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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:15,850 --> 00:00:18,769 Monsoon in Burma. 2 00:00:20,521 --> 00:00:24,734 If you can imagine the heaviest rain you'd ever get in this country 3 00:00:24,817 --> 00:00:30,573 going on for six to eight weeks without a break, this was monsoon period. 4 00:00:30,656 --> 00:00:33,868 Five months in every year. 5 00:00:34,577 --> 00:00:39,665 Squashing through mud, living in mud, lying in mud and sleeping in mud 6 00:00:39,749 --> 00:00:42,126 and drinking in mud and eating in mud. 7 00:00:42,209 --> 00:00:45,796 That was the monsoon in Burma, and it's just a nightmare. 8 00:00:47,590 --> 00:00:53,012 War in Burma made up in ferocity what it lacked in scale. 9 00:00:53,929 --> 00:00:58,184 Here, in 1944, in these conditions, 10 00:00:58,267 --> 00:01:04,398 the British were defending the frontiers of India against the Japanese. 11 00:02:14,301 --> 00:02:20,099 The Burmese jungle - a steam bath, closing out the sky. 12 00:02:20,766 --> 00:02:26,480 Dense, imprisoning... and a long way from home. 13 00:02:27,356 --> 00:02:31,068 I'd never seen a jungle. I'd seen a forest, but I hadn't seen a jungle. 14 00:02:31,152 --> 00:02:36,866 We went in there, it was dark, dirty, damp, rain, 15 00:02:36,949 --> 00:02:41,036 there were all sorts of animal noises that we'd never heard before... 16 00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:43,205 In fact, it was really scary. 17 00:02:43,289 --> 00:02:44,999 I liked the jungle. 18 00:02:45,082 --> 00:02:50,880 It did not have the fear it seems to have had for some Allied soldiers. 19 00:02:50,963 --> 00:02:55,009 It was a friendly place - dark, where you could camouflage yourself. 20 00:02:58,262 --> 00:03:02,224 Burma: jagged mountain and fetid swamp, 21 00:03:02,308 --> 00:03:07,146 clothed in jungle and scored by steep river valleys. 22 00:03:10,691 --> 00:03:16,488 Burma: endless green growth spawning every kind of disease - 23 00:03:16,572 --> 00:03:20,993 malaria, dysentery, scrub typhus, 24 00:03:21,076 --> 00:03:24,997 dengue fever, prickly heat- 25 00:03:25,080 --> 00:03:28,417 particularly in monsoon. 26 00:03:32,171 --> 00:03:36,717 Mud. It might have been Flanders in the First World War. 27 00:03:37,927 --> 00:03:44,225 The monsoon in Burma turned camps into swamps, roads into quagmires. 28 00:03:47,561 --> 00:03:54,318 After the rains, the country was just one great bowl of mud. 29 00:03:59,448 --> 00:04:02,451 For the British, Burma was a shield and barrier 30 00:04:02,534 --> 00:04:05,788 protecting their Indian empire. 31 00:04:05,871 --> 00:04:08,499 The Japanese saw they could use Burma 32 00:04:08,582 --> 00:04:10,751 to screen their new territorial gains 33 00:04:10,834 --> 00:04:12,461 in Southeast Asia, 34 00:04:12,544 --> 00:04:15,297 to cut the Allied supply route to China, 35 00:04:15,381 --> 00:04:19,343 and to secure new sources of oil and rice. 36 00:04:19,426 --> 00:04:22,680 In December 1941, they invaded. 37 00:04:22,763 --> 00:04:25,057 They had the advantage of surprise, 38 00:04:25,140 --> 00:04:29,979 and, for this jungle war, they were thoroughly prepared. 39 00:04:30,771 --> 00:04:32,231 I don't think any country 40 00:04:32,314 --> 00:04:36,318 could have been more unprepared for war 41 00:04:36,402 --> 00:04:39,280 than Burma was at this particular time. 42 00:04:39,363 --> 00:04:41,490 The government was unprepared, 43 00:04:41,573 --> 00:04:46,287 the civil organisation and the people were unprepared, 44 00:04:46,370 --> 00:04:51,458 and the defence forces practically didn't exist. 45 00:04:51,917 --> 00:04:57,548 Some of the Gurkha who came along had 400 recruits straight from the depot, 46 00:04:57,631 --> 00:05:03,887 and the British had been milked of reinforcements and officers to Europe 47 00:05:03,971 --> 00:05:07,725 and, you might say, only the dull left behind. 48 00:05:14,606 --> 00:05:18,819 The Japanese from the start swept all before them. 49 00:05:23,699 --> 00:05:26,785 They used the jungle to outmarch and outmanoeuvre 50 00:05:26,869 --> 00:05:30,039 Britain's weak Burma army. 51 00:05:36,378 --> 00:05:39,548 The British retreated in confusion. 52 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:51,352 It was a crashing disadvantage to me in the 1942 campaign 53 00:05:51,435 --> 00:05:54,271 in that I hadn't got a wireless set 54 00:05:54,355 --> 00:05:59,735 which would contact my air support in Rangoon, 55 00:05:59,818 --> 00:06:02,196 and, therefore, believe it or not, 56 00:06:02,279 --> 00:06:05,991 the only thing I could do was to tap in 57 00:06:06,075 --> 00:06:10,704 onto the railway telephone line, 58 00:06:10,788 --> 00:06:15,584 get the babu in the post office in Rangoon, 59 00:06:15,667 --> 00:06:19,713 and try and persuade him that it was vitally important 60 00:06:19,797 --> 00:06:24,635 for me to be put on to air force headquarters. 61 00:06:24,718 --> 00:06:28,305 And that was really one of the reasons why, 62 00:06:28,389 --> 00:06:32,601 in our withdrawal to the Sittang, 63 00:06:32,726 --> 00:06:36,105 we were terribly badly bombed by the RAF 64 00:06:36,188 --> 00:06:39,691 as well as by the Japanese air force. 65 00:06:43,779 --> 00:06:47,074 The Japanese had heavy air superiority. 66 00:06:47,157 --> 00:06:49,701 They bombed and strafed almost at will, 67 00:06:49,785 --> 00:06:54,164 spreading terror among raw troops and civilians. 68 00:06:59,962 --> 00:07:03,048 Only a small force of American volunteers 69 00:07:03,132 --> 00:07:05,676 and the few RAF planes that were in Burma 70 00:07:05,759 --> 00:07:09,513 challenged their dominance and rose to battle with them. 71 00:07:19,106 --> 00:07:23,652 The damage the Japanese bombers dealt was, as much as anything, psychological. 