --> 00:06:24,371
we lose track of the
initiate for a while.
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00:06:25,532 --> 00:06:27,128
But when she reappears,
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00:06:27,769 --> 00:06:29,526
she's in a different
state of mind.
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00:06:30,019 --> 00:06:33,100
She's looking at something
that's happening over here,
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00:06:33,873 --> 00:06:36,931
with an expression of
horror on her face.
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00:06:38,514 --> 00:06:39,587
This woman,
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00:06:41,434 --> 00:06:43,684
she has a whip in her hand,
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00:06:45,134 --> 00:06:48,632
which appears to
be about to descend
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00:06:48,912 --> 00:06:53,580
on the back of this lady
here, who has a bare back.
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00:06:55,907 --> 00:06:58,434
Her head in another woman's lap,
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00:06:58,914 --> 00:07:00,770
giving her comfort and support.
122
00:07:09,408 --> 00:07:12,844
And the fact there's
another naked woman,
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00:07:13,677 --> 00:07:15,763
dancing and she's got...
124
00:07:15,937 --> 00:07:18,126
Those bells,
so it's bing, ding, ding.
125
00:07:18,240 --> 00:07:22,992
In her hand and one of the things
they complained about this cult,
126
00:07:23,245 --> 00:07:27,390
was that they used the
sound of music to drown out...
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00:07:29,113 --> 00:07:31,502
the cries of the people.
128
00:07:34,514 --> 00:07:37,655
You've got this
basket down below,
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00:07:38,122 --> 00:07:40,364
but in this winnowing basket,
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00:07:40,710 --> 00:07:44,667
is a very large
object covered with a veil.
131
00:07:45,186 --> 00:07:47,706
And we can be absolutely certain
132
00:07:47,767 --> 00:07:50,091
that what is being
revealed is a phallus.
133
00:07:50,388 --> 00:07:51,134
Oh.
134
00:07:51,195 --> 00:07:52,512
Because the phallus
135
00:07:52,996 --> 00:07:55,785
is so strongly
connected with Dionysus.
136
00:07:56,899 --> 00:08:00,573
The phallus was the supreme
symbol of the god of fertility.
137
00:08:01,421 --> 00:08:03,916
What role it played in
the initiation rites,
138
00:08:04,131 --> 00:08:06,984
what secrets were revealed
when it was uncovered,
139
00:08:07,438 --> 00:08:08,714
are not recorded here
140
00:08:09,144 --> 00:08:10,862
and by the next fresco,
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00:08:11,188 --> 00:08:13,675
the mood has changed completely.
142
00:08:14,089 --> 00:08:18,930
Here, we have a girl preparing,
apparently, for marriage.
143
00:08:20,031 --> 00:08:23,307
That way of doing your
hair into separate locks,
144
00:08:23,630 --> 00:08:26,884
was part of a Roman tradition
of preparing your hair
145
00:08:26,945 --> 00:08:27,629
for the wedding ceremony.
146
00:08:27,689 --> 00:08:28,322
Okay.
147
00:08:28,383 --> 00:08:31,890
And she has two Cupids
on either side...
148
00:08:31,998 --> 00:08:33,282
and one is holding up...
149
00:08:33,343 --> 00:08:35,179
Probably a mirror of some sort.
150
00:08:37,112 --> 00:08:40,490
The marriage seems to imply
the end of the initiation.
151
00:08:42,275 --> 00:08:45,696
The woman is now ready to
devote herself to Dionysus
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00:08:46,017 --> 00:08:47,447
and be part of his cult.
153
00:08:53,735 --> 00:08:56,971
This is just fascinating
to end all fascinations.
154
00:08:57,104 --> 00:08:57,978
Uh, huh.
155
00:08:58,322 --> 00:08:58,819
But,
156
00:09:00,069 --> 00:09:02,672
I count 17 women,
157
00:09:03,192 --> 00:09:04,235
where are the men?
158
00:09:04,415 --> 00:09:06,702
So, I think this
is as it's meant to be.
159
00:09:06,762 --> 00:09:08,564
It's a women's cult.
160
00:09:09,584 --> 00:09:11,422
Across the Greco-Roman world,
161
00:09:11,629 --> 00:09:13,630
women seem to have
accounted for most
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00:09:13,691 --> 00:09:15,804
members of the Cult of Dionysus.
163
00:09:16,232 --> 00:09:19,935
Perhaps it wasn't just a place
to lose one's self in wine.
164
00:09:20,595 --> 00:09:23,399
It may have been a place
where women made the rules.
165
00:09:24,242 --> 00:09:24,893
Of course,
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00:09:25,488 --> 00:09:26,880
we will never really know.
167
00:09:27,265 --> 00:09:29,725
You know why a mystery
is called a mystery?
168
00:09:29,838 --> 00:09:30,476
No.
169
00:09:30,541 --> 00:09:31,835
It's a Greek word.
170
00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:35,345
Mustes is someone who
has been initiated,
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00:09:35,942 --> 00:09:38,838
and the word muo in Greek means,
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00:09:39,257 --> 00:09:40,840
'Keep your mouth shut.'
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Once you're initiated,
174
00:09:42,509 --> 00:09:45,258
you can't reveal
what you have seen.
175
00:09:50,288 --> 00:09:52,224
The Dionysiac cult
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00:09:52,411 --> 00:09:56,071
used wine and sex to get
closer to their gods.
177
00:09:57,123 --> 00:09:59,666
But it seems that the
secrecy of their faith
178
00:10:00,016 --> 00:10:02,842
helped them to connect,
not just to the divine,
179
00:10:02,903 --> 00:10:04,299
but to one another.
180
00:10:04,786 --> 00:10:06,280
It allowed initiates,
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00:10:06,381 --> 00:10:07,363
especially women,
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00:10:07,703 --> 00:10:10,400
to worship away from
the prying eyes of Rome.
183
00:10:11,781 --> 00:10:13,080
Their secret religion
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00:10:13,778 --> 00:10:14,773
set them free.
185
00:10:22,238 --> 00:10:24,596
Secrets are designed to conceal,
186
00:10:25,525 --> 00:10:27,887
but sometimes the very
presence of a secret,
187
00:10:28,528 --> 00:10:30,053
draws unwelcome attention.
188
00:10:35,437 --> 00:10:37,112
I'm in southern Vietnam,
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00:10:37,489 --> 00:10:39,542
travelling toward
the Cambodian border
190
00:10:39,735 --> 00:10:41,600
in the province of Tay Ninh.
191
00:10:51,978 --> 00:10:54,755
This is the spiritual
home of Cao Dai,
192
00:10:54,929 --> 00:10:57,770
a religion that was once
banned by the government,
193
00:10:57,977 --> 00:11:00,095
but now is practised
in plain view
194
00:11:00,156 --> 00:11:02,499
by over four million Vietnamese.
195
00:11:04,949 --> 00:11:07,970
It's epicentre is
the Holy See Temple,
196
00:11:08,230 --> 00:11:10,101
in the City of Tay Ninh.
197
00:11:17,237 --> 00:11:20,422
I'm meeting with Cao Dai's
esteemed archbishop,
198
00:11:20,482 --> 00:11:24,357
Le Phuong Hong and his
interpreter, Nguyen Tuan Em.
199
00:11:24,943 --> 00:11:25,859
-Hello.
-Yeah, good morning.
200
00:11:25,920 --> 00:11:26,980
-Hello.
-How are you?
201
00:11:27,040 --> 00:11:28,257
Thank you.
And you?
