All language subtitles for onechild

af Afrikaans
sq Albanian
am Amharic
ar Arabic
hy Armenian
az Azerbaijani
eu Basque
be Belarusian
bn Bengali
bs Bosnian
bg Bulgarian
ca Catalan
ceb Cebuano
ny Chichewa
zh-CN Chinese (Simplified)
zh-TW Chinese (Traditional)
co Corsican
hr Croatian
cs Czech
da Danish
nl Dutch
en English
eo Esperanto
et Estonian
tl Filipino
fi Finnish
fr French
fy Frisian
gl Galician
ka Georgian
de German
el Greek
gu Gujarati
ht Haitian Creole
ha Hausa
haw Hawaiian
iw Hebrew
hi Hindi
hmn Hmong
hu Hungarian
is Icelandic
ig Igbo
id Indonesian
ga Irish
it Italian
ja Japanese
jw Javanese
kn Kannada
kk Kazakh
km Khmer
ko Korean
ku Kurdish (Kurmanji)
ky Kyrgyz
lo Lao
la Latin
lv Latvian
lt Lithuanian
lb Luxembourgish
mk Macedonian
mg Malagasy
ms Malay
ml Malayalam
mt Maltese
mi Maori
mr Marathi
mn Mongolian
my Myanmar (Burmese)
ne Nepali
no Norwegian
ps Pashto
fa Persian
pl Polish
pt Portuguese
pa Punjabi
ro Romanian
ru Russian
sm Samoan
gd Scots Gaelic
sr Serbian
st Sesotho
sn Shona
sd Sindhi
si Sinhala
sk Slovak
sl Slovenian
so Somali
es Spanish Download
su Sundanese
sw Swahili
sv Swedish
tg Tajik
ta Tamil
te Telugu
th Thai
tr Turkish
uk Ukrainian
ur Urdu
uz Uzbek
vi Vietnamese
cy Welsh
xh Xhosa
yi Yiddish
yo Yoruba
zu Zulu
or Odia (Oriya)
rw Kinyarwanda
tk Turkmen
tt Tatar
ug Uyghur
Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:03:07,338 --> 00:03:10,601 I was born in China in 1985, 2 00:03:10,602 --> 00:03:12,963 a time when China's population crisis 3 00:03:12,965 --> 00:03:15,706 was making headlines around the world. 4 00:03:15,707 --> 00:03:17,839 There are more than a billion Chinese. 5 00:03:17,840 --> 00:03:20,537 That one big statistic, more than anything else, 6 00:03:20,538 --> 00:03:21,843 is at the heart of that country's 7 00:03:21,844 --> 00:03:23,627 huge economic problems. 8 00:03:23,628 --> 00:03:25,586 By the middle of the next century, 9 00:03:25,587 --> 00:03:28,371 if China's families have an average of three children, 10 00:03:28,372 --> 00:03:29,764 there will be starvation. 11 00:03:29,765 --> 00:03:31,853 However, with one child per family, 12 00:03:31,854 --> 00:03:34,116 the standard of living doubles. 13 00:03:34,117 --> 00:03:36,205 So now there's a desperate effort underway 14 00:03:36,206 --> 00:03:38,033 to control the population, 15 00:03:38,034 --> 00:03:40,514 to limit families to just one child. 16 00:03:40,515 --> 00:03:42,907 Chinese officials are using fines, 17 00:03:42,908 --> 00:03:45,606 economic incentives and propaganda. 18 00:03:45,607 --> 00:03:49,000 Billboards like this one are up all over the country. 19 00:03:49,001 --> 00:03:51,395 They have a long way to go. 20 00:03:58,489 --> 00:04:00,664 Six years before I was born, 21 00:04:00,665 --> 00:04:04,233 China launched its One-Child Policy. 22 00:04:04,234 --> 00:04:07,150 I grew up seeing reminders of the policy everywhere. 23 00:04:09,239 --> 00:04:13,461 They were painted on the walls, printed on playing cards... 24 00:04:14,679 --> 00:04:15,984 calendars, 25 00:04:15,985 --> 00:04:17,812 matches, 26 00:04:17,813 --> 00:04:20,423 snack boxes, 27 00:04:20,424 --> 00:04:22,164 posters. 28 00:04:22,165 --> 00:04:23,731 All of them blended 29 00:04:23,732 --> 00:04:27,213 into the background of life in China. 30 00:04:27,214 --> 00:04:28,779 I never thought much 31 00:04:28,780 --> 00:04:31,391 about what it meant for me, or anyone, 32 00:04:31,392 --> 00:04:35,699 until I learned that I was going to be a mom. 33 00:04:50,976 --> 00:04:54,196 Our baby was born seven weeks early. 34 00:04:54,197 --> 00:04:56,286 I was not prepared. 35 00:04:59,071 --> 00:05:00,985 Right after he was born, 36 00:05:00,986 --> 00:05:03,988 the nurses took him away from me. 37 00:05:03,989 --> 00:05:05,903 The separation 38 00:05:05,904 --> 00:05:08,733 and fear for his health was traumatic. 39 00:05:11,736 --> 00:05:13,259 Twelve days later, 40 00:05:13,260 --> 00:05:15,565 I was finally able to take him home 41 00:05:15,566 --> 00:05:16,827 and hold him. 42 00:05:21,442 --> 00:05:23,182 Becoming a mother felt like 43 00:05:23,183 --> 00:05:24,836 giving birth to my memories. 44 00:05:26,708 --> 00:05:29,057 A rush of images from my early life 45 00:05:29,058 --> 00:05:30,668 came back to me. 46 00:05:32,540 --> 00:05:34,410 I thought of my own parents 47 00:05:34,411 --> 00:05:36,456 and the name they gave me. 48 00:05:36,457 --> 00:05:40,895 They chose the name Nanfu before I was born. 49 00:05:40,896 --> 00:05:45,291 Nan means "man," andfu means "pillar." 50 00:05:45,292 --> 00:05:47,031 They hoped for a boy 51 00:05:47,032 --> 00:05:49,296 who would grow up to be the pillar of the family. 52 00:05:50,688 --> 00:05:52,950 When I was born a girl, 53 00:05:52,951 --> 00:05:55,692 they named me Nanfu anyway, 54 00:05:55,693 --> 00:05:59,219 hoping that I would grow up strong like a man. 55 00:06:03,135 --> 00:06:05,876 I remembered the plaques the government hung 56 00:06:05,877 --> 00:06:08,923 on all the front doors in my village every year, 57 00:06:08,924 --> 00:06:11,273 signifying each family's commitment 58 00:06:11,274 --> 00:06:13,494 to the Communist Party's values. 