72 00:07:23,735 --> 00:07:27,906 People couldn't believe this was happening to peaceful Burma. 73 00:07:43,046 --> 00:07:47,509 Resistance, valiant at times, was swept aside. 74 00:07:52,514 --> 00:07:54,892 I was discharged from hospital at Mandalay 75 00:07:54,975 --> 00:08:00,689 having broken three ribs - left absolutely stranded on the roadside. 76 00:08:00,772 --> 00:08:02,691 And a civilian picked me up, 77 00:08:02,774 --> 00:08:04,610 took me home to his house, 78 00:08:04,693 --> 00:08:08,614 and said what did I do? And I said, "I'm catering." 79 00:08:08,697 --> 00:08:09,907 He said, "if you like, 80 00:08:09,990 --> 00:08:11,950 come to our house and cook for us." 81 00:08:12,034 --> 00:08:13,702 We were there two hours, 82 00:08:13,785 --> 00:08:14,995 no more than that, 83 00:08:15,078 --> 00:08:17,080 when the message came through: 84 00:08:17,164 --> 00:08:19,583 "Evacuate, the Japanese are here." 85 00:08:27,049 --> 00:08:29,885 The Japanese march north continued, 86 00:08:29,968 --> 00:08:34,598 leaving a trail of chaos and destruction the length of Burma. 87 00:08:37,100 --> 00:08:39,645 The British retreated. 88 00:08:39,728 --> 00:08:42,481 I had nothing, only what I stood up in. 89 00:08:42,564 --> 00:08:48,695 I raided someone's kit, found a stout pair of boots, and we began to walk. 90 00:09:04,044 --> 00:09:08,966 In the mounting confusion, the wounded were a problem. 91 00:09:09,049 --> 00:09:12,553 We had to leave giving treatment and just bandage up, 92 00:09:12,636 --> 00:09:15,472 do the best we could. Some we had to leave behind. 93 00:09:15,597 --> 00:09:20,435 Others we put on transport to get them on the roads - this was all we could do. 94 00:09:20,519 --> 00:09:23,772 And eventually we had to finally give it up as a bad job 95 00:09:23,855 --> 00:09:25,440 and make our own way out, 96 00:09:25,524 --> 00:09:28,860 as we were only 24 hours in front of the Japanese 97 00:09:28,944 --> 00:09:31,280 through the length and breadth of Burma. 98 00:09:40,664 --> 00:09:44,001 The Japanese took everything in their stride. 99 00:09:44,084 --> 00:09:49,756 Ahead of them, the last recourse of a retreating army: scorched earth. 100 00:09:56,847 --> 00:10:01,018 The invaders seemed to have made the jungle their friend. 101 00:10:01,101 --> 00:10:04,688 They were racing to win the rich prize of Burma's oil - 102 00:10:04,771 --> 00:10:07,608 but found instead a blazing inferno. 103 00:10:07,691 --> 00:10:14,406 At one installation, £11 million worth of oil and plant went up in 70 minutes. 104 00:10:22,414 --> 00:10:26,752 Refugees: Eurasians, Chinese, Indians. 105 00:10:28,420 --> 00:10:32,341 Indians we saw die on the roadside - we could do nothing about it. 106 00:10:32,424 --> 00:10:36,553 We just had to think about ourselves and go on. 107 00:10:41,224 --> 00:10:43,852 The Japanese were driving Burma people - 108 00:10:43,935 --> 00:10:47,939 in their thousands they came through. There were some terrible sights. 109 00:10:48,023 --> 00:10:49,608 Men were left behind, 110 00:10:49,691 --> 00:10:53,904 and it was heart-breaking to see them being separated from their people, 111 00:10:53,987 --> 00:10:58,241 wondering whether they'd meet up again. They were dying in their hundreds. 112 00:10:58,367 --> 00:11:00,494 All you used to do was pile 'em up, 113 00:11:00,577 --> 00:11:03,163 throw petrol over them and set fire to them 114 00:11:03,246 --> 00:11:05,957 and that was the end of those. 115 00:11:14,216 --> 00:11:17,135 We had to hack through virgin jungle practically 116 00:11:17,219 --> 00:11:23,183 to get out of that country, and we had to find our own way to India. 117 00:11:23,266 --> 00:11:27,187 I think the overall impression I had of that horrible trek out of Burma 118 00:11:27,270 --> 00:11:30,565 was that it seemed to bring the best and worst out of people. 119 00:11:30,649 --> 00:11:32,984 Some people who I'd looked up to 120 00:11:33,110 --> 00:11:34,152 and respected 121 00:11:34,236 --> 00:11:36,196 I found I couldn't respect any more 122 00:11:36,279 --> 00:11:41,368 because they became entirely different on that march. 123 00:11:41,451 --> 00:11:43,120 In fact, I felt that it was 124 00:11:43,245 --> 00:11:45,872 a question of survival of the fittest. 125 00:11:47,708 --> 00:11:53,797 British prisoners - 5,000 in one engagement alone. 126 00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:57,008 The Japanese despised those who surrendered. 127 00:11:57,092 --> 00:12:00,679 They believed soldiers should fight to the death. 128 00:12:02,055 --> 00:12:05,183 We felt the British officer was a very good fighter - 129 00:12:05,267 --> 00:12:10,939 all of the ones we captured, they always said to me, "We will win the war." 130 00:12:11,022 --> 00:12:15,444 Now this I couldn't understand, because here is a man who has surrendered 131 00:12:15,527 --> 00:12:18,530 and he still says, "We will win the war." 132 00:12:35,797 --> 00:12:38,008 Through the deserted cities of Burma, 133 00:12:38,091 --> 00:12:40,761 the conquering Japanese marched in triumph. 134 00:12:49,102 --> 00:12:53,648 The Burmese people were now exchanging one set of imperial masters for another. 135 00:13:01,448 --> 00:13:04,367 In five months, by May 1942, 136 00:13:04,451 --> 00:13:07,496 the Japanese chased the British up past Rangoon, 137 00:13:07,579 --> 00:13:10,081 through the Irrawaddy and Chindwin valleys, 138 00:13:10,165 --> 00:13:11,666 to the frontiers of India 139 00:13:11,792 --> 00:13:14,127 and out of Burma altogether. 140 00:13:14,211 --> 00:13:18,298 It was the longest retreat in British history. 141 00:13:18,381 --> 00:13:21,384 The Japanese also drove another army, the Chinese, 142 00:13:21,468 --> 00:13:23,845 up to Mandalay towards China. 