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By the summer of 1945,
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00:00:03,253 --> 00:00:06,590
the Allies are tearing Japan
to shreds.
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00:00:06,632 --> 00:00:08,551
We’d scatter
in all directions
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00:00:08,592 --> 00:00:11,428
and shout, "they’re coming!"
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00:00:11,470 --> 00:00:14,431
A ground invasion
seems imminent.
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00:00:14,473 --> 00:00:18,435
The largest amphibious assault
in human history.
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00:00:18,477 --> 00:00:20,062
We knew the beaches,
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00:00:20,103 --> 00:00:22,939
we knew the order of battle.
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00:00:22,981 --> 00:00:24,941
But one bomb...
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00:00:24,983 --> 00:00:27,068
changes everything.
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00:00:27,194 --> 00:00:31,073
People just sat,
catching fire.
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00:00:31,114 --> 00:00:33,617
Some memories will never fade.
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00:00:33,659 --> 00:00:36,453
I experienced
the collapse of our nation.
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00:00:36,495 --> 00:00:39,790
And no survivors
will ever forget.
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00:00:39,831 --> 00:00:42,042
My mother thought
I had been killed.
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00:00:42,084 --> 00:00:43,460
Hear the voices
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00:00:43,502 --> 00:00:45,796
and feel the fight.
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00:01:07,526 --> 00:01:09,319
We were
going up in daylight
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00:01:09,361 --> 00:01:11,113
and dropping leaflets that said,
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00:01:11,196 --> 00:01:14,241
"We advise you
to evacuate your town
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00:01:14,283 --> 00:01:18,537
because we’re coming up here
Sunday afternoon at 2 o’clock
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00:01:18,579 --> 00:01:20,664
to burn it to the ground."
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00:01:30,173 --> 00:01:32,759
In March of 1945,
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00:01:32,801 --> 00:01:36,013
General Curtis Lemay
took a torch to Tokyo
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00:01:36,054 --> 00:01:39,558
in the world’s first
large-scale use of napalm bombs.
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00:01:42,394 --> 00:01:44,146
The first fire raid on Tokyo
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00:01:44,313 --> 00:01:47,900
flattened 16 square miles
of the city.
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00:01:47,941 --> 00:01:49,776
Lemay was ecstatic.
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00:01:49,818 --> 00:01:52,487
He ordered more of
those missions immediately.
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00:01:56,199 --> 00:02:00,120
Lemay targets
any place with a war industry.
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00:02:00,162 --> 00:02:01,872
In a matter of months,
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00:02:01,913 --> 00:02:05,417
America firebombs
67 Japanese cities.
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00:02:10,130 --> 00:02:12,049
Fueled by wood and wind,
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00:02:12,090 --> 00:02:14,926
flames wash through Japan
like a flood.
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00:02:18,430 --> 00:02:19,681
Mother,
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00:02:19,723 --> 00:02:21,975
with my little brother
on her back,
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00:02:22,017 --> 00:02:26,188
had her feet swept out
from under her by the wind...
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00:02:26,229 --> 00:02:29,441
and she rolled away
into the flames.
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00:02:32,277 --> 00:02:33,904
American firebombs
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00:02:33,945 --> 00:02:37,407
kill an estimated
half-million citizens.
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00:02:44,456 --> 00:02:47,668
Lemay films the damage himself.
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00:02:47,709 --> 00:02:50,337
His footage has never been
broadcast before.
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00:02:52,673 --> 00:02:56,510
In some places,
only bridges are left,
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00:02:56,551 --> 00:02:59,846
connecting neighborhoods
that no longer exist.
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00:03:03,266 --> 00:03:07,395
I suppose
if I had lost the war,
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00:03:07,437 --> 00:03:09,522
I would have been tried
as a war criminal.
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00:03:11,441 --> 00:03:13,318
But all war is immoral.
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00:03:14,945 --> 00:03:19,199
And if you let that bother you,
you’re not a good soldier.
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00:03:26,081 --> 00:03:29,251
Japanese film
shows the rush to evacuate.
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00:03:33,338 --> 00:03:38,134
Entire classrooms of kids
migrate from city to country.
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00:03:39,803 --> 00:03:43,557
But they don’t escape the fear.
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00:03:43,598 --> 00:03:48,228
By 1945,
we no longer had many classes.
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00:03:48,270 --> 00:03:51,273
The main thing we did
was dig an anti-tank ditch
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00:03:51,356 --> 00:03:53,601
in the corner of the schoolyard.
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00:10:44,853 --> 00:10:47,981
Is
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00:10:48,022 --> 00:10:49,857
with a new road
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00:10:49,899 --> 00:10:52,777
from the Indian town of Ledo.
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00:10:54,279 --> 00:10:57,866
The jungle is no easy place
to make a detour.
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00:10:59,117 --> 00:11:00,994
It was rugged.
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00:11:01,035 --> 00:11:02,703
We were assigned to mile zero,
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00:11:02,745 --> 00:11:05,706
which we called "hell’s gate."
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00:11:05,748 --> 00:11:06,791
From there,
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00:11:06,833 --> 00:11:09,711
they slowly carve
a new ribbon of road
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for 460 miles.
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00:11:13,464 --> 00:11:15,716
We used every imaginable
tool they had
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00:11:15,758 --> 00:11:17,134
to move the earth.
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00:11:18,928 --> 00:11:22,640
Workers nickname it
"the big snake."
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00:11:22,682 --> 00:11:25,768
It takes a bite out of every man
that works on it.
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00:11:28,229 --> 00:11:31,858
I lost about 55 pounds
up there on the road.
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00:11:31,900 --> 00:11:34,528
The rations and the heat
took me bad.
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00:11:36,905 --> 00:11:39,825
But the effort pays off.
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00:11:39,866 --> 00:11:43,828
A stream of supplies
begins to flow into China.
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00:11:43,870 --> 00:11:45,330
Now the pressure on Japan
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seems to be coming
from every direction.