59 00:06:15,147 --> 00:06:17,584 Each plaque was decorated with stars 60 00:06:17,585 --> 00:06:19,934 indicating how well the family performed, 61 00:06:19,935 --> 00:06:22,110 including a star 62 00:06:22,111 --> 00:06:25,549 for whether the family had no more than one child. 63 00:06:27,421 --> 00:06:31,076 Our family always missed that star. 64 00:06:32,991 --> 00:06:36,342 I remembered being sent to middle school in the city 65 00:06:36,343 --> 00:06:40,259 because our village only had an elementary school. 66 00:06:40,260 --> 00:06:44,959 Most of the city kids came from one-child families. 67 00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:48,223 Whenever someone found out that I had a brother, 68 00:06:48,224 --> 00:06:50,486 I felt embarrassed, 69 00:06:50,487 --> 00:06:53,315 as if our family had done something wrong 70 00:06:53,316 --> 00:06:56,014 by having a second child. 71 00:07:08,679 --> 00:07:11,115 NANFU: 72 00:07:11,116 --> 00:07:15,556 ZAODI: 73 00:07:27,132 --> 00:07:28,308 Mm. 74 00:07:34,879 --> 00:07:42,495 Hmm. 75 00:07:42,496 --> 00:07:43,845 Mm. 76 00:08:46,429 --> 00:08:50,346 ZHIMEI: 77 00:09:15,153 --> 00:09:16,459 Huh? 78 00:09:38,263 --> 00:09:41,310 I moved to the U.S. six years before my son was born. 79 00:09:43,965 --> 00:09:46,706 Bringing him back to my village for the first time 80 00:09:46,707 --> 00:09:48,795 showed me how traumatic it was 81 00:09:48,796 --> 00:09:51,711 just to become a parent in China. 82 00:10:00,895 --> 00:10:02,286 Visiting the village kindergarten 83 00:10:02,287 --> 00:10:04,593 where my mom teaches, 84 00:10:04,594 --> 00:10:06,682 I remembered that we had textbooks 85 00:10:06,683 --> 00:10:08,031 about the One-Child Policy 86 00:10:08,032 --> 00:10:09,164 since we were kids. 87 00:10:11,688 --> 00:10:13,516 ALL: 88 00:10:16,650 --> 00:10:18,825 I used to think that I knew everything 89 00:10:18,826 --> 00:10:21,959 there was to know about the One-Child Policy. 90 00:10:23,700 --> 00:10:26,310 But now I wondered if the thoughts I had 91 00:10:26,311 --> 00:10:27,834 were really my own 92 00:10:27,835 --> 00:10:30,577 or if they were simply learned. 93 00:10:38,062 --> 00:10:39,976 I asked my neighbor to take me 94 00:10:39,977 --> 00:10:41,978 to see the former head of my village, 95 00:10:41,979 --> 00:10:43,414 who was in charge 96 00:10:43,415 --> 00:10:45,895 when the One-Child Policy began. 97 00:10:45,896 --> 00:10:48,811 He was one of the people my grandpa argued with 98 00:10:48,812 --> 00:10:51,031 about sterilizing my mom. 99 00:10:58,039 --> 00:11:00,562 NANFU: 100 00:11:00,563 --> 00:11:01,955 Oh! NANFU: Mm. 101 00:11:12,749 --> 00:11:13,967 NANFU: 102 00:11:13,968 --> 00:11:15,143 Ah. 103 00:11:16,318 --> 00:11:19,233 NANFU: 104 00:11:26,850 --> 00:11:28,895 NANFU: 105 00:11:34,771 --> 00:11:36,903 NANFU: 106 00:11:36,904 --> 00:11:39,471 TUNDE: 107 00:11:47,479 --> 00:11:50,569 NANFU: 108 00:12:09,023 --> 00:12:12,504 WOMAN: 109 00:12:30,479 --> 00:12:34,309 XIANWEN: 110 00:13:24,098 --> 00:13:27,187 Men like Liu Xianwen worked all over China 111 00:13:27,188 --> 00:13:29,189 to promote the One-Child Policy. 112 00:13:31,061 --> 00:13:33,497 Since before I could even speak, 113 00:13:33,498 --> 00:13:37,501 I was surrounded by messages praising the policy. 114 00:13:37,502 --> 00:13:39,721 There was TV. 115 00:13:39,722 --> 00:13:43,334 ALL: 116 00:13:46,729 --> 00:13:48,164 Theatrical performances. 117 00:13:50,907 --> 00:13:52,735 ALL: 118 00:13:56,783 --> 00:13:59,567 And even children's songs. 119 00:14:22,547 --> 00:14:27,856 And just like everyone else, I joined in the choir. 120 00:14:27,857 --> 00:14:31,642 This was me performing propaganda songs. 121 00:14:31,643 --> 00:14:35,255 We all had the same makeup, the same dresses 122 00:14:35,256 --> 00:14:37,649 and the same mentality. 123 00:14:41,523 --> 00:14:45,352 WOMAN: 124 00:15:34,184 --> 00:15:36,404 WOMAN: 125 00:16:57,398 --> 00:16:59,181 As I was leaving, 126 00:16:59,182 --> 00:17:01,531 I asked my neighbor who went with me 127 00:17:01,532 --> 00:17:03,882 if he could take me to meet some women 128 00:17:03,883 --> 00:17:05,709 who were affected by the policy. 129 00:17:05,710 --> 00:17:07,843 NANFU: 130 00:17:10,759 --> 00:17:12,065 MAN 1: 131 00:17:13,936 --> 00:17:16,416 NANFU: 132 00:17:16,417 --> 00:17:17,853 MAN 1: 133 00:17:22,379 --> 00:17:25,861 NANFU: 134 00:17:30,735 --> 00:17:31,911 NANFU: 135 00:17:43,270 --> 00:17:44,487 NANFU: 136 00:17:46,012 --> 00:17:47,273 NANFU: 137 00:17:47,274 --> 00:17:49,014 WOMAN 1: 138 00:17:49,015 --> 00:17:50,320 NANFU: 139 00:18:15,911 --> 00:18:17,912 That night, I decided 140 00:18:17,913 --> 00:18:21,350 it was best to speak to someone I know. 141 00:18:21,351 --> 00:18:23,439 So I went to see the local midwife 142 00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:25,920 who delivered all the babies in the village, 143 00:18:25,921 --> 00:18:29,358 including myself. 