All language subtitles for Lost Cities of the Ancients (2006) - S01 E02. The Cursed Valley of the Pyramids.EN
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1
00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:13,480
They were among the last great
pyramid builders on the planet...
2
00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:18,480
one of history's most
mysterious civilisations.
3
00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:23,679
In an isolated valley in the Andes,
4
00:00:23,680 --> 00:00:29,240
the Lambayeque people were gripped
by an obsession to build pyramids.
5
00:00:34,080 --> 00:00:36,800
But that obsession turned to horror.
6
00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:45,800
The city descended into
violence and bloodletting...
7
00:00:48,120 --> 00:00:52,880
and then the whole civilisation
vanished off the face of the Earth.
8
00:00:59,480 --> 00:01:02,799
Only recently has the
evidence come to light
9
00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:07,400
to explain what brought this great
civilisation to an abrupt end...
10
00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:14,720
and to explain the fear that
drove these people into oblivion.
11
00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:42,200
In the foothills of the Andes in
northern Peru there's a remote valley.
12
00:01:48,160 --> 00:01:52,680
It's a place still haunted by its past.
13
00:01:58,680 --> 00:02:03,599
Long ago the people who lived in the
Lambayeque valley came to believe
14
00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:09,240
that building pyramids was
essential to their survival.
15
00:02:10,560 --> 00:02:12,719
They built 250 pyramids,
16
00:02:12,720 --> 00:02:17,680
one of the most impressive feats of
engineering in the ancient world.
17
00:02:18,960 --> 00:02:23,160
A vast valley of monuments
that dominated the landscape.
18
00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:29,599
But one day something
terrible happened here,
19
00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:36,279
and the civilisation disappeared
along with all 250 pyramids.
20
00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:40,160
And they were lost to the
outside world for centuries.
21
00:02:49,640 --> 00:02:54,679
The outside world finally did learn
about them through the work of one man,
22
00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:59,520
who arrived in this valley unaware
that he'd entered a lost world.
23
00:03:10,840 --> 00:03:16,079
Hans Bruning was one of
history's accidental explorers.
24
00:03:16,080 --> 00:03:22,120
He was an engineer from Germany who'd come here
to work with machines for processing sugar cane.
25
00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:28,839
They are precision machines.
26
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- Herr Bruning? - Yes.
- They need you in the workshop.
27
00:03:32,800 --> 00:03:36,000
Ah, thank you, Carlos.
Excuse me one moment.
28
00:03:37,520 --> 00:03:44,279
Never in his wildest dreams did he think
he'd stumble across a lost civilisation,
29
00:03:44,280 --> 00:03:48,400
yet the hunt for this lost world
would take over his life.
30
00:03:56,840 --> 00:04:01,679
At the time, treasures from the lost
world were regularly being dug up
31
00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:06,280
and melted down in local
workshops across the valley.
32
00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:36,199
If you are interested, he can give
you a good price on the gold.
33
00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:38,479
For that one -
34
00:04:38,480 --> 00:04:40,000
20 livres.
35
00:04:43,400 --> 00:04:45,160
Silver is cheaper.
36
00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:51,640
When that is melted down, 100 livres.
37
00:04:55,440 --> 00:05:01,600
Tell him... tell him I will give him
200 livres not to melt it down.
38
00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:05,000
Tell him!
39
00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:11,199
Bruning witnessed kilos of
gold and silver artefacts
40
00:05:11,200 --> 00:05:15,440
being melted down for cash
and lost to history forever.
41
00:05:29,760 --> 00:05:34,280
Bruning decided to rescue these
unique objects from obliteration.
42
00:05:44,920 --> 00:05:51,600
He set off from the sugar plantation on a journey
in search of the origin of the artefacts.
43
00:05:55,680 --> 00:06:01,280
He gave up his life as an engineer for
that of an archaeologist and explorer.
44
00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:18,039
His travels took him through
the Lambayeque valley,
45
00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:21,520
from the Pacific coast to
the foothills of the Andes.
46
00:06:27,200 --> 00:06:31,120
He passed through a strange
and eerie landscape.
47
00:06:36,360 --> 00:06:39,599
The lost civilisation was all around him.
48
00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:41,960
He just couldn't see it.
49
00:06:55,640 --> 00:07:00,440
And it was on this journey that he
was shown the secret of the valley.
50
00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:11,319
My god.
51
00:07:11,320 --> 00:07:14,200
Bricks.
52
00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:16,239
Yeah.
53
00:07:16,240 --> 00:07:19,319
The whole mountain.
54
00:07:19,320 --> 00:07:23,239
So this... mountain...
55
00:07:23,240 --> 00:07:26,080
was once a pyramid.
56
00:07:30,240 --> 00:07:36,320
Every mound he had passed was the remains
of a pyramid built out of bricks.
57
00:07:49,400 --> 00:07:54,160
Over hundreds of years, they'd
become heavily eroded...
58
00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:57,999
then vanished back into the landscape,
59
00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:00,880
turning into a series of hills.
60
00:08:06,840 --> 00:08:13,120
He began to assemble a museum full of
archaeological objects from this lost civilisation.
61
00:08:17,040 --> 00:08:21,159
And his hundreds of photographs
brought this valley of pyramids
62
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to the attention of the outside world.
63
00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:31,119
Eventually his journey would
take him towards the most
64
00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:35,280
impressive group of pyramids
this civilisation ever built.
65
00:08:38,680 --> 00:08:42,519
There's a town here called El Purgatorio.
66
00:08:42,520 --> 00:08:44,519
Purgatory.
67
00:08:44,520 --> 00:08:47,520
What's there?
68
00:08:47,560 --> 00:08:51,439
At El Purgatorio there is a mountain.
69
00:08:51,440 --> 00:08:53,959
Dangerous spirits live there.
70
00:08:53,960 --> 00:08:57,159
They are very, very powerful.
71
00:08:57,160 --> 00:08:59,640
No, they can kill a man.
