All language subtitles for Sex.Explained.S01E02.720p.WEB.X264-STARZ

Hey, you.

Do you usually fall
for the cool, rebellious type?

Or are you more into the brooding artist?

Do you vibe with shy and nerdy

or charming and flirty?

Are you all about guys? Hmm.

Maybe you also like girls.

Does it matter?

Lanky, ripped, buzz cuts,

man buns, full beards, strong brows,

small breasts, big butts...

Is it more about their smile

or how they make you laugh?

Are you attracted to people
you're embarrassed about,

so you keep it a secret?

We all have a type
or a few types.

- I know I do.
- Oh!

So where do these types come from?

Why are we attracted to some people...
and not others?

I think you're cute.

I mean, you know it
if you have a chemistry with somebody.

If I'm vibin' that person, then that's...

You know, don't think about it too much.

What you're sniffing

and searching for
are the smells of somebody

who you think might be
genetically compatible with you.

Our brains are designed
to latch onto people's attractive features

on our quest to find the right mate.

My body temperature changes. Um...

And I get... I get that, like,
warm, fuzzy feeling

usually, like, in the, you know, the guts.

And then it kind of, like,
moves down the body.

In the moment of attraction,
your brain floods you with hormones

that make you feel...

Warm... and tingly,

and it's like my hair stands on end.

All of my senses feel like they're awake.

My heart flutters.

My heart is beating extremely fast.
I don't know what to say.

I'm shy. Sometimes I talk way too fast.

Dopamine gives you
the same pleasurable boost

as eating sugar or taking drugs,

with the same powerful cravings.

I feel myself, like,
wanting to banter

or wanting to engage in, like, a debate

or, like, looking at their arms.

I'm, like, super into arms.

And then there's norepinephrine
and adrenaline.

The fight-or-flight hormones.

I might get a little nervous feeling,
a little anxious...

or I get really excited.

Which can make it hard to sleep
and eat.

In France, they call the moment
of attraction "coup de foudre"

or a "lightning bolt."

In Arabic, it's "hawa," a wind.

In China, "yuanfen," a fated force.

And in Japan, they say "koi no yokan,"

the feeling when you meet someone
that you're bound to fall in love.

How do I know if I'm attracted to someone?
Um...

It's just kind of this, like,
magnetic...

Like, it's just kind of like...

I just feel drawn to that person.

When you're attracted to somebody,
you shouldn't really be able to explain it

beyond just, like,
I'm attracted to them, right?

It should just be visceral,
and you should know it.

But humans have tried to explain it.

I mean, how could we not?

And we have all kinds of theories.

An astrologer would say,
if you're a Taurus,

try to match with a Capricorn.

But a Sagittarius? No way.

Indian astrologers have long used

an intricate, 36-point analysis
to match the bride and groom.

You need at least 18 points
for a successful marriage.

And then, in 2015, an article went viral

that claimed when two strangers
asked each other these 36 questions,

it's led to love.

Questions like,
"What is your most treasured memory?"

"What is your most terrible memory?"

And "Do you have a secret hunch
about how you will die?"

According to the magazine Cosmo,
you can make anyone fall in love with you

in 12 easy steps, including:

eye contact,

focusing on the ways you're similar,

hanging around them a lot,

and, uh, "love them"?

Okay, sure.

But scientists, for decades,

said it pretty much all came down
to our genes,

and we're all attracted to the same type:

a fit and fertile mating partner.

Because we're animals,
we just want to reproduce.

More symmetric men smell better to women,

specifically to women
who are at the fertile phase

of the menstrual cycle.

Men are thought to have
a preference for curved hips,

because this signals enough fat deposits
on the hips

for health and fertility.

Men choose women with large breasts

because they're seen
as good child-rearing material.

So, there is a sense in which the body

of a woman has been designed
through evolution

for the delectation of males.

Maybe that's why male video game designers

make pretty much every female character
look like this...

'cause they're more fertile. Mm-hmm.

There's definitely an evolutionary
component to attraction,

but I think we have to be really careful

in distinguishing
between "just so" stories:

Men like women with big breasts
because it's good for the species.

There is no evidence of any link

between large breasts and a pretty face
and fertility, all right?