144 00:18:29,359 --> 00:18:31,143 She was happy to see me. 145 00:18:31,144 --> 00:18:33,710 She showed me photos of my grandma, 146 00:18:33,711 --> 00:18:37,410 who used to be in the same propaganda band with her. 147 00:18:37,411 --> 00:18:39,630 HUARU: 148 00:18:47,943 --> 00:18:49,379 NANFU: 149 00:19:55,445 --> 00:19:57,620 NANFU: 150 00:19:57,621 --> 00:20:01,321 HUARU: 151 00:20:44,103 --> 00:20:45,842 On the wall, 152 00:20:45,843 --> 00:20:49,324 there was a long list of infertility disorders. 153 00:20:49,325 --> 00:20:52,110 Next to it were flags people sent to thank her 154 00:20:52,111 --> 00:20:54,635 for helping them have babies. 155 00:21:33,674 --> 00:21:35,458 NANFU: 156 00:21:38,374 --> 00:21:41,334 HUARU: 157 00:23:16,994 --> 00:23:21,520 My village is one of many thousands across the country, 158 00:23:21,521 --> 00:23:26,786 and every village had midwives and family planning workers. 159 00:23:26,787 --> 00:23:30,746 Each year, the government would punish or reward them 160 00:23:30,747 --> 00:23:33,575 depending on how many babies were born in their territory. 161 00:23:54,249 --> 00:23:56,033 PRESENTER: 162 00:25:22,511 --> 00:25:25,470 She was standing right behind Wen Jiabao, 163 00:25:25,471 --> 00:25:28,255 the country's premier at the time. 164 00:25:28,256 --> 00:25:30,910 Received like a national hero, 165 00:25:30,911 --> 00:25:33,086 Jiang's story was told again and again 166 00:25:33,087 --> 00:25:35,045 by the state TV. 167 00:25:37,352 --> 00:25:40,181 MAN: 168 00:28:33,354 --> 00:28:36,008 "We are fighting a population war" 169 00:28:36,009 --> 00:28:38,532 was a common slogan used by the government 170 00:28:38,533 --> 00:28:41,622 during the One-Child Policy. 171 00:28:41,623 --> 00:28:45,321 China started a war against population growth, 172 00:28:45,322 --> 00:28:49,544 but it became a real war against its own people. 173 00:29:06,082 --> 00:29:08,868 PENG: 174 00:29:43,206 --> 00:29:45,948 NANFU: 175 00:30:06,273 --> 00:30:07,666 NANFU: 176 00:30:13,193 --> 00:30:14,455 Mm. 177 00:36:18,297 --> 00:36:20,690 NANFU: 178 00:36:24,651 --> 00:36:27,348 My grandpa is 83. 179 00:36:27,349 --> 00:36:31,310 He lived through wars, famines and revolutions. 180 00:36:33,007 --> 00:36:35,748 My own parents weren't much better off. 181 00:36:35,749 --> 00:36:38,142 My father died of a brain hemorrhage 182 00:36:38,143 --> 00:36:39,927 when he was 33. 183 00:36:41,581 --> 00:36:43,886 And his short life was more about survival 184 00:36:43,887 --> 00:36:45,498 than finding fulfillment. 185 00:36:54,159 --> 00:36:56,682 None of my family questioned the policy 186 00:36:56,683 --> 00:36:59,685 or how it was implemented. 187 00:36:59,686 --> 00:37:02,122 The government used music and TV 188 00:37:02,123 --> 00:37:03,732 to show people a better life 189 00:37:03,733 --> 00:37:06,039 that they could imagine themselves living, 190 00:37:06,040 --> 00:37:08,433 as long as they followed the rules. 191 00:37:15,484 --> 00:37:17,399 WOMAN: 192 00:38:08,711 --> 00:38:11,844 I wish I could say something to my mom. 193 00:38:11,845 --> 00:38:15,064 Like most people in China, she believes the policy 194 00:38:15,065 --> 00:38:18,764 was necessary for China's survival. 195 00:38:18,765 --> 00:38:21,114 But I wondered if people like her 196 00:38:21,115 --> 00:38:23,986 really thought it was worth the sacrifices 197 00:38:23,987 --> 00:38:25,946 each family made. 198 00:38:27,687 --> 00:38:30,516 ZHIHAO: 199 00:39:43,458 --> 00:39:45,112 NANFU: 200 00:39:55,340 --> 00:39:56,471 NANFU: 201 00:40:03,304 --> 00:40:04,697 NANFU: 202 00:40:11,791 --> 00:40:13,705 NANFU: 203 00:40:21,453 --> 00:40:23,629 NANFU: 204 00:40:37,773 --> 00:40:39,035 NANFU: 205 00:40:50,046 --> 00:40:51,483 NANFU: 206 00:40:57,924 --> 00:40:59,620 Coming back here, 207 00:40:59,621 --> 00:41:01,622 I realized that I don't even have a photo 208 00:41:01,623 --> 00:41:03,407 of my grandpa and me, 209 00:41:03,408 --> 00:41:07,716 as he only ever took photos with his two grandsons. 210 00:41:09,065 --> 00:41:11,459 ZHIHAO: 211 00:41:38,268 --> 00:41:42,271 When my mom was born, her parents named her Zaodi, 212 00:41:42,272 --> 00:41:44,405 which means "bring me a younger brother soon." 213 00:41:48,844 --> 00:41:51,498 She later helped her younger brother 214 00:41:51,499 --> 00:41:53,457 abandon his daughter in the market 215 00:41:53,458 --> 00:41:56,243 so he could try again for a son. 216 00:42:49,949 --> 00:42:52,820 NANFU: 217 00:43:01,787 --> 00:43:03,919 NANFU: 218 00:43:34,776 --> 00:43:37,256 I wish I could say that my uncle 219 00:43:37,257 --> 00:43:38,736 was the only one in our family 220 00:43:38,737 --> 00:43:41,260 who felt he had to abandon a child. 221 00:43:52,620 --> 00:43:54,056 NANFU: 222 00:43:55,405 --> 00:43:56,711 NANFU: 223 00:44:00,062 --> 00:44:01,237 NANFU: 224 00:44:03,239 --> 00:44:05,285 NANFU: 225 00:44:09,811 --> 00:44:12,118 NANFU: 226 00:44:17,993 --> 00:44:19,125 NANFU: 227 00:44:42,975 --> 00:44:44,541 Mm. 228 00:44:48,241 --> 00:44:50,938 The large number of abandoned babies 229 00:44:50,939 --> 00:44:53,288 created opportunities for human traffickers 230 00:44:53,289 --> 00:44:55,029 all over China. 