72
00:09:01,680 --> 00:09:06,879
The people there say it
is the entrance to Hell.
73
00:09:06,880 --> 00:09:11,879
- Do you believe this?
- They believe a lot of things.
74
00:09:11,880 --> 00:09:14,080
It is just a name.
75
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Bruning ignored the legend, heading for Purgatorio and
the collection of pyramids today known as Tucume.
76
00:09:36,040 --> 00:09:42,560
There was a line separating the city from the
rest of the valley which locals feared to cross.
77
00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:50,440
You can take your pictures from here.
78
00:09:56,320 --> 00:09:57,320
Senor Bruning!
79
00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:12,640
Bruning discovered a city of pyramids
like nowhere else in the world.
80
00:10:15,360 --> 00:10:21,240
He counted 26 in all, ruins,
towering above the landscape.
81
00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:36,120
This was the last pyramid city built
by this mysterious civilisation.
82
00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:45,799
The city of pyramids was
shunned by local people,
83
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though still used by witch
doctors for strange ceremonies.
84
00:10:57,040 --> 00:11:01,279
But Bruning had no way of
knowing the horrific rituals
85
00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:05,080
that had once taken place
here in ancient times.
86
00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:17,599
Hans Bruning devoted the rest of his life
to studying the valley and its people.
87
00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:22,599
But he died without learning why
they built so many pyramids here
88
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and what had happened at Tucume to
cause this civilisation to vanish.
89
00:11:28,280 --> 00:11:31,840
That task would fall to others.
90
00:11:36,120 --> 00:11:40,359
A hundred years on, and an international
team of scientists brought
91
00:11:40,360 --> 00:11:45,840
the power of modern archaeology to solve the
mysteries Bruning had been unable to tackle.
92
00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:55,120
Field archaeologists, climate scientists and
experts in forensics all became involved.
93
00:11:57,680 --> 00:12:01,119
Their quest was to find out
who these people were,
94
00:12:01,120 --> 00:12:04,199
what drove them to build so many pyramids,
95
00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:10,280
and what had happened at Tucume to
cause this civilisation to vanish.
96
00:12:15,760 --> 00:12:18,519
Archaeologists have carefully mapped
97
00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:21,359
the pyramids in the Lambayeque Valley.
98
00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:27,040
There are so many of them here, they outstrip
most other pyramid building cultures.
99
00:12:28,560 --> 00:12:30,359
This is the Valley Of The Pyramids.
100
00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:32,920
This whole place is full of pyramids.
101
00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:35,919
You look here. Here we are in Tucume,
but look at all these black dots.
102
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Every one of these is a pyramid.
103
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There are about 250
pyramids in this valley.
104
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I don't know anywhere else that's got anything like this
concentration of pyramids. This is the pyramid place.
105
00:12:45,360 --> 00:12:50,759
Across the valley, three great
pyramid cities stood out.
106
00:12:50,760 --> 00:12:52,599
Start with Pampa Grande up the valley.
107
00:12:52,600 --> 00:12:55,560
There's only one pyramid
there, but it's huge.
108
00:12:57,480 --> 00:13:03,959
It's over 50 metres high
and 200 metres wide.
109
00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:06,840
Then we move to Batan Grande
with over half a dozen.
110
00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:13,479
And then we come to Tucume
with 26, which is unheard of.
111
00:13:13,480 --> 00:13:17,520
There's no other place anywhere in South
America that has 26 pyramids in it.
112
00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:29,479
There've been pyramids before,
but one or two or three.
113
00:13:29,480 --> 00:13:32,639
But Batan Grande, you've got,
oh, over half a dozen pyramids,
114
00:13:32,640 --> 00:13:35,880
large ones, and then they move to
Tucume and it just goes crazy.
115
00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:57,119
The people who went pyramid
crazy had no writing.
116
00:13:57,120 --> 00:14:00,879
No-one even knows what they called
themselves, so they've been named
117
00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:04,320
after the valley they lived
in - the Lambayeque.
118
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They flourished here around 700 AD.
119
00:14:09,520 --> 00:14:13,039
They were the last descendants
of a culture in northern Peru
120
00:14:13,040 --> 00:14:17,560
who'd been building pyramids
for thousands of years.
121
00:14:17,880 --> 00:14:22,080
But the Lambayeque took pyramid
building to the level of an obsession.
122
00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:33,480
But what were these pyramids for, and why had
the Lambayeque been driven to build so many?
123
00:14:41,760 --> 00:14:46,959
Every culture that built pyramids
did it for a very specific purpose.
124
00:14:46,960 --> 00:14:52,160
A purpose that takes us to the heart
of everything they believed in.
125
00:14:55,440 --> 00:14:58,639
Over a dozen civilisations built pyramids,
126
00:14:58,640 --> 00:15:02,240
but none of them looked quite
like those of the Lambayeque.
127
00:15:03,720 --> 00:15:09,239
You think about pyramids and probably the first thing
that comes to mind would be the Egyptian pyramids,
128
00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:13,119
these huge pointy tombs that were built
to house a particular dead ruler.
129
00:15:13,120 --> 00:15:16,000
One purpose, one time, that was it.
130
00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:21,679
When you think of Aztec pyramids,
131
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which were built for temples, Mayan ones as well,
sometimes they may have had a tomb inside,
132
00:15:25,960 --> 00:15:28,920
but mainly they were the
seat for particular rituals.
133
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:39,360
At Tucume, the design of the pyramids was
different from elsewhere in the world.
134
00:15:48,840 --> 00:15:52,559
There are 26 pyramids of
wildly different sizes,
135
00:15:52,560 --> 00:15:56,480
all built around an
imposing central mountain.
136
00:16:01,360 --> 00:16:06,080
The site is vast, almost
a square mile in size.
137
00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:19,160
But one building stands out - a giant rectangular
platform built into the side of the mountain.