202
00:11:28,317 --> 00:11:29,431
Very well and
thank you very much.
203
00:11:29,491 --> 00:11:30,876
-Yeah.
-Big question.
204
00:11:31,673 --> 00:11:33,716
The eye, what does it mean?
205
00:11:52,307 --> 00:11:53,688
This is amazing!
206
00:12:05,078 --> 00:12:06,135
There are nine steps,
207
00:12:06,333 --> 00:12:09,268
representing the nine
stages in heaven.
208
00:12:09,514 --> 00:12:10,231
Ah-ha!
209
00:12:10,292 --> 00:12:11,174
And you can see,
210
00:12:11,235 --> 00:12:14,659
there are 18 columns
surrounded by dragons.
211
00:12:17,961 --> 00:12:19,349
Are these saints?
212
00:12:20,878 --> 00:12:25,230
They are representing the
religions combined of Caodaism.
213
00:12:28,002 --> 00:12:30,119
There was a message from God
214
00:12:30,307 --> 00:12:33,110
to unite the branches
of the religion.
215
00:12:33,244 --> 00:12:34,200
Of religion.
216
00:12:34,425 --> 00:12:36,522
And you can see, in the middle,
217
00:12:36,603 --> 00:12:37,640
the first one is Buddha
218
00:12:38,243 --> 00:12:40,434
and then on the left hand side,
219
00:12:40,495 --> 00:12:43,987
you can see Lao Zi,
representing Taoism,
220
00:12:44,048 --> 00:12:46,186
and this is Confucius.
221
00:12:47,130 --> 00:12:50,263
And then Jesus Christ
representing Christianity.
222
00:12:50,324 --> 00:12:51,984
Ah-ha, that is him.
223
00:12:55,853 --> 00:12:57,195
And now is time for the service
224
00:12:57,256 --> 00:12:58,821
and we would like to go upstairs
225
00:12:58,914 --> 00:13:01,662
and we show you where
you can see the service.
226
00:13:01,751 --> 00:13:02,589
Excellent.
227
00:13:23,274 --> 00:13:24,838
As I watch the congregation
228
00:13:24,899 --> 00:13:27,010
being marshalled into
precise formation,
229
00:13:27,931 --> 00:13:30,155
I can't help thinking
that Caodaism
230
00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:32,754
has almost militaristic
overtones.
231
00:13:34,806 --> 00:13:37,483
It's a hint of the
religion's secret past
232
00:13:37,878 --> 00:13:39,581
and its battles with governments
233
00:13:40,340 --> 00:13:42,222
that grew into outright war.
234
00:13:55,844 --> 00:13:57,302
The Cao Dai religion,
235
00:13:57,363 --> 00:14:00,247
an unusual blend of
eastern and western faiths,
236
00:14:00,599 --> 00:14:02,839
appears to be
flourishing in Vietnam.
237
00:14:03,492 --> 00:14:06,994
Across the country there
are almost 400 temples.
238
00:14:07,579 --> 00:14:09,173
Followers worship openly,
239
00:14:10,103 --> 00:14:12,236
but it wasn't always that way.
240
00:14:17,106 --> 00:14:19,194
I've been offered an
audience with Cao Dai's
241
00:14:19,255 --> 00:14:21,402
senior cardinal,
Thuong Tom Thanh,
242
00:14:21,842 --> 00:14:24,424
to understand the religion's
secretive history.
243
00:14:24,976 --> 00:14:26,004
How do you do, sir.
244
00:14:26,557 --> 00:14:27,939
Very pleased to meet you.
245
00:14:30,961 --> 00:14:32,330
Can you give me...
246
00:14:33,150 --> 00:14:36,075
a brief history of the religion?
247
00:14:40,336 --> 00:14:42,344
The purpose of Caodaism is...
248
00:14:42,530 --> 00:14:46,342
to unite the traditions of
all religions in the world.
249
00:14:48,344 --> 00:14:52,992
Caodaism was established
in Vietnam in 1926,
250
00:14:53,053 --> 00:14:54,698
and Vietnam, at that time,
251
00:14:54,759 --> 00:14:57,637
was under the control of
the French administration.
252
00:14:57,936 --> 00:15:01,168
I understood that
some of your leaders
253
00:15:01,229 --> 00:15:03,582
were imprisoned by the French.
Is that so?
254
00:15:05,775 --> 00:15:07,952
There was some misunderstanding
255
00:15:08,013 --> 00:15:09,062
between the French
256
00:15:09,645 --> 00:15:11,322
and Caodaism at the time.
257
00:15:13,152 --> 00:15:16,973
The leader was arrested
and sent in exile...
258
00:15:17,218 --> 00:15:18,287
for five years.
259
00:15:18,616 --> 00:15:19,468
But after that,
260
00:15:19,529 --> 00:15:22,230
when they understood the
purpose of this religion,
261
00:15:22,347 --> 00:15:25,153
the French administration
let His Holiness
262
00:15:25,354 --> 00:15:27,165
to be returned into Vietnam.
263
00:15:30,628 --> 00:15:34,203
But Cao Dai's struggles did
not end with the French.
264
00:15:34,666 --> 00:15:38,951
In 1943, they took up arms
against Japanese invaders.
265
00:15:39,706 --> 00:15:41,070
The Cao Dai army,
266
00:15:41,131 --> 00:15:44,377
established a semi-autonomous
state in the Mekong Delta,
267
00:15:44,617 --> 00:15:47,956
that survived for a decade
after the Japanese left.
268
00:15:49,129 --> 00:15:52,797
When the Communists took
control of Vietnam in 1975,
269
00:15:53,197 --> 00:15:56,754
Caodaism was banned for
more than two decades.
270
00:15:57,551 --> 00:15:59,363
It wasn't just
because the government
271
00:15:59,424 --> 00:16:01,958
feared Cao Dai's
military history,
272
00:16:02,019 --> 00:16:04,840
or its blending of faiths
from all over the world.
273
00:16:05,821 --> 00:16:08,233
It was also because
of the secret ceremony
274
00:16:08,294 --> 00:16:10,142
that lay at the heart
of the religion.
275
00:16:29,517 --> 00:16:31,165
So those mediums
276
00:16:31,472 --> 00:16:34,103
were used to establish
the religion.
277
00:16:35,065 --> 00:16:37,340
Those mediums received
the messages from God
278
00:16:37,401 --> 00:16:41,161
to establish and write out
the religious regulations,
279
00:16:41,421 --> 00:16:42,637
the constitutions
280
00:16:42,698 --> 00:16:45,449
and now we use those as
the basis of Caodaism.
281
00:16:47,981 --> 00:16:51,373
The details of what happened in
these seances is still secret,
282
00:16:52,443 --> 00:16:54,781
known only by high dignitaries.
283
00:16:55,195 --> 00:16:56,360
What is known,
284
00:16:57,007 --> 00:16:59,609
is that there were
always two mediums
285
00:16:59,670 --> 00:17:01,807
controlling some
sort of instrument;
286
00:17:02,927 --> 00:17:04,676
someone to read the instrument,
287
00:17:04,934 --> 00:17:07,353
and a secretary to
write down the message.
288
00:17:08,105 --> 00:17:10,271
When the Vietnamese
government made it legal
289
00:17:10,332 --> 00:17:13,453
to practice the Cao
Dai religion in 1997,
290
00:17:13,938 --> 00:17:15,715
one of the conditions was
291
00:17:15,776 --> 00:17:18,482
that seances would
remain banned.
292
00:17:20,517 --> 00:17:23,753
So, are these mediums
chosen by God today?
