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At the southern tip of South America,
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00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:41,520
the Andes mountains rise
almost vertically.
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00:00:47,440 --> 00:00:51,880
Their very height affects
life throughout the continent.
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00:00:56,240 --> 00:00:59,520
The barren slopes look inhospitable.
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00:01:05,560 --> 00:01:10,640
But like all parts of South America,
they're actually rich with wildlife.
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00:01:21,680 --> 00:01:23,640
A family of puma.
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00:01:30,360 --> 00:01:35,200
They live further south
than any other kind of cat on Earth.
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00:01:44,760 --> 00:01:47,440
These cubs are only six months old -
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entirely dependent on their mother
for food.
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00:01:53,960 --> 00:01:59,440
She knows how to exploit
this rugged landscape to her advantage.
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00:02:07,480 --> 00:02:09,240
And she has to do so,
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00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:13,640
if she is to catch the continent's
most challenging prey.
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00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:37,200
Guanaco - a relative of the camel.
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00:02:42,600 --> 00:02:46,440
Two metres tall and over three times
the weight of a puma.
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00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:55,840
The mother's only hope is to go for
the throat and try to suffocate her prey.
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00:03:05,360 --> 00:03:07,840
(BLEATS)
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00:04:02,360 --> 00:04:04,320
Her cubs try to help...
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00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:18,400
...but they themselves
don't yet have the skills or the weight
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00:04:18,440 --> 00:04:21,080
to bring down such large prey.
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00:04:33,760 --> 00:04:37,080
And the mother is now badly injured.
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00:04:49,320 --> 00:04:53,960
Her wounds are severe
and will take weeks to heal properly.
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00:05:04,920 --> 00:05:08,320
But without food,
her cubs won't survive for long.
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00:05:25,520 --> 00:05:29,560
The weather in the Andes
is harsh and unpredictable.
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00:05:40,080 --> 00:05:45,760
Snow makes the camouflage
on which she relies much less effective.
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00:05:51,960 --> 00:05:54,320
But she must have food.
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00:06:12,520 --> 00:06:16,080
The guanaco have left
her normal hunting ground...
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...and are now in the territory
of a much larger male puma.
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00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:33,040
He's just made a kill,
but he isn't about to share it with her.
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To hunt here,
she'll need to leave her cubs behind
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in the safety of their home territory.
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Almost invisible in the shadows,
she's nearly within pouncing distance.
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(GUANACO BLEATS)
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00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:33,200
Another failure.
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00:08:09,240 --> 00:08:11,560
She's got her speed back.
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00:08:28,520 --> 00:08:31,400
Now she must hold on.
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00:08:38,680 --> 00:08:43,400
But she is in the male's territory,
so her prize isn't safe...
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...and her hungry cubs
are almost a mile away.
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00:08:56,560 --> 00:09:00,000
In her weakened state,
she will need all her reserves of energy
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00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:03,360
to drag it back onto her territory.
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00:09:15,440 --> 00:09:19,640
Only her determination
to feed her young keeps her going.
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00:09:43,440 --> 00:09:45,360
Nearly there.
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(GROWLS)
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This one meal will barely last the whole
family for more than a few days.
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00:10:11,240 --> 00:10:15,600
Then their mother - somehow - will have
to summon the strength to hunt again.
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00:10:23,440 --> 00:10:28,080
Life for a hunter in this land
is as hard as it gets.
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00:10:39,640 --> 00:10:44,480
The Andes themselves were built by forces
deep in the Earth's crust.
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00:10:46,240 --> 00:10:49,000
In this part of the Pacific,
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the ocean floor has been moving eastwards
for millions of years.
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00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:00,040
Where the sediments meet
the edge of the continent,
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00:11:00,080 --> 00:11:03,080
they're pushed together
and forced upwards.
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00:11:06,640 --> 00:11:11,320
This pressure creates fractures
up which molten rock rises
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00:11:11,360 --> 00:11:16,600
and is then spewed out as ash
and lava from great volcanoes.
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00:11:25,680 --> 00:11:31,200
Nearly 200 of them stretch in a line
along the length of the continent.
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00:11:41,560 --> 00:11:46,480
Some erupt with the force
of an atomic bomb every ten seconds.