231 00:44:55,030 --> 00:44:57,728 In my village, we called them matchmakers, 232 00:44:57,729 --> 00:44:59,686 because they took unwanted babies 233 00:44:59,687 --> 00:45:02,080 and found homes for them. 234 00:45:02,081 --> 00:45:05,039 Talking with my aunt about matchmakers 235 00:45:05,040 --> 00:45:06,606 triggered a memory I had 236 00:45:06,607 --> 00:45:09,740 of a national news story from a decade ago, 237 00:45:09,741 --> 00:45:12,569 where an entire family was convicted 238 00:45:12,570 --> 00:45:15,702 of selling babies to orphanages. 239 00:45:15,703 --> 00:45:18,357 At the time, it seemed cruel and evil 240 00:45:18,358 --> 00:45:21,055 that someone could sell babies like that. 241 00:45:21,056 --> 00:45:23,580 But now I wondered if the government's version 242 00:45:23,581 --> 00:45:26,322 of their crime was true at all. 243 00:45:32,807 --> 00:45:35,548 I tracked down the ex-trafficker Yueneng Duan 244 00:45:35,549 --> 00:45:36,984 in Shenzhen. 245 00:45:36,985 --> 00:45:38,986 Duan spent four years in prison, 246 00:45:38,987 --> 00:45:42,947 but now works as a security guard. 247 00:45:42,948 --> 00:45:45,819 The day I was there, he was on his break, 248 00:45:45,820 --> 00:45:47,995 scavenging furniture from a company 249 00:45:47,996 --> 00:45:50,215 that was going out of business. 250 00:46:19,375 --> 00:46:20,768 NANFU: 251 00:46:34,260 --> 00:46:36,088 NANFU: 252 00:46:46,881 --> 00:46:48,622 NANFU: 253 00:46:50,972 --> 00:46:52,104 NANFU: 254 00:46:56,282 --> 00:46:58,979 The number 10,000 sounded high to me, 255 00:46:58,980 --> 00:47:01,808 but I had no way to verify it. 256 00:47:01,809 --> 00:47:05,377 I asked him to show me exactly how he did it. 257 00:47:11,689 --> 00:47:14,212 He used to take a train almost every day 258 00:47:14,213 --> 00:47:17,258 between Guangdong Province, where he would find babies, 259 00:47:17,259 --> 00:47:19,043 and Hunan Province, 260 00:47:19,044 --> 00:47:22,264 where he would sell the babies to the orphanages. 261 00:47:34,929 --> 00:47:36,714 YUENENG: 262 00:48:08,223 --> 00:48:10,182 NANFU: 263 00:48:12,706 --> 00:48:14,229 NANFU: 264 00:48:24,239 --> 00:48:25,806 YUENENG: 265 00:48:32,378 --> 00:48:34,032 NANFU: 266 00:48:54,356 --> 00:48:57,663 1992 was the year that China began 267 00:48:57,664 --> 00:48:59,752 its international adoption program, 268 00:48:59,753 --> 00:49:03,626 allowing foreigners to adopt Chinese orphans. 269 00:49:05,454 --> 00:49:08,630 The demand from orphanages grew so fast 270 00:49:08,631 --> 00:49:10,895 that Duan's family had to find help. 271 00:50:21,008 --> 00:50:22,575 YUENENG: 272 00:51:07,185 --> 00:51:08,708 MEILIN: 273 00:51:33,863 --> 00:51:36,518 YUENENG: 274 00:51:49,836 --> 00:51:51,707 NANFU: 275 00:51:59,324 --> 00:52:01,326 NANFU: 276 00:52:22,086 --> 00:52:23,957 NANFU: 277 00:52:32,270 --> 00:52:33,401 NANFU: 278 00:52:45,065 --> 00:52:47,066 Until my aunt told me 279 00:52:47,067 --> 00:52:49,286 the story about her abandoned daughter, 280 00:52:49,287 --> 00:52:52,637 I never knew that I had a cousin. 281 00:52:52,638 --> 00:52:54,640 Now I was filled with questions. 282 00:52:55,858 --> 00:52:58,034 Where could she be? 283 00:52:58,035 --> 00:53:01,908 And where are the children Duan sold to orphanages? 284 00:53:05,433 --> 00:53:07,391 One family in America 285 00:53:07,392 --> 00:53:11,439 has been trying to answer these questions for 18 years. 286 00:53:13,441 --> 00:53:15,486 There are entries showing these kids 287 00:53:15,487 --> 00:53:19,011 either came from the Duan family from Wuchuan 288 00:53:19,012 --> 00:53:22,580 or from, you know, outside, uh, family planning. 289 00:53:22,581 --> 00:53:24,625 And that's just-- It's astounding that, 290 00:53:24,626 --> 00:53:27,324 of the hundreds of kids at this orphanage 291 00:53:27,325 --> 00:53:29,108 adopted internationally, 292 00:53:29,109 --> 00:53:30,631 less than a handful of them 293 00:53:30,632 --> 00:53:33,634 actually seem to have been legitimately found. 294 00:53:33,635 --> 00:53:35,114 The rest were brought in by people. 295 00:53:35,115 --> 00:53:36,550 I know. 296 00:53:36,551 --> 00:53:38,987 Long Lan and her husband Brian 297 00:53:38,988 --> 00:53:41,033 cofounded Research China, 298 00:53:41,034 --> 00:53:44,341 a paid service that tries to connect adopted children 299 00:53:44,342 --> 00:53:46,430 with their birth families in China. 300 00:53:46,431 --> 00:53:49,086 Their search started with their own children. 301 00:53:52,959 --> 00:53:54,830 LAN: 302 00:54:01,185 --> 00:54:04,012 Why adopting from China was so popular 303 00:54:04,013 --> 00:54:06,058 among international families? 304 00:54:06,059 --> 00:54:08,278 The main thing is that the China program, 305 00:54:08,279 --> 00:54:09,583 from the beginning, 306 00:54:09,584 --> 00:54:11,498 was extremely predictable. 307 00:54:11,499 --> 00:54:14,414 You knew practically down to the penny 308 00:54:14,415 --> 00:54:17,025 how much money you were gonna need to bring to China. 309 00:54:17,026 --> 00:54:19,332 You knew where you were gonna be on every day. 310 00:54:19,333 --> 00:54:21,726 You knew what forms you were gonna sign. 311 00:54:21,727 --> 00:54:25,208 Everything was 100 percent orchestrated. 