293
00:17:25,674 --> 00:17:27,743
All the former mediums
294
00:17:27,860 --> 00:17:31,464
have fulfilled their duties
and now they return with God.
295
00:17:32,633 --> 00:17:35,535
All the regulations
and doctrines have been
296
00:17:35,939 --> 00:17:37,853
written down by God
through mediums.
297
00:17:38,687 --> 00:17:40,919
Now, all we have to do is just
298
00:17:41,419 --> 00:17:43,419
follow the rules and carry on?
299
00:17:43,793 --> 00:17:50,142
And we all try for peace and
independence in the world.
300
00:17:52,169 --> 00:17:52,955
Got it.
301
00:18:16,383 --> 00:18:18,261
The followers of Cao Dai say
302
00:18:18,322 --> 00:18:20,646
they no longer need
secret seances to spread
303
00:18:20,707 --> 00:18:25,084
their message of universal
humanity, love and justice.
304
00:18:26,355 --> 00:18:28,884
What was once the most
sacred part of their worship
305
00:18:28,944 --> 00:18:32,883
is now history and the
religion is thriving.
306
00:18:34,501 --> 00:18:36,131
Being forced to hide something
307
00:18:36,347 --> 00:18:40,424
sometimes helps us to learn to
get along just fine without it.
308
00:18:47,997 --> 00:18:49,873
But some religions keep secrets,
309
00:18:49,934 --> 00:18:52,810
because they believe they are
too powerful to be revealed,
310
00:18:53,431 --> 00:18:55,567
except to those with
years of training.
311
00:19:06,084 --> 00:19:07,844
I'm in Kathmandu, Nepal,
312
00:19:08,046 --> 00:19:11,471
to learn about a branch of
Buddhism called Vajrayana,
313
00:19:11,957 --> 00:19:14,127
or The Diamond Vehicle.
314
00:19:16,750 --> 00:19:19,058
It is the final level of
Buddhist teachings,
315
00:19:19,477 --> 00:19:22,892
known as an accelerated
path to enlightenment.
316
00:19:25,311 --> 00:19:27,138
Here at the Kopan Monastery,
317
00:19:28,538 --> 00:19:30,369
I'm meeting one of
their head monks,
318
00:19:31,143 --> 00:19:33,365
Geshe Thubten Jinpa.
319
00:19:36,397 --> 00:19:37,921
-Hi, Morgan.
-Hello, Jinpa.
320
00:19:37,982 --> 00:19:40,045
-Welcome to Kopan.
-Thank you so much.
321
00:19:40,106 --> 00:19:41,577
-Thank you.
-Thank you. Thank you.
322
00:19:41,637 --> 00:19:42,393
Come see.
323
00:19:42,487 --> 00:19:44,646
I take you to the
monastery, okay?
324
00:19:49,197 --> 00:19:50,859
I want to try to learn more
325
00:19:50,920 --> 00:19:53,266
about their rapid
pathway to enlightenment.
326
00:19:54,926 --> 00:19:57,537
Some of the mantras the
monks will chant today,
327
00:19:57,850 --> 00:20:01,371
are said to contain the sacred
power of enlightened beings.
328
00:20:09,463 --> 00:20:12,458
They recite them to invoke
those divine energies and
329
00:20:13,245 --> 00:20:15,632
advance toward their
own enlightenment.
330
00:20:24,807 --> 00:20:25,909
Okay.
331
00:20:29,892 --> 00:20:32,964
These mantras
are not for my ears.
332
00:20:49,333 --> 00:20:51,308
In the hills above Kathmandu,
333
00:20:51,957 --> 00:20:54,241
only the faintest
sound of Buddhist monks
334
00:20:54,302 --> 00:20:55,980
chanting a secret mantra
335
00:20:56,043 --> 00:20:57,818
escapes the temple doors.
336
00:21:07,824 --> 00:21:09,745
This only makes me more curious.
337
00:21:10,656 --> 00:21:12,004
Why all the secrecy?
338
00:21:13,659 --> 00:21:15,339
If it will lead
to enlightenment,
339
00:21:16,293 --> 00:21:18,150
why not reveal it to all?
340
00:21:21,132 --> 00:21:22,678
'Diamond Vehicle', Jinpa.
341
00:21:22,944 --> 00:21:24,827
Why do you use
that term, 'diamond?'
342
00:21:25,188 --> 00:21:27,369
It really cuts through,
343
00:21:27,592 --> 00:21:31,708
like you use a sort of a
344
00:21:31,790 --> 00:21:33,412
diamond to slice the glass.
345
00:21:33,491 --> 00:21:34,044
Yes.
346
00:21:34,105 --> 00:21:36,696
And it pierce the
wrong conceptions.
347
00:21:37,113 --> 00:21:39,365
So that's why we
call it 'diamond.'
348
00:21:39,485 --> 00:21:41,117
If you are a student
and you are starting out,
349
00:21:41,178 --> 00:21:43,008
you could get into
the Diamond Vehicle?
350
00:21:43,068 --> 00:21:45,857
First, we have to get
well trained for that,
351
00:21:45,918 --> 00:21:49,120
so when Buddha taught this,
The Diamond Vehicles,
352
00:21:51,603 --> 00:21:55,504
He reveal it to the some
particular, special students.
353
00:21:56,928 --> 00:22:00,709
Why must these
mantras be kept secret?
354
00:22:01,309 --> 00:22:03,337
So without that proper training,
355
00:22:03,513 --> 00:22:05,803
so you will misuse
of that mantra
356
00:22:05,864 --> 00:22:08,843
and it bring harms to others
and as well as yourself.
357
00:22:08,904 --> 00:22:10,340
As well to yourself.
358
00:22:11,372 --> 00:22:14,054
These monks have had years
of training in meditation.
359
00:22:14,471 --> 00:22:16,724
They believe learning
a secret mantra,
360
00:22:16,792 --> 00:22:18,480
without such preparation,
361
00:22:18,574 --> 00:22:21,909
risks actually increasing
their negative thoughts,
362
00:22:22,729 --> 00:22:25,152
taking them further away
from enlightenment.
363
00:22:26,732 --> 00:22:27,515
So, Jinpa,
364
00:22:27,938 --> 00:22:31,361
what are the real requirements
in terms of
365
00:22:32,321 --> 00:22:33,704
trying to gain enlightenment?
366
00:22:34,084 --> 00:22:37,798
So the very first requirements
is the motivations.
367
00:22:37,859 --> 00:22:38,693
Motivation?
368
00:22:48,226 --> 00:22:49,613
Now, Jinpa,
369
00:22:53,570 --> 00:22:57,405
I'm fairly intelligent myself,
370
00:22:57,819 --> 00:22:59,612
so my question is,
371
00:23:01,094 --> 00:23:02,601
could I get a mantra?
372
00:23:03,295 --> 00:23:06,203
Uh, oh, wait.
373
00:23:06,440 --> 00:23:07,682
Okay, is this on...
374
00:23:08,305 --> 00:23:08,930
-Yeah.
-Is on?
375
00:23:08,991 --> 00:23:10,450
Okay, oh, sorry, sorry.
376
00:23:11,318 --> 00:23:12,177
Mantra?
377
00:23:13,481 --> 00:23:15,869
I know you are very smart but,
378
00:23:17,628 --> 00:23:19,448
I doubt you'd get any mantras.
379
00:23:19,543 --> 00:23:20,634
Ha ha!
380
00:23:21,384 --> 00:23:22,452
Ha ha ha!
381
00:23:22,512 --> 00:23:24,003
Oh no, I'm just joking.