143 00:13:23,929 --> 00:13:26,681 The Chinese, at war with Japan since 1931, 144 00:13:26,765 --> 00:13:28,809 were protecting their supply line, 145 00:13:28,892 --> 00:13:30,977 the Burma Road. 146 00:13:31,937 --> 00:13:34,981 China was allied to the western powers. 147 00:13:35,065 --> 00:13:40,237 In command of Chinese forces in Burma was the American, General Stilwell. 148 00:13:40,362 --> 00:13:44,866 Stilwell, chief of staff to the Chinese supreme commander Chiang Kai-shek, 149 00:13:44,950 --> 00:13:48,036 watched America's interests. 150 00:13:49,079 --> 00:13:52,749 The commander-in-chief, India, was General Wavell. 151 00:13:52,833 --> 00:13:54,793 Transferred from the Middle East, 152 00:13:54,876 --> 00:13:59,005 he now faced a formidable foe with scanty resources. 153 00:13:59,089 --> 00:14:03,051 But while his Burma army licked its wounds, he planned a comeback, 154 00:14:03,134 --> 00:14:06,680 a limited offensive for late in 1942. 155 00:14:08,557 --> 00:14:11,643 Wavell chose to mount this offensive in the Arakan, 156 00:14:11,726 --> 00:14:14,646 on the Bay of Bengal, near the Indian Border. 157 00:14:14,729 --> 00:14:18,733 After a hopeful beginning, everything went wrong. 158 00:14:18,817 --> 00:14:21,820 The British were outmanoeuvred and outfought again, 159 00:14:21,903 --> 00:14:24,531 and pushed back to their starting point. 160 00:14:24,614 --> 00:14:27,200 They still had not learned to adapt to the jungle. 161 00:14:28,869 --> 00:14:35,333 In the Burmese jungle, fortunately, there are many bamboo growths, 162 00:14:35,417 --> 00:14:38,712 and in Japan we all eat bamboo shoots, 163 00:14:38,795 --> 00:14:42,883 so there was a lot of natural food in the form of bamboo shoots 164 00:14:42,966 --> 00:14:44,509 all over the place. 165 00:14:44,593 --> 00:14:50,223 Apart from that, we all know that what a monkey can eat, we can eat too. 166 00:14:50,307 --> 00:14:53,935 So if you watch the monkeys and avoid what the monkeys avoid, 167 00:14:54,019 --> 00:14:56,021 you are fairly safe. 168 00:14:56,104 --> 00:15:01,151 Apart from that there are such creatures as bandicoots - a type of rat, you see - 169 00:15:01,234 --> 00:15:04,988 snakes, jungle lizards and tokay - small lizards - 170 00:15:05,071 --> 00:15:07,866 you cut off the head, chop them up and make into curry, 171 00:15:07,949 --> 00:15:10,827 mixed with pepper, can make good curry. 172 00:15:10,952 --> 00:15:14,331 We have our meats and Yorkshire puddings and so forth - 173 00:15:14,414 --> 00:15:16,249 they lived on rice. 174 00:15:16,333 --> 00:15:20,462 You can't get meat and Yorkshire pudding and greens and potatoes out there, 175 00:15:20,545 --> 00:15:23,131 so we had to reorganise ourselves 176 00:15:23,214 --> 00:15:26,593 and lived on the things that the army could produce for us, 177 00:15:26,676 --> 00:15:28,219 like corned beef. 178 00:15:28,303 --> 00:15:30,555 And this is the only place I know 179 00:15:30,639 --> 00:15:34,267 where you could open a tin of corned beef and pour it out like a liquid. 180 00:15:35,226 --> 00:15:38,063 One man who was going to use the jungle: 181 00:15:38,146 --> 00:15:40,815 Orde Wingate, an experienced guerrilla fighter, 182 00:15:40,899 --> 00:15:44,736 supremely unorthodox, with a touch of the fanatic. 183 00:15:44,819 --> 00:15:51,034 Now he planned a raid deep in enemy territory, to be supplied from the air. 184 00:15:51,117 --> 00:15:54,537 He commanded the Chindits, ordinary British and Gurkha troops, 185 00:15:54,621 --> 00:15:58,041 but intensively trained. 186 00:15:58,833 --> 00:16:01,544 The first operation was initially 187 00:16:01,628 --> 00:16:06,633 to accompany a general advance into Burma, 188 00:16:06,716 --> 00:16:09,469 but the general advance was cancelled. 189 00:16:09,552 --> 00:16:15,016 However, Wavell wanted the expedition to go forward. 190 00:16:15,976 --> 00:16:20,563 February 1943: the first Chindit expedition. 191 00:16:20,647 --> 00:16:22,983 The going could not have been worse - 192 00:16:23,066 --> 00:16:29,864 long distances in dense, hilly jungle, and always one more river to cross. 193 00:16:39,749 --> 00:16:43,420 The heat was extreme, drinking water was short, 194 00:16:43,545 --> 00:16:46,006 and malaria was rampant. 195 00:16:46,089 --> 00:16:49,342 But at last the British were fighting as the enemy did, 196 00:16:49,426 --> 00:16:54,222 learning to turn the jungle to their own advantage - but still hating it. 197 00:17:01,312 --> 00:17:07,402 The heat and the smell of the jungle was vile. Very vile. 198 00:17:07,485 --> 00:17:14,451 You couldn't live in the jungle for an eternity - you'd never stand the smell. 199 00:17:17,537 --> 00:17:20,999 Even when you went downhill, you knew you had to go up again, 200 00:17:21,082 --> 00:17:23,793 and we were carrying 60 to 70 pounds on our back, 201 00:17:23,877 --> 00:17:26,796 five days' rations plus arms, ammunition. 202 00:17:26,880 --> 00:17:30,008 You'd think, "Oh, will it ever end?" 203 00:17:30,091 --> 00:17:32,343 It just went on and on and on, 204 00:17:32,469 --> 00:17:39,100 and the rain - and, of course, the fear that you would be ambushed or attacked. 205 00:17:45,315 --> 00:17:49,569 It was absolute hell in the first Wingate expedition, 206 00:17:49,694 --> 00:17:55,283 where the jungle was the friend of the Japanese, but our enemy. 207 00:17:56,034 --> 00:17:58,119 We were wet all the time, 208 00:17:58,203 --> 00:18:02,082 and while we were wet we got the leech onto our bodies. 209 00:18:02,165 --> 00:18:06,002 They were there all the time because of the dampness of it. 210 00:18:06,086 --> 00:18:09,339 They got onto your body, sucked the blood from your body, 211 00:18:09,422 --> 00:18:12,842 and unless you burnt them the right way with the cigarette end, 212 00:18:12,926 --> 00:18:16,679 they fell off and left black spots all over your body. 213 00:18:16,763 --> 00:18:20,767 Once they had their fill of blood, they dropped from your body 214 00:18:20,850 --> 00:18:26,272 and burst inside your clothes, and you were smothered in blood. 