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00:11:56,000 --> 00:12:00,400
As the collision continues,
the sea floor is dragged downwards,
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00:12:00,440 --> 00:12:03,280
creating a deep trench just offshore.
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00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:09,600
Rich, cold waters rise up from it.
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00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:14,880
And this upwelling creates
an abundance of life.
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00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:29,800
Here, on the coast of Peru,
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00:12:29,840 --> 00:12:33,640
there are so many seabirds fishing
in the offshore waters
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00:12:33,680 --> 00:12:37,280
that the cliffs are covered
in droppings over a metre thick.
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00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:43,160
Humboldt penguins regard the soft guano
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as a good material in which to dig
their nest holes.
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00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:52,480
But it's a messy business.
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00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:04,400
It's the breeding season,
and more hopeful nesters arrive,
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00:13:04,440 --> 00:13:06,840
spotless from swimming in the sea.
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00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:13,240
Time for the residents to get cleaned up
and catch some fish
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for themselves and their chicks.
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00:13:27,840 --> 00:13:32,960
To get to the sea, they cross
the remains of an old nesting ground.
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00:13:47,640 --> 00:13:50,520
Only 100 metres to go.
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00:14:02,400 --> 00:14:06,280
But the beach is already crowded
with sea lions.
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00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:15,320
They too have come ashore
to raise their young.
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00:14:23,520 --> 00:14:26,200
And they don't like being disturbed.
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(SEA LION BARKS)
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(SEA LION GROWLS)
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00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:39,920
To get through such a minefield
needs a bold and courageous leader.
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(SEA LIONS BARK)
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A brave start.
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A dead end.
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00:14:57,640 --> 00:14:59,000
Now he's in trouble.
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00:15:06,760 --> 00:15:10,000
This is going to need
a bit of crowd surfing.
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00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:13,880
(SEA LIONS BARK)
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00:15:31,040 --> 00:15:34,680
But now all the sea lions are roused.
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00:15:35,920 --> 00:15:37,520
Getting through them will be tricky.
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(SEA LION ROARS)
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00:16:08,120 --> 00:16:10,640
A cleansing bathe in the ocean...
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00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:14,040
...well worth the effort.
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00:16:18,040 --> 00:16:20,280
The animals living along the Pacific coast
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are cut off from the rest of South America
by the Andes.
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00:16:29,640 --> 00:16:35,280
They form a gigantic barrier,
stretching over 4,000 miles
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00:16:35,320 --> 00:16:40,720
from Patagonia in the south
to Venezuela in the north.
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00:16:46,040 --> 00:16:49,440
This is the world's
longest mountain range.
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00:16:53,920 --> 00:16:56,720
Many peaks are over four miles high.
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00:16:59,680 --> 00:17:02,600
They are so tall they catch clouds...
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00:17:03,680 --> 00:17:08,840
...and so create an environment
unlike any other on the continent.
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00:17:21,880 --> 00:17:23,760
The cloud forest.
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00:17:27,680 --> 00:17:32,680
Every high valley here
has its own unique plants and animals.
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00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:45,080
One of them is the aptly named
Pinocchio lizard.
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00:17:46,560 --> 00:17:51,360
It was first recorded here 50 years ago
and then lost.
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00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:54,720
It's only recently been rediscovered.
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00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:10,240
Up here lives a creature
so rare that it's seldom seen,
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00:18:10,280 --> 00:18:13,720
even by those scientists
who have come here to study it.
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00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:18,160
The Andean bear.
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00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:22,960
Only a few thousand remain.
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00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:36,720
They eat mostly leaves and fruit,
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00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:41,720
often clambering up
to the very top of the canopy to do so.
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00:18:58,240 --> 00:19:02,720
He's looking for a type
of miniature avocado...
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...30 metres up.
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00:19:29,480 --> 00:19:33,840
The only fruit remaining here
is out on the thinnest branches -
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00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:36,360
too thin to support the weight of a bear.
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00:19:43,120 --> 00:19:47,200
A more experienced bear
has turned up and wants a go.
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(GROWLS)
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00:19:53,480 --> 00:19:58,240
Time for young ones to watch
and learn how to do it.
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00:20:01,560 --> 00:20:05,360
The trick is to bite the branch
just enough...
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00:20:07,560 --> 00:20:12,240
...to make it swing down
and bring the fruit within reach.