382
00:23:24,548 --> 00:23:27,422
There is different
degrees of mantras.
383
00:23:27,482 --> 00:23:31,142
The one mantras, which always
brings goods to everyone,
384
00:23:31,203 --> 00:23:34,808
whether you have the
pre-required training or not.
385
00:23:35,188 --> 00:23:36,984
So I can share that with you.
386
00:23:37,044 --> 00:23:37,913
Thank you.
387
00:23:39,563 --> 00:23:40,480
Okay.
388
00:23:43,360 --> 00:23:44,430
Traditionally,
389
00:23:44,833 --> 00:23:47,337
a mantra can only
be given by a guru
390
00:23:47,573 --> 00:23:51,248
to a monk who is in the process
of becoming his disciple.
391
00:23:52,507 --> 00:23:54,363
Jinpa, however, will
make an exception,
392
00:23:55,210 --> 00:23:58,005
since he considers me
a spiritual friend.
393
00:24:00,483 --> 00:24:02,927
The mantra that
we're going to work together
394
00:24:05,610 --> 00:24:07,496
He is the Buddha of compassion.
395
00:24:07,644 --> 00:24:08,942
Compassion Buddha.
396
00:24:09,003 --> 00:24:11,523
So, this mantra helps
397
00:24:11,966 --> 00:24:14,643
us to enhance all
that compassions
398
00:24:14,930 --> 00:24:16,256
to the universe.
399
00:24:17,118 --> 00:24:19,544
So I am going to
give you the mantra,
400
00:24:19,605 --> 00:24:22,826
so you can generate
motivation to yourself,
401
00:24:22,887 --> 00:24:25,470
for the goodness of
all the living beings.
402
00:24:27,680 --> 00:24:31,383
So, as I say the
mantra, you try to repeat.
403
00:24:31,443 --> 00:24:32,141
Om...
404
00:24:32,656 --> 00:24:33,695
Om.
405
00:24:33,755 --> 00:24:35,559
-Mani...
-Mani.
406
00:24:35,619 --> 00:24:37,320
-Padme...
-Padme.
407
00:24:37,554 --> 00:24:38,942
-Hum.
-Hum.
408
00:24:39,002 --> 00:24:41,400
So, you visualize
that on my crown
409
00:24:41,461 --> 00:24:43,170
there's a Buddha of compassion.
410
00:24:43,724 --> 00:24:47,067
So there's a radiance of
light sending towards you,
411
00:24:47,353 --> 00:24:50,195
with this all good heart
in the form of light.
412
00:24:50,690 --> 00:24:51,321
Okay?
413
00:24:51,648 --> 00:24:54,500
So repeat for final time. Om...
414
00:24:54,561 --> 00:24:55,730
-Om.
-Mani...
415
00:24:55,791 --> 00:24:57,374
-Mani.
-Padme...
416
00:24:57,434 --> 00:24:58,968
-Padme. Hum.
-Hum.
417
00:24:59,229 --> 00:25:01,793
Om Mani padme hum.
Om Mani padme hum.
418
00:25:01,854 --> 00:25:03,864
Om Mani padme hum.
Om Mani padme hum...
419
00:25:03,924 --> 00:25:06,038
Om Mani padme hum.
Om Mani padme hum.
420
00:25:06,098 --> 00:25:07,979
Om Mani padme hum.
Om Mani padme hum...
421
00:25:11,724 --> 00:25:13,572
As I chant the mantra,
422
00:25:14,498 --> 00:25:18,409
I am trying to see the light
dissolving into my body
423
00:25:18,995 --> 00:25:21,356
and imagine it
filling me with love
424
00:25:21,750 --> 00:25:22,783
and compassion.
425
00:25:30,260 --> 00:25:32,858
Om Mani padme hum.
Om Mani padme hum.
426
00:25:32,918 --> 00:25:34,618
Om Mani padme hum. Om Mani...
427
00:25:34,678 --> 00:25:38,051
As we recite the
mantras togethers,
428
00:25:38,365 --> 00:25:41,964
so you feel so much
compassion and love
429
00:25:42,780 --> 00:25:44,303
generated within you,
430
00:25:44,559 --> 00:25:46,238
then sending this all love
431
00:25:46,465 --> 00:25:48,282
towards the all
the sentient being.
432
00:25:54,973 --> 00:25:58,756
Secrecy isn't always a way to
protect a faith from outsiders.
433
00:26:00,359 --> 00:26:02,701
It also provides in the faithful
434
00:26:03,255 --> 00:26:04,738
a hunger for...
435
00:26:05,029 --> 00:26:06,084
divine knowledge.
436
00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:09,516
To learn a secret
mantra at Kopan,
437
00:26:10,059 --> 00:26:12,092
a monk must study the methods of
438
00:26:12,153 --> 00:26:14,545
Vajrayana Buddhism
for many years.
439
00:26:16,045 --> 00:26:18,732
Some secrets are the
reward of a lifetime of work.
440
00:26:20,078 --> 00:26:22,342
Shows how precious
enlightenment is.
441
00:26:23,485 --> 00:26:24,961
As precious as a diamond.
442
00:26:29,492 --> 00:26:30,955
Devotees of many faiths
443
00:26:31,162 --> 00:26:33,618
make a lifelong quest
for divine knowledge,
444
00:26:35,684 --> 00:26:39,130
but that knowledge is not
always deliberately withheld.
445
00:26:40,037 --> 00:26:43,148
Sometimes, it is
hidden in plain sight.
446
00:26:47,682 --> 00:26:48,914
In the south of France,
447
00:26:49,130 --> 00:26:50,798
in the city of Carpentras,
448
00:26:51,395 --> 00:26:53,688
there is an unassuming
building that houses
449
00:26:53,749 --> 00:26:56,518
one of the oldest
synagogues in the country.
450
00:26:58,361 --> 00:27:00,223
Journalist, Nelufar Hedayat,
451
00:27:00,596 --> 00:27:02,507
has come here to
explore the secrets
452
00:27:02,568 --> 00:27:04,503
of the mystical Jewish Kabbalah.
453
00:27:05,321 --> 00:27:08,016
She is meeting scholar,
Julien Darmon.
454
00:27:08,679 --> 00:27:09,537
Julien!
455
00:27:10,174 --> 00:27:11,025
Absolute pleasure to see you.
456
00:27:11,085 --> 00:27:12,536
-Pleased to meet you.
-How are you?
457
00:27:12,810 --> 00:27:13,759
Delighted to meet you.
458
00:27:13,820 --> 00:27:15,014
The pleasure's all mine.
459
00:27:20,519 --> 00:27:21,113
Wow.
460
00:27:22,223 --> 00:27:23,263
Indeed, huh?
461
00:27:23,324 --> 00:27:25,257
It's not what I expected.
462
00:27:25,824 --> 00:27:27,598
It's beautiful.
463
00:27:34,295 --> 00:27:36,602
When we say Kabbalah,
what do we mean?
464
00:27:36,739 --> 00:27:38,165
What is it that you study?
465
00:27:38,226 --> 00:27:40,891
Kabbalah is the method
of plunging the depth
466
00:27:41,260 --> 00:27:43,041
of the Torah, over every letter,
467
00:27:43,398 --> 00:27:45,937
every word and they retrieve,
468
00:27:46,411 --> 00:27:48,580
through combinations of letters,
469
00:27:49,026 --> 00:27:50,927
secrets that tell us,
470
00:27:50,988 --> 00:27:54,124
stories that happened
before the creation of time.