138
00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:28,919
We have what was arguably the
world's largest pyramid ever,
139
00:16:28,920 --> 00:16:30,800
sitting in the middle of the site.
140
00:16:34,320 --> 00:16:39,600
It is 700 metres long and
more than 20 metres high.
141
00:16:41,680 --> 00:16:46,080
The space on top is the size
of seven football pitches.
142
00:16:50,800 --> 00:16:55,800
The pyramids are all solid
structures, without rooms inside.
143
00:17:01,080 --> 00:17:07,559
They have the tops cut off to create
a series of huge open spaces.
144
00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:13,479
And there was no evidence that they
were built to be tombs or temples.
145
00:17:13,480 --> 00:17:16,200
This is very different from
other pyramids in the world.
146
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There was only one way
to the top, via a ramp.
147
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This one was 120 metres long and built with
rooms to control access halfway up it.
148
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The route to the top then went through a
complex maze of closed doorways and passages.
149
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The layout of these
pyramids was quite unlike
150
00:17:52,040 --> 00:17:56,720
those built by the other great
pyramid-building civilisations.
151
00:18:08,680 --> 00:18:12,839
It's clear that pyramids were
of such central importance
152
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to this society that they were prepared to
commit all their resources to building them.
153
00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:29,000
Slowly, methodically, thousands of people must
have toiled all their lives on these buildings.
154
00:18:32,320 --> 00:18:38,039
The bricks are made from
mud, baked dry in the sun.
155
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The scale is dazzling.
156
00:18:40,080 --> 00:18:42,640
It was like a military operation.
157
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Every brick had a mark showing
which factory it came from,
158
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and the valley was crammed with
hundreds of brick factories,
159
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each one with its own recognisable mark.
160
00:18:59,720 --> 00:19:03,200
Take a look at some of the marks.
You can see footprint marks...
161
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Spirals...
162
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T shapes... Now, remember they
didn't actually have an alphabet.
163
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They didn't have a writing system.
164
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Nevertheless they did have
symbols that meant something.
165
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And in total these are over 80 marks and
they came out of a single segment of wall
166
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in one small part of the site, so there would have
been many more marks throughout the entire site.
167
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Something clearly drove the Lambayeque to
create a production line for pyramids.
168
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Carbon dating shows that the first pyramid
at Tucume was built around 1100 AD,
169
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and for 400 years they built more pyramids and
added extensions to the ones they already had.
170
00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:00,239
An ancient architect's
model found at the site
171
00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:04,160
shows the pyramids were built
according to a strict master plan.
172
00:20:08,920 --> 00:20:15,240
It would have taken 2,000 people a year just
to make the bricks for this one pyramid.
173
00:20:18,840 --> 00:20:23,119
It would have taken another army of
people to build the pyramid itself,
174
00:20:23,120 --> 00:20:28,079
hundreds more to grow and
cook food for the workers.
175
00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:33,440
So it would have taken thousands
several years to complete one pyramid.
176
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And there were 25 others at Tucume,
and another 200 across the valley.
177
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So building pyramids must have become an all-consuming
task for the people of the Lambayeque Valley.
178
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The pyramids must have satisfied
some overwhelming need.
179
00:20:56,280 --> 00:21:01,840
Whatever that was, it had to be in some way
connected to how these pyramids were used.
180
00:21:10,160 --> 00:21:13,759
And on top of the pyramid there are clues.
181
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Here a complex of rooms has been
unearthed, some richly decorated.
182
00:21:24,440 --> 00:21:31,199
Just outside these rooms, archaeologists
found mounds and mounds of food remains.
183
00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:34,400
This isn't usually found
on top of pyramids.
184
00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:41,879
Among the remains there were the
bones of llamas and large fish -
185
00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:43,440
the food of the wealthy.
186
00:21:46,920 --> 00:21:52,879
TRANSLATION: We found a very important area
because it was a space for many kitchens.
187
00:21:52,880 --> 00:21:59,799
In this place we found formal ovens with a lot of
charcoal, a lot of rubbish like seeds and animal bones
188
00:21:59,800 --> 00:22:04,160
and fragments of cooking pots -
all with evidence of cooking.
189
00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:12,879
As they dug further down, they
found so many layers of rich food
190
00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:19,520
that generations of wealthy people must
have lived and eaten here on the pyramid.
191
00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:24,799
These facts confirm that
people lived in this building
192
00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:31,600
for long periods of time, and not just
temporarily during ceremonial occasions.
193
00:22:41,040 --> 00:22:44,399
And then on top of the pyramid
they discovered the remains of
194
00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:48,320
a 35-year-old man who they
believed had once lived here.
195
00:22:51,600 --> 00:22:56,120
He was found with the jewellery and
the feather headdress he once wore.
196
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:03,320
The richness of these finds meant this
was a member of the governing elite.
197
00:23:05,680 --> 00:23:11,120
TRANSLATION: We found very clear evidence of
the status and hierarchy this person had.
198
00:23:14,680 --> 00:23:20,919
So there is no doubt that the pyramids
at Tucume served as places of residence,
199
00:23:20,920 --> 00:23:25,360
like a palace for the lords
who governed the whole area.
200
00:23:33,240 --> 00:23:38,519
So at Tucume it seems generations
of lords had moved in
201
00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:41,399
to live on top of the pyramids.
202
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:47,879
As with all rulers in the Andes, these
lords must have been treated as semi-gods.
203
00:23:47,880 --> 00:23:52,880
These were men who claimed to have
magical powers to control the world.
204
00:23:57,360 --> 00:24:04,400
Tucume was a truly bizarre city of
26 lords living on 26 pyramids.
205
00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:08,599
Archaeologists believe
the likely explanation
206
00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:13,679
is the lords on these pyramids were
rulers from across this valley.
207
00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:21,519
Something about this one place drew them all here
to build their pyramid palaces side by side.