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00:20:27,080 --> 00:20:28,480
Whoops!
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00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:42,600
Now there's a race to be
first on the ground to claim it.
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00:21:04,920 --> 00:21:08,160
The moisture needed
to create a cloud forest
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00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:10,680
only occurs above a certain altitude...
120
00:21:12,760 --> 00:21:16,360
...so each peak may now have
its own species.
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00:21:21,040 --> 00:21:24,240
In Venezuela,
there are similar small worlds,
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00:21:24,280 --> 00:21:27,880
created not by rain, but by rock.
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00:21:30,440 --> 00:21:35,040
A great layer of sandstone
once covered this entire area,
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00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:37,000
but rivers cut through it.
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00:21:41,240 --> 00:21:45,680
As the valleys widened,
the tablelands became first huge plateaus,
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00:21:45,720 --> 00:21:49,400
then isolated flat-topped mountains...
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00:21:56,960 --> 00:22:01,200
...and, eventually, towers and spires.
128
00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:16,640
On the tops of the bigger ones, animals
and plants have now become so different
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00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:19,640
that they can be counted as new species.
130
00:22:45,360 --> 00:22:48,920
There is no higher waterfall
in the world...
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00:22:50,520 --> 00:22:51,640
...than this one.
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00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:59,760
Angel Falls - almost a kilometre
from top to bottom.
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00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:07,720
The vertical cliffs surrounding
many of these mountains
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00:23:07,760 --> 00:23:11,600
have kept them largely free
from human exploitation.
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00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:18,280
No such barriers have protected
the lowlands...
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00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:23,080
...but a few patches of forest
still remain.
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00:23:26,240 --> 00:23:32,840
One in Colombia is the home
of one of the world's rarest monkeys.
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00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:37,640
Cotton-topped tamarins.
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00:23:37,680 --> 00:23:40,040
They're critically endangered.
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00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:50,400
Only a few hundred families remain.
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00:24:03,440 --> 00:24:06,480
They live largely on fruit
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00:24:06,520 --> 00:24:10,320
and are particularly fond of tree sap.
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00:24:11,480 --> 00:24:16,560
This is packed with sugars,
so it also attracts insects.
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00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:24,560
But tamarins like them too -
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00:24:24,600 --> 00:24:28,200
a little bit of protein
to add to their diet.
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00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:37,360
There used to be over 50,000 species
of insect to choose from...
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00:24:43,680 --> 00:24:45,880
...but as the forest
has shrunk around them,
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00:24:45,920 --> 00:24:49,520
it's becoming more difficult
to find the right ones.
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00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:57,600
(CATTLE MOO)
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00:25:01,560 --> 00:25:04,320
South America is changing.
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00:25:08,840 --> 00:25:14,520
Over 95% of Colombia's lowland forest
has now been cleared.
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00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:18,160
(SHOUTING)
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00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:21,600
Farming has taken the biggest share.
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00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:31,600
This patch of forest is now isolated.
155
00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:41,080
The few tamarin families here
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00:25:41,120 --> 00:25:45,080
are now cut off
from the rest of their species...
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00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:50,280
...and beyond their boundary
lies an alien world.
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00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:55,760
(CATTLE MOO)
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00:25:57,840 --> 00:26:03,880
Today, more than 2,000 species of animal
in South America are under threat.
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00:26:08,560 --> 00:26:10,400
All across the continent,
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00:26:10,440 --> 00:26:15,560
forest is being steadily cut down
and replaced by farms.
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00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:28,000
Images from space
reveal the scale of the destruction.
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00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:43,560
Throughout South America as a whole,
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00:26:43,600 --> 00:26:49,520
an area of forest the size of a football
pitch is being lost every five seconds.
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00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:07,320
Of all the forests at risk,
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00:27:07,360 --> 00:27:12,120
perhaps the most precious
lies in the very heart of the continent.
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00:27:13,960 --> 00:27:16,480
The Amazon rainforest -
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00:27:16,520 --> 00:27:18,160
the largest on Earth.
169
00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:23,200
(ANIMALS AND BIRDS CHIRP AND CALL)
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00:27:30,560 --> 00:27:35,280
Over two million species of plants
and animals now live here -
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00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:39,960
more than is found on any other
of the Earth's seven continents.
