All language subtitles for BBC.Earths.Tropical.Islands.3of3.Hawaii.720p.HDTV.x264.AAC.MVGroup.org.eng

Far away, cut off by vast oceans...

..lie Earth's tropical islands.

Home to remarkable
animal castaways...

..that have evolved in isolation...

..and human cultures that have

adapted in extraordinary ways.

From the jungles of Borneo, with

their staggering wild diversity...

..to Hawaii,
the most remote island chain,

colonised by only
the hardiest pioneers...

..and Madagascar,

the oldest island of all,

where time has given rise

to thousands of unique species.

ANIMALS CALL

These tropical islands

have developed into astonishing

and unique worlds...

..cradling precious life

found nowhere else on Earth.

In the heart of the Pacific Ocean

lies the most remote group
of islands on Earth,

Hawaii.

And in its warm, tropical shallows,

a humpback whale gave birth

just two weeks ago.

This mother swam

2,500 miles from Alaska...

..because the conditions here

are perfect for her baby.

Hawaii's extreme isolation

keeps the calf beyond the reach of

most predators...

LOUD SPLASHING

..while the islands' shallow seas

offer the only warm water

for 1,000 miles.

A balmy 27 degrees,

crucial for a new-born calf

yet to develop a thick coat of
insulating blubber.

The Hawaiian islands can also
offer shelter from the winds

and currents of the open ocean...

..allowing her to rest...

..and put all the energy from

her mother's milk into growing.

For those that can reach these
remote tropical shores,

Hawaii provides a sanctuary,

with extraordinary
opportunities for new life.

Hawaii lies 2,000 miles
west of North America,

in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.

It's made up of a chain of

over 100 islands,

stretching across 1,500 miles.

Furthest south in the chain is

the youngest and largest island.

Travelling north-west,

the islands become progressively

older and smaller.

This range of ages means

the islands offer a remarkable

variety of habitats.

From barren rock on the youngest...

..to lush tropical jungles...

..and shallow sand bars,

the remnants of islands
30 million years old.

All home to an incredible

wealth of wildlife...

..thriving

in this most remote of outposts...

..against the odds.

The Hawaiian islands
all began life the same way.

At the very bottom of
the Pacific Ocean.

Hawaii sits above

a volcanic hotspot, like this.

Liquid rock,

heated to 1,200 degrees Celsius,

spews out from the Earth's core...

..forming the beginnings of

an underwater mountain.

Over hundreds of thousands of years,
it grows...

..until its peak
breaks the surface...

..and an island is born.

The newest of the islands

is known as The Big Island.

It began forming
a million years ago,

and its volcanoes
are still active today...

..turning lava

into precious new land.

The Big Island can grow by

as much as 900 acres a year...

..and has peaks so high,

they're capped with snow.

But soon, its growth will stop

because this vast island
is actually moving,

inching away from the
volcanic hotspot that created it.

Hawaii sits on a massive

tectonic plate that is carrying

all of the islands north-west.

As they form, each island

moves off the hotspot,

and another is made behind it.

The result is a chain of islands,

each younger than the last.

Furthest south, the Big Island

is still on the volcanic hotspot...

..and its freshly formed lava fields

are the most inhospitable habitat
in Hawaii.

Yet, amongst the rubble,

there is life.

The wekiu bug,

meaning "summit" in Hawaiian.

To find enough food
to survive up here,

it's adapted to living off the dead.

In temperatures that
plummet to minus 11,

other insects blown in on the wind

quickly die.

But the wekiu's blood
acts like antifreeze,

protecting it from the cold.

Using piercing mouthparts,

it punctures
its victim's exoskeleton

and sucks out its juices.

The wekiu may have originally

come from South America, but how

did a tiny insect cross thousands

of miles of open ocean to get here?

The same way its food arrives -

blown by the wind.

Strong winds can carry spores,

seeds...

..and lightweight creatures

high into the jet stream.

The odds of being
carried across the Pacific,

and then dropped on
the only dots of land,

are minuscule.

Yet, over millions of years,

these airborne travellers
did arrive...

..and life took hold.

The next island along
Hawaii's chain is Maui.

Formed almost a million years
before The Big Island...

..Maui too was once
barren lava fields...

..but is now brimming with life.

Free of competition,
the new arrivals

took advantage of every opportunity,

and evolved into
countless new species.

A single flock,

carried in on a violent storm,

became 50

new species of honeycreeper.

20 types of spider

became over 100.