471
00:27:54,197 --> 00:27:56,255
Can you show me?
I'd love to see this.
472
00:27:56,316 --> 00:27:57,416
Of course I can show you.
473
00:28:14,381 --> 00:28:17,878
So, this is the actual text
of the Torah, hand written.
474
00:28:18,049 --> 00:28:20,157
This is the literal word of God.
475
00:28:20,557 --> 00:28:22,338
This is the literal word of God.
476
00:28:22,398 --> 00:28:23,400
So, where should we start?
477
00:28:23,601 --> 00:28:25,199
Well, we should start
at the beginning
478
00:28:25,299 --> 00:28:26,311
with the verse saying,
479
00:28:26,380 --> 00:28:29,452
'In the beginning, God created
the heavens and the Earth.'
480
00:28:30,751 --> 00:28:32,338
So the very first word
481
00:28:32,534 --> 00:28:34,600
which we would
usually translate as
482
00:28:34,900 --> 00:28:35,918
'at the beginning'
483
00:28:36,470 --> 00:28:38,706
does not necessarily mean that.
484
00:28:39,095 --> 00:28:40,976
It reads 'bereishit.'
485
00:28:41,037 --> 00:28:42,020
Bereishit.
486
00:28:42,375 --> 00:28:45,204
And literally it means
'at the beginning of.'
487
00:28:45,731 --> 00:28:49,227
And Kabbalah says that
at the beginning of what?
488
00:28:49,557 --> 00:28:50,591
Good question.
489
00:28:50,652 --> 00:28:53,801
And there is a hint in
the way the word is written.
490
00:28:54,067 --> 00:28:54,967
Bereishit.
491
00:28:55,262 --> 00:28:57,535
So if you rearrange the letters,
492
00:28:57,745 --> 00:28:58,805
bereishit...
493
00:28:59,784 --> 00:29:00,945
can also be read,
494
00:29:01,572 --> 00:29:03,181
'berit-esh'
495
00:29:03,865 --> 00:29:06,012
which means 'covenant of fire.'
496
00:29:06,097 --> 00:29:08,246
Ah, the covenant of fire.
497
00:29:08,306 --> 00:29:10,558
That means first that this text
498
00:29:11,067 --> 00:29:12,686
is not just information,
499
00:29:13,167 --> 00:29:15,869
it's something that
binds you to God.
500
00:29:18,247 --> 00:29:19,107
Another reading,
501
00:29:19,485 --> 00:29:20,485
bereishit
502
00:29:21,216 --> 00:29:24,221
has, at its root,
the word 'rosh'
503
00:29:24,616 --> 00:29:26,936
which is, like in Arabic, ras,
504
00:29:27,590 --> 00:29:28,941
which means the head.
505
00:29:29,002 --> 00:29:30,163
Ras, yes.
506
00:29:30,826 --> 00:29:33,543
So, what it alludes to,
507
00:29:33,604 --> 00:29:35,980
is that before God
508
00:29:36,531 --> 00:29:39,380
created the world by speaking,
509
00:29:40,146 --> 00:29:42,646
he thought the world.
510
00:29:43,617 --> 00:29:45,230
Why is it important
that God said
511
00:29:45,540 --> 00:29:48,643
'the head' or thought
before he said the words?
512
00:29:49,243 --> 00:29:51,501
We usually translate,
'In the beginning
513
00:29:51,661 --> 00:29:54,296
God created the
heavens and the Earth.'
514
00:29:54,490 --> 00:29:56,949
But in Hebrew, the order is
515
00:29:57,095 --> 00:30:00,311
'In the beginning he created God
516
00:30:00,372 --> 00:30:02,501
and the heavens and the Earth.'
517
00:30:03,050 --> 00:30:06,128
We can read this
text as meaning that
518
00:30:06,245 --> 00:30:08,799
the first thing
that God created,
519
00:30:08,860 --> 00:30:10,662
was not the heavens and Earth,
520
00:30:10,916 --> 00:30:14,410
but he created his own
manifestation to the world.
521
00:30:14,717 --> 00:30:15,732
This is astonishing.
522
00:30:15,793 --> 00:30:17,783
So I might as well have
523
00:30:18,090 --> 00:30:21,037
an infinite number
of these parchments,
524
00:30:21,098 --> 00:30:23,304
because that's how many
meanings there are here.
525
00:30:23,365 --> 00:30:24,868
But, Julien, why would God
526
00:30:25,089 --> 00:30:27,484
make it so difficult
to understand?
527
00:30:28,109 --> 00:30:30,424
When you start reading
texts that way,
528
00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:33,012
you become humble.
529
00:30:33,770 --> 00:30:34,734
You say,
530
00:30:34,805 --> 00:30:37,837
'I have to study and
study and study more'
531
00:30:38,725 --> 00:30:41,235
and what I understand now
532
00:30:41,295 --> 00:30:44,747
'is not the final
word of the Bible.'
533
00:30:51,472 --> 00:30:52,828
To an outsider,
534
00:30:53,122 --> 00:30:56,789
the endless decoding of Kabbalah
may seem like a fool's errand.
535
00:30:58,327 --> 00:31:01,750
But I think it's more about the
journey than the destination.
536
00:31:02,799 --> 00:31:05,949
Many religions are an attempt
to explain the infinite,
537
00:31:06,326 --> 00:31:08,831
the universe in finite terms.
538
00:31:09,964 --> 00:31:11,904
But, what better
way to give yourself
539
00:31:11,965 --> 00:31:13,747
over to the mystery
of the eternal
540
00:31:14,460 --> 00:31:16,145
than a quest with no end?
541
00:31:22,279 --> 00:31:24,921
Secrecy can be part
of a faith's allure,
542
00:31:25,509 --> 00:31:27,905
or surround a religion's birth,
543
00:31:28,456 --> 00:31:31,878
or entice the believers to find
the pathway to enlightenment.
544
00:31:33,203 --> 00:31:34,376
But sometimes,
545
00:31:35,070 --> 00:31:37,489
a faith is forced
to hide underground.
546
00:31:37,739 --> 00:31:38,696
Oh my.
547
00:31:40,181 --> 00:31:43,254
And secrets can smear its name.
548
00:31:54,222 --> 00:31:56,638
Below Rome's
cobblestone streets,
549
00:31:57,180 --> 00:32:00,136
there is still evidence
of an ancient, secret sect,
550
00:32:02,132 --> 00:32:04,014
one that was rumoured
to drink blood
551
00:32:04,801 --> 00:32:07,296
and perform human sacrifice.
552
00:32:14,967 --> 00:32:16,644
Religious scholar,
Bruce Chilton,
553
00:32:16,705 --> 00:32:18,142
is taking me to a house
554
00:32:18,257 --> 00:32:20,867
that was hidden under
a fourth century church
555
00:32:21,117 --> 00:32:22,664
for 1500 years.
556
00:32:23,699 --> 00:32:26,306
It's named after two
men, who were executed
557
00:32:26,647 --> 00:32:28,982
for being part of
an illegal cult.
558
00:32:30,075 --> 00:32:31,302
John and Paul...
559
00:32:31,928 --> 00:32:33,608
were two young men,
560
00:32:33,669 --> 00:32:35,158
who had worked in the family
561
00:32:35,263 --> 00:32:36,894
of the Emperor Constantine.
562
00:32:37,707 --> 00:32:39,286
They were ardent Christians.
563
00:32:39,543 --> 00:32:43,554
In the year 361 a new
emperor came to power,
564
00:32:43,974 --> 00:32:45,272
the Emperor Julian.