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00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:12,480
Food is so abundant that some male birds,
instead of helping with nest duties,
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00:28:12,520 --> 00:28:15,880
try to mate with as many females
as possible.
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00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:22,640
This is a male manakin
showing off to a female.
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00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:25,760
He does so by dancing...
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00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:32,200
...and he has a team
of subordinate males to help him.
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00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:40,920
By supporting him now, they may
themselves eventually become leaders
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00:28:40,960 --> 00:28:43,280
and get a chance to mate.
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00:28:50,040 --> 00:28:54,720
The team is assembled
and the performance begins.
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00:28:59,720 --> 00:29:01,840
She takes a closer look.
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00:29:43,160 --> 00:29:46,760
The top male signals the end
with a final flourish.
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00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:48,360
(MANAKIN CHIRPS)
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00:29:57,040 --> 00:29:58,640
What's the verdict?
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00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:07,840
Not good enough.
185
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:10,960
Unbelievable!
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00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:18,120
So it's back to practising.
187
00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:36,240
Each animal species in this crowded
environment has to have its own way
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00:30:36,280 --> 00:30:38,240
of creating a niche for itself.
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00:30:44,880 --> 00:30:47,920
This is a poison dart frog.
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00:30:49,040 --> 00:30:52,920
Males raise their young
in a very special way.
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00:30:56,200 --> 00:31:01,800
A father will place each one of his
tadpoles in its own tiny pool of water.
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00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:04,760
This is one.
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00:31:04,800 --> 00:31:06,960
Nice and safe.
194
00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:13,120
He might have up to five other tadpoles.
195
00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:19,240
But he needs to remember
where he put each one of them.
196
00:31:22,480 --> 00:31:24,440
This one isn't doing so well.
197
00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:29,240
His tiny puddle has all but dried out.
198
00:31:30,560 --> 00:31:35,360
The tadpole will die unless its father
can find a better place for it.
199
00:31:37,840 --> 00:31:43,440
If dads are good for one thing,
it's piggyback rides.
200
00:31:53,080 --> 00:31:56,120
Fathers are no bigger
than a human thumbnail,
201
00:31:56,160 --> 00:31:59,680
but this enables them
to get to places that others can't.
202
00:32:01,560 --> 00:32:04,160
This could be perfect.
203
00:32:10,320 --> 00:32:13,840
The only problem
is that there's no food here.
204
00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:17,800
Fathers need help.
205
00:32:21,840 --> 00:32:23,520
(CROAKS)
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00:32:23,560 --> 00:32:27,040
Somewhere in this forest...
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00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:30,560
...is...
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00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:33,040
...mum.
209
00:32:46,320 --> 00:32:49,560
A female could do something
a male cannot.
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00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:57,920
But first, dad must lead his partner
to their hungry tadpole...
211
00:33:12,280 --> 00:33:14,960
...and mother deals with the problem.
212
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:21,920
She lays a single unfertilised egg.
213
00:33:29,280 --> 00:33:33,400
And her tadpole gets a much-needed meal.
214
00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:40,840
For the next six weeks,
parents continue their rounds -
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00:33:40,880 --> 00:33:44,640
an extraordinary test of teamwork
and memory.
216
00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:56,160
Warmed by the tropical sun, the Amazon's
trees release so much moisture
217
00:33:56,200 --> 00:34:01,040
from the surface of their leaves
that they create their own clouds.
218
00:34:02,680 --> 00:34:08,040
And these, over the course of a year,
release up to six metres of rain.
219
00:34:08,080 --> 00:34:09,680
(THUNDER RUMBLES)
220
00:34:12,480 --> 00:34:17,560
The water flows through the saturated
forest along a thousand streams.
221
00:34:20,440 --> 00:34:25,120
They eventually unite to form
the largest river of them all.
222
00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:30,920
The Amazon carries more water
223
00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:34,680
than the world's next seven biggest rivers
combined.
224
00:34:37,600 --> 00:34:42,000
Some sections of its banks
are particularly sought-after.
225
00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:56,080
Scarlet macaws travel over 50 miles
to visit them.
226
00:35:04,080 --> 00:35:09,680
Macaw couples bond for life
and may stick together for over 40 years.
227
00:35:17,880 --> 00:35:22,960
Pairs return to favourite trees,
ones they've known for decades.