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00:11:51,461 --> 00:11:55,590
Burma can now stand firm
with the Allies.
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00:11:55,632 --> 00:11:58,760
Japanese troops
dissolve into the jungle,
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00:11:58,801 --> 00:12:00,970
isolated and abandoned.
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00:12:04,766 --> 00:12:07,477
Here, freedom is a relief.
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00:12:12,774 --> 00:12:15,485
In the American west,
it’s bittersweet.
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00:12:17,820 --> 00:12:20,072
Since 1942,
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more than a hundred thousand
Japanese Americans
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have been forced
into internment camps.
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00:12:31,334 --> 00:12:36,339
Kids have been growing up
as little more than prisoners.
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00:12:36,381 --> 00:12:37,799
When I got to camp,
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00:12:37,840 --> 00:12:40,092
I was a junior.
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00:12:40,134 --> 00:12:44,263
My diploma was from
the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
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00:12:46,099 --> 00:12:47,851
The fears that put them here
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00:12:47,892 --> 00:12:50,812
have not materialized.
101
00:12:50,853 --> 00:12:54,857
They haven’t become spies
or saboteurs.
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00:12:54,899 --> 00:12:57,360
Instead, they’ve been
quietly showing
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00:12:57,402 --> 00:13:00,155
just how American
they really are.
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00:13:04,492 --> 00:13:07,829
So even with the war
grinding on,
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00:13:07,912 --> 00:13:10,665
America opens the gates.
107
00:13:10,707 --> 00:13:13,710
That was
a dividing line in our lives.
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00:13:13,751 --> 00:13:17,171
Before camp and after camp.
109
00:13:17,213 --> 00:13:19,757
Roberta and Takeo Shiroma
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will have to start over.
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00:13:22,135 --> 00:13:25,430
My parents lost their business.
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00:13:25,471 --> 00:13:28,057
It’s like they’re
immigrants once more,
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departing with a few suitcases
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to a country whose
lofty principles
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do not apply to them.
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00:13:37,608 --> 00:13:40,402
Many Americans
don’t want them back.
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00:13:40,445 --> 00:13:44,282
One senator suggests
they all be deported to Japan.
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00:13:46,826 --> 00:13:49,871
West coast newspapers
decry what they call
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00:13:49,996 --> 00:13:52,123
"California’s jap problem."
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00:13:54,792 --> 00:13:57,586
My father could not get a job.
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00:13:57,628 --> 00:14:00,297
They said,
"have you looked at your face?
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00:14:00,340 --> 00:14:02,175
We can’t hire you."
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00:14:02,216 --> 00:14:04,468
Some even
cling to the camps
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00:14:04,510 --> 00:14:07,888
when they could freely leave.
125
00:14:07,930 --> 00:14:10,057
But the Shiromas
try to heed wisdom
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00:14:10,099 --> 00:14:12,893
from their ancestral home.
127
00:14:13,061 --> 00:14:14,145
We have a phrase
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that we hear all the time.
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It’s called "shigata ga nai."
130
00:14:18,358 --> 00:14:21,111
It means
"it couldn’t be helped."
131
00:14:21,152 --> 00:14:23,613
It’s something that happened,
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and you let it go.
133
00:14:25,073 --> 00:14:28,952
That will be easier
for some than others.
134
00:14:31,829 --> 00:14:34,373
In another desert
of the American West,
135
00:14:34,415 --> 00:14:37,543
B-29 crews
line up for inspection.
136
00:14:39,379 --> 00:14:41,256
He told us
that we were in an outfit
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00:14:41,297 --> 00:14:44,675
that might end the war.
138
00:14:44,717 --> 00:14:46,469
Then...
139
00:14:46,511 --> 00:14:48,805
they prepare
for a high-stakes game
140
00:14:48,846 --> 00:14:50,097
of target practice.
141
00:14:53,726 --> 00:14:56,938
The trinity test
ushered in the atomic age.
142
00:15:00,483 --> 00:15:04,278
But no one knows how to drop
such a big bomb out of a plane.
143
00:15:06,614 --> 00:15:10,952
So B-29s take off with
dummy bombs called "pumpkins"
144
00:15:10,993 --> 00:15:12,953
to drop onto the desert.
146
00:15:19,919 --> 00:15:22,004
I guess they just
plowed up these tumbleweeds
147
00:15:22,046 --> 00:15:24,257
so we could see a target.
148
00:15:27,093 --> 00:15:29,846
From more than 5 1/2 miles up,
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00:15:29,887 --> 00:15:31,263
they let it go.
150
00:15:34,100 --> 00:15:38,980
On the ground, experts observe
the bomb’s dynamics.
151
00:15:39,021 --> 00:15:40,439
The first ones tumbled.
152
00:15:40,481 --> 00:15:42,566
Then they changed the tailfins.
153
00:15:44,402 --> 00:15:46,988
People from Los Alamos
were down there timing
154
00:15:47,029 --> 00:15:50,533
how long it would
take them to fall.
155
00:15:50,575 --> 00:15:53,453
Someone joked that they stood
in the center of the target
156
00:15:53,494 --> 00:15:56,205
because they felt that
would be the safest place.
157
00:15:58,583 --> 00:16:00,960
It’s not a bullseye.
158
00:16:01,002 --> 00:16:04,005
But with the real bomb,
it might not matter.
160
00:16:11,804 --> 00:16:13,389
On august 5th,
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00:16:13,431 --> 00:16:18,061
another air crew prepares
for a run on Japan.
162
00:16:18,102 --> 00:16:20,313
It’s becoming almost routine.
163
00:16:24,692 --> 00:16:28,946
This is
the 345th bombardment group,
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nicknamed the air apaches.
165
00:16:33,451 --> 00:16:35,036
They’re on Ie Shima,
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00:16:35,161 --> 00:16:37,038
a little island off Okinawa
167
00:16:37,079 --> 00:16:40,040
that’s now a bustling air base.
168
00:16:40,166 --> 00:16:42,043
The target
is the town of Tarumizu,
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just 430 miles away.