565
00:32:45,618 --> 00:32:46,679
He decided,
566
00:32:47,148 --> 00:32:50,345
I'm going to get rid of
this sect of Christians.
567
00:32:51,019 --> 00:32:54,443
I'm going to treat
it as a superstition,
568
00:32:54,832 --> 00:32:55,495
a cult...
569
00:32:55,889 --> 00:32:57,419
and as a result of that,
570
00:32:57,579 --> 00:32:59,574
John and Paul were beheaded
571
00:33:00,121 --> 00:33:01,590
at Julian's order.
572
00:33:08,239 --> 00:33:09,894
Bruce, are you
telling me that...
573
00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:14,517
this place was buried under
the basilica for 1500 years?
574
00:33:14,578 --> 00:33:16,921
It's all underneath the basilica
575
00:33:16,982 --> 00:33:19,690
and you can see
this whole complex
576
00:33:20,004 --> 00:33:21,562
was really quite high.
577
00:33:30,387 --> 00:33:31,619
-Bruce.
-Yeah?
578
00:33:31,940 --> 00:33:33,496
You're not getting
us lost, are you?
579
00:33:33,557 --> 00:33:35,398
I hope I'm not getting us lost.
580
00:33:40,742 --> 00:33:42,706
Oh, my.
Look at this.
581
00:33:43,962 --> 00:33:46,519
These are the remains
of a house church
582
00:33:46,580 --> 00:33:48,371
dating to the fourth century.
583
00:33:48,845 --> 00:33:51,235
Here, wealthy Roman Christians
584
00:33:51,296 --> 00:33:53,524
practised their faith in secret.
585
00:33:53,927 --> 00:33:55,521
So a Christian family
586
00:33:55,875 --> 00:33:56,820
could come here
587
00:33:57,789 --> 00:33:59,518
and pray in private?
588
00:33:59,899 --> 00:34:02,440
What you looked for
was a safe place,
589
00:34:02,501 --> 00:34:04,256
where you could
gather with others
590
00:34:04,664 --> 00:34:08,071
and go about your celebration
of Christ's presence
591
00:34:08,665 --> 00:34:09,655
in the Eucharist.
592
00:34:10,220 --> 00:34:11,305
The Eucharist,
593
00:34:11,366 --> 00:34:15,037
a meal that remembered and
celebrated Jesus' last supper,
594
00:34:15,333 --> 00:34:18,315
was the central part of
early Christian worship.
595
00:34:18,504 --> 00:34:20,761
The sharing of
Jesus' body and blood
596
00:34:20,822 --> 00:34:22,793
in the form of bread and wine
597
00:34:22,854 --> 00:34:24,418
was their act of communion
598
00:34:24,524 --> 00:34:26,708
with God and one another.
599
00:34:27,823 --> 00:34:31,036
But some outsiders saw
it in a different light.
600
00:34:31,198 --> 00:34:33,386
When you practice in secret,
601
00:34:33,611 --> 00:34:35,885
especially in the Roman world,
602
00:34:36,360 --> 00:34:39,216
you open yourself up
to the possibility
603
00:34:39,277 --> 00:34:41,383
of all kinds of
rumours circulating.
604
00:34:42,256 --> 00:34:43,415
-Rumours?
-Rumours.
605
00:34:43,476 --> 00:34:44,169
Or course.
606
00:34:44,230 --> 00:34:46,799
That Christians in
rooms like this one,
607
00:34:47,273 --> 00:34:48,760
practised orgies.
608
00:34:49,903 --> 00:34:52,835
That they drank the
blood of children.
609
00:34:54,678 --> 00:34:56,815
In the imaginations
of the Romans,
610
00:34:59,786 --> 00:35:01,633
Christians drank actual blood,
611
00:35:02,274 --> 00:35:04,283
not the metaphorical
blood of Christ.
612
00:35:06,293 --> 00:35:08,827
It was a libel
used to incite fear
613
00:35:09,220 --> 00:35:12,008
and reprisal against
this upstart sect.
614
00:35:16,217 --> 00:35:18,705
How do rumours like that
get started, I wonder?
615
00:35:18,874 --> 00:35:22,447
They get started,
because the rumour,
616
00:35:22,527 --> 00:35:24,878
what is now called
the Blood Libel,
617
00:35:25,332 --> 00:35:28,700
is always very effective to
use against people you hate.
618
00:35:29,644 --> 00:35:31,056
And if people you hate,
619
00:35:31,617 --> 00:35:33,829
because they're concerned
about oppression,
620
00:35:34,252 --> 00:35:35,602
practice in secrecy,
621
00:35:36,270 --> 00:35:39,019
then that secrecy is
used against them.
622
00:35:40,180 --> 00:35:40,940
Here's the question.
623
00:35:41,920 --> 00:35:43,146
How safe was it?
624
00:35:43,311 --> 00:35:45,225
Although the families
were wealthy,
625
00:35:45,286 --> 00:35:47,044
and they protected Christians,
626
00:35:47,824 --> 00:35:50,663
they also had to
use a kind of code
627
00:35:51,077 --> 00:35:52,292
in their artwork
628
00:35:52,819 --> 00:35:54,525
to support Christianity
629
00:35:55,299 --> 00:35:57,547
without advertising
Christianity.
630
00:35:57,848 --> 00:35:59,314
Just on this wall,
631
00:35:59,935 --> 00:36:02,454
is a figure, she's a woman
632
00:36:03,028 --> 00:36:04,632
called the Orante,
633
00:36:04,835 --> 00:36:05,957
which means,
634
00:36:06,428 --> 00:36:07,515
'the woman who prays.'
635
00:36:08,262 --> 00:36:11,672
And you notice that she
has her hands outstretched?
636
00:36:11,739 --> 00:36:12,391
Right.
637
00:36:12,628 --> 00:36:16,155
We can't actually say whether
she is a Christian lady
638
00:36:16,216 --> 00:36:17,199
or a pagan lady,
639
00:36:17,655 --> 00:36:19,461
and I think that was
part of the point.
640
00:36:20,095 --> 00:36:23,867
That the room could be
accessible to everyone,
641
00:36:24,227 --> 00:36:27,781
but Christians would
find a safe home here,
642
00:36:28,161 --> 00:36:29,201
where they could worship.
643
00:36:29,262 --> 00:36:30,214
I see.
644
00:36:30,589 --> 00:36:33,145
This code may have helped
ordinary Christians
645
00:36:33,206 --> 00:36:35,049
blend in with their
pagan neighbours,
646
00:36:35,832 --> 00:36:39,284
but it did not help prominent
Christians like John and Paul.
647
00:36:41,094 --> 00:36:44,311
We're now in the
special installation
648
00:36:44,538 --> 00:36:46,932
for the martyrs,
John and Paul.
649
00:36:48,348 --> 00:36:50,061
We can't prove
650
00:36:50,364 --> 00:36:51,918
that they were buried here,
651
00:36:52,564 --> 00:36:53,749
but we do know
652
00:36:54,185 --> 00:36:56,025
that since the fourth century,
653
00:36:56,252 --> 00:36:57,973
this has been used as the place,
654
00:36:58,513 --> 00:36:59,859
where they were venerated.
655
00:37:01,367 --> 00:37:05,532
Christianity obviously
got past this period.
656
00:37:06,504 --> 00:37:07,228
How?
657
00:37:07,604 --> 00:37:11,548
The Emperor Julian
led the Roman army in battle
658
00:37:11,871 --> 00:37:13,205
against the Persians,
659
00:37:14,315 --> 00:37:15,310
but he was killed.