And from just one pregnant fruit fly

came over 1,000 unique new species.

And each one has

its very own courtship ritual.

Like this male silvestris,

which wiggles his rear end,

to send vibrations through
the branch.

LOUD VIBRATIONS

But this female is unimpressed.

Another, the clavisetae fly,

fans pheromones from

his raised abdomen.

Sticking out his tongue

for added sex appeal.

But he hasn't impressed either.

One species,

the cyrtoloma, has grown

30 times bigger than its original

castaway ancestor.

For these giants,

size is everything.

But as new life forms evolved,

some turned into monsters.

The caterpillar of
the Eupithecia moth.

Like most caterpillars,

its ancestors ate plants...

..but with so much prey,

and so few predators

to compete with, this caterpillar

switched to a meatier diet.

With especially sharp claws,

few escape its deadly grip.

The island of Maui may be full of
wildlife, but it's shrinking.

Its now-dormant volcanoes
no longer build new land.

Instead, extreme weather

wears down its peaks.

Maui's home to some of
the wettest places on Earth.

2.5 metres of rain can fall
in a single month.

And over time, the rainwater

eats away at the soft volcanic rock.

But across all the islands,

this process has also created

new rivers...

..and more opportunities for life.

Young Hawaiian gobies leave the sea

to take advantage of these
pristine rivers.

But first,
these two-centimetre-long fish

face enormous hurdles.

Like this 135-metre-tall waterfall.

At the top, there are few predators

and little competition for food.

It seems like an impossible climb,

and yet...

Just days ago,
this female's body transformed.

Her mouth rotated 90 degrees,

enabling her to use it

like a suction cup.

As revealed under specialist
filming conditions,

she uses her mouth in tandem with

another sucker on her underside...

..to slowly scale the vertical wall.

And she's not alone.

The odds are stacked against them.

Around 99% perish along the way.

It can take days of hard climbing

before finally reaching the top...

..where the lucky few can grow up

free from predators

and with a plentiful food supply.

While the islands are slowly being

eroded by waterfalls,

they're also being
worn away by the sea.

Huge waves batter the coastline...

..wearing away the volcanic rock.

With no land for 1,000 miles,

waves that start out at sea

have plenty of time to grow.

Once they reach
the shallows of Hawaii,

the waves rise up into giants

and break.

Maui is home to some of
the biggest waves on the planet.

Up to 20 metres high.

But these monsters
aren't just a force of destruction.

By mixing up the layers of water,

the pounding waves help

stir up nutrients...

..feeding microscopic creatures

called plankton.

Hawaii's shallows are around

80% richer in plankton

than the surrounding open ocean.

And at night, the plankton

rises to the surface...

..providing food

for manta rays.

With wingspans stretching over

4.5 metres, these rays can migrate

vast distances, which is how

they discovered Hawaii.

They use rows of tiny plates

in their mouths

to sieve plankton from the water.

When they hit a rich patch of food,

they somersault in loops,

to maximise their catch.

These waters are so bountiful,

they support one of the largest

resident populations of manta rays

on the planet.

The most extensive shallows surround

Hawaii's largest islands...

..and between Maui and

its neighbouring three islands

lie the most protected waters

of the archipelago.

It's the perfect location

for one of the largest
gatherings of ocean giants.

After a summer feeding,

10,000 humpback whales leave the
freezing waters of Alaska behind...

..and travel 2,500 miles south
to get here.

It's one of the longest
migrations of any mammal...

..and they do it
not just to give birth,

but also to find a mate.

WHALES SING

The males fill the water
with their love songs.

To show their strength,

they can breach 15 metres
out of the sea.

WHALES SING

All in an attempt

to win over a female.

But to help her choose her partner,

she initiates a contest.

Slapping her flipper, she invites

the males to chase her...

..and they quickly rise
to the challenge.

The winner will be the one

that manages to stay at the head of

the pack, closest to the female.

This is known as the heat run,

and it's the biggest

courtship battle in the world.

There are lots of tactics

to try to get ahead.

Blowing a screen of bubbles

disorientates the competition.

Head-butting,

ramming

and tail-slashing...

..can lead to serious injury...

..as these 40-ton rivals battle

to get to the female at the front.

After two hours of chasing,

there's finally a clear winner.

WHALES SING

Pairing off,
she leads him away, to mate.

In a year's time,

the pregnant female

will return to give birth here,

in the very same waters
where SHE was born.

Around 1,000 years ago,

another pioneer discovered Hawaii...