215 00:18:35,406 --> 00:18:38,868 The thought that you'd get wounded and be left behind, 216 00:18:38,952 --> 00:18:43,123 that was always in our minds, I think - I'm sure it was in most people's minds. 217 00:18:43,206 --> 00:18:45,583 I saw chaps having to be left behind - 218 00:18:45,667 --> 00:18:50,255 hand grenade, pistol, flask of water, 219 00:18:50,338 --> 00:18:53,216 water bottle, rations - 220 00:18:53,299 --> 00:18:56,845 and propped up against a tree, left. 221 00:18:59,055 --> 00:19:01,683 450 died. 222 00:19:03,601 --> 00:19:08,022 For some, a simple cross in a jungle clearing. 223 00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:14,821 In June, after four months, the first Chindits returned from Burma. 224 00:19:14,904 --> 00:19:20,118 Out of the 3,000 men who had gone in, less than 2,000 came back. 225 00:19:20,201 --> 00:19:26,249 Weary and emaciated, most had marched a thousand jungle miles. 226 00:19:28,001 --> 00:19:31,379 Whatever the expedition's military results, 227 00:19:31,504 --> 00:19:34,591 it did teach valuable lessons in jungle operations, 228 00:19:34,716 --> 00:19:37,427 in air supply, and in morale. 229 00:19:40,013 --> 00:19:46,811 This was a raid. Its tactical and strategical effect was not great. 230 00:19:46,895 --> 00:19:52,233 Its main effect was on the morale of the British and Indian troops. 231 00:19:52,317 --> 00:19:54,986 Our forces were not picked men, 232 00:19:55,069 --> 00:19:58,698 they were ordinary British and Gurkha battalions, 233 00:19:58,781 --> 00:20:01,409 and the rest of the army said, "My God, 234 00:20:01,492 --> 00:20:03,786 if those people can do it, we can." 235 00:20:04,704 --> 00:20:08,875 Very slowly, the British were getting the measure of the jungle. 236 00:20:08,958 --> 00:20:12,420 They loathed its stench, its sticky heat. 237 00:20:12,503 --> 00:20:16,007 It was hard for them to realise that the jungle was neutral. 238 00:20:16,090 --> 00:20:20,470 Hello, Tommy! Where are you? 239 00:20:24,515 --> 00:20:27,685 Hello, Tommy! Where are you? 240 00:20:30,563 --> 00:20:32,899 I have been hit. Come and help me. 241 00:20:32,982 --> 00:20:37,278 The enemy carried on a crude but effective war of nerves. 242 00:20:37,362 --> 00:20:41,658 The troops still thought of the Japanese soldier as master of the jungle, 243 00:20:41,783 --> 00:20:44,285 a man who could go for days on a handful of rice, 244 00:20:44,369 --> 00:20:47,163 didn't seem to know the meaning of fear, 245 00:20:47,247 --> 00:20:52,418 would never surrender, was perhaps unbeatable. 246 00:20:59,133 --> 00:21:01,261 A sort of superman. 247 00:21:01,844 --> 00:21:05,765 The Japanese was a good soldier. He was a good soldier. 248 00:21:05,848 --> 00:21:09,686 If he was told to do a job, he would stop there until he died. 249 00:21:10,395 --> 00:21:12,397 Animals. 250 00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:15,942 But great soldiers, great fighting soldiers. 251 00:21:16,651 --> 00:21:21,447 Their battle drill was fantastic. You couldn't help but admire them. 252 00:21:21,531 --> 00:21:25,159 If they were ambushed, they were at you - 253 00:21:25,243 --> 00:21:28,830 in 20 or 30 seconds they were pounding you with their mortars, 254 00:21:28,913 --> 00:21:31,499 and in frontal attacks nobody could beat them. 255 00:21:31,582 --> 00:21:34,002 They would just come on and on and on. 256 00:21:34,085 --> 00:21:37,297 He hadn't the mentality, I suppose, to think for himself. 257 00:21:37,380 --> 00:21:38,840 He just obeyed orders. 258 00:21:38,923 --> 00:21:44,512 And he came at you with everything he had, even if it meant losing his life. 259 00:21:44,595 --> 00:21:46,973 He just... he didn't care about life. 260 00:21:47,807 --> 00:21:50,435 We were taught from the very beginning 261 00:21:50,518 --> 00:21:55,023 that we must... our life is the emperor's. 262 00:21:55,148 --> 00:22:00,236 For instance, when I left for war duty, 263 00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:02,447 I had to clip my nails and hair 264 00:22:02,530 --> 00:22:04,615 and write a last will and testament, 265 00:22:04,699 --> 00:22:06,200 because from that moment 266 00:22:06,326 --> 00:22:09,078 our lives are in the emperor's hands. 267 00:22:09,162 --> 00:22:10,621 In other words, 268 00:22:10,705 --> 00:22:13,708 my family will put that in the urn 269 00:22:13,791 --> 00:22:16,461 in case my body is not recovered. 270 00:22:16,544 --> 00:22:20,048 So our training is to die for the emperor, you see. 271 00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:15,686 We had what we called officers' clubs, where there were Japanese geishas. 272 00:23:15,770 --> 00:23:18,398 These were mostly for officer grade. 273 00:23:18,481 --> 00:23:26,239 For the other ranks, we had what you might call "comfort girls". 274 00:23:27,365 --> 00:23:33,246 And, of course, in the officers' parties you all drank - 275 00:23:34,163 --> 00:23:38,084 the thing was to get drunk very quickly, sing songs, 276 00:23:38,167 --> 00:23:40,545 and because of the limitation of the girls, 277 00:23:40,628 --> 00:23:43,423 only the high officers got them later. 278 00:23:43,506 --> 00:23:45,508 But the songs would be like... 279 00:23:45,591 --> 00:23:49,262 I think the English have a song called "Roll Me Over in the Clover", 280 00:23:49,345 --> 00:23:51,556 and you go "One, two, three, four..." 281 00:23:51,639 --> 00:23:55,560 Our songs are very similar - it's always "One, two, three," like this. 282 00:23:55,643 --> 00:23:58,771 And similar in content, too. 283 00:23:58,855 --> 00:24:04,318 For the enlisted men, our entertainment... 