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00:16:52,261 --> 00:16:55,306
Captain John Hanna
films the action himself.
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00:16:57,934 --> 00:17:02,605
With Japan unable to mount
much of a defense,
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Hanna’s plane
can scrape the rooflines.
175
00:17:09,946 --> 00:17:12,031
They make runs
on a coastal factory
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00:17:12,073 --> 00:17:14,617
that makes rocket-propelled
suicide planes.
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00:17:18,162 --> 00:17:20,706
And they firebomb nearby homes
178
00:17:20,748 --> 00:17:24,085
to cripple the workers
as much as their workplace.
180
00:17:33,386 --> 00:17:36,180
The 345th returns to base
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00:17:36,222 --> 00:17:39,100
with a few scratches
from anti-aircraft fire.
183
00:17:44,021 --> 00:17:46,065
Tarumizu is wrecked.
184
00:17:48,276 --> 00:17:52,071
Today’s raid is 325 planes
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00:17:52,113 --> 00:17:54,782
and thousands of bombs.
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00:17:54,824 --> 00:17:58,202
Tomorrow, it’ll be just one.
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Teenager Yamaoka Michiko
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is on her way
to downtown Hiroshima.
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00:18:22,435 --> 00:18:24,854
I was in
the third year of high school.
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00:18:27,231 --> 00:18:29,692
I left the house around 7:45.
193
00:18:38,492 --> 00:18:41,453
From the island of Tinian,
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00:18:41,495 --> 00:18:44,623
colonel Paul Tibbets
is on his way to Japan.
195
00:18:46,417 --> 00:18:48,210
We had lulled the Japanese
196
00:18:48,252 --> 00:18:50,004
into a sense of false security.
197
00:18:53,007 --> 00:18:54,300
For a week
198
00:18:54,342 --> 00:18:57,303
I sent a single airplane up
over these targets.
199
00:19:01,057 --> 00:19:04,477
I wanted them to think
we were reconnaissance planes.
201
00:19:18,824 --> 00:19:21,076
I wasn’t particularly afraid
202
00:19:21,118 --> 00:19:23,912
when B-29s flew overhead.
203
00:19:23,954 --> 00:19:26,457
I looked up to see
if I could spot them.
204
00:19:28,250 --> 00:19:30,419
That was the moment.
206
00:19:38,260 --> 00:19:39,678
There was no sound.
207
00:19:42,473 --> 00:19:45,142
I felt colors.
208
00:19:46,686 --> 00:19:49,772
I remember my body
floating in the air.
209
00:19:52,608 --> 00:19:54,985
I don’t know how far
I was blown.
210
00:19:57,738 --> 00:20:01,867
I tried to say something,
but my voice couldn’t come out.
211
00:20:04,370 --> 00:20:08,082
I said to myself,
"goodbye, mom."
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00:20:10,918 --> 00:20:13,254
Below the mushroom cloud,
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00:20:13,421 --> 00:20:16,507
it was black
and boiling underneath,
214
00:20:16,549 --> 00:20:18,760
like a boiling pot of tar.
215
00:20:21,470 --> 00:20:24,556
Fires burst out
from just the light itself.
216
00:20:27,143 --> 00:20:30,938
Nobody looked
like a human being.
217
00:20:32,565 --> 00:20:34,525
People couldn’t scream.
218
00:20:37,945 --> 00:20:40,114
They just sat,
219
00:20:40,156 --> 00:20:41,824
catching fire.
221
00:20:50,332 --> 00:20:53,043
By that time,
we were out over the water
222
00:20:53,085 --> 00:20:54,587
and on our way back home.
223
00:20:57,047 --> 00:20:58,757
It was an easy flight.
225
00:21:03,345 --> 00:21:04,888
I didn’t have the ability
226
00:21:04,930 --> 00:21:08,434
to visualize
what this thing really was.
227
00:21:11,061 --> 00:21:16,567
There was no measure, no scale
by which to judge this thing.
228
00:21:20,488 --> 00:21:22,991
As Tibbets lines up for a medal,
229
00:21:23,032 --> 00:21:26,160
rumors swirl about
the damage in Hiroshima.
230
00:21:28,245 --> 00:21:31,206
The guys came in
with their eyes wide open
231
00:21:31,248 --> 00:21:33,083
and asked...
232
00:21:33,125 --> 00:21:35,377
"Jesus! Is this true?"
233
00:21:39,799 --> 00:21:41,467
A few days later,
234
00:21:41,509 --> 00:21:45,680
Americans roll out
another atomic bomb.
235
00:21:45,721 --> 00:21:50,351
Even bigger in size and power.
236
00:21:50,392 --> 00:21:52,561
They name it "fat man."
237
00:21:54,480 --> 00:21:58,985
Inside is a lump of plutonium
about the size of a softball.
238
00:22:02,404 --> 00:22:03,864
They seal the seams
239
00:22:03,906 --> 00:22:07,118
to keep moisture away from
the delicate components inside.
240
00:22:10,454 --> 00:22:12,623
Since the bomb hit Hiroshima,
241
00:22:12,665 --> 00:22:17,628
Japan has sent no message
to the outside world.
242
00:22:17,670 --> 00:22:20,381
It is silent...
243
00:22:20,422 --> 00:22:21,924
as if in shock.
244
00:22:23,551 --> 00:22:27,555
So Americans load up fat man
245
00:22:27,596 --> 00:22:30,390
and head for the next target:
246
00:22:30,558 --> 00:22:32,393
the city of Kokura.
248
00:22:41,527 --> 00:22:43,446
When the B-29s arrive,
249
00:22:43,487 --> 00:22:46,031
Kokura is socked in,
250
00:22:46,073 --> 00:22:49,034
with clouds and smoke
from burning cities.
252
00:22:53,289 --> 00:22:56,250
They peel off
for their secondary target.
254
00:23:01,297 --> 00:23:05,301
A Scottish POW
is in a prison camp nearby.