228
00:35:27,080 --> 00:35:31,280
Parents provide their chicks
with fruits and seeds,
229
00:35:31,320 --> 00:35:35,200
but they're far from the ocean
and their diet lacks salt.
230
00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:41,480
Without it, the chicks' brains
and bones will not develop properly.
231
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:45,800
So someone has to go and fetch it.
232
00:35:58,240 --> 00:36:01,240
Many other creatures are looking
for the same thing...
233
00:36:06,040 --> 00:36:08,760
...a clay lick.
234
00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:14,360
The earth here may be 40 times
richer in valuable minerals
235
00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:18,400
than anywhere else
in the surrounding forest.
236
00:36:21,480 --> 00:36:26,000
Over a dozen species of parrot
jostle for space.
237
00:36:27,920 --> 00:36:29,080
There's a strict order...
238
00:36:29,120 --> 00:36:30,240
(PARROTS SQUAWK)
239
00:36:30,280 --> 00:36:31,680
...in who feeds first.
240
00:36:37,160 --> 00:36:40,640
Everyone is in a rush
to fill up and get airborne.
241
00:37:06,680 --> 00:37:11,040
Parents have to carry over 5kg of clay
to the nest
242
00:37:11,080 --> 00:37:13,560
before their chicks are ready to leave.
243
00:37:17,600 --> 00:37:22,360
Once fledged, these young will follow
their parents for up to a year,
244
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:25,120
learning where to find the salts.
245
00:37:37,720 --> 00:37:43,200
Many of the great riches of South America
lie far beyond the Amazon basin.
246
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:50,560
Over 1,000 miles
to the south of the Amazon,
247
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:54,280
there's one creek
unlike any other on the continent.
248
00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:14,400
Here at Bonito, freshwater springs
bubble up from deep underground.
249
00:38:19,080 --> 00:38:23,600
Filtered through limestone,
they create crystal-clear pools...
250
00:38:26,240 --> 00:38:29,440
...and in them live some remarkable fish.
251
00:38:32,040 --> 00:38:33,480
Piraputanga.
252
00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:41,840
The water is so clear that they're able to
see what is going on above its surface.
253
00:38:47,680 --> 00:38:51,920
Brown capuchins are up there,
looking for a meal.
254
00:38:59,960 --> 00:39:03,040
The piraputanga watch them
attentively.
255
00:39:04,960 --> 00:39:08,880
Wherever the monkeys go
along the banks, the fish follow.
256
00:39:17,480 --> 00:39:22,080
The monkeys are on
their daily search for ripe fruit,
257
00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:27,200
and the fish cannot by themselves know
where that might be.
258
00:39:29,440 --> 00:39:31,800
But here it is.
259
00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:45,440
And fortunately, the monkeys
aren't the neatest of feeders.
260
00:40:04,760 --> 00:40:06,440
Every scrap is fought over.
261
00:40:13,640 --> 00:40:18,000
One monkey has the job
of keeping an eye out for danger.
262
00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:34,280
Anacondas are the largest of all snakes.
263
00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:41,520
They grow to over 200kg.
264
00:40:44,480 --> 00:40:48,040
And they usually
stalk their prey from the water...
265
00:40:52,640 --> 00:40:55,840
...but it's not fish that they're after.
266
00:41:07,120 --> 00:41:13,000
If the monkeys stray too close
to the water, they will be in danger.
267
00:41:24,760 --> 00:41:25,880
(MONKEY SQUEAKS)
268
00:41:25,920 --> 00:41:28,240
The scout gives a warning call.
269
00:41:40,280 --> 00:41:44,360
That might have to be the end
of the monkey's meal for today.
270
00:41:47,840 --> 00:41:51,360
But now the piraputanga
know where the fruit is.
271
00:41:53,080 --> 00:41:56,280
And there's still plenty left on the tree.
272
00:41:59,040 --> 00:42:03,960
In the monkeys' absence,
they go for it themselves.
273
00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:18,200
Success or failure
is just a matter of millimetres.
274
00:42:33,920 --> 00:42:38,000
With a split-second adjustment,
the fish bends in midair
275
00:42:38,040 --> 00:42:39,800
and collects the prize.
276
00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:06,200
The piraputanga's extraordinary
feeding technique
277
00:43:06,240 --> 00:43:09,080
relies on these waters remaining clear.