208
00:24:21,520 --> 00:24:25,119
If you look around all
the pyramids at Tucume,
209
00:24:25,120 --> 00:24:27,879
each one of them would have had
some kind of lord living on top.
210
00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:31,039
Perhaps the more powerful lords on
the bigger pyramids like this one,
211
00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:33,559
perhaps the less powerful
lords on smaller ones.
212
00:24:33,560 --> 00:24:36,320
But there are 26 pyramids
here - that's a lot of lords.
213
00:24:38,040 --> 00:24:42,440
And this is how the lords lived
on top of their palace pyramids.
214
00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:49,999
To get to the top you had
to climb a series of ramps.
215
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:52,639
At the centre of the
pyramid on a raised mount
216
00:24:52,640 --> 00:24:57,240
were the rooms where the lord lived
and met with priests and courtiers.
217
00:25:03,840 --> 00:25:07,199
Behind it were his vast kitchens.
218
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,840
Llama and fish were favourites on the menu.
219
00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:23,400
Nearby have been found the remains of
rows of workshops and store rooms.
220
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:33,320
This must have been a place of
constant noise and activity.
221
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:39,239
But the front of the pyramid
served a very different function.
222
00:25:39,240 --> 00:25:44,720
The vast open space was reserved
for huge public ceremonies.
223
00:25:53,280 --> 00:26:00,320
So why did 26 lords choose to live crowded
together on 26 pyramids in one city?
224
00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:08,640
One clue seemed to be the
mountain at the centre of Tucume.
225
00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:17,159
TRANSLATION: The mountains
in ancient Peru and today
226
00:26:17,160 --> 00:26:21,600
constitute very special centres
of religious and magical power.
227
00:26:24,920 --> 00:26:28,559
We know from later travellers
to Peru that people here
228
00:26:28,560 --> 00:26:32,960
in ancient times believed the gods
spoke through the forces of nature.
229
00:26:37,040 --> 00:26:41,160
Thunder was a voice of a god.
So was lightning.
230
00:26:44,080 --> 00:26:47,519
But the truly powerful gods
lived in the mountains.
231
00:26:47,520 --> 00:26:51,040
When they were angry, they could
unleash terror on the population.
232
00:26:53,960 --> 00:27:00,959
They also controlled life and death
by bringing water from the Andes.
233
00:27:00,960 --> 00:27:05,040
Without this water, the
valley would be a desert.
234
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:10,879
Scientists believe that when the
Lambayeque built a pyramid they were
235
00:27:10,880 --> 00:27:18,519
building a replica mountain with the same supernatural
power they hoped could control the forces of nature.
236
00:27:18,520 --> 00:27:22,319
If you look back here you can see the
mountain, the centre of the site of Tucume.
237
00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:29,279
Mountains in the Andes are power, they're seats of the
lords of the supernatural, the gods of the Andes.
238
00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:33,159
And the pyramids are little mountains.
They capture that power.
239
00:27:33,160 --> 00:27:35,120
This is the power to protect.
240
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:52,799
So this was the logic of the valley.
241
00:27:52,800 --> 00:28:00,519
The people would toil to build pyramids they
believed had the magical power of mountains.
242
00:28:00,520 --> 00:28:04,759
And just as the gods lived on the
mountains, the lords would live on
243
00:28:04,760 --> 00:28:09,720
top of these pyramids to protect the
people from what they most feared.
244
00:28:14,560 --> 00:28:18,319
But what was it in this valley
they were so afraid of?
245
00:28:18,320 --> 00:28:22,280
And why did they need so many
pyramids to protect themselves?
246
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:34,679
Archaelogists believe they may
have discovered the answer
247
00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:38,200
in the ruins of the three
great cities in the valley.
248
00:28:43,120 --> 00:28:46,440
The carbon dates from the cities
showed something surprising.
249
00:28:47,920 --> 00:28:53,799
These three cities hadn't existed
at the same time, each one was only
250
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:59,040
built after the previous city
was, for some reason, abandoned.
251
00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:04,319
Pampa Grande had been built first.
252
00:29:04,320 --> 00:29:08,599
Then a few hundred years
later, suddenly abandoned.
253
00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:12,119
Immediately after this
they built Batan Grande.
254
00:29:12,120 --> 00:29:15,640
And then that had suddenly been abandoned.
255
00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:23,439
Finally, enormous effort had gone into
building the vast city of Tucume.
256
00:29:23,440 --> 00:29:26,720
And it too was abandoned.
257
00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:31,760
That was the end of this civilisation.
258
00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:40,399
There were strange things linking the
abandonment of all these cities.
259
00:29:40,400 --> 00:29:42,759
Just before each city was deserted,
260
00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:47,120
the very tops of the pyramids
had been set on fire.
261
00:29:56,720 --> 00:30:01,039
The evidence for this is
clear in all three cities.
262
00:30:01,040 --> 00:30:03,799
Here in the palace on the
main pyramid at Tucume
263
00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:08,040
there was a two-metre thick
reddened layer caused by the fire.
264
00:30:15,120 --> 00:30:19,839
TRANSLATION: The colour of the walls that we can
see here is the product of a very intense fire,
265
00:30:19,840 --> 00:30:27,120
a fire that was so strong that it not only burnt the
outer surface of the wall but it melted the stones.
266
00:30:29,360 --> 00:30:33,880
This fire was so intense it would
have been visible for miles.
267
00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:43,999
There's no evidence of battles or invasions to
suggest these fires were lit by an attacking army.
268
00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:49,920
Instead, it looks like the people of the pyramids
had, for some reason, done it themselves.
269
00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:55,639
So they spend a hundred years
building this really big site,
270
00:30:55,640 --> 00:30:58,679
this really important site, and
then, boom, it's abandoned.
271
00:30:58,680 --> 00:31:02,360
That's it. They burn the top of the pyramid,
they go away and they never come back.
272
00:31:05,640 --> 00:31:12,639
To wilfully destroy what the whole community had
toiled so hard to build seems unfathomable.