255
00:23:07,636 --> 00:23:10,305
I saw a plane flying.
256
00:23:10,347 --> 00:23:15,143
Two minutes later came
a tremendous clap of thunder
257
00:23:15,185 --> 00:23:16,895
from Nagasaki.
259
00:23:26,530 --> 00:23:30,075
A gale-force wind
nearly knocked me over.
261
00:23:34,788 --> 00:23:37,457
Japan isn’t sure
what’s hitting them.
263
00:23:42,755 --> 00:23:45,716
America isn’t sure
what it’s unleashing.
264
00:23:50,346 --> 00:23:53,766
Only those under
the mushroom cloud really know.
265
00:23:56,685 --> 00:23:59,313
But the world
will soon find out.
268
00:24:15,746 --> 00:24:17,039
The next day,
269
00:24:17,081 --> 00:24:19,584
the Japanese contact the Swiss,
270
00:24:19,625 --> 00:24:22,253
who pass messages
to the Americans,
271
00:24:22,294 --> 00:24:25,172
even as their carriers
launch more raids.
272
00:24:26,882 --> 00:24:30,719
Meanwhile, the Soviet Union
invades Manchuria,
273
00:24:30,761 --> 00:24:34,181
opening another front
Japan can barely defend.
274
00:24:38,185 --> 00:24:42,106
Days go by
as each side deliberates
275
00:24:42,147 --> 00:24:43,273
and translates
276
00:24:43,315 --> 00:24:44,525
and negotiates.
279
00:24:56,870 --> 00:24:59,539
Bombs keep dropping.
280
00:24:59,748 --> 00:25:01,166
On august 13th,
281
00:25:01,208 --> 00:25:05,462
1,000 carrier planes make
their final dive on Tokyo.
282
00:25:08,841 --> 00:25:12,386
In 1942, this would
have been impossible.
284
00:25:15,848 --> 00:25:18,351
Now it’s unstoppable.
286
00:25:25,691 --> 00:25:28,569
A scratchy recording
of a strange voice
287
00:25:28,652 --> 00:25:32,614
goes out over Japanese airwaves.
288
00:25:32,656 --> 00:25:35,117
It’s emperor Hirohito.
289
00:25:35,159 --> 00:25:38,204
Revered as a distant
God-like figure,
290
00:25:38,245 --> 00:25:40,581
he has never
addressed the public...
291
00:25:40,622 --> 00:25:43,250
until now.
292
00:25:43,292 --> 00:25:45,586
We have decided
to effect a settlement
293
00:25:45,794 --> 00:25:47,587
of the present situation
294
00:25:47,629 --> 00:25:50,632
by resorting
to an extraordinary measure.
295
00:25:50,674 --> 00:25:53,552
He uses
an archaic Japanese dialect
296
00:25:53,594 --> 00:25:56,222
that few can understand.
297
00:25:56,263 --> 00:25:59,850
But soon,
the news becomes clear.
298
00:25:59,892 --> 00:26:03,145
Japan surrenders.
300
00:26:09,151 --> 00:26:12,488
The world gasps
in a moment of disbelief...
302
00:26:16,450 --> 00:26:19,411
...coming out
of Tokyo that emperor Hirohito
303
00:26:19,453 --> 00:26:22,331
has accepted the terms
of surrender as drafted...
305
00:26:28,170 --> 00:26:31,090
then exhales in relief.
308
00:26:50,484 --> 00:26:54,655
Navy ships racing toward Japan
begin to coast.
310
00:27:00,452 --> 00:27:02,663
We had our ship loaded,
311
00:27:02,704 --> 00:27:05,874
totally loaded for us to invade.
312
00:27:05,916 --> 00:27:08,210
We got the message.
313
00:27:08,252 --> 00:27:11,839
I ran up to the bridge where
a good friend was signalman.
314
00:27:11,880 --> 00:27:15,300
He spelled out "war is over."
315
00:27:18,846 --> 00:27:19,847
The captain announced,
316
00:27:19,888 --> 00:27:22,182
"it’s against naval regulations,
317
00:27:22,224 --> 00:27:24,852
but all hands can lay down
to the scullery
318
00:27:24,893 --> 00:27:26,645
for two cans of beer."
320
00:27:38,115 --> 00:27:39,700
All across the Pacific,
321
00:27:39,867 --> 00:27:44,830
men slated for the final assault
get the news of their lives.
322
00:27:47,958 --> 00:27:52,337
I guarantee you
there was a lot of relief.
323
00:27:52,379 --> 00:27:53,797
I don’t know how many of us
would have survived
324
00:27:53,839 --> 00:27:55,758
the invasion of Japan,
325
00:27:55,799 --> 00:27:57,718
Bbt not very many,
I don’t think.
327
00:28:03,682 --> 00:28:06,435
In the Philippines,
328
00:28:06,476 --> 00:28:08,269
word slowly gets out.
329
00:28:11,773 --> 00:28:13,149
Serviceman Dan Rocklin
330
00:28:13,192 --> 00:28:16,737
films a nation
slowly rising from its knees.
332
00:28:28,707 --> 00:28:32,628
From every corner
of their fallen empire,
333
00:28:32,669 --> 00:28:35,755
Japanese who fought
from the shadows
334
00:28:35,964 --> 00:28:38,216
finally emerge into daylight.
335
00:28:41,970 --> 00:28:43,013
They started coming in
336
00:28:43,055 --> 00:28:46,475
and putting their rifles down.
337
00:28:46,516 --> 00:28:49,394
That was the end of them.
338
00:28:49,436 --> 00:28:54,316
We fell from
heaven to hell overnight.
339
00:28:54,358 --> 00:28:56,986
Men who spent
the last 3 1/2 years
340
00:28:57,027 --> 00:28:59,613
trying to annihilate each other
341
00:28:59,655 --> 00:29:02,074
are now facing each other.
342
00:29:02,115 --> 00:29:04,451
The japs
all came in from the jungle
343
00:29:04,493 --> 00:29:07,329
and gave us their swords.