660
00:37:15,762 --> 00:37:16,882
Oh, oh.
661
00:37:17,086 --> 00:37:19,877
His place was taken
by the Emperor Jovans,
662
00:37:20,947 --> 00:37:23,550
and Jovans decided,
I'm going back,
663
00:37:24,206 --> 00:37:27,101
not only to tolerate
Christianity,
664
00:37:27,781 --> 00:37:30,705
but even to prefer Christianity.
665
00:37:35,384 --> 00:37:36,632
It's hard to believe that
666
00:37:37,070 --> 00:37:39,981
Christianity was once
a small, secret faith,
667
00:37:40,382 --> 00:37:41,594
practised in the shadows.
668
00:37:42,742 --> 00:37:45,529
But secrecy actually gave
Christianity strength.
669
00:37:46,367 --> 00:37:49,853
Its followers venerated
Jesus, who died opposing Rome.
670
00:37:50,647 --> 00:37:52,262
Oppression only
fed the movement.
671
00:37:53,201 --> 00:37:54,548
And once it was set free,
672
00:37:55,157 --> 00:37:57,288
it travelled to every
corner of the globe.
673
00:37:57,619 --> 00:37:58,366
Hmm.
674
00:38:02,831 --> 00:38:03,899
Christianity...
675
00:38:04,039 --> 00:38:06,826
flourished after a few
centuries of Roman suppression,
676
00:38:08,532 --> 00:38:10,839
but other faiths weren't
as quick to recover.
677
00:38:11,978 --> 00:38:13,948
There is one that, only now,
678
00:38:14,095 --> 00:38:15,902
is coming back into the light.
679
00:38:49,170 --> 00:38:51,020
On the eve of
the Winter Solstice,
680
00:38:51,759 --> 00:38:53,706
journalist Sal Masekela
681
00:38:54,039 --> 00:38:57,143
is travelling to the English
village of Stanton Drew.
682
00:38:58,007 --> 00:39:00,073
He's come to witness
a celebration
683
00:39:00,134 --> 00:39:02,968
that was banned for
almost two millennia.
684
00:39:08,569 --> 00:39:10,494
-Hello.
-Hello!
685
00:39:10,555 --> 00:39:12,728
How are you, sir?
Nice to meet you, sir.
686
00:39:12,789 --> 00:39:13,997
It's lovely to meet you.
687
00:39:14,057 --> 00:39:17,445
First thing I see is that this
pub is called the Druid's Arms.
688
00:39:17,506 --> 00:39:19,106
Do the Druids
have their own pub?
689
00:39:19,166 --> 00:39:20,464
Alas, no.
690
00:39:20,525 --> 00:39:22,391
But there's some
interesting stuff to see.
691
00:39:22,452 --> 00:39:23,116
Alright.
692
00:39:23,177 --> 00:39:24,068
Please come.
693
00:39:25,930 --> 00:39:27,673
Ronald Hutton is an expert
694
00:39:27,734 --> 00:39:30,782
in the pre-Christian
religions of the British Isles.
695
00:39:30,933 --> 00:39:32,460
We're really not having a beer?
696
00:39:32,521 --> 00:39:34,253
-Alas, no.
-Alright.
697
00:39:37,218 --> 00:39:38,046
Wow.
698
00:39:43,259 --> 00:39:44,897
You just walked back around
699
00:39:45,084 --> 00:39:47,611
five and a half thousand years
700
00:39:47,751 --> 00:39:49,101
to the New Stone Age.
701
00:39:49,161 --> 00:39:52,328
That's why this village is
called Stanton, Stone Town.
702
00:39:52,389 --> 00:39:55,133
There are just ancient,
huge stones everywhere.
703
00:39:57,394 --> 00:40:00,019
What does the Druid
belief system...
704
00:40:00,399 --> 00:40:02,183
look like? How would
you explain it?
705
00:40:03,106 --> 00:40:06,291
Druids essentially
hold the Earth itself,
706
00:40:06,418 --> 00:40:08,802
the natural world, to be sacred.
707
00:40:09,457 --> 00:40:13,500
So they have a profound
relationship with the land itself.
708
00:40:16,844 --> 00:40:20,132
What happened to the ancient
practice that it went away?
709
00:40:20,192 --> 00:40:22,631
The Romans came and
conquered most of Britain
710
00:40:23,050 --> 00:40:25,931
and they suppressed the
practice of Druidry.
711
00:40:25,991 --> 00:40:27,741
Then along came Christianity
712
00:40:28,037 --> 00:40:30,072
and suppressed it in turn.
713
00:40:30,225 --> 00:40:33,045
And it was dormant
for about 1000 years.
714
00:40:34,897 --> 00:40:38,874
But as the power of the church
waned in the 18th century,
715
00:40:39,207 --> 00:40:43,155
the enigmatic stone circles here
and across the British Isles,
716
00:40:43,216 --> 00:40:45,532
began to draw people
back to Druidism,
717
00:40:45,839 --> 00:40:48,114
to revive an extinct religion.
718
00:40:50,267 --> 00:40:52,850
What about the principles
of Druidry, do you think,
719
00:40:52,984 --> 00:40:55,128
made it something that
people got curious about
720
00:40:55,189 --> 00:40:56,582
and wanted to revive?
721
00:40:56,674 --> 00:40:59,978
Because Druidry provides
one way of reconnecting
722
00:41:00,039 --> 00:41:03,244
modern people with things from
which they often feel cut off.
723
00:41:04,547 --> 00:41:06,810
From the land and
the natural world,
724
00:41:07,803 --> 00:41:08,958
from the past,
725
00:41:10,021 --> 00:41:12,008
especially the remote past.
726
00:41:12,201 --> 00:41:13,424
It gives them roots.
727
00:41:14,039 --> 00:41:16,342
And just as
Stonehenge comes into
728
00:41:16,403 --> 00:41:19,492
alignment with the rising
sun on the Winter Solstice,
729
00:41:20,972 --> 00:41:24,482
modern Druids across the country
are preparing to celebrate
730
00:41:24,543 --> 00:41:26,031
the rebirth of the sun,
731
00:41:26,613 --> 00:41:29,109
including here in Stanton Drew.
732
00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:33,003
Sal, may I introduce you
to my two druid friends,
733
00:41:33,064 --> 00:41:34,516
Adrien and JJ.
734
00:41:34,577 --> 00:41:35,967
Hi, JJ. I'm Sal.
Nice to meet you.
735
00:41:36,027 --> 00:41:37,581
Lovely to meet you, Sal.
736
00:41:44,307 --> 00:41:46,735
What's the significance
of the mistletoe?
737
00:41:46,796 --> 00:41:48,803
Obviously, during the
Christmas holiday,
738
00:41:49,083 --> 00:41:51,424
you know, kissing
under the mistletoe.
739
00:41:51,611 --> 00:41:54,249
What does it mean in
the Druid culture?
740
00:41:54,362 --> 00:41:57,561
I think the clue is in, the
Druid term for it is 'all heal'
741
00:41:57,988 --> 00:42:00,220
and I think, traditionally,
742
00:42:00,363 --> 00:42:02,705
our ancestors
understood the power
743
00:42:02,866 --> 00:42:05,104
and the wisdom
inherent in this plant.
744
00:42:05,318 --> 00:42:07,982
Because it sits
between heaven and earth.
745
00:42:08,043 --> 00:42:10,204
It never touches the ground.
746
00:42:10,475 --> 00:42:13,797
And how will it be used
in the ceremony tomorrow?