278
00:43:16,000 --> 00:43:21,000
But today, the future of South America's
rivers has become uncertain.
279
00:43:24,920 --> 00:43:30,000
As the human population has grown,
people have become more and more reliant
280
00:43:30,040 --> 00:43:33,560
on its rivers for one of the essentials
of modern life.
281
00:43:36,560 --> 00:43:37,680
Power.
282
00:43:40,680 --> 00:43:45,880
Two-thirds of South America's energy
now comes from hydroelectricity.
283
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:51,560
No other region on Earth
is so dependent upon it.
284
00:43:53,360 --> 00:43:58,360
But the way these dams are managed
can cause problems farther downriver.
285
00:44:05,640 --> 00:44:07,840
These are the Iguazu Falls.
286
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:20,760
If the dams upriver suddenly release
their excess, Iguazu can double in size.
287
00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:30,120
And that can cause major problems
for animals that live here.
288
00:44:38,040 --> 00:44:40,360
These are great dusky swifts.
289
00:44:40,400 --> 00:44:43,960
They fly alarmingly close
to the thundering torrent...
290
00:44:46,920 --> 00:44:48,360
...and then vanish.
291
00:44:54,160 --> 00:44:59,200
Miraculously, they're able to fly
right through the curtain of water.
292
00:45:01,240 --> 00:45:02,240
(CHICK CHEEPS)
293
00:45:03,360 --> 00:45:08,680
And they do so because they've built
their nests behind the thundering curtain.
294
00:45:12,240 --> 00:45:16,480
Their enemies - falcons,
like this caracara - can't follow them.
295
00:45:18,240 --> 00:45:21,200
So the swift chicks are safe.
296
00:45:37,440 --> 00:45:42,920
But now humans have created
new problems for the swifts.
297
00:45:42,960 --> 00:45:46,320
Just as some of the chicks
are starting to fly,
298
00:45:46,360 --> 00:45:50,960
the spill over the dams
is released in full force.
299
00:46:03,000 --> 00:46:07,960
As the torrent grows,
parents give up on the last perches.
300
00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:10,120
(CHICKS CHEEP)
301
00:46:20,000 --> 00:46:23,440
Now the chicks are alone.
302
00:46:28,960 --> 00:46:33,360
But they don't yet have
their parents' waterproof feathers.
303
00:46:36,800 --> 00:46:42,720
Every year, the sudden surges of water
sweep some to their death.
304
00:46:51,240 --> 00:46:55,160
The chicks have never seen the world
beyond the falling waters.
305
00:47:07,640 --> 00:47:11,800
Unless they can find a way through,
they will not survive.
306
00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:37,760
Amazingly, driven by blind instinct,
307
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:40,560
chicks do manage
to power their way through.
308
00:47:55,520 --> 00:48:01,360
These remarkable birds have colonised
a niche in which few can survive.
309
00:48:04,400 --> 00:48:09,640
Yet their future,
and that of all wildlife in South America,
310
00:48:09,680 --> 00:48:16,120
will depend on us striking a balance
between the needs of humans and animals,
311
00:48:16,160 --> 00:48:20,520
on the richest and most diverse continent
on Earth.
312
00:48:39,240 --> 00:48:42,880
DAVID ATTENBOROUGH: To film one
of South America's most elusive predators,
313
00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:47,160
the Seven Worlds team would travel
to the far south of the continent.
314
00:48:53,880 --> 00:48:58,960
Their aim was to capture
footage of wild pumas hunting.
315
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:03,680
But what the team encountered
was the struggle of a mother
316
00:49:03,720 --> 00:49:06,240
desperate to feed her family.
317
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:13,560
Chile's Torres del Paine covers
nearly 1,000 square miles.
318
00:49:16,280 --> 00:49:20,000
Cameraman John Shier has been coming
here for eight years,
319
00:49:20,040 --> 00:49:24,320
but even he has never witnessed
a successful puma hunt.
320
00:49:25,520 --> 00:49:27,600
With so much ground to cover,
321
00:49:27,640 --> 00:49:31,880
the crew use the latest
technology to scout from the air.