344
00:29:07,371 --> 00:29:10,666
Of course, all our officers
got the good ones.
345
00:29:12,960 --> 00:29:17,715
In China, Japanese
troops are herded into boxcars:
346
00:29:17,756 --> 00:29:22,594
a demoralizing start
to their long journey home.
347
00:29:22,636 --> 00:29:26,265
I experienced
the collapse of our nation.
348
00:29:26,306 --> 00:29:28,391
It was really worse than dying.
349
00:29:31,103 --> 00:29:34,898
In Japan,
there is shock and shame.
350
00:29:38,944 --> 00:29:40,946
Nobody truly thought
351
00:29:40,988 --> 00:29:42,698
Japan would lose.
352
00:29:44,074 --> 00:29:45,826
Since its ancient beginnings
353
00:29:45,867 --> 00:29:47,869
in the first century,
354
00:29:47,911 --> 00:29:50,747
it has never known
a foreign occupation.
355
00:29:53,750 --> 00:29:55,418
The pride of empire
356
00:29:55,460 --> 00:29:58,380
disintegrates
into a cloud of fear.
358
00:30:04,886 --> 00:30:08,848
They arrive in white planes,
359
00:30:08,890 --> 00:30:10,725
the color of surrender,
360
00:30:10,767 --> 00:30:14,479
at general MacArthur’s
insistence.
361
00:30:14,521 --> 00:30:17,482
He doesn’t want
any mistaken identity.
362
00:30:20,027 --> 00:30:23,822
The rising sun has been replaced
by a green cross.
363
00:30:30,078 --> 00:30:32,497
The Japanese delegation emerges.
364
00:30:34,666 --> 00:30:36,668
They’ve just landed
in the Philippines
365
00:30:36,710 --> 00:30:38,337
to meet with MacArthur.
366
00:30:41,173 --> 00:30:44,802
The future of Japan
is now under negotiation.
367
00:30:47,637 --> 00:30:50,723
MacArthur welcomes
Allies of every stripe.
368
00:30:52,684 --> 00:30:55,061
A global array
of military uniforms
369
00:30:55,103 --> 00:30:58,732
marches into Manila.
370
00:30:58,774 --> 00:31:00,401
They will talk all night
371
00:31:00,442 --> 00:31:04,947
over hastily translated
maps and documents.
372
00:31:04,988 --> 00:31:06,615
And they settle on a date
373
00:31:06,656 --> 00:31:11,244
to formally conclude
the Pacific War.
375
00:31:17,501 --> 00:31:21,839
A distant Mount Fuji
presides over Tokyo bay.
376
00:31:25,133 --> 00:31:30,013
For all the thousands
on board the USS Missouri,
377
00:31:30,055 --> 00:31:33,725
the focus is on one man,
378
00:31:33,767 --> 00:31:38,522
now supreme commander
for the Allied powers.
379
00:31:38,563 --> 00:31:40,315
I had received no instructions
380
00:31:40,357 --> 00:31:44,570
as to what to say or what to do.
381
00:31:44,611 --> 00:31:46,404
I was on my own,
382
00:31:46,446 --> 00:31:48,198
standing on the quarterdeck
383
00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:51,744
with only God and my own
conscience to guide me.
384
00:31:53,620 --> 00:31:57,958
MacArthur stands to
face the Japanese delegation
385
00:31:57,999 --> 00:32:01,294
and stakes his claim.
386
00:32:01,336 --> 00:32:03,964
I announce it my firm purpose
387
00:32:04,005 --> 00:32:07,383
to proceed in the discharge
of my responsibilities
388
00:32:07,426 --> 00:32:09,219
with justice and tolerance,
389
00:32:09,261 --> 00:32:12,723
to ensure that
the terms of surrender
390
00:32:12,764 --> 00:32:18,019
are fully, promptly,
and faithfully complied with.
391
00:32:20,021 --> 00:32:25,401
Finally, in the calm
of a sea-salt breeze,
392
00:32:25,444 --> 00:32:30,366
the incessant pounding
of the Pacific War ceases
393
00:32:30,407 --> 00:32:34,161
with the quiet scrawls
of solemn signatures.
394
00:32:38,915 --> 00:32:44,295
The ceremony ends
with a ferocious roar--
395
00:32:44,337 --> 00:32:48,299
a flyover of nearly 500 B-29s.
396
00:32:52,846 --> 00:32:56,975
Now both sides
have to make a sudden turn
397
00:32:57,017 --> 00:33:00,521
from combat to cooperation.
398
00:33:00,562 --> 00:33:04,483
A lasting peace in the Pacific
is at stake.
400
00:33:16,161 --> 00:33:18,038
Just weeks earlier,
401
00:33:18,079 --> 00:33:21,332
this was the plan--
402
00:33:21,374 --> 00:33:24,377
an all-out full-force charge
403
00:33:24,419 --> 00:33:28,757
into the drawn swords
of a 2,000-year-old empire.
404
00:33:30,634 --> 00:33:34,429
Instead,
the Allies approach unarmed.
406
00:33:38,975 --> 00:33:41,936
We didn’t have any ammunition.
407
00:33:41,978 --> 00:33:45,857
MacArthur did not want
any incidents.
408
00:33:45,899 --> 00:33:47,692
Not one incident.
410
00:33:53,365 --> 00:33:54,783
Thousands of troops
411
00:33:54,824 --> 00:33:59,037
pour onto the soil
of their sworn enemy...
412
00:33:59,079 --> 00:34:01,290
without firing,
413
00:34:01,331 --> 00:34:03,959
without ducking,
414
00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:05,460
without dying.
415
00:34:08,630 --> 00:34:12,676
Japanese disarm themselves
under Allied supervision.
416
00:34:14,678 --> 00:34:17,306
Americans look right
into the jaws
417
00:34:17,347 --> 00:34:20,183
of what awaited them.