312 00:54:25,209 --> 00:54:28,863 How much was the average total cost to adopt from China? 313 00:54:28,864 --> 00:54:33,477 Generally between, say, $10,000 at the very least 314 00:54:33,478 --> 00:54:35,784 to 20,000 to $25,000. 315 00:54:38,352 --> 00:54:41,572 So we did research, submitted our dossier 316 00:54:41,573 --> 00:54:44,705 and adopted Meikina in 1998, April 4th. 317 00:54:46,447 --> 00:54:49,362 And it was, in every sense of the word, 318 00:54:49,363 --> 00:54:51,277 a life-changing experience. 319 00:54:51,278 --> 00:54:54,585 And we said, "Boy, we need to go on that ride again." 320 00:54:59,591 --> 00:55:02,070 Now look at the camera. Two, three, one. 321 00:55:02,071 --> 00:55:04,725 Come on.Here. One, two... 322 00:55:04,726 --> 00:55:06,598 LAN: 323 00:55:25,356 --> 00:55:27,008 Oh, my God... 324 00:55:32,450 --> 00:55:34,799 For most of Meikina's life, 325 00:55:34,800 --> 00:55:39,020 they thought they knew exactly how she came to them. 326 00:55:39,021 --> 00:55:43,547 I'd actually started researching in China in about 2000, 327 00:55:43,548 --> 00:55:45,680 and interviewed this finder. 328 00:55:52,861 --> 00:55:54,906 And the detail in the experience 329 00:55:54,907 --> 00:55:56,560 that she painted for me 330 00:55:56,561 --> 00:55:59,171 struck me as completely legitimate. 331 00:56:18,235 --> 00:56:20,845 For 10 years, I was convinced 332 00:56:20,846 --> 00:56:22,977 that that story was accurate. 333 00:56:22,978 --> 00:56:26,024 Um, and then finally Lan said, you know, 334 00:56:26,025 --> 00:56:27,765 "Maybe we should go back 335 00:56:27,766 --> 00:56:30,333 and I should meet this finder and talk to her myself." 336 00:56:30,334 --> 00:56:31,638 So she went back, 337 00:56:31,639 --> 00:56:33,597 found the woman I had interviewed, 338 00:56:33,598 --> 00:56:36,295 and the woman, like, kind of got a little bit nervous, 339 00:56:36,296 --> 00:56:38,819 and she said, "Have you spoken to the orphanage? 340 00:56:38,820 --> 00:56:42,345 "I actually had nothing to do with your daughter's finding. 341 00:56:42,346 --> 00:56:44,477 "Our names were just put on the paperwork 342 00:56:44,478 --> 00:56:45,870 "for the adoption. 343 00:56:45,871 --> 00:56:47,525 We didn't find your daughter." 344 00:56:49,048 --> 00:56:51,092 Now, when Lan called me and told me that, 345 00:56:51,093 --> 00:56:55,793 I was like, "Wow. That is amazing." 346 00:56:55,794 --> 00:56:58,796 Because now I recognized that the orphanage 347 00:56:58,797 --> 00:57:00,537 had prepped the finder 348 00:57:00,538 --> 00:57:02,887 before I had even gotten there in 2000 and said, 349 00:57:02,888 --> 00:57:04,410 "Give him a good story. 350 00:57:04,411 --> 00:57:06,847 Make something up. Just make him feel good." 351 00:57:06,848 --> 00:57:09,894 And that's what happens in the majority of cases 352 00:57:09,895 --> 00:57:12,244 when Western families go to China, 353 00:57:12,245 --> 00:57:17,163 and they give this same story over and over and over again. 354 00:57:18,556 --> 00:57:20,253 LAN: 355 00:57:41,883 --> 00:57:44,582 How come I can't find that one? 356 00:57:54,418 --> 00:57:55,809 Talking with Long Lan, 357 00:57:55,810 --> 00:57:57,985 I realized I was following the path 358 00:57:57,986 --> 00:57:59,379 she had already discovered. 359 00:58:15,221 --> 00:58:17,527 She had reached out to Duan and his family 360 00:58:17,528 --> 00:58:19,093 many years before I did. 361 00:58:19,094 --> 00:58:21,182 She has a copy of all the records 362 00:58:21,183 --> 00:58:23,010 from Duan's trial. 363 00:58:23,011 --> 00:58:25,404 She also interviewed Duan's mom, 364 00:58:25,405 --> 00:58:27,711 who passed away several years ago. 365 00:58:27,712 --> 00:58:29,887 She was the first person in the family 366 00:58:29,888 --> 00:58:32,716 who sold babies to orphanages. 367 00:58:32,717 --> 00:58:34,936 NANFU: 368 00:58:42,988 --> 00:58:44,816 NANFU: 369 00:58:56,044 --> 00:58:57,480 Hmm. 370 00:58:57,481 --> 00:58:58,612 Mm. 371 00:59:06,403 --> 00:59:08,534 Mm. 372 00:59:34,648 --> 00:59:35,780 Hmm. 373 00:59:51,404 --> 00:59:53,797 And so the orphanage will hire-- 374 00:59:53,798 --> 00:59:55,102 Not officially hire, 375 00:59:55,103 --> 00:59:58,758 but will create a recruiting network 376 00:59:58,759 --> 01:00:03,763 of doctors, midwives, foster families, whatever. 377 01:00:03,764 --> 01:00:06,853 You know? Anybody that can-- 378 01:00:06,854 --> 01:00:10,204 Can locate and bring children into the orphanage. 379 01:00:10,205 --> 01:00:12,380 When those children come into the orphanage, 380 01:00:12,381 --> 01:00:14,687 then, of course, the orphanage then needs 381 01:00:14,688 --> 01:00:16,515 to fabricate their information, 382 01:00:16,516 --> 01:00:20,476 say, "Oh, yeah, let's pick the third middle school today." 383 01:00:20,477 --> 01:00:22,826 You know, and they'll tell the adopted family, 384 01:00:22,827 --> 01:00:25,263 "Your child was found at the third middle school." 