284 00:24:04,402 --> 00:24:10,074 Because you're entertaining only between battles or on one day's leave, 285 00:24:10,158 --> 00:24:14,996 and you may die next day, we don't have much time for any lengthy entertainment, 286 00:24:15,079 --> 00:24:18,291 we go straight to the comfort girls. 287 00:24:18,374 --> 00:24:24,338 You pay your money and you come out feeling refreshed and like a new man. 288 00:24:26,257 --> 00:24:28,926 Most of the comfort girls for the enlisted men, 289 00:24:29,010 --> 00:24:30,344 many were Koreans, 290 00:24:30,428 --> 00:24:32,680 and I must say I respect all of them very much, 291 00:24:32,763 --> 00:24:35,266 because who else would come to the front line 292 00:24:35,349 --> 00:24:39,479 to give us the last entertainment 293 00:24:39,562 --> 00:24:42,982 for many of us on this earth? 294 00:24:43,107 --> 00:24:47,111 The British had their own, very different, entertainment. 295 00:24:47,195 --> 00:24:49,363 Burma was the furthest point 296 00:24:49,447 --> 00:24:51,991 and very few artists were going there, 297 00:24:52,074 --> 00:24:54,202 so I said, "Right, that's for me." 298 00:24:54,327 --> 00:24:58,539 They thought they were the forgotten army and I think they probably were. 299 00:24:58,623 --> 00:25:03,669 In fact, just for them to see me was quite a lot to them, 300 00:25:03,753 --> 00:25:09,008 because that I had gone to all the trouble 301 00:25:09,091 --> 00:25:12,428 and travelled so far just to see them 302 00:25:12,512 --> 00:25:17,099 made them feel that they weren't a long way from home, you know. 303 00:25:17,183 --> 00:25:19,769 If I could pop on a plane and nip out there, 304 00:25:19,852 --> 00:25:23,481 they weren't too far away and not forgotten. 305 00:25:23,564 --> 00:25:28,069 In this jungle stalemate, the message was certainly welcome. 306 00:25:44,168 --> 00:25:51,926 ♪ It's a lovely day tomorrow 307 00:25:52,009 --> 00:25:58,558 ♪ Tomorrow is a lovely day 308 00:25:58,641 --> 00:26:05,648 ♪ Come and feast your tear-dimmed eyes 309 00:26:05,731 --> 00:26:12,613 ♪ On tomorrow's clear blue skies 310 00:26:12,738 --> 00:26:20,037 ♪ If today your heart is weary 311 00:26:20,121 --> 00:26:26,335 ♪ If every little thing looks grey 312 00:26:26,419 --> 00:26:30,548 ♪ Just forget your troubles 313 00:26:30,631 --> 00:26:36,762 ♪ And learn to say 314 00:26:37,388 --> 00:26:49,817 ♪ Tomorrow is a lovely day 315 00:26:55,948 --> 00:26:59,035 October 1943. Things are looking up. 316 00:26:59,118 --> 00:27:02,079 Lord Louis Mountbatten arrives as supreme commander 317 00:27:02,163 --> 00:27:04,957 of a newly created Southeast Asia Command. 318 00:27:05,041 --> 00:27:10,338 His mission: to end the stalemate and knock out the Japanese. 319 00:27:12,465 --> 00:27:16,135 Mountbatten's immediate aim was to rebuild morale 320 00:27:16,218 --> 00:27:21,515 in an army that felt itself forgotten and wondered why it was there. 321 00:27:21,599 --> 00:27:27,605 "We shall march, fight and fly through the monsoon," he declared. 322 00:27:28,939 --> 00:27:32,818 Another new appointment: General Bill Slim, 323 00:27:32,902 --> 00:27:36,280 commander of the newly formed 14th Army. 324 00:27:36,364 --> 00:27:40,368 He knew Burma, and he knew the Japanese. 325 00:27:46,874 --> 00:27:51,420 Bill Slim was essentially a soldier's general. 326 00:27:52,505 --> 00:27:54,882 Watchful of his troops' well-being, 327 00:27:54,965 --> 00:27:58,719 he wanted them fit and ready to go over to the attack. 328 00:28:02,473 --> 00:28:06,811 ♪ Bless 'em all, bless 'em all 329 00:28:06,894 --> 00:28:11,148 ♪ The long and the short and the tall... 330 00:28:11,232 --> 00:28:14,860 "The long and the short and the tall" were, in this case, 331 00:28:14,944 --> 00:28:17,196 two-thirds of them Indian troops. 332 00:28:19,156 --> 00:28:23,244 ♪ Cos we're saying goodbye to them all 333 00:28:23,327 --> 00:28:27,206 ♪ As back to their billets they crawl 334 00:28:27,289 --> 00:28:31,460 ♪ You'll get no promotion this side of the ocean 335 00:28:31,544 --> 00:28:35,631 ♪ So cheer up, my lads Bless 'em all 336 00:28:36,382 --> 00:28:38,342 Malaria. 337 00:28:38,426 --> 00:28:40,928 At the First Arakan this, and other diseases, 338 00:28:41,011 --> 00:28:45,516 had claimed 120 victims to every battle casualty. 339 00:28:45,599 --> 00:28:47,810 I had malaria 17 times. 340 00:28:47,893 --> 00:28:50,604 The last time they thought I had spinal malaria - 341 00:28:50,688 --> 00:28:53,441 I couldn't walk and I couldn't even move my arms. 342 00:28:53,566 --> 00:28:58,821 And I was getting inoculations all day and every day, three times a day. 343 00:28:59,530 --> 00:29:02,032 To stamp out the scourge at source, 344 00:29:02,116 --> 00:29:04,910 clouds of a new insecticide, DDT, 345 00:29:04,994 --> 00:29:08,330 were sprayed over the swampy breeding grounds. 346 00:29:19,175 --> 00:29:23,721 December 1943: a second offensive at Arakan. 347 00:29:24,680 --> 00:29:27,099 The Japanese counter-attacked. 348 00:29:27,183 --> 00:29:29,268 One enemy force advanced north, 349 00:29:29,351 --> 00:29:30,936 wheeled behind the British, 350 00:29:31,020 --> 00:29:33,564 and turned west to capture Ngakyedauk - 351 00:29:33,647 --> 00:29:36,400 or "Okedoke" - Pass. 352 00:29:36,484 --> 00:29:41,280 Another split the British divisions and encircled one of them. 353 00:29:48,412 --> 00:29:54,460 British and Indian units, trapped in a small enclave, fought for their lives. 354 00:29:58,214 --> 00:30:01,258 Isolated groups fought on, surrounded. 355 00:30:04,136 --> 00:30:08,015 The skeleton force held out against an entire Japanese division 356 00:30:08,098 --> 00:30:11,852 in what came to be known as "The Admin Box". 357 00:30:11,977 --> 00:30:16,899 Clerks, mechanics, drivers, even a general, joined in. 358 00:30:18,192 --> 00:30:22,238 In the first Arakan operation, the troops had withdrawn. 