273
00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:19,000
But if you understand the logic of the valley
it begins to make a sinister kind of sense.
274
00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:29,319
Because fire is used throughout
northern Peru to purify places
275
00:31:29,320 --> 00:31:32,040
considered touched by evil.
276
00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:40,439
TRANSLATION: Fire is a
very important element.
277
00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:42,239
It purifies sites.
278
00:31:42,240 --> 00:31:48,080
It clears away all the bad energy or negative
elements that could be present in a place.
279
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:57,679
And across the region
scientists have found evidence
280
00:31:57,680 --> 00:32:03,679
of the supernatural force the ancient
people of the valley most feared.
281
00:32:03,680 --> 00:32:09,120
When it struck, it drove them to purify their
cities by fire and abandon them forever.
282
00:32:13,680 --> 00:32:19,319
This region has been subject to some of the
most extreme climate disasters on the planet -
283
00:32:19,320 --> 00:32:22,639
disasters the lords and
the pyramids themselves,
284
00:32:22,640 --> 00:32:27,680
the source of magic and power, were
supposed to protect the people from.
285
00:32:33,960 --> 00:32:41,080
Archaeological layers from the city of Batan Grande
show it had been hit by a great wall of water.
286
00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:52,480
And the nearby pyramid complex of Moche had been
hit by a wave of sand which covered the city.
287
00:33:08,040 --> 00:33:10,919
These disasters of biblical
proportions were caused
288
00:33:10,920 --> 00:33:16,040
by the violent climate
upheavals known as El Ninos.
289
00:33:17,520 --> 00:33:20,160
They still strike in the region today.
290
00:33:22,080 --> 00:33:28,919
It seems this must have been the supernatural
force that the people in the valley so feared,
291
00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:31,919
becuase for the Lambayeque,
these climate disasters
292
00:33:31,920 --> 00:33:35,080
could only be understood as
the wrath of the angry gods.
293
00:33:45,960 --> 00:33:50,199
So once the gods had struck,
the pyramids and the lords who
294
00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:55,639
lived on top of them were shown to
have failed to protect the people.
295
00:33:55,640 --> 00:33:58,920
These events keep happening,
and they're extreme events.
296
00:34:01,560 --> 00:34:03,839
Rains would have washed away the fields.
297
00:34:03,840 --> 00:34:05,879
People would have had nothing to eat.
298
00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:07,559
There would have been diseases.
299
00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:12,519
It would be a good time to wonder if your lords
and your pyramids were doing the right job,
300
00:34:12,520 --> 00:34:16,840
or if it was time to abandon them to find new ones.
And indeed that seems to have happened.
301
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:24,199
This was the obsession
that ruled the valley.
302
00:34:24,200 --> 00:34:28,599
When the pyramids failed to protect
against catastrophe, it was as if
303
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:34,120
they were cursed, so they had to
be purged by fire and abandoned.
304
00:34:37,720 --> 00:34:40,920
And new ones built to replace them.
305
00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:48,680
It suggests this is why the valley is littered
with the ruins of so many abandoned pyramids.
306
00:35:07,720 --> 00:35:14,160
But when it comes to the last pyramid city built
in the valley, to Tucume, things are different.
307
00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:20,560
There's no evidence here it was struck
by an overwhelming climate catastrophe.
308
00:35:28,640 --> 00:35:32,239
Something else must have happened
to cause the people of Tucume
309
00:35:32,240 --> 00:35:38,880
to set fire to their pyramids and for
their civilisation to disappear forever.
310
00:35:52,920 --> 00:35:56,439
A dramatic new discovery has
recently revealed what may have
311
00:35:56,440 --> 00:35:59,199
happened at Tucume in its final days.
312
00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:06,639
It has allowed archaeologists to recreate the
likely course of events that brought about the end
313
00:36:06,640 --> 00:36:12,280
of this great pyramid city and the entire
civilisation of the Lambayeque Valley.
314
00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:19,879
It all began when archaeologists
first noticed the remains
315
00:36:19,880 --> 00:36:23,600
of a two-laned walled walkway
that once led into the city.
316
00:36:26,880 --> 00:36:30,880
The walkway took a series of right-angled
turns on its way into Tucume.
317
00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:38,280
Something about it was designed to take
visitors past this one spot in the city.
318
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:46,240
This small unassuming building
turned out to be a temple.
319
00:36:54,120 --> 00:36:57,240
This was the ritual heart of Tucume.
320
00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:07,800
At times of crisis, this was where the people
came to make offerings to appease the angry gods.
321
00:37:13,640 --> 00:37:18,200
A series of ritual offerings has
been found at the temple dig site.
322
00:37:25,320 --> 00:37:31,240
The stone at the centre of the temple
represented the mountain and its powerful gods.
323
00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:43,799
In a world without science, this ritual
was how the people of Tucume believed
324
00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:46,560
they could control the world.
325
00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:51,799
But in the final days of this civilisation
326
00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:57,560
the temple became the scene for a
much darker series of offerings.
327
00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:18,279
In the summer of 2005,
328
00:38:18,280 --> 00:38:25,040
scientists were called in to investigate
human bones found outside the temple.
329
00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:36,480
This discovery revealed the sinister turn
this civilisation took in its last days.
330
00:38:41,240 --> 00:38:45,959
One specific indicator with this
particular skeleton that suggests
331
00:38:45,960 --> 00:38:50,039
that something is not right with this
individual is the fact that the body,
332
00:38:50,040 --> 00:38:53,399
the thorax and the upper arms
are in a normal position,
333
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:56,159
but the head is twisted and out of place.
334
00:38:56,160 --> 00:38:58,881
And what we're going to do now is
we're going to lift the head up...
335
00:39:11,280 --> 00:39:17,800
The head and the top two neck vertebrae have
been severed from the rest of the spinal column.
336
00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:28,599
So what we have here...
337
00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:32,559
is the first cervical vertebrae and this is
where the head sits right onto this vertebrae.