322
00:49:31,920 --> 00:49:37,120
Bertie is setting up the drone
cos it helps find the cats
323
00:49:37,160 --> 00:49:38,960
and get a unique perspective
324
00:49:39,000 --> 00:49:41,160
on exactly where they are in this habitat.
325
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:52,160
But expert tracker Roberto Donoso
has 15 years' experience here
326
00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:55,720
and he relies on help
from a surprising local.
327
00:49:59,720 --> 00:50:04,160
No-one can spot a puma
as well as a guanaco.
328
00:50:04,200 --> 00:50:05,840
(BLEATS)
329
00:50:07,560 --> 00:50:09,960
John is first to pick up the clues.
330
00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:11,680
- Hey, cat...
- Cat, yeah.
331
00:50:11,720 --> 00:50:13,040
Cat. We've got a cat, OK.
332
00:50:16,880 --> 00:50:21,520
You can see guanaco
on the other side, alarm calling.
333
00:50:21,560 --> 00:50:23,200
(BLEATS)
334
00:50:28,000 --> 00:50:30,400
That cat is just sat on the ridge,
335
00:50:30,440 --> 00:50:33,360
and the full moon has just risen
right behind it.
336
00:50:34,640 --> 00:50:37,080
It's almost cheesy.
337
00:50:38,720 --> 00:50:40,320
Our very first puma.
338
00:50:43,720 --> 00:50:46,440
Once John starts to get his eye in,
339
00:50:46,480 --> 00:50:51,040
he realises he's being watched
by more than one cat.
340
00:50:57,360 --> 00:51:00,320
It's crazy. So we're sitting here,
we've got this young male
341
00:51:00,360 --> 00:51:02,960
just over the ridge,
so we've got that cat.
342
00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:04,520
While you're sitting here,
343
00:51:04,560 --> 00:51:07,480
you hear other guanaco
alarming other spots
344
00:51:07,520 --> 00:51:11,280
and you realise that there's just cats
roaming all round the landscape.
345
00:51:11,320 --> 00:51:17,200
Over the coming days,
John sees more puma than ever before.
346
00:51:18,240 --> 00:51:21,160
The situation is
like nothing the crew expected.
347
00:51:21,200 --> 00:51:24,000
For a long time, we used to say
348
00:51:24,040 --> 00:51:27,080
that trying to spot puma was so unusual
and so rare,
349
00:51:27,120 --> 00:51:32,760
but the real, remarkable thing
is actually we're seeing cats every day.
350
00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:38,720
And to think that there's this many
puma around is just... It's incredible.
351
00:51:38,760 --> 00:51:42,200
After decades of persecution by humans,
352
00:51:42,240 --> 00:51:46,400
puma are now protected in southern Chile
and making a comeback.
353
00:51:50,560 --> 00:51:53,760
But to stand any chance
of seeing them hunt,
354
00:51:53,800 --> 00:51:57,040
the crew would need to find
just the right cat.
355
00:52:01,080 --> 00:52:05,280
Three weeks in,
John has spotted something promising.
356
00:52:05,320 --> 00:52:07,200
He alerts the crew.
357
00:52:09,920 --> 00:52:15,600
JOHN OVER RADIO: It was just up here
to my right, about 100 yards from me.
358
00:52:15,640 --> 00:52:19,240
- So he's to the right.
- But closer to John.
359
00:52:19,280 --> 00:52:21,040
Ah, got him. Yeah, yeah, yeah.
360
00:52:22,400 --> 00:52:24,520
Wow, that's four, all right.
361
00:52:26,000 --> 00:52:27,600
Looks like a pride of lions.
362
00:52:29,880 --> 00:52:33,960
DAVID: A mother with three cubs,
and Roberto knows exactly who she is.
363
00:52:36,480 --> 00:52:38,800
Her name is Sarmiento.
364
00:52:41,760 --> 00:52:45,840
Her struggle to feed her family
is now the crew's main focus.
365
00:52:48,320 --> 00:52:51,040
The challenge is to keep up.
366
00:52:52,680 --> 00:52:57,800
A mother on the search for food
will roam vast distances.
367
00:52:57,840 --> 00:53:01,120
Seven miles they've walked.
Haven't stopped walking.
368
00:53:02,320 --> 00:53:06,840
For the crew, this means dragging
heavy equipment over difficult terrain.