359 00:30:22,321 --> 00:30:27,326 Now, on Slim's express orders, there was no withdrawal. 360 00:30:28,410 --> 00:30:31,413 They were supplied from the air. 361 00:30:35,251 --> 00:30:39,964 By day and night, the planes of Troop Carrier Command flew in 362 00:30:40,047 --> 00:30:42,758 to drop essential stores. 363 00:30:50,474 --> 00:30:56,564 What seemed certain defeat was averted by this tactic of air supply. 364 00:31:05,447 --> 00:31:06,782 Casualties were heavy. 365 00:31:06,907 --> 00:31:11,161 The wounded were tended in improvised dressing stations. 366 00:31:11,245 --> 00:31:17,084 Surgeons performed major operations in sweating heat, plagued by flies. 367 00:31:38,063 --> 00:31:42,026 At one field hospital, doctors, medical orderlies and wounded alike 368 00:31:42,109 --> 00:31:44,945 were butchered by Japanese. 369 00:31:51,493 --> 00:31:54,163 The sufferings of prisoners taken by the Japanese 370 00:31:54,246 --> 00:31:56,540 also stirred the troops to fury. 371 00:32:04,298 --> 00:32:07,843 Thousands of Allied prisoners of war slaved and died 372 00:32:07,927 --> 00:32:10,012 building the Burma Railway. 373 00:32:10,846 --> 00:32:15,684 They captured us, and from then on we were no longer men. 374 00:32:17,227 --> 00:32:22,232 They literally despised us for giving in. 375 00:32:24,068 --> 00:32:26,403 We didn't have the food. 376 00:32:26,487 --> 00:32:30,866 We had to work anything up to 16, 18 hours a day. 377 00:32:36,121 --> 00:32:38,624 If you argued with one, if you hit one, 378 00:32:38,707 --> 00:32:43,295 you automatically got six set about you. 379 00:32:45,089 --> 00:32:48,801 And they thought nothing of beating you until your arm was broke 380 00:32:48,884 --> 00:32:51,887 or your leg was broke. 381 00:32:51,971 --> 00:32:56,725 They'd stand him outside the guard room in the blazing sun, 382 00:32:56,850 --> 00:33:00,145 take a great delight in pricking him with a bayonet point 383 00:33:00,229 --> 00:33:02,606 to make him stand upright. 384 00:33:07,820 --> 00:33:10,280 There were men with terrible ulcers, 385 00:33:10,364 --> 00:33:14,326 and the only treatment they had was dropping maggots onto the ulcers 386 00:33:14,410 --> 00:33:18,247 and letting the maggots eat out the pus and clean the ulcers out. 387 00:33:18,330 --> 00:33:21,625 That's the only treatment we had for them. 388 00:33:21,709 --> 00:33:26,964 To find a chap that was 12 stone down to about five stone 389 00:33:27,047 --> 00:33:31,010 and crawling about trying to beg for food or scrambling for food... 390 00:33:31,093 --> 00:33:34,346 I mean, it took some living with. 391 00:33:35,055 --> 00:33:39,184 At that time I was going to the toilet on all fours 392 00:33:39,268 --> 00:33:42,062 cos my bowels had dropped. 393 00:33:42,146 --> 00:33:45,274 The latrines were concrete - 394 00:33:45,357 --> 00:33:49,778 the top was just one absolute sea of maggots. 395 00:33:49,862 --> 00:33:53,032 This chap in particular was in such a bad way - 396 00:33:53,115 --> 00:33:55,242 I think it was cerebral malaria - 397 00:33:55,325 --> 00:34:01,248 that they found him with his head down there. He'd committed suicide. 398 00:34:05,669 --> 00:34:08,881 A very close friend of mine, in my own regiment, 399 00:34:08,964 --> 00:34:13,844 he'd suffered from everything from beriberi, cholera... 400 00:34:14,470 --> 00:34:21,185 When he died, he was just skin - skin over a skeleton and nothing else. 401 00:34:21,310 --> 00:34:24,396 His legs had been eaten away with ulcers. 402 00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:28,609 And there was just nothing of him. I only just recognised him. 403 00:34:33,906 --> 00:34:37,785 And there were 16,000 died just on the railway. 404 00:34:37,868 --> 00:34:41,747 For every sleeper that was laid, there was a human life given up. 405 00:34:41,830 --> 00:34:45,751 With the proper food, proper treatment, we could have carried on, 406 00:34:45,876 --> 00:34:49,546 built their blasted railway and thought nothing of it. 407 00:34:55,469 --> 00:35:01,058 I could never understand people being like that - 408 00:35:01,850 --> 00:35:06,313 so terrible in things that they'd done, 409 00:35:07,356 --> 00:35:10,275 and the sadistic nature of them. 410 00:35:10,359 --> 00:35:16,031 Thinking of this, I felt sorry for 'em as much as anything. 411 00:35:34,216 --> 00:35:38,345 Japanese troops would die rather than surrender, 412 00:35:38,428 --> 00:35:41,557 dig themselves in, resist to the end. 413 00:35:42,182 --> 00:35:44,560 But now, a change. 414 00:35:45,727 --> 00:35:50,065 At Arakan, some Japanese gave themselves up. They'd had enough. 415 00:35:50,149 --> 00:35:55,904 The superman myth was exploded - these troops were not unbeatable. 416 00:35:55,988 --> 00:36:00,617 But many Japanese wounded still took the traditional way out. 417 00:36:00,701 --> 00:36:04,663 It was almost impossible to take care of the wounded, 418 00:36:04,746 --> 00:36:06,373 and the wounded, knowing this, 419 00:36:06,456 --> 00:36:10,878 would ask their comrades to give them a grenade so they can commit suicide, 420 00:36:10,961 --> 00:36:13,630 and maybe three or four wounded who could not walk 421 00:36:13,714 --> 00:36:17,217 could commit suicide that way. 422 00:36:23,807 --> 00:36:27,477 We picked up a number of Japanese who'd been badly shot up. 423 00:36:27,603 --> 00:36:31,648 It was quite necessary in our field hospitals to tie their hands down, 424 00:36:31,732 --> 00:36:33,442 because if you didn't do that, 425 00:36:33,525 --> 00:36:37,279 they merely tore at their bandages, opened their wounds 426 00:36:37,362 --> 00:36:40,991 and literally tried to commit suicide. 