338
00:39:32,560 --> 00:39:35,319
And then this vertebrae
sits right onto this one.
339
00:39:35,320 --> 00:39:38,199
These are the two that were found
still attached to the head,
340
00:39:38,200 --> 00:39:41,919
separated from the rest of the
neck and the spinal column.
341
00:39:41,920 --> 00:39:49,759
And when we turn them up like this, what we can
notice on the base are very, very clear signs of
342
00:39:49,760 --> 00:39:55,480
cut marks going across this inferior
articular facet of this vertebrae.
343
00:39:57,040 --> 00:39:58,999
But when you see cuts
344
00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:00,919
reaching very far back - you can see
345
00:40:00,920 --> 00:40:05,719
this is the space where your spinal column goes - they
were cutting all the way through the spinal column,
346
00:40:05,720 --> 00:40:09,839
and in fact they're even cutting into
here in the back of the vertebrae.
347
00:40:09,840 --> 00:40:11,960
So they're going all the way through.
348
00:40:13,520 --> 00:40:17,520
This is clear evidence that
this head was decapitated.
349
00:40:28,240 --> 00:40:33,399
It was now clear this individual
had not died a natural death.
350
00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:35,840
This was ancient homicide.
351
00:40:40,080 --> 00:40:44,999
Altogether 119 bodies were
found outside the temple,
352
00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:47,399
including women and children,
353
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:51,120
most of them decapitated.
354
00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:57,799
All the evidence indicated
this was human sacrifice.
355
00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:04,720
It makes Tucume one of the biggest sites of human
sacrifice ever found in the ancient Andes.
356
00:41:07,960 --> 00:41:12,119
It seems that human sacrifice is always
reserved for a time of greatest need,
357
00:41:12,120 --> 00:41:15,399
when something is going wrong in the
world which can't be explained.
358
00:41:15,400 --> 00:41:19,120
And the only way to deal with these
problems is to try and appease the gods.
359
00:41:25,520 --> 00:41:28,679
The bodies had been buried in five layers.
360
00:41:28,680 --> 00:41:32,639
Most were in the top,
the most recent layer,
361
00:41:32,640 --> 00:41:36,320
dated to the final years
and days of Tucume.
362
00:41:40,040 --> 00:41:43,479
The increase in number of human
sacrifices in front of the temple
363
00:41:43,480 --> 00:41:48,159
seems to suggest that there must have been
something going on that required more sacrifices,
364
00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:49,079
more offerings.
365
00:41:49,080 --> 00:41:54,080
They needed to communicate with the gods in a way
in which just a single offering was not enough.
366
00:41:55,680 --> 00:42:02,239
It seems something so terrible had happened towards
the end of Tucume that the only way to deal with it
367
00:42:02,240 --> 00:42:05,480
was to offer the gods
what was most precious.
368
00:42:07,080 --> 00:42:11,680
The blood of men, women and
children as young as five.
369
00:42:16,400 --> 00:42:21,520
It looked like the number of sacrifices
had increased towards the end of Tucume.
370
00:42:26,080 --> 00:42:32,560
Archaeologists believe the increase in human
sacrifice and the end of the city were connected.
371
00:42:36,640 --> 00:42:42,959
And with this new discovery, archaeologists now
believe it's possible to tell the likely story
372
00:42:42,960 --> 00:42:48,800
of the final days of Tucume and how and
why this pyramid civilisation vanished.
373
00:42:55,040 --> 00:43:01,039
They believe it all began in 1532,
the year the Spanish conquistadores
374
00:43:01,040 --> 00:43:05,240
arrived in Peru, far to the
north of the Lambayeque Valley.
375
00:43:11,960 --> 00:43:17,799
These alien men stalking the land,
riding strange four-legged beasts,
376
00:43:17,800 --> 00:43:22,120
seemed like the ancestral gods
returned to walk the Earth.
377
00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:27,719
So when the news of the Spanish
invasion eventually reached
378
00:43:27,720 --> 00:43:33,239
the Lambayeque Valley, it would have
created shock and incomprehension.
379
00:43:33,240 --> 00:43:38,519
The conquistadores themselves did
not come here and destroy Tucume,
380
00:43:38,520 --> 00:43:42,760
but just the stories of their
presence in Peru brought fear.
381
00:43:44,080 --> 00:43:47,359
TRANSLATION: Although they did
not directly come to Tucume,
382
00:43:47,360 --> 00:43:49,199
the Spanish were greatly feared
383
00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:52,959
by the people as it was known
that they were in the region.
384
00:43:52,960 --> 00:43:58,360
They came with different kinds of animals, like
horses, that were not known in the continent.
385
00:44:01,680 --> 00:44:08,079
From artefacts found at the site, it's clear that
by the time the Spanish arrived in South America,
386
00:44:08,080 --> 00:44:12,440
the Lambayeque Valley had fallen
under the control of the Incas.
387
00:44:13,960 --> 00:44:18,119
The Incas and the Lambayeque
shared a belief that the Spanish,
388
00:44:18,120 --> 00:44:21,960
these violent invaders, were a
sign of the anger of the gods.
389
00:44:25,160 --> 00:44:29,440
So now the gods must be appeased.
390
00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:41,159
But within a year of the Spanish arrival,
truly terrifying news would arrive at Tucume.
391
00:44:41,160 --> 00:44:47,160
The invading Spanish had captured and killed
the Inca god-king far away in the highlands.
392
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:55,040
This news would have set off
a riptide of fear at Tucume.
393
00:45:05,120 --> 00:45:12,239
So now the people of the valley had to start
offering the gods something more precious -
394
00:45:12,240 --> 00:45:13,280
human beings.
395
00:45:24,200 --> 00:45:26,079
Once the victims had been chosen,
396
00:45:26,080 --> 00:45:29,239
we know in detail from the
archaeological evidence and
397
00:45:29,240 --> 00:45:33,959
from the later Spanish chroniclers
how the sacrifices would have been
398
00:45:33,960 --> 00:45:38,400
performed outside the temple
during the last days of Tucume.