..and changed these islands forever.

The ancestors of the Polynesians

were a sea-faring people

that island-hopped their way across

the Pacific from south-east Asia.

Reaching these uncharted shores

was such a remarkable feat

that it's still celebrated today.

Each year, in honour of
their pioneering ancestors...

..Hawaii hosts one of
the world's largest canoe races.

It's known as the
Na Wahine O Ke Kai.

Women of the Sea.

Before the race begins, the teams
gather for an opening prayer.

WOMAN READS PRAYER

Many of those taking part

descend from those heroic
Polynesian voyagers,

like Mahealani.

Paddling affords me to connect to

my ancestors, to my kupuna,

to my family.

Initially, our ancestors used it
as a way of travelling,

to seek home and shelter.

And, er, you know,
now, in these days,

we use it for racing.

KLAXON BLARES

The teams must paddle across

42 miles of gruelling open ocean...

..between the islands of Molokai

and the next island along the chain,

Oahu.

To make their voyages of
thousands of miles...

..the ancestors of the Polynesians
travelled in dugout canoes,

joined by a platform,
and powered by paddle and sail...

..in journeys lasting months.

Today's race may be shorter,

but it's so intense that
exhausted paddlers must switch over.

As with any relay, timing is
crucial.

For Mahealani, the handover

has greater significance.

You go through
the whole gamut of emotion,

and there's something magical
that happens there, because I think

you just have to
surrender yourself to the ocean.

Navigating without landmarks

requires remarkable skill.

But the ancient Polynesians

could detect distant islands

from wave reflections in the swell.

Just one of the cues that may have

helped them discover Hawaii.

With land in sight, the Red Team

are closing in on Mahealani

and her crew.

The finish line is in the shallows
of Oahu's capital city, Honolulu.

After almost six hours of paddling,

Mahealani's team claims victory.

APPLAUSE AND CHEERING

Yeah!

Woohoo!

DRUMMING

CHEERING

It's a magical
bonding experience of women,

from young to old. And, you know,

you're honouring the people
that came before us,

and you're honouring the people
that will come after us,

and ultimately honouring ourselves.

We don't know where

the original settlers landed,

but they quickly colonised
all the large main islands...

..taking advantage of
the abundant rainfall

and rich volcanic soil
that's developed over time...

..and slowly transforming
parts of Hawaii

into the buzzing metropolises
they are today.

But some of the greatest changes

came with the new plants and animals
they brought with them.

A trend that's continued
into modern times.

In 1972, a pet shop
imported several dozen

Jackson's chameleons
from East Africa...

..but they escaped.

LAWN MOWER HUMS

DOG PANTS

Slowly but surely,

they found their way

out of the suburbs...
DOG YELPS

..and up into Oahu's forests.

And that's where the trouble began.

Horned males joined
the escaped females.

Free from predators,

and with an abundance of food,

they began eating their way through

Hawaii's unique wildlife.

Invasive species
like these chameleons

have contributed to the extinction

of over 500 native species.

Attempts are now being made
to re-capture the chameleons -

part of a much larger effort
to save Hawaii's native wildlife.

Even in the most unlikely places.

NOISY BUZZ OF TRAFFIC

In Hawaii's busiest city, Honolulu,

a white tern chick
is just a few days old.

With no nest to protect him,

he must cling to his street perch...

..while he waits for
his parents to deliver

regular supplies of squid

and small fish.

These birds were revered by
the ancient Polynesians.

They knew that if they saw a
white tern with a bill full of fish,

it was a sure sign

that land was nearby.

And yet, it's likely
the arrival of humans

wiped them out from
the main islands.

But now, the terns
are making a comeback.

In the last 60 years,

their numbers have risen from
a single pair to over 2,000 birds.

Busy roads may help
keep predators away.

And trees planted within the city

provide safety

and prime nesting habitat.

In six weeks' time, this chick

will take to the air...

..joining the island's now-thriving

white tern population.

Once humans arrived,

the large main islands began
to change in completely new ways.

But on a far greater timescale,

Hawaii has always been changing.

From their birth,
through gradual decline,

there comes a time when
these islands finally die.

Journeying north-west,

Hawaii's islands become

progressively older and smaller.

Over tens of millions of years,

islands that were once lush,

towering peaks have been eroded

to little more than a patch of sand.

BIRDS SQUAWK

But while the land vanishes

above the water line,

new opportunities are created below.