427 00:36:47,873 --> 00:36:49,458 Late in 1943, 428 00:36:49,541 --> 00:36:51,835 from Ledo on the India-Burma border, 429 00:36:51,919 --> 00:36:54,213 Stilwell and the Chinese advanced 430 00:36:54,296 --> 00:36:56,506 to open the way for a new route, 431 00:36:56,590 --> 00:36:57,674 the Ledo Road, 432 00:36:57,758 --> 00:37:00,969 joining the old Burma Road at Bhamo. 433 00:37:03,013 --> 00:37:05,515 The Chinese had to fight to clear the path 434 00:37:05,599 --> 00:37:09,102 which would lead them back to China. 435 00:37:10,854 --> 00:37:16,360 Stilwell's two divisions went ahead, seeking out the enemy. 436 00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:43,011 Edging southeastwards, in three hard months they killed 4,000 Japanese. 437 00:37:47,766 --> 00:37:52,020 Behind them came the engineers, blasting as they went... 438 00:37:56,525 --> 00:38:02,281 and, in their thousands, the labourers who would build the highway. 439 00:38:10,455 --> 00:38:14,084 The Ledo Road, driven hundreds of miles through atrocious country, 440 00:38:14,167 --> 00:38:18,171 was to ensure continued supplies to China. 441 00:38:21,591 --> 00:38:26,221 For Stilwell's troops, conditions were as hard as anywhere in Burma. 442 00:38:35,647 --> 00:38:38,608 From Wingate, too, a new offensive. 443 00:38:38,692 --> 00:38:40,610 Promoted general, he was to lead, 444 00:38:40,694 --> 00:38:43,739 despite opposition from more orthodox colleagues, 445 00:38:43,822 --> 00:38:47,576 a second Chindit expedition to the interior. 446 00:38:47,659 --> 00:38:52,539 They flew in and were again supplied from the air. 447 00:38:53,915 --> 00:38:57,461 March 1944: Operation Thursday. 448 00:38:57,961 --> 00:39:04,301 Air transport for 10,000 men and 1,000 pack animals, with stores, 449 00:39:04,426 --> 00:39:08,638 to jungle sites deep in enemy territory. 450 00:39:36,541 --> 00:39:41,463 Landing so many gliders in rough, hostile country was a formidable hazard. 451 00:39:42,464 --> 00:39:45,675 Guerrilla fighting was new to most of them. 452 00:39:45,759 --> 00:39:50,055 In spite of their training, this was a venture into the unknown. 453 00:40:24,214 --> 00:40:30,178 The second Wingate operation was ten times the size of the first. 454 00:40:30,262 --> 00:40:36,893 The object was, in effect, to cut the lines of communication of the Japanese. 455 00:40:37,018 --> 00:40:42,774 North Burma's like a great bowl with mountains all the way round 456 00:40:42,858 --> 00:40:48,530 and communications running to the rim of the bowl. 457 00:40:48,613 --> 00:40:53,285 We fanned out to cut these lines of communication. 458 00:40:58,039 --> 00:41:01,918 The Chindits were on their own, marooned in mid-Burma, 459 00:41:02,002 --> 00:41:04,629 hundreds of miles from their base. 460 00:41:04,713 --> 00:41:10,719 But now it wasn't hit and run. This time they fought pitched battles. 461 00:41:41,541 --> 00:41:46,713 Bombers were called in time and time again to save a tricky situation. 462 00:41:48,673 --> 00:41:53,803 Early on, the leader, Wingate, was killed in an air crash. 463 00:41:54,846 --> 00:41:57,182 The operation went on. 464 00:41:58,642 --> 00:42:02,395 We just marched on our own two feet with muleteers. 465 00:42:02,521 --> 00:42:06,691 If we was taken ill, we were just sort of slung across the pony 466 00:42:06,775 --> 00:42:09,694 till such time as your temperature went down, 467 00:42:09,778 --> 00:42:12,447 and after about two days you was slung off the pony 468 00:42:12,531 --> 00:42:16,660 and another unfortunate got put on. 469 00:42:18,703 --> 00:42:21,998 Any units operating in those circumstances 470 00:42:22,082 --> 00:42:24,042 have to be mobile all the time, 471 00:42:24,125 --> 00:42:28,255 and wounded, of course, immediately bring you to a halt. 472 00:42:28,338 --> 00:42:32,926 Fortunately, Wingate was able to obtain assistance from the United States 473 00:42:33,051 --> 00:42:35,971 and we were given some remarkable aircraft, 474 00:42:36,054 --> 00:42:39,057 which was a very short take-off / landing aircraft 475 00:42:39,140 --> 00:42:44,813 and could get into any little valley or bit of paddy field and so on, 476 00:42:44,896 --> 00:42:47,232 and evacuate our wounded for us. 477 00:42:48,942 --> 00:42:51,111 Long weeks in the jungle - 478 00:42:51,194 --> 00:42:56,825 weeks of dysentery, jaundice, jungle sores and malaria. 479 00:42:56,908 --> 00:43:02,831 Aircraft like this meant rescue for thousands, sick as well as wounded. 480 00:43:06,126 --> 00:43:10,213 The Chindits killed Japanese where they thought they were safe, 481 00:43:10,297 --> 00:43:15,218 and forced them to divert troops from other purposes. 482 00:43:15,302 --> 00:43:20,265 Fighting without respite in these conditions told on the toughest. 483 00:43:20,348 --> 00:43:24,227 Most of the brigades, through casualties and disease - 484 00:43:24,311 --> 00:43:28,898 they'd been behind the lines for four to five months - were finished. 485 00:43:29,024 --> 00:43:35,864 My own brigade had only 300 fit men out of the 4,000 who originally came in. 486 00:43:43,455 --> 00:43:49,002 Meanwhile, pushing down from the north were Merrill's Marauders. 487 00:43:52,380 --> 00:43:55,300 Named after their leader, Brigadier General Merrill, 488 00:43:55,383 --> 00:43:58,928 the Marauders were American volunteers. 489 00:44:02,307 --> 00:44:06,936 Among their targets, the important airfield of Myitkyina. 490 00:44:07,020 --> 00:44:11,191 But the Japanese again had launched an offensive themselves. 491 00:44:11,274 --> 00:44:15,070 In March 1944, three divisions crossed the Chindwin 492 00:44:15,153 --> 00:44:19,491 to attack Kohima and Imphal inside India itself. 493 00:44:19,574 --> 00:44:21,826 One division struck towards Kohima, 494 00:44:21,910 --> 00:44:23,244 two towards Imphal. 495 00:44:23,328 --> 00:44:24,829 They advanced rapidly, 496 00:44:24,913 --> 00:44:27,749 threatening to isolate both objectives. 