399
00:45:40,680 --> 00:45:45,840
The high priest talked to the sacred
stone, to the god of the mountain.
400
00:45:47,640 --> 00:45:50,599
Another priest to the god of thunder.
401
00:45:50,600 --> 00:45:53,720
Another to the god of lightning.
402
00:46:02,320 --> 00:46:06,800
For the sacrifice to work, it
had to follow a strict ritual.
403
00:46:12,840 --> 00:46:18,000
The elite Lambayeque lords and the Inca
governor gathered around the temple.
404
00:46:40,720 --> 00:46:45,040
The high priest blew coloured
powders over the stone.
405
00:46:47,440 --> 00:46:50,640
This is exactly what
archaeologists found there.
406
00:47:02,880 --> 00:47:10,320
By putting on a mask, the high priest would
have shown he had assumed the role of a god.
407
00:47:12,160 --> 00:47:15,040
The killing was soon to begin.
408
00:47:24,120 --> 00:47:28,679
The 119 skeletons themselves
give us a detailed description
409
00:47:28,680 --> 00:47:34,160
of what it would have been like to be
ritually executed outside the temple.
410
00:47:39,600 --> 00:47:43,359
When you think of the violent way in
which these individuals were killed,
411
00:47:43,360 --> 00:47:47,239
it'd be natural to assume or to guess that
they must have struggled or resisted.
412
00:47:47,240 --> 00:47:50,680
However, when I look at the skeleton, I
really don't find evidence of struggle.
413
00:47:53,080 --> 00:47:55,679
First of all, there's no
signs of peri-mortem trauma
414
00:47:55,680 --> 00:47:58,759
that would indicate in any way
that they had been, for example,
415
00:47:58,760 --> 00:48:01,599
subdued by being hit or beaten.
416
00:48:01,600 --> 00:48:07,479
Secondly, the cut marks across the throat and neck
region are smooth single slices and there doesn't seem
417
00:48:07,480 --> 00:48:13,399
to be any evidence of chatter marks, where the knife
would skip along and bounce along the bone as though
418
00:48:13,400 --> 00:48:18,279
an individual were struggling and the
bone was missing its mark. And finally,
419
00:48:18,280 --> 00:48:23,959
the arms were often gently placed by their sides or
crossing the bodies, not tightly fixed together.
420
00:48:23,960 --> 00:48:26,600
Nor was there any evidence
of any ropes or ligatures.
421
00:48:28,680 --> 00:48:34,600
There was no need to tie these victims up, as
they'd been drugged with a seed called amala.
422
00:48:38,160 --> 00:48:41,239
These amala seeds were
found outside the temple.
423
00:48:41,240 --> 00:48:47,439
They contain a drug that paralyses the
body but leaves the victim conscious,
424
00:48:47,440 --> 00:48:50,960
able to understand everything
that's happening to them.
425
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:03,919
TRANSLATION: We can therefore come to a simple
conclusion, and this is the current hypothesis,
426
00:49:03,920 --> 00:49:09,199
that the people who were taken to be
sacrificed in front of the temple
427
00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:12,479
didn't put up any resistance to their death
428
00:49:12,480 --> 00:49:15,600
because they had previously
consumed a large quantity of amala.
429
00:49:19,880 --> 00:49:23,320
It must have been a terrible fate.
430
00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:29,880
To be aware of impending death
but powerless to resist.
431
00:49:40,880 --> 00:49:45,280
Now the sacrifice victim would
have been brought to the temple.
432
00:49:46,800 --> 00:49:49,879
He would already have been
given the drug amala,
433
00:49:49,880 --> 00:49:53,479
so every muscle in his body was paralysed.
434
00:49:53,480 --> 00:49:56,359
He could neither struggle nor run,
435
00:49:56,360 --> 00:50:00,000
yet he remained aware of what
was about to happen to him.
436
00:50:22,400 --> 00:50:28,319
Exactly what happened next is
revealed by the skeletons themselves.
437
00:50:28,320 --> 00:50:30,759
Of the 119 individuals that we recovered.
438
00:50:30,760 --> 00:50:37,559
From this small area, almost 90% of them show cut
marks in the area of the throat and neck region.
439
00:50:37,560 --> 00:50:43,520
These patterns are very consistent across the group,
suggesting that it was almost a systematic execution.
440
00:50:51,720 --> 00:50:55,520
In each skeleton, the same
pattern had been repeated.
441
00:51:01,480 --> 00:51:07,520
And from the cut marks, scientists can piece
together exactly how these people were sacrificed...
442
00:51:09,160 --> 00:51:11,160
blow by blow.
443
00:51:12,160 --> 00:51:17,759
Based on the patterns of the cut marks, their location
as well as the angle at which the bone is being
444
00:51:17,760 --> 00:51:24,319
struck by the knife, this suggests that most
likely the individual was cut in an upward motion.
445
00:51:24,320 --> 00:51:27,559
Now, based on the location of the
cuts across the front of the throat,
446
00:51:27,560 --> 00:51:31,119
there would be a great deal of blood
generated from these initial cuts.
447
00:51:31,120 --> 00:51:33,959
So it's not likely that the
sacrificer would be in front,
448
00:51:33,960 --> 00:51:36,599
because they would probably
be covered with blood.
449
00:51:36,600 --> 00:51:39,439
Looking at the cut marks, it
suggests more likely that the
450
00:51:39,440 --> 00:51:45,799
sacrificer was behind the victim and that they were
cutting most likely from left to right across the body.
451
00:51:45,800 --> 00:51:49,039
The angle of the cut mark upwards
suggests that the victim was most
452
00:51:49,040 --> 00:51:53,199
likely in a prone position, face down and
the sacrificer would have been behind them,
453
00:51:53,200 --> 00:51:57,040
perhaps holding their head, making the
cut mark across the front of the body.