385 01:00:25,264 --> 01:00:28,527 Um, when, in fact, they were never actually found at all. 386 01:00:28,528 --> 01:00:31,748 So, what the orphanages will do is they'll make an agreement 387 01:00:31,749 --> 01:00:34,011 with their local police station and say, 388 01:00:34,012 --> 01:00:37,536 "Okay, we're going to bring over these finding reports, 389 01:00:37,537 --> 01:00:40,974 "and we need you to stamp it and sign it, 390 01:00:40,975 --> 01:00:42,585 "and we'll pay you 50 yuan or whatever 391 01:00:42,586 --> 01:00:43,847 for each one that we do." 392 01:00:46,981 --> 01:00:48,939 The finding ads are published in newspapers 393 01:00:48,940 --> 01:00:50,680 that nobody ever reads. 394 01:00:50,681 --> 01:00:52,595 You know, basically, they're just a photo 395 01:00:52,596 --> 01:00:55,554 with some information about the child, 396 01:00:55,555 --> 01:00:57,991 their gender, their health status, 397 01:00:57,992 --> 01:01:00,124 where they were supposedly found, 398 01:01:00,125 --> 01:01:02,300 how old, their birth dates, and so on. 399 01:01:02,301 --> 01:01:04,998 And then, at the bottom of the finding ad it says, 400 01:01:04,999 --> 01:01:08,306 "The birth family has 60 days to retrieve the child, 401 01:01:08,307 --> 01:01:10,788 or the child will be submitted for adoption." 402 01:01:16,707 --> 01:01:19,883 Looking at the finding ads in the newspapers, 403 01:01:19,884 --> 01:01:22,494 I wondered about each baby's story. 404 01:01:22,495 --> 01:01:25,192 If they weren't orphans, 405 01:01:25,193 --> 01:01:27,544 were they given to matchmakers like my own cousin? 406 01:01:31,635 --> 01:01:34,245 I found many sets of twins. 407 01:01:34,246 --> 01:01:38,118 Most of them probably were separated, 408 01:01:38,119 --> 01:01:40,338 and they don't even know that they have a twin 409 01:01:40,339 --> 01:01:42,428 somewhere in the world. 410 01:01:50,915 --> 01:01:53,439 LAN: 411 01:01:59,445 --> 01:02:01,272 When you take that information 412 01:02:01,273 --> 01:02:03,970 from all the children and you collate it together, 413 01:02:03,971 --> 01:02:06,233 you can begin to see patterns. 414 01:02:06,234 --> 01:02:08,366 This is the location that the orphanage 415 01:02:08,367 --> 01:02:10,020 told the adoptive families 416 01:02:10,021 --> 01:02:11,587 where their child was found. 417 01:02:11,588 --> 01:02:14,502 And so you can see-- Orphanage gate, 418 01:02:14,503 --> 01:02:18,028 civil affairs, orphanage, civil affairs, orphanage. 419 01:02:18,029 --> 01:02:19,377 It's clear that, you know, 420 01:02:19,378 --> 01:02:21,031 they're making up the information, 421 01:02:21,032 --> 01:02:22,989 because they're using the same locations 422 01:02:22,990 --> 01:02:24,643 over and over and over again. 423 01:02:24,644 --> 01:02:26,211 LAN: 424 01:02:50,365 --> 01:02:52,976 It used to be that family planning would come in 425 01:02:52,977 --> 01:02:54,978 if you had an over-quota child, 426 01:02:54,979 --> 01:02:56,849 and they'd bash down your house 427 01:02:56,850 --> 01:03:00,200 or they'd take a pig or, you know, do something. 428 01:03:00,201 --> 01:03:01,549 Once the orphanage joined 429 01:03:01,550 --> 01:03:03,726 the international adoption program, 430 01:03:03,727 --> 01:03:05,336 that changed. 431 01:03:05,337 --> 01:03:08,600 And so now they saw kind of a win-win situation going 432 01:03:08,601 --> 01:03:11,037 where the family planning would go in 433 01:03:11,038 --> 01:03:13,997 and take the child that wasn't registered, 434 01:03:13,998 --> 01:03:15,694 turn it in to the orphanage, 435 01:03:15,695 --> 01:03:18,654 the orphanage would reward the family planning officials, 436 01:03:18,655 --> 01:03:21,745 and then adopt that child internationally. 437 01:03:24,269 --> 01:03:27,097 I lived in China until I was 26, 438 01:03:27,098 --> 01:03:29,708 but I'd never heard that government officials 439 01:03:29,709 --> 01:03:33,625 were confiscating babies during the One-Child Policy. 440 01:03:33,626 --> 01:03:35,627 I was shocked when Brian said 441 01:03:35,628 --> 01:03:38,064 the story was uncovered years ago 442 01:03:38,065 --> 01:03:41,111 when I was still living in China. 443 01:03:41,112 --> 01:03:43,723 This was me back then. 444 01:03:45,377 --> 01:03:47,030 Throughout my life, 445 01:03:47,031 --> 01:03:49,815 I was taught to believe the love of my country 446 01:03:49,816 --> 01:03:51,774 was equal to love of the government 447 01:03:51,775 --> 01:03:54,428 and the party. 448 01:03:54,429 --> 01:03:57,127 Now, when I look back at this time in my life, 449 01:03:57,128 --> 01:04:00,218 I'm amazed at my ignorance. 450 01:04:04,483 --> 01:04:06,398 NANFU: 451 01:04:10,445 --> 01:04:13,709 The Chinese government exerted a lot of influence 452 01:04:13,710 --> 01:04:15,798 to suppress the story. 453 01:04:15,799 --> 01:04:21,151 Threatened the newspaper, threatened the reporter. 454 01:04:21,152 --> 01:04:23,806 The reporter ended up having to leave China, you know, 455 01:04:23,807 --> 01:04:26,112 because of that kind of stuff. 