747
00:42:13,857 --> 00:42:16,289
We honour the mistletoe
and then we offer it
748
00:42:16,492 --> 00:42:17,349
to the earth.
749
00:42:17,549 --> 00:42:19,148
It's fertilizing the earth.
750
00:42:19,208 --> 00:42:21,271
So, the getting
of the mistletoe,
751
00:42:21,332 --> 00:42:22,322
what do we need to do?
752
00:42:22,383 --> 00:42:26,148
So it's not about just
coming and taking and going.
753
00:42:26,209 --> 00:42:29,147
It's about this
tree will gift us
754
00:42:29,608 --> 00:42:30,675
the mistletoe,
755
00:42:30,736 --> 00:42:34,277
the mistletoe will then
gift people that hope.
756
00:42:34,464 --> 00:42:36,601
It's been a long, hard winter,
757
00:42:36,894 --> 00:42:38,907
you know, so it's
all gonna change!
758
00:42:39,100 --> 00:42:40,681
The sun's only round the corner!
759
00:42:40,742 --> 00:42:42,511
We can do this!
We can do this!
760
00:42:42,572 --> 00:42:44,792
It's coming!
It's not far away now.
761
00:42:47,408 --> 00:42:49,130
Now bless this tree,
762
00:42:49,973 --> 00:42:52,810
symbolic of all the
trees in this orchard,
763
00:42:53,683 --> 00:42:55,239
with the element of fire.
764
00:42:57,878 --> 00:42:58,912
-You gonna go first?
-Yeah.
765
00:42:59,018 --> 00:42:59,853
You go up.
766
00:43:08,102 --> 00:43:10,513
Chuck it out. Oi!
Got it, great.
767
00:43:10,574 --> 00:43:12,201
Hey, well done.
768
00:43:12,616 --> 00:43:14,282
So the trick is not
to let it hit the ground.
769
00:43:14,343 --> 00:43:15,120
Why is that?
770
00:43:15,181 --> 00:43:16,772
Because, once it
hits the ground,
771
00:43:16,833 --> 00:43:18,075
the fertility goes
into the earth.
772
00:43:18,142 --> 00:43:18,471
Right.
773
00:43:18,532 --> 00:43:20,540
Yeah, so the healing power,
774
00:43:20,710 --> 00:43:23,423
its potency is contained
775
00:43:23,484 --> 00:43:25,524
in the fact it's never
touched the ground.
776
00:43:25,584 --> 00:43:26,693
The other thing about it is,
777
00:43:26,754 --> 00:43:29,085
you notice that in
the depths of winter,
778
00:43:29,412 --> 00:43:31,055
this is still green and berried.
779
00:43:31,116 --> 00:43:32,718
This is still fertile,
780
00:43:32,779 --> 00:43:35,045
it's still vibrant,
it's at its height.
781
00:43:35,106 --> 00:43:35,833
Yeah.
782
00:43:35,976 --> 00:43:41,301
It's almost as if Druidry was like
the original environmentalism.
783
00:43:41,688 --> 00:43:44,736
I think it is very much
so, from where we come from.
784
00:43:46,077 --> 00:43:47,419
It's at the heart.
785
00:43:47,744 --> 00:43:49,881
Instead of man being
separate from nature,
786
00:43:49,942 --> 00:43:51,149
everything is connected.
787
00:43:51,731 --> 00:43:52,493
Well, thank you.
788
00:43:52,554 --> 00:43:53,907
Looking forward to tomorrow.
789
00:44:12,547 --> 00:44:13,988
It's an hour before dawn,
790
00:44:14,049 --> 00:44:15,920
on the shortest day of the year.
791
00:44:17,084 --> 00:44:19,225
Around 200 Druids assemble
792
00:44:19,286 --> 00:44:22,316
at Stanton Drew's 5,000
year old stone circle,
793
00:44:23,228 --> 00:44:26,227
rekindling a ceremony that
must have taken place,
794
00:44:26,381 --> 00:44:28,396
thousands of times before.
795
00:44:33,135 --> 00:44:35,416
As we gather as we always do,
796
00:44:35,885 --> 00:44:37,284
in love and light,
797
00:44:38,287 --> 00:44:41,087
to honour the
birth of the Mabon,
798
00:44:41,561 --> 00:44:43,169
the new Sun king,
799
00:44:43,717 --> 00:44:47,606
who will be seen to be moving
back across these heavens,
800
00:44:48,216 --> 00:44:50,797
bestowing new
life upon the lands.
801
00:44:54,156 --> 00:44:56,578
As the sun creeps
toward the horizon,
802
00:44:57,128 --> 00:44:59,157
there's a sense
here, that Druidry
803
00:44:59,312 --> 00:45:01,747
is finally making its
way out of the shadows.
804
00:45:02,681 --> 00:45:03,671
Across the world,
805
00:45:03,762 --> 00:45:06,349
20,000 people have joined
the Druid movement,
806
00:45:06,660 --> 00:45:09,319
driven by a need to
reconnect with the Earth,
807
00:45:09,753 --> 00:45:11,537
and the numbers are growing.
808
00:45:12,390 --> 00:45:14,443
I am the spirit of mistletoe.
809
00:45:16,093 --> 00:45:18,472
Mistletoe is the
sperm of the gods,
810
00:45:19,395 --> 00:45:21,160
impregnating the Earth
811
00:45:21,554 --> 00:45:23,043
to bring forth
812
00:45:23,460 --> 00:45:25,270
fresh life in abundance.
813
00:45:25,842 --> 00:45:28,124
I bring healing and protection,
814
00:45:29,051 --> 00:45:30,072
for the body
815
00:45:30,862 --> 00:45:31,995
and for the spirit
816
00:45:32,624 --> 00:45:33,538
and life
817
00:45:34,106 --> 00:45:36,318
renewed for the Earth.
818
00:45:46,967 --> 00:45:48,928
The Sun stands still,
819
00:45:49,797 --> 00:45:52,822
so let's give a rousing cheer
820
00:45:53,196 --> 00:45:55,831
for the returning Sun god.
821
00:45:56,505 --> 00:45:58,570
Yeah!
822
00:46:02,084 --> 00:46:05,743
Yeah!
823
00:46:26,881 --> 00:46:28,356
I'm always in awe
824
00:46:28,417 --> 00:46:30,519
of the richness of
the world around me.
825
00:46:31,581 --> 00:46:33,913
I can't help but marvel
826
00:46:34,073 --> 00:46:35,986
at how all of this came to be.
827
00:46:38,092 --> 00:46:38,856
Well,
828
00:46:40,306 --> 00:46:42,237
if there were no
mystery to life,
829
00:46:42,298 --> 00:46:43,758
there would be no
need for faith,
830
00:46:44,791 --> 00:46:48,049
no room for divine secrets.
831
00:46:49,015 --> 00:46:52,433
The promise of access to those
secrets inspire religions,
832
00:46:53,413 --> 00:46:56,506
encourages people to dig
deeper into their faith.
833
00:46:57,555 --> 00:47:00,129
Secrets protect believers
in times of oppression
834
00:47:01,136 --> 00:47:02,595
and keep them alive,
835
00:47:03,309 --> 00:47:06,430
until their message can
take root in fertile ground.
836
00:47:08,417 --> 00:47:11,514
We can never expect to
know the mind of God,
837
00:47:12,700 --> 00:47:14,075
but we can work
838
00:47:14,785 --> 00:47:15,796
to get closer to it.
839
00:47:15,846 --> 00:47:20,396
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