454
00:52:00,960 --> 00:52:06,960
But even after the throat had been cut and the
head hacked off, the ritual was not over.
455
00:52:13,280 --> 00:52:16,359
Looking at the skeletons, I
began noticing right away that
456
00:52:16,360 --> 00:52:19,239
there's very distinctive
patterning in the cut marks.
457
00:52:19,240 --> 00:52:22,039
For example, across the left
clavicle, this bone here
458
00:52:22,040 --> 00:52:27,359
has seven distinctive cut marks
going along the front of it.
459
00:52:27,360 --> 00:52:31,839
Another bone is the manubrium here,
right in the centre of the chest.
460
00:52:31,840 --> 00:52:33,800
And we can see...
461
00:52:33,840 --> 00:52:35,879
that a fragment of it, the left side,
462
00:52:35,880 --> 00:52:39,519
has been completely sliced off.
463
00:52:39,520 --> 00:52:45,079
And finally, there's some fractures that appear
to have occurred around the time of death.
464
00:52:45,080 --> 00:52:50,279
And here we have the first rib,
and this rib has been fractured.
465
00:52:50,280 --> 00:52:55,920
These cut marks are consistent with sawing up
and down, trying to open the chest cavity.
466
00:53:01,720 --> 00:53:05,679
The final moment of the human
sacrifice ritual outside the temple
467
00:53:05,680 --> 00:53:09,639
saw the victim's heart being ripped out.
468
00:53:09,640 --> 00:53:14,440
So over and over again,
this is what was happening
469
00:53:14,480 --> 00:53:19,640
outside the temple in the final
days of this great civilisation.
470
00:53:24,400 --> 00:53:29,119
The priest approached the drugged
victim with a ritual copper knife.
471
00:53:29,120 --> 00:53:31,200
One has been found at Tucume.
472
00:53:35,240 --> 00:53:38,440
This was the weapon of sacrifice.
473
00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:49,760
The most important thing in
this ceremony was blood.
474
00:53:53,800 --> 00:53:57,719
We know from later chroniclers
that the gods who controlled the
475
00:53:57,720 --> 00:54:02,760
world were seen as living beings and
that human blood would nourish them.
476
00:54:44,680 --> 00:54:47,600
Finally, the victim's heart was hacked out.
477
00:54:56,800 --> 00:54:57,960
CRIES OUT
478
00:55:00,280 --> 00:55:04,720
But the sacrifice didn't
stop the Spanish advance.
479
00:55:14,880 --> 00:55:19,399
It must have seemed as though the
gods needed ever more blood.
480
00:55:19,400 --> 00:55:23,880
As the fear grew, the violence
spiralled out of control.
481
00:55:25,600 --> 00:55:31,479
Tucume's leading archaeologist believes that
in the last few days of the city's existence,
482
00:55:31,480 --> 00:55:35,760
the sacrifices must have
been repeated day after day.
483
00:55:40,280 --> 00:55:43,559
TRANSLATION: And the only way that
this chaos could be controlled
484
00:55:43,560 --> 00:55:47,399
was to offer an increasing
number of human sacrifices.
485
00:55:47,400 --> 00:55:53,519
Probably in a very few days dozens of
sacrifices were carried out simultaneously
486
00:55:53,520 --> 00:55:57,360
so that this state of crisis
could in some way be controlled.
487
00:56:08,680 --> 00:56:15,319
Before the end of the Lambayeque civilisation,
the bodies piled up outside the temple.
488
00:56:15,320 --> 00:56:20,359
But the mass of human sacrifices
had failed to stop the Spanish.
489
00:56:20,360 --> 00:56:24,079
It must have seemed that once
again the pyramids and the lords
490
00:56:24,080 --> 00:56:29,080
had failed to protect the people or
bring the world back under control.
491
00:56:33,800 --> 00:56:37,479
The pyramids had lost their
supernatural powers.
492
00:56:37,480 --> 00:56:39,119
They were tainted.
493
00:56:39,120 --> 00:56:43,399
And so the logic of the valley,
the same logic that lay behind
494
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:47,520
the building of the pyramids,
dictated what happened next.
495
00:56:49,520 --> 00:56:53,840
The people who'd built the
pyramids began to purge them.
496
00:56:56,040 --> 00:57:00,800
Just before the end of the civilisation,
the burning must have begun.
497
00:57:03,920 --> 00:57:07,240
They carefully set fire to the
palaces on top of the pyramids.
498
00:57:11,160 --> 00:57:14,480
The temple was deliberately set alight.
499
00:57:16,960 --> 00:57:21,240
The cursed city had to
be purified by flames.
500
00:57:32,120 --> 00:57:35,479
After Tucume's abandoned,
that's it for pyramids.
501
00:57:35,480 --> 00:57:37,359
No more.
502
00:57:37,360 --> 00:57:42,479
The end of this pyramid-building tradition that
you could trace back for maybe 3,000 years -
503
00:57:42,480 --> 00:57:45,400
it's over. That's it.
504
00:57:53,640 --> 00:57:57,479
TRANSLATION: After the
city of Tucume was burnt,
505
00:57:57,480 --> 00:57:59,879
the city was completely abandoned.
506
00:57:59,880 --> 00:58:05,159
It's a mystery really as to where
the people went after this event.
507
00:58:05,160 --> 00:58:10,559
The Lambayeque fled the city,
hoping to start again,
508
00:58:10,560 --> 00:58:13,839
to build a new city of pyramids.
509
00:58:13,840 --> 00:58:17,400
But the Spanish ruled Peru now.
510
00:58:17,440 --> 00:58:21,239
There'd be no more pyramids, no more lords.
511
00:58:21,240 --> 00:58:26,160
The Lambayeque civilisation
melted away into the valley.
512
00:58:42,680 --> 00:58:45,719
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd.
513
00:58:45,720 --> 00:58:48,760
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