456 01:04:26,113 --> 01:04:28,593 I e-mailed the journalist, 457 01:04:28,594 --> 01:04:30,769 who is in exile in Hong Kong, 458 01:04:30,770 --> 01:04:33,467 and asked if he could meet me. 459 01:04:33,468 --> 01:04:36,862 He agreed, but only if we meet in a hotel, 460 01:04:36,863 --> 01:04:39,344 because he didn't want to reveal his address. 461 01:04:44,784 --> 01:04:47,700 PANG: 462 01:04:55,926 --> 01:04:58,275 Pang had extensive evidence. 463 01:04:58,276 --> 01:05:00,451 He and a colleague had taken cameras 464 01:05:00,452 --> 01:05:03,715 to Hunan Province in 2010. 465 01:05:03,716 --> 01:05:07,240 The government had targeted families in Longhui County, 466 01:05:07,241 --> 01:05:11,157 one of the poorest places in all of China. 467 01:05:13,247 --> 01:05:14,509 WOMAN: 468 01:05:23,910 --> 01:05:26,043 MAN: 469 01:05:30,482 --> 01:05:33,092 MAN: 470 01:05:33,093 --> 01:05:35,008 ZHOU: 471 01:05:40,144 --> 01:05:41,710 MAN: 472 01:05:50,023 --> 01:05:51,851 MAN: 473 01:05:53,331 --> 01:05:55,072 MAN: 474 01:06:01,165 --> 01:06:03,732 MAN: 475 01:06:07,606 --> 01:06:09,477 YANG: 476 01:06:11,523 --> 01:06:12,784 MAN 1: 477 01:06:12,785 --> 01:06:16,049 MAN 2: 478 01:06:20,358 --> 01:06:21,620 MAN: 479 01:06:24,101 --> 01:06:26,625 PANG: 480 01:06:59,223 --> 01:07:02,747 Growing up, I saw signs like this everywhere. 481 01:07:40,786 --> 01:07:42,962 NANFU: 482 01:08:00,806 --> 01:08:03,113 MAN: 483 01:08:04,984 --> 01:08:06,116 ZENG: 484 01:08:09,510 --> 01:08:10,771 Then he showed me footage 485 01:08:10,772 --> 01:08:12,904 of Zeng Shuangjie. 486 01:08:12,905 --> 01:08:14,950 He told me that Zeng had a twin sister 487 01:08:14,951 --> 01:08:16,648 who was taken away from the family. 488 01:08:18,737 --> 01:08:20,739 PANG: 489 01:08:35,232 --> 01:08:37,103 MAN: 490 01:09:12,269 --> 01:09:14,835 In Hong Kong, Pang wrote a book 491 01:09:14,836 --> 01:09:17,577 titledThe Orphans of Shao. 492 01:09:17,578 --> 01:09:20,754 He used the twin girl's picture on the cover. 493 01:09:20,755 --> 01:09:23,148 It couldn't be published in China. 494 01:09:23,149 --> 01:09:25,237 An English version was published 495 01:09:25,238 --> 01:09:28,981 with the help of a U.S. nonprofit organization. 496 01:09:37,946 --> 01:09:41,819 Since Pang's report was published in 2011, 497 01:09:41,820 --> 01:09:44,256 the situation of the families in Shaoyang 498 01:09:44,257 --> 01:09:45,779 is basically the same. 499 01:09:45,780 --> 01:09:47,912 There has been no accountability 500 01:09:47,913 --> 01:09:49,305 for the people responsible. 501 01:09:58,532 --> 01:10:01,621 FATHER: 502 01:10:01,622 --> 01:10:04,233 LAN: 503 01:10:04,234 --> 01:10:05,712 FATHER: 504 01:10:05,713 --> 01:10:07,150 Ah. Oh. 505 01:10:23,731 --> 01:10:25,864 ZENG: 506 01:11:49,077 --> 01:11:51,644 I told Lan the story about my aunt 507 01:11:51,645 --> 01:11:53,342 and my missing cousin. 508 01:11:53,343 --> 01:11:55,606 She said she might be able to help. 509 01:12:41,652 --> 01:12:42,870 Ah. 510 01:13:10,463 --> 01:13:13,030 After meeting with my aunt, 511 01:13:13,031 --> 01:13:14,771 Lan kept traveling around China, 512 01:13:14,772 --> 01:13:17,295 gathering DNA from families 513 01:13:17,296 --> 01:13:20,516 to test for matches with children abroad. 514 01:13:20,517 --> 01:13:23,258 One thing that struck me was that everyone we spoke to 515 01:13:23,259 --> 01:13:25,782 said the same things about the policy. 516 01:13:43,975 --> 01:13:45,976 As I heard the answer 517 01:13:45,977 --> 01:13:48,631 again and again, "I had no choice", 518 01:13:48,632 --> 01:13:53,113 I realized that you could ask anyone in any part of China 519 01:13:53,114 --> 01:13:56,291 about how the One-Child Policy affected them, 520 01:13:56,292 --> 01:13:59,598 and all of them would say the same thing. 521 01:14:04,430 --> 01:14:05,735 I was so angry, 522 01:14:05,736 --> 01:14:07,606 even with my own family, 523 01:14:07,607 --> 01:14:11,523 that there wasn't more to be said or done. 524 01:14:11,524 --> 01:14:14,831 There was such a shared sense of helplessness. 525 01:14:14,832 --> 01:14:18,443 It reminded me, when every major life decision 526 01:14:18,444 --> 01:14:20,967 is made for you, for all your life, 527 01:14:20,968 --> 01:14:24,841 it's hard to feel responsible for the consequences. 528 01:14:31,979 --> 01:14:35,330 Long Lan and Brian started testing the DNA samples 529 01:14:35,331 --> 01:14:37,897 she brought back from China. 530 01:14:37,898 --> 01:14:41,466 They didn't find my cousin, but they did discover a match, 531 01:14:41,467 --> 01:14:43,903 a girl in the United States 532 01:14:43,904 --> 01:14:47,299 who is a DNA match to a family in China. 533 01:14:52,173 --> 01:14:56,002 This is the list of all the DNA that we've got. 534 01:14:56,003 --> 01:14:59,658 All of it comes into GEDMatch Genesis database. 535 01:14:59,659 --> 01:15:02,052 So that-- And that's a free database 536 01:15:02,053 --> 01:15:05,534 that allows us then to compare our DNA 537 01:15:05,535 --> 01:15:08,580 with all the DNA in the database. 