If that were true,
our planet would be populated

only with beautiful, large-breasted women,

and that is obviously not true.

One of the things
we find quite consistently

is that the social culture
in which you grow up

and which you live in
has an impact on your body size ideal.

Viren traveled to a region of South Africa

with incredibly high rates of HIV
and conducted a study,

asking Zulu men living there

to rate a series of photos of women
with different body sizes.

On average, the men found this body size

just as attractive as this one,

while all these body sizes were rated
as less attractive.

Being extremely thin,
in that particular context,

was associated with HIV.

Viren also showed these images to Zulu men

who had recently moved to the UK.

Those men rated this body size
as the ideal...

and rated these body sizes
as less attractive.

The ideal body size changed very quickly

to match what was ideal in the UK,
which was a relatively thin body.

And if humans are just like
any other animal,

something else doesn't make sense.

In a lot of animal species,
the males are the ones

with the pressure to look pretty
and impress the females.

Like in birds, where they get pretty sexy,

because they often have to compete
for mates.

But mating
in the human world looks different.

A 1989 study of 37 cultures
around the world found that

men care more about their female partners
being attractive and young...

as in "fertile," to have more babies
to pass on their genes,

while women cared more
about financial capacity,

ambition, and industriousness.

As in, they were or were going to be rich
to provide for all those babies.

And especially if you watch a lot
of reality TV, that feels true,

because these shows play up
those different motives.

I know you're traveling a lot,

so thank you for letting me borrow
the plane. I really appreciate it.

Stereotypes for a guido,

the guy that always looks prettier
than his girlfriend,

which is completely unacceptable.

I can't be with a girl
that doesn't look prettier than me.

Bri, how old are you?

- So, I am 21.
- Oh.

A study of profile pictures
on the dating app Tinder

also seemed to back this story.

Straight women
were more likely than men

to take selfies angled from above,

so their eyes and foreheads looked big,

and everything else looked smaller.

So they look younger, aka, more fertile.

While men were more likely
to use selfies angled from below,

so they look taller and more dominant.

In the animal world, that means
"better able to acquire resources."

In the human world, that means "rich."

But a 2001 study that reviewed
half a century of data

found that as more women entered
the workplace and made their own money,

they started caring more about being
with a good-looking guy.

And men started caring more
about being with a woman

with good financial prospects.

The idea that we are simply animals

that only really care about reproducing,

seems incredibly reductive.

It's not simply a biological drive

to have sex with that individual
so you can produce offspring.

Now, I'm not saying that
that doesn't happen

and that that's not shaping
how we might behave

in some situations.

The point, more generally,
is that to have a relationship,

to form a relationship with an individual,

or even just to have sex
with an individual

requires so much more than just biology.

Even identical twins...

same genes, same upbringing,
same culture...

don't all have the same type.

In 2015, researchers had hundreds
of identical twins rate faces

and plotted the results.

Each dot represents a twin pair.

The X-axis is one twin's rating,

and the Y-axis is the other twin's rating.

If the twins all agreed with each other,

you'd expect the correlations
to look like this.

But it didn't.

The researchers found that a lot
of what we're attracted to

comes down
to unique environmental factors,

as in your individual life history.

I think I've always had a little bit

of the bad boy that I was attracted to.

And that keeps coming back
over and over again.

But I had...

You know, my father was a...
had a little of the "bad boy" in him.

I used to never like dating people
who looked like me.

And then, I don't know, recently,

I've been mistaken
for people that I've been attracted to.

So, it's like,
"This person actually looks just like me."

So, I guess it's about
loving the self ultimately, you know?

All the guys that I like

end up looking like the stuffed animals
I had when I was a kid.

So I'm like, "Oh,
maybe I'm just looking for security

and comfort that way."

Generally, what a lot
of evolutionary psychology suggests

is that as long as you are having
enough sex

with other sex partners to reproduce,

it really doesn't matter
what else you're attracted to.

Really, evolution doesn't care
what else you do with sexuality.

Identical twins don't always
have the same sexuality either.

In fact, a gay twin is more likely

to have a twin that's straight than gay.

Researchers found when it comes
to sexual orientation,

environmental factors play
a much more important role than genes.

For women,
they're at least four times as important.