369
00:53:10,760 --> 00:53:12,440
So we've been following the cat so much
370
00:53:12,480 --> 00:53:14,280
that there's now a hole
in the bottom of my shoe.
371
00:53:18,680 --> 00:53:21,960
Unpredictable weather makes it
even harder.
372
00:53:39,800 --> 00:53:46,080
Five weeks in and John finally thinks
Sarmiento might have some luck.
373
00:53:46,120 --> 00:53:47,280
JOHN: So it's more of a hope,
374
00:53:47,320 --> 00:53:49,920
but I think that she's going to get
one of these guanaco today.
375
00:53:49,960 --> 00:53:52,360
There's been a big herd
that's streaming into this valley,
376
00:53:52,400 --> 00:53:55,840
and for the last two hours, she's just
been watching them, like laser focus.
377
00:53:55,880 --> 00:53:57,960
Fingers crossed, today's the day.
378
00:54:24,880 --> 00:54:25,880
(EXHALES)
379
00:54:29,200 --> 00:54:31,880
She fought so hard,
the guanaco fought really hard.
380
00:54:31,920 --> 00:54:33,800
In the end, she didn't get it,
but it's amazing
381
00:54:33,840 --> 00:54:36,400
how she has to fight to get a meal
to survive.
382
00:54:36,440 --> 00:54:39,840
DAVID: Trying to take down an animal
as large as a guanaco
383
00:54:39,880 --> 00:54:42,640
has left Sarmiento badly injured.
384
00:54:44,280 --> 00:54:47,920
OVER RADIO: There's a lone guanaco,
just up to the right.
385
00:55:05,320 --> 00:55:08,720
DAVID: Every failed attempt,
she gets weaker...
386
00:55:08,760 --> 00:55:12,160
Yeah, there you go. It was close,
but, yeah, she got thrown off pretty good.
387
00:55:13,280 --> 00:55:16,040
...but a hungry mother
doesn't give up easily.
388
00:55:21,080 --> 00:55:24,120
There's a group of guanacos down here,
389
00:55:24,160 --> 00:55:27,000
so we're trying to get
in a good position to launch the drone.
390
00:55:27,040 --> 00:55:29,320
- Can you see it?
- Yeah, got it.
391
00:55:29,360 --> 00:55:30,440
She's coming back.
392
00:55:32,480 --> 00:55:36,120
The crew will only have seconds
to get into position.
393
00:55:41,040 --> 00:55:43,560
50, 50 metres. 50.
394
00:55:47,440 --> 00:55:49,880
OVER RADIO: OK. 20, 20 metres. It's going.
395
00:55:49,920 --> 00:55:51,040
20 metres.
396
00:55:56,160 --> 00:55:58,480
OVER RADIO: It's going, it's going!
It's running, it's running!
397
00:56:12,400 --> 00:56:16,040
DAVID: Witnessing this life-and-death
battle is difficult.
398
00:56:19,400 --> 00:56:24,040
But at last,
John sees Sarmiento provide for her cubs.
399
00:56:25,320 --> 00:56:30,840
I feel greatly relieved. It's been
30 days, 100 miles of walking with her,
400
00:56:30,880 --> 00:56:32,160
and we've finally got her doing it.
401
00:56:34,280 --> 00:56:37,400
During the chase, I was thinking,
"This time, please, please get it down."
402
00:56:37,440 --> 00:56:39,680
There's been three chases
where it got away.
403
00:56:41,680 --> 00:56:43,920
Her cubs have got food now.
She had to fight for it.
404
00:56:45,040 --> 00:56:50,280
Conservation efforts here have given
these secretive cats a rare safe haven,
405
00:56:50,320 --> 00:56:53,960
enabling the team to capture
a filming first...
406
00:56:55,240 --> 00:56:59,480
...and tell the remarkable story
of a fearless mother
407
00:56:59,520 --> 00:57:02,160
at the far edge of South America.
408
00:57:07,400 --> 00:57:08,400
Next time...
409
00:57:09,520 --> 00:57:11,520
...a continent marooned
410
00:57:11,560 --> 00:57:14,480
during the time of the dinosaurs,
411
00:57:14,520 --> 00:57:16,400
where the castaways...
412
00:57:18,080 --> 00:57:20,680
...are like nothing else on Earth.
413
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:28,400
Australia.
33320
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