These sinking islands, bathed in

warm tropical seas,

provide the perfect platform

for coral reefs to thrive.

They've become a magnet for

ocean drifters, green turtles,

who travel here for a service that's

not available in the open ocean.

A thorough clean by reef fish,

to remove algae from their shell.

The fish get a good meal,

and the turtle can swim more easily.

Many new species have evolved.

On some of these reefs,

every single fish

is unique to Hawaii.

The Hawaiian monk seal is another
species found nowhere else.

After being hunted to
the edge of extinction,

it's now one of
the rarest seals on Earth,

with just 1,500 left.

Today, their numbers are stable,

thanks mainly to the creation of

one of the largest marine
conservation areas in the world...

..which stretches from
the last of the main islands

all the way to
the top of the Hawaiian chain.

There lies Midway Atoll.

At 30 million years old,

it's one of the oldest
of all the Hawaiian islands.

Today, all that's left of
its once-towering volcanic peaks

are two square miles of sand.

But it's still highly-prized
real estate.

BIRDS SQUAWK

Fiercely fought over
in World War II,

it's now home to three million

nesting sea birds...

..including the biggest colony of

Laysan albatross in the world.

CLICKING

One four-month-old chick

is especially hungry.

Like the thousands of other
albatross chicks,

he's still flightless, and
dependent on his parents for food.

But his mother is the oldest known

living bird in the wild,

an astonishing 67 years old.

He hasn't seen her for over a week.

HE PANTS

In the searing tropical sun,

he pants, to cool down...

..and can only watch

while other parents return

to feed their chicks.

Finally, after
two long weeks of waiting,

the world's oldest known bird

appears.

Identified as Z333 on her leg band,

she's more affectionately
known as Wisdom.

To her chick, though,

she's instantly recognisable as Mum.

In her extraordinary lifetime,

Wisdom has flown around

three million miles

and successfully raised 37 chicks.

Today, she's surrounded by

three generations

of her extended family.

But this exceptional

great-grandmother

has no time to rest,

only staying for ten minutes,

before leaving

to search for more food.

The chick may have one of the most

experienced mums in the world,

but his future is uncertain.

The natural process that sees
Hawaii's islands slowly sink back

into the ocean is accelerating,

with rising sea levels.

By the end of this century,

due to climate change,

many of the low-lying islands
like Midway Atoll

are predicted to disappear...

..and, with them,

their unique wildlife.

And yet, as some of Hawaii's islands

are reclaimed by the sea,

others are rising up
from the depths,

ready to form new land.

It's a cycle that's made
Hawaii what it is today -

a remote haven
for remarkable species,

found nowhere else on Earth.

The islands crew spent
over a year documenting

Hawaii's unique
and spectacular wildlife.

While the humpback whale heat run,

with its charging 40-ton whales,

pushed the team's physical

abilities to the limits...

..it was their attempt to capture

the astonishing story of Wisdom,

the world's oldest albatross,
that proved

by far the trickier challenge.

To find this remarkable bird,

producer Evie Wright

and cameraman Paul Stewart
flew halfway around the world -

6,500 miles,
and across ten time zones.

Welcome to Midway Atoll, BBC.

A tiny dot of land,
in a sea of blue, Midway provides

a vital nesting ground
for over three million sea birds.

BIRDS SQUAWK

But the crew are here
for one very special individual.

What we're looking for,
in particular, is the oldest known

breeding bird in the world, er,

an albatross called Wisdom,

who's bred successfully

something like 37 times.

Scientists have been monitoring

this 67-year-old mother since 1956

and have given Paul the vital clues

needed to find her

among this sea of birds.

There's a little tussock of grass

and just beyond it
is a little sort of, fur,

mound of fur,
and that is Wisdom's chick.

The four-month-old chick
can only sit tight,

waiting patiently
for his mother to return.

The way to find Wisdom
is to wait by that chick

and, sooner or later,
she'll be in to feed it.

We hope. She will, probably.

Wisdom could be over
1,000 miles out to sea,

collecting fish and squid
for her chick.

When she returns, she will
only stay for a few minutes,

before heading off again.

As a result,

Paul must spend every
waking hour by her chick,

to ensure he doesn't
miss the opportunity

to film one of her rare visits.

Giving Paul plenty of time
to meet the rest of the colony.

Morning.

Looked slightly offended by that.

The chicks appear

interested in Paul - or, at least,

in the shade he provides from

the intense tropical sun.

He just moved in

and took over that entire section,

and now I'm not
allowed anywhere near it.