418
00:34:20,225 --> 00:34:22,519
From the water line to Tokyo,
419
00:34:22,561 --> 00:34:25,105
every yard of it
was entrenched and barricaded
420
00:34:25,313 --> 00:34:28,274
with tunnels and caverns.
421
00:34:28,316 --> 00:34:30,652
It would have been a bloodbath.
422
00:34:32,404 --> 00:34:34,114
Americans are fascinated with
423
00:34:34,197 --> 00:34:36,408
the war’s opposing perspective.
424
00:34:37,951 --> 00:34:42,998
They play with guns that were
once aimed at them.
425
00:34:43,039 --> 00:34:44,249
They find a Japanese ship
426
00:34:44,291 --> 00:34:48,128
with Allied planes
painted on the side--
427
00:34:48,169 --> 00:34:49,837
a cheat-sheet for gunners.
428
00:34:51,506 --> 00:34:55,927
And one takes a tour
of a Japanese sub.
429
00:34:55,969 --> 00:34:59,139
I’m sure they hated us.
430
00:34:59,222 --> 00:35:00,640
But some of them
tried to introduce
431
00:35:00,682 --> 00:35:04,561
some sort of
incipient friendship,
432
00:35:04,603 --> 00:35:06,605
as if,
in the back of their minds,
433
00:35:06,646 --> 00:35:09,149
they recognized
that we were humans,
434
00:35:09,316 --> 00:35:10,776
just like they were.
436
00:35:16,781 --> 00:35:19,534
The victors
are now fully ashore.
438
00:35:23,580 --> 00:35:26,083
Next come the vanquished.
440
00:35:34,215 --> 00:35:36,300
Seven million Japanese
441
00:35:36,343 --> 00:35:40,848
have been spread across
Asia and the Pacific,
442
00:35:40,889 --> 00:35:43,934
fighting for the homeland
they remember.
444
00:35:53,234 --> 00:35:55,361
Some have been gone for years,
445
00:35:55,403 --> 00:35:58,781
with no idea what their nation
has endured.
447
00:36:06,331 --> 00:36:09,209
Face masks and a blast of DDT
448
00:36:09,334 --> 00:36:12,045
stave off the import of disease.
449
00:36:14,881 --> 00:36:18,551
But there’s no cure
for the shock of defeat.
450
00:36:21,221 --> 00:36:22,472
Japanese citizens
451
00:36:22,514 --> 00:36:27,060
imagined their enemies
as ruthless barbarians.
452
00:36:27,102 --> 00:36:30,355
Now these foreign armies
are walking among them.
453
00:36:37,737 --> 00:36:39,364
They turned
their backs to us
454
00:36:39,406 --> 00:36:41,158
and hung their heads.
455
00:36:41,199 --> 00:36:44,661
I asked the interpreter,
"what are they doing?"
456
00:36:44,703 --> 00:36:47,372
And he said,
"that’s the sign of submission."
457
00:36:51,668 --> 00:36:53,503
Allies bombed and blockaded
458
00:36:53,545 --> 00:36:57,257
the Japanese into starvation.
459
00:36:57,298 --> 00:36:59,967
Now they unload C-rations.
460
00:37:02,262 --> 00:37:05,474
MacArthur: we didn’t intend
to feed them forever.
461
00:37:05,515 --> 00:37:08,435
We needed to make Japan
self-sufficient
462
00:37:08,476 --> 00:37:10,728
as soon as it was
humanly possible.
463
00:37:14,315 --> 00:37:16,776
This is a tall order.
464
00:37:20,071 --> 00:37:23,241
Much of Japan
is simply not there anymore.
466
00:37:26,536 --> 00:37:28,288
Tokyo is half gone.
468
00:37:39,048 --> 00:37:40,883
For mile after mile,
469
00:37:40,925 --> 00:37:44,095
it looks like a forest
clear cut down to stumps.
471
00:37:53,021 --> 00:37:56,983
Rebuilding is a job too immense
for many to grasp.
472
00:37:59,819 --> 00:38:02,864
So they simply get to it...
473
00:38:02,906 --> 00:38:05,117
with picks...
474
00:38:05,158 --> 00:38:06,951
and shovels...
475
00:38:06,993 --> 00:38:08,453
and bare hands.
476
00:38:10,622 --> 00:38:13,959
In two cities, it’s even worse.
478
00:38:18,296 --> 00:38:20,924
We flew directly over Nagasaki.
479
00:38:23,259 --> 00:38:24,343
From ground zero,
480
00:38:24,552 --> 00:38:28,014
everything radiated out
360 degrees.
482
00:38:32,852 --> 00:38:36,522
We went to Hiroshima.
483
00:38:36,564 --> 00:38:39,442
You can’t imagine.
484
00:38:39,484 --> 00:38:43,196
For miles, there was nothing.
485
00:38:43,238 --> 00:38:44,698
Nothing left.
486
00:38:47,408 --> 00:38:51,245
This city was burned down
to the sidewalks.
488
00:38:54,290 --> 00:38:56,542
But the bomb’s lasting impact
489
00:38:56,584 --> 00:38:59,962
is not in the rubble
of brick and mortar.
490
00:39:00,004 --> 00:39:03,174
It’s in the scars
of mind and body.
492
00:39:07,303 --> 00:39:11,390
Inside hospitals are injuries
beyond anyone’s training.
494
00:39:16,855 --> 00:39:20,317
Anyone within half a mile
was instantly scorched.
495
00:39:22,902 --> 00:39:26,906
Two miles away,
skin spontaneously ignited.
497
00:39:31,578 --> 00:39:36,416
Hiroshima teenager
Yamaoka Michiko survives,
498
00:39:36,457 --> 00:39:39,585
but then has to endure.
499
00:39:39,627 --> 00:39:41,587
People threw stones at me
500
00:39:41,629 --> 00:39:44,757
and called me monster.
501
00:39:44,799 --> 00:39:49,929
Once my mom
tried to choke me to death.
502
00:39:49,971 --> 00:39:54,142
If a girl has a face
you couldn’t be born with,
503
00:39:54,183 --> 00:39:58,729
I understand that even a mother
could want to kill her child.