538 01:15:08,581 --> 01:15:10,800 I was going through, Lan was doing some work, 539 01:15:10,801 --> 01:15:13,672 I was just going through. I go through each of the matches 540 01:15:13,673 --> 01:15:16,588 to see if there was any that were close matches, 541 01:15:16,589 --> 01:15:18,460 and we got to one of the birth families 542 01:15:18,461 --> 01:15:20,375 and it matched to a girl. 543 01:15:20,376 --> 01:15:23,639 And, of course, I immediately reached out to the adoptee, 544 01:15:23,640 --> 01:15:26,729 sent her an e-mail and let her know that, you know, 545 01:15:26,730 --> 01:15:29,253 if she wanted more information, she could write us. 546 01:15:29,254 --> 01:15:31,081 And then she wrote back and said, 547 01:15:31,082 --> 01:15:32,778 "Thank you for reaching out to me. 548 01:15:32,779 --> 01:15:34,693 "At this moment, I do not want information 549 01:15:34,694 --> 01:15:36,216 "regarding my birth family. 550 01:15:36,217 --> 01:15:38,131 I'm not really interested at this time." 551 01:15:38,132 --> 01:15:40,960 NANFU: 552 01:16:10,513 --> 01:16:13,428 Lan told me that it's actually very common 553 01:16:13,429 --> 01:16:15,647 that adoptees do not want to contact 554 01:16:15,648 --> 01:16:18,302 their birth families. 555 01:16:18,303 --> 01:16:22,915 This also included the children she located from Hunan Province 556 01:16:22,916 --> 01:16:25,091 who were kidnapped and sent to orphanages 557 01:16:25,092 --> 01:16:26,310 by the government. 558 01:16:26,311 --> 01:16:27,834 LAN: 559 01:18:05,497 --> 01:18:06,933 Okay. 560 01:18:16,508 --> 01:18:17,944 Mm. 561 01:18:25,691 --> 01:18:27,475 Um... 562 01:18:50,760 --> 01:18:52,674 After leaving Utah, 563 01:18:52,675 --> 01:18:57,113 I decided to take another trip to China with my son. 564 01:18:57,114 --> 01:18:59,332 I wanted to follow up with the twin girl 565 01:18:59,333 --> 01:19:01,378 whose sister is in America. 566 01:19:01,379 --> 01:19:04,600 I brought the book written by the journalist in Hong Kong. 567 01:19:06,819 --> 01:19:10,953 While there was no DNA match for Zeng and her twin sister, 568 01:19:10,954 --> 01:19:13,433 her story had already been made public. 569 01:19:13,434 --> 01:19:16,741 An American journalist located her twin sister 570 01:19:16,742 --> 01:19:18,744 in the United States. 571 01:19:39,678 --> 01:19:42,071 NANFU: 572 01:19:42,072 --> 01:19:45,728 ZENG: 573 01:19:47,207 --> 01:19:48,860 PANG: 574 01:19:48,861 --> 01:19:50,427 ZENG: 575 01:19:50,428 --> 01:19:51,733 PANG: 576 01:19:51,734 --> 01:19:53,735 PANG: 577 01:19:53,736 --> 01:19:54,867 ZENG: 578 01:20:29,336 --> 01:20:33,078 While the American family did not want to be interviewed, 579 01:20:33,079 --> 01:20:35,691 Zeng and her twin sister connected through social media. 580 01:20:37,562 --> 01:20:39,303 ZENG: 581 01:20:58,714 --> 01:21:01,151 NANFU: 582 01:21:05,111 --> 01:21:06,373 NANFU: 583 01:21:14,947 --> 01:21:16,819 NANFU: 584 01:21:18,516 --> 01:21:19,691 Mm. 585 01:21:26,219 --> 01:21:28,351 Mm... 586 01:21:28,352 --> 01:21:30,267 NANFU: 587 01:21:35,185 --> 01:21:36,490 Mm. 588 01:21:46,196 --> 01:21:47,675 NANFU: 589 01:21:49,068 --> 01:21:50,417 NANFU: 590 01:21:56,336 --> 01:21:57,597 NANFU: 591 01:22:03,735 --> 01:22:05,215 NANFU: 592 01:22:09,436 --> 01:22:10,916 Mm. 593 01:22:14,441 --> 01:22:16,617 NANFU: 594 01:22:49,868 --> 01:22:51,564 Many years ago, 595 01:22:51,565 --> 01:22:54,830 I felt embarrassed for having a brother. 596 01:22:57,006 --> 01:22:58,397 But now I feel lucky 597 01:22:58,398 --> 01:23:00,096 that I had someone to grow up with. 598 01:23:01,967 --> 01:23:05,361 I want my son to have a sibling like I did, 599 01:23:05,362 --> 01:23:09,104 but I want that decision to be my own. 600 01:23:09,105 --> 01:23:12,324 I'm struck by the irony that I left a country 601 01:23:12,325 --> 01:23:14,849 where the government forced women to abort, 602 01:23:14,850 --> 01:23:17,155 and I moved to another country 603 01:23:17,156 --> 01:23:21,159 where governments restrict abortions. 604 01:23:21,160 --> 01:23:24,162 On the surface, they seem like opposites, 605 01:23:24,163 --> 01:23:27,339 but both are about taking away women's control 606 01:23:27,340 --> 01:23:29,560 of their own bodies. 607 01:23:39,483 --> 01:23:44,487 The One-Child Policy lasted for 35 years. 608 01:23:44,488 --> 01:23:47,142 Now there aren't enough young people in China 609 01:23:47,143 --> 01:23:49,885 to work and care for the elderly. 610 01:23:51,843 --> 01:23:56,369 So China is introducing a new family planning policy. 611 01:24:12,211 --> 01:24:14,256 The signs painted all over my village 612 01:24:14,257 --> 01:24:15,388 have been changed. 613 01:24:18,000 --> 01:24:20,479 Every trace of the One-Child Policy 614 01:24:20,480 --> 01:24:22,091 is being erased. 615 01:24:27,139 --> 01:24:29,533 WOMEN: 616 01:24:41,240 --> 01:24:44,155 But the memory of what the policy really was 617 01:24:44,156 --> 01:24:46,419 survives in the minds of people who lived it. 618 01:24:47,812 --> 01:24:49,247 If these memories 619 01:24:49,248 --> 01:24:51,597 of the One-Child Policy fade away, 620 01:24:51,598 --> 01:24:54,993 the only thing left will be propaganda. 621 01:25:06,309 --> 01:25:09,790 ALL: 40107

Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.