OK, fella. Now, I need

my suntan cream.

You're on my suntan lotion.

That's my sun...
That's MY suntan lotion.

OK, you keep it.

WOMAN LAUGHS
So, er,

they're basically like kids.

They're very sweet, I like them,

but they're also pretty annoying.

And whenever I try and shift,

I normally get quite healthy pecks,

because they seem to want my shade,

but they don't want me
to be in it with them.

Leave it out!

I can't...

I can't work like this!
LAUGHTER

Time is passing,

but there's still no sign of Wisdom.

We've been waiting six days now

and, as far as I can tell,
the only chick

that hasn't been fed is the one
chick we're looking for,

which is Wisdom's chick.
So, feeling possibly

a bit unlucky.
But, erm, what do they say?

Wisdom's worth waiting for!

Paul calls on US fish and wildlife
biologist Kelly Goodale

for her advice.

So, Kelly, we haven't seen Wisdom,
have we missed it?

Has she been and fed?
I would say it's extremely rare

that we miss the adults coming in.

Their eyesight is not very good,

so they typically will
fly in during the day.

And Wisdom is 67 years old,

and she probably needs to spend
a little bit more time

not feeding than the average bird.
Oh, OK. Yeah, yeah.

As days go by without a sighting,

Paul's impatience turns to

genuine concern for Wisdom's safety.

We're actually getting a bit

worried about whether Wisdom,

the world's oldest wild bird, is...

is still alive.

Erm, it would feel unlucky
if she wasn't, it would be very sad,

but she hasn't been back,
so you have to start

to think about that.
So, yeah, we'll keep waiting.

Wisdom is almost 30 years past

the expected lifespan
of a Laysan albatross.

There's every chance
she could succumb to exhaustion

on one of her 3,000-mile
round feeding trips.

And today,
like all sea birds, she now

has to contend with
man-made threats.

Dumped plastic is found in
every corner of our seas,

including the fishing spots
of the Laysan albatross.

Kelly has been gathering
evidence of this unfolding tragedy.

These are boluses, indigestible
food parcels, regurgitated

by the chicks, after months of
being fed by their parents.

What's really fascinating about them
is they can give us some indication

on our oceans' health,
of what these albatross

are picking up
and bringing back to their young.

There's a lot squid beaks

and things like that, but...

the other thing that we see are

pieces of plastic fragments, things

like bottle caps and toothbrushes,

lighters and things like that.

And then there's things like

line and foam, and so you can see

in this one in particular, there's

quite a bit of line in here, and

very large pieces of sharp plastic

that could cause harm to the chicks.

By mistaking bits of
floating ocean plastic for food,

the adult birds unwittingly go on

to feed them to their chicks

and scientists have discovered

it's a widespread problem.

100% of the boluses collected
have plastic in them.

And we estimate approximately five
tons of plastic is being brought

to Midway Atoll every year from
parents feeding it to their chicks.

The results can be fatal.

Over 25% of chicks
fail to fledge every year,

and ingested plastic

may be partly to blame.

For the crew, at least,

there appears to be
better news on the horizon.

Has this bird that's
just arrived got a band on?

You don't think that's Wisdom,
do you?

Yeah, she's got a band. 3-3-3.

Oh, wait, hang on, it's N-3-3-3.

Yeah, I don't think that's our bird.

There was some major
excitement, because

Wisdom is Z333, and we saw a ring
that appeared to have 333 on it,

and we found out it was N333,

who's actually one of her
chicks from 2011, a male.

It's also come back to the exact

point where we're expecting Wisdom.

It just makes it all the more
disappointing, if I'm honest.

Oh!

Meanwhile, Wisdom's chick

is starving.

Time is fast running out.

Evie?

Evie, Evie, what's that?

Have a very quick...

But this extraordinary mum

returns in time for
her hungry chick,

and for Paul's very last hour
of filming.

Evie! Our albatross!

Can you believe it? No. Last day.

She's here, I'm so happy,
that's like...

I don't know, like, we had a lovely
sequence on albatross,

they're beautiful and everything,

but this female right here is
the heart of the sequence,

the oldest known wild bird.

She's right here,
and, yeah, it's so cool.

So cool she's here, really thrilled.
Really, really happy!

Her famished chick finally

gets to feed and, six weeks later,

the crew - long since departed -

receive the good news.

Wisdom's 37th chick
successfully fledged the nest.

Her legacy as

the oldest albatross mother
in the world continues.