504
00:40:00,982 --> 00:40:05,695
In Hiroshima,
few families are intact.
505
00:40:05,737 --> 00:40:09,824
Mourners grieve
at overcrowded cemeteries.
506
00:40:09,866 --> 00:40:13,286
No one knows when or if
507
00:40:13,328 --> 00:40:16,832
a new Japan will emerge
from the atomic shadow.
508
00:40:20,627 --> 00:40:24,005
We’d hoped
for this moment for years
509
00:40:24,047 --> 00:40:27,008
and dreamt that one day
it might arrive.
510
00:40:27,050 --> 00:40:30,637
But we’d never known
that it would.
511
00:40:30,678 --> 00:40:34,473
140,000 Allied
prisoners of war
512
00:40:34,682 --> 00:40:37,560
take their first steps
toward home.
513
00:40:40,605 --> 00:40:43,566
From a POW camp in Thailand,
514
00:40:43,608 --> 00:40:45,944
they board flights to Vietnam.
516
00:40:49,697 --> 00:40:53,492
An old hotel in Saigon
puts them up,
517
00:40:53,618 --> 00:40:55,495
and it feels like the Ritz.
518
00:40:58,206 --> 00:40:59,666
In Singapore,
519
00:40:59,707 --> 00:41:03,753
Sikh soldiers from India
come out of captivity.
520
00:41:03,795 --> 00:41:06,840
U.S. troops
salute their freedom.
521
00:41:09,342 --> 00:41:11,386
In the Philippines,
522
00:41:11,427 --> 00:41:15,473
Japan had called
its 90,000 prisoners of war
523
00:41:15,515 --> 00:41:17,392
"guests of the empire."
524
00:41:20,103 --> 00:41:23,607
Now they hitch rides
and join convoys
525
00:41:23,648 --> 00:41:26,568
to carry them away from despair,
526
00:41:26,609 --> 00:41:28,152
toward hope.
528
00:41:35,743 --> 00:41:37,870
In Japan itself,
529
00:41:37,912 --> 00:41:43,126
36,000 POWs have endured
darkness and decay.
531
00:41:46,796 --> 00:41:49,132
We had to carry 90% of them
532
00:41:49,173 --> 00:41:51,509
out on stretchers.
533
00:41:51,551 --> 00:41:54,929
Some of their bones were
sticking through their skin.
534
00:41:57,348 --> 00:42:00,643
Former captives
flood the streets,
535
00:42:00,685 --> 00:42:03,021
getting their first sips
of freedom...
536
00:42:06,357 --> 00:42:10,152
and their first crack at
the all-you-can-eat mess tent.
538
00:42:14,949 --> 00:42:17,660
They begin
the long journey home...
539
00:42:19,746 --> 00:42:21,790
lucky to be alive.
541
00:42:26,669 --> 00:42:29,755
More than a quarter
of western Allied POWs
542
00:42:29,797 --> 00:42:31,924
died in captivity.
543
00:42:33,885 --> 00:42:37,597
Japan planned
to execute the rest--
544
00:42:37,680 --> 00:42:39,140
all these men--
545
00:42:39,182 --> 00:42:41,893
once the land invasion began.
546
00:42:44,729 --> 00:42:47,607
Some had dug
their own mass graves.
547
00:42:51,527 --> 00:42:52,737
We talked about
548
00:42:52,779 --> 00:42:57,200
what we were going to do
when we got home...
549
00:42:57,241 --> 00:43:01,704
who we couldn’t wait to see...
550
00:43:01,746 --> 00:43:04,707
and how all the problems
of normal life
551
00:43:04,749 --> 00:43:07,752
could never bother us again--
552
00:43:07,794 --> 00:43:10,088
not after
what we’d been through.
554
00:43:20,640 --> 00:43:26,437
We picked up over
a thousand military personnel.
555
00:43:26,479 --> 00:43:28,982
The ship was so crowded.
556
00:43:29,023 --> 00:43:31,651
But nobody complained.
557
00:43:31,818 --> 00:43:33,737
We were homeward bound.
558
00:43:35,696 --> 00:43:37,489
They crave family.
559
00:43:38,825 --> 00:43:42,454
My mother thought
I had been killed.
560
00:43:42,495 --> 00:43:43,663
When I was in Hawaii,
561
00:43:43,871 --> 00:43:46,832
I called her
and told her I was fine.
562
00:43:46,874 --> 00:43:49,418
Then I hit the bars
and saw the girls.
564
00:43:53,131 --> 00:43:55,091
They crave the familiar.
565
00:43:56,968 --> 00:43:58,928
When we got to San Francisco,
566
00:43:58,970 --> 00:44:01,931
people were throwing flowers.
567
00:44:01,973 --> 00:44:03,975
There was a big sign--
568
00:44:04,016 --> 00:44:05,684
"welcome home."
570
00:44:14,777 --> 00:44:17,196
They crave home cooking.
571
00:44:18,906 --> 00:44:20,199
In Tarawa,
572
00:44:20,241 --> 00:44:22,076
we ate nothing
but crushed pineapple
573
00:44:22,118 --> 00:44:25,204
and canned Vienna sausage.
574
00:44:25,246 --> 00:44:29,125
I ate enough Vienna sausage to
make a rope and swing me home.
576
00:44:35,882 --> 00:44:39,344
Finally, they crave normalcy.
577
00:44:39,385 --> 00:44:42,096
The first thing
after I got discharged,
578
00:44:42,138 --> 00:44:44,682
I went straight
to a department store.
579
00:44:44,724 --> 00:44:47,977
I bought me a whole suit
of civilian clothes,
580
00:44:48,019 --> 00:44:49,729
from head to foot.
581
00:44:49,937 --> 00:44:52,731
And I put it on right there.
582
00:44:52,773 --> 00:44:54,733
Maybe I shouldn’t say this,
583
00:44:54,775 --> 00:44:57,945
but I just took my uniform
and dropped it in the garbage
584
00:44:57,987 --> 00:45:00,740
and walked on out.