But environmental factors, in this case,
doesn't mean culture or upbringing.

So, I think when we talk
about environment,

we're often thinking,
"Oh, your friends or your parents."

But when geneticists are talking
about the environment,

we're talking about literally everything
that's not a gene.

That's the placenta, right?

That's an environment, too.

The womb is everyone's first environment,

and what happens there

may affect who you're attracted to
when you grow up.

The amount and timing of hormones
a fetus is exposed to

may play a role.

And for males,
so could maternal antibodies

that target a certain brain protein made
by the Y chromosome.

In some women,
those can build up over time

with every male baby she has.

Which may explain why gay men,
on average,

have more older brothers
than straight men.

There are plenty
of environmental influences

that are as fixed as any gene.

So, it's important to remember

that "genetic" doesn't mean "fixed,"

and "environmental"
doesn't mean "unfixed."

The gene environment balance

for a trait doesn't really say anything

about the fixedness of that trait.

As a child I was like,
"Oh, no, I just like boys.

I just like boys."

And my mother would always say to me,

"If you liked girls, too, it'd be okay."
Like, she knew.

So, as I've grown up

and as I've started experiencing
more sexuality

and getting out into the world more,

my sexuality has also changed.

If you're a man or if you're a woman,
if you're trans, if you're not trans...

You know, those things, I think...

I've met all kinds of people,
all kinds of ways,

and they've all been attractive, you know?

Gender is just another type.

Some individuals
don't necessarily have

a gender-based orientation.

They are more focused on the individual.

Some individuals
are just more gender-y than others.

In early 19th century Iran,

people were drawn to characteristics
that were not very gendered at all.

These young lovers look pretty similar.

And in recent years,

that beauty ideal has become popular
in the West,

with some male and female models
looking pretty similar,

as ideas of gender have become more fluid.

There is a lot of evidence that suggests
that men are a bit more rigid

when it comes to the type of people
that they're attracted to.

Women show a lot more flexibility.

In one study, a small sample
of gay and straight men and women

had their genital
sexual response measured

while they were shown a variety of videos.

One was a man and a woman having sex.

Another was men having sex...

and women having sex...

and a man masturbating.

A woman masturbating.

A buff naked man taking a stroll.

A toned naked lady exercising.

And bonobos gettin' it on.

As you might expect,

straight men were more turned on
by the videos with women in them.

And also, as you might expect,

gay men preferred the videos
featuring men.

But the women,

they were turned on
by pretty much everything.

Lesbians were even slightly more aroused
by the bonobos than the strolling man.

One of the hallmarks of human sexuality

is that humans are able to use sexuality

for purposes other than reproduction.

It cements social alliances.
It reduces stress.

And so, flexibility in the sexual system
is a good thing.

It's a part of the ability of sex
to serve multiple functions.

And according to the latest research,

attraction mostly comes down
to four main pillars...

and they're pretty simple.

The first one is physical appearance,
obviously.

But then, the second pillar of attraction
is... geography?

In the UK, for example,
the majority of relationships

are formed between people
who live relatively nearby,

probably between five
and ten kilometers away at most.

And we like people who have
the qualities we value in ourselves.

Opposites almost never attract.

People who are too different
or who have different values to us,

we often find
that they... they cause discomfort in us.

The fact that you
and your partner

have compatible star signs

matters less than the fact
that you both care about star signs.

Well, you gotta be smart.

I always like someone who's smart.
Down-to-earth, definitely.

Someone who's spiritual.
That's really big for me.

Their kindness,
their ability to be present.

Adventurous, playful, good communicator...

And finally, we tend to find comfort

in people who reciprocate our expressions
of intimacy.

For example, if I...
If I told you something

about my true self,
who I really, really am,

are you going to reciprocate?

Are you going to tell me something
about yourself in return?

That could be why this experiment

of asking 36 questions to a stranger

actually worked for people.

Sharing your most treasured memories...

terrible memories...

and your secret hunches
about how you're going to die

could get pretty intimate.

So, it turns out, Cosmo's advice
is surprisingly scientific.

Focusing on the ways you're similar,
mm-hmm.

Hanging around them a lot...

That's geography.

Loving them...

That's opening yourself up to reciprocity.

And eye contact...
Well, that's just really sexy.