585
00:45:00,781 --> 00:45:02,741
That was one happy day.
587
00:45:08,915 --> 00:45:11,042
The trains were running.
588
00:45:13,878 --> 00:45:15,838
And the streetcars were running.
589
00:45:17,173 --> 00:45:19,300
The Japanese were very busy.
590
00:45:21,802 --> 00:45:27,057
A new Japan begins
to rise out of the rubble.
591
00:45:27,099 --> 00:45:29,768
MacArthur guides the occupation
592
00:45:29,894 --> 00:45:32,814
without appearing
as an overlord.
593
00:45:32,855 --> 00:45:34,774
I advised the Japanese people
594
00:45:34,941 --> 00:45:36,276
to seek a healthy blend
595
00:45:36,317 --> 00:45:40,613
between the best of theirs
and the best of ours.
596
00:45:40,655 --> 00:45:42,615
He opens civil liberties...
597
00:45:45,243 --> 00:45:47,203
and religious freedoms
598
00:45:47,245 --> 00:45:50,415
beyond the deep traditions
Of Shinto and Buddhism.
599
00:45:53,125 --> 00:45:57,212
He also floods the country
with ten million free bibles.
601
00:46:02,218 --> 00:46:05,972
Baseball is already a pastime
both countries enjoy.
602
00:46:08,015 --> 00:46:09,642
MacArthur’s own home movies
603
00:46:09,684 --> 00:46:13,855
capture his wife Jean
taking in a Japanese ballgame.
604
00:46:16,023 --> 00:46:18,859
Once, she even throws out
the first pitch.
605
00:46:22,905 --> 00:46:26,492
The USO reaches its final stage,
606
00:46:26,534 --> 00:46:30,204
with Danny Kaye playing it up
for occupation troops.
608
00:46:37,753 --> 00:46:39,546
Markets get busier.
610
00:46:46,137 --> 00:46:47,847
People get friendlier.
612
00:46:51,934 --> 00:46:54,854
A new openness slowly blossoms.
614
00:47:03,195 --> 00:47:06,865
MacArthur allows Hirohito
to remain emperor.
615
00:47:07,033 --> 00:47:09,869
He goes from recluse
to public figure.
617
00:47:14,165 --> 00:47:16,876
Kids who would not dare
look him in the eye
618
00:47:17,043 --> 00:47:19,504
now surround him with cheers.
620
00:47:24,675 --> 00:47:27,887
Here, he makes his first visit
to Hiroshima
621
00:47:27,928 --> 00:47:29,888
to honor the bomb victims.
623
00:47:33,434 --> 00:47:37,355
It’s December 7, 1947
624
00:47:37,396 --> 00:47:40,858
Exactly six years
after the attack on Pearl Harbor
625
00:47:40,900 --> 00:47:42,902
sparked the Pacific War.
627
00:47:49,116 --> 00:47:51,785
Japan, the land of Fuji-San,
628
00:47:51,827 --> 00:47:55,247
is one of the most interesting
of all countries to visit.
629
00:47:55,289 --> 00:47:57,917
To help the rebuilding effort,
630
00:47:58,042 --> 00:48:00,211
America begins
encouraging travel
631
00:48:00,252 --> 00:48:02,921
to the country it just defeated.
632
00:48:02,963 --> 00:48:06,717
Tourism brings cash
and cultural exchange--
633
00:48:06,759 --> 00:48:08,928
two things they hope
can bring Japan
634
00:48:09,011 --> 00:48:11,931
into the family of free nations.
635
00:48:12,098 --> 00:48:16,811
Travel films promise a land
of exotic sights and sounds.
637
00:48:21,440 --> 00:48:26,487
But with enough Western touches
to attract the skittish.
638
00:48:26,529 --> 00:48:30,491
Tourism is the new
post-war propaganda.
639
00:48:30,533 --> 00:48:32,952
The message may be pandering,
640
00:48:33,160 --> 00:48:34,953
but it does hint at the promise.
642
00:48:48,676 --> 00:48:51,345
From the edges
of a vast ocean...
643
00:48:53,264 --> 00:48:57,018
and from the ashes
of its great cataclysm...
644
00:48:58,352 --> 00:49:00,980
new generations
will begin bridging
645
00:49:01,105 --> 00:49:02,898
the great Pacific divide.
646
00:49:05,693 --> 00:49:07,486
But for this generation,
647
00:49:07,528 --> 00:49:10,740
it will never again
be the peaceful sea.
649
00:49:17,079 --> 00:49:22,001
I wonder what war is.
650
00:49:22,042 --> 00:49:25,921
I wonder why we did it.
651
00:49:25,963 --> 00:49:30,176
I’m not talking about
victory or loss.
652
00:49:30,217 --> 00:49:36,014
I merely feel heartbroken
for those who died.
653
00:49:36,056 --> 00:49:39,351
However much you’re glorified,
654
00:49:39,393 --> 00:49:42,396
if you’re dead, that’s it.
656
00:49:51,155 --> 00:49:53,032
People always say,
657
00:49:53,073 --> 00:49:54,992
this movie was realistic...
659
00:49:59,163 --> 00:50:01,540
or that movie was not.
660
00:50:04,126 --> 00:50:07,087
War is something you don’t get
in any movie.
661
00:50:10,758 --> 00:50:13,803
The pungent odor
of decaying bodies...
662
00:50:17,723 --> 00:50:20,935
the constant clatter
of automatic weapons...
663
00:50:24,104 --> 00:50:26,023
suspenseful waiting...
664
00:50:29,652 --> 00:50:33,364
then the impact of
whispering artillery shells...
665
00:50:36,200 --> 00:50:39,245
screams of the wounded
and dying...
666
00:50:43,832 --> 00:50:46,626
the overwhelming smell
of gunpowder...
668
00:50:51,382 --> 00:50:54,302
you don’t get any of that
in a movie.
42395
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