497 00:44:30,543 --> 00:44:33,171 From the Chindwin river to Michan 498 00:44:33,296 --> 00:44:35,423 there are many precipitous mountains 499 00:44:35,507 --> 00:44:37,842 sticking out like the fingers of the hand. 500 00:44:37,926 --> 00:44:43,807 We advanced, climbing up and down these steep mountains. 501 00:44:44,224 --> 00:44:48,144 On the map, the distance is only about 150 kilometres, 502 00:44:48,228 --> 00:44:51,773 but when the mountains and valleys were taken into consideration 503 00:44:51,856 --> 00:44:55,026 it was about 300 km. 504 00:44:55,110 --> 00:44:59,364 Without rest or sleep, it took us 13 days to reach Michan, 505 00:44:59,447 --> 00:45:01,991 where we cut the road. 506 00:45:03,410 --> 00:45:07,080 For the Japanese, Kohima was a tempting prize. 507 00:45:07,163 --> 00:45:12,168 Its capture would cut the Allies' supply line to the great base at Imphal. 508 00:45:19,134 --> 00:45:24,723 The British air crews flew dangerous sorties to prevent their advance. 509 00:45:44,576 --> 00:45:47,328 But the columns came on. 510 00:45:58,840 --> 00:46:03,178 Steadily, the enemy tightened their circle round Kohima. 511 00:46:03,261 --> 00:46:08,391 They squeezed the small garrison into a tiny central area. 512 00:46:08,475 --> 00:46:12,937 Losses were heavy, reinforcements desperately needed. 513 00:46:13,062 --> 00:46:16,608 I sent the 2nd British Division down to support 514 00:46:16,691 --> 00:46:20,278 the fighting at Kohima, and they went into Kohima. 515 00:46:20,361 --> 00:46:22,822 The front line was on either side 516 00:46:22,906 --> 00:46:26,534 of the district commissioner's tennis court. 517 00:46:26,618 --> 00:46:28,870 They stood shoulder to shoulder. 518 00:46:28,953 --> 00:46:32,207 Where they were killed, they were buried. 519 00:46:32,332 --> 00:46:36,461 Out of three British infantry brigades, 520 00:46:36,544 --> 00:46:41,633 two brigadiers killed, two brigadiers' replacements seriously wounded. 521 00:46:41,716 --> 00:46:44,385 That's what the fighting was like in Kohima. 522 00:46:44,469 --> 00:46:47,889 They attacked us at the tennis courts, 523 00:46:47,972 --> 00:46:52,435 and it was just like playing tennis - 524 00:46:52,519 --> 00:46:54,813 so much so that I believe that the area 525 00:46:54,896 --> 00:46:57,524 from one side of a tennis court to the other 526 00:46:57,607 --> 00:47:02,529 was the positions between the Japanese and the platoon I was with. 527 00:47:02,612 --> 00:47:06,825 The fighting I saw was literally hundreds at a time coming towards us. 528 00:47:06,950 --> 00:47:09,953 The manpower strength just pushed us back 529 00:47:10,078 --> 00:47:13,748 from one trench to a trench ten foot behind us. 530 00:47:13,832 --> 00:47:17,794 Eventually they kept overrunning us due to the manpower. 531 00:47:19,087 --> 00:47:22,048 Kohima was the ordinary soldier's battle. 532 00:47:22,131 --> 00:47:26,761 Small groups of Japanese and British fought hand to hand. 533 00:47:31,140 --> 00:47:33,643 Every one of us was frightened. 534 00:47:33,726 --> 00:47:39,023 If we put our hands up and surrendered, our battalion would have been finished. 535 00:47:39,107 --> 00:47:43,611 We knew that if the Japs had got us, they would have shot us and tortured us, 536 00:47:43,695 --> 00:47:46,781 like they did do to some of our boys. 537 00:47:46,865 --> 00:47:50,827 So we stayed in the holes and prayed to God. 538 00:47:50,910 --> 00:47:53,872 After the first seven or eight days 539 00:47:53,955 --> 00:47:57,500 the ammunition, the food, was running out. 540 00:47:57,584 --> 00:48:00,128 Water was almost non-existent. 541 00:48:00,211 --> 00:48:04,841 Then we was told the 2nd All-British was on their way to get us out. 542 00:48:11,306 --> 00:48:15,476 At last they got there. The British were now struggling 543 00:48:15,560 --> 00:48:19,022 to force the Japanese back from the ridge they had seized, 544 00:48:19,105 --> 00:48:22,650 and a continuous artillery duel went on. 545 00:48:26,195 --> 00:48:31,993 The Japanese had started with a force of 15,000 against a garrison of 3,500. 546 00:48:48,593 --> 00:48:50,595 When the British supplies dwindled, 547 00:48:50,678 --> 00:48:53,556 they were replenished entirely from the air. 548 00:48:57,352 --> 00:48:59,395 I think everyone on the ground 549 00:48:59,479 --> 00:49:03,816 felt just how much they owed to these aircrews 550 00:49:03,900 --> 00:49:07,862 who were going flat throughout the day and sometimes during the night. 551 00:49:07,946 --> 00:49:10,448 And at that time of the war 552 00:49:10,531 --> 00:49:13,868 there weren't that number of spare crews around, 553 00:49:13,952 --> 00:49:19,499 so that each crew had its aircraft and that aircraft had to be kept flying, 554 00:49:19,582 --> 00:49:23,211 and they were going absolutely flat out. 555 00:49:29,008 --> 00:49:32,512 Kohima was relieved after seven weeks. 556 00:49:32,637 --> 00:49:35,974 The troops could now see the suicidal price 557 00:49:36,057 --> 00:49:39,686 the Japanese had paid in their bid to capture it. 558 00:49:39,769 --> 00:49:41,813 They were fanatics. 559 00:49:41,896 --> 00:49:44,649 When I say fanatics, you could be holding a position 560 00:49:44,774 --> 00:49:47,360 and they're about 30 yards away from you, 561 00:49:47,443 --> 00:49:51,114 and all of a sudden they'd come flying at you, shouting and yelling. 562 00:49:51,197 --> 00:49:54,826 It always amazed us - or amazed me, rather - 563 00:49:54,909 --> 00:49:58,705 how anybody could come flying out of the jungle expecting to kill you 564 00:49:58,788 --> 00:50:00,790 who was shouting at you. 565 00:50:00,873 --> 00:50:05,461 I know it unnerves you and all that, but you can get used to this eventually. 566 00:50:05,545 --> 00:50:09,924 And when we did get used to it, we took a great toll of the Japanese. 567 00:50:10,008 --> 00:50:13,678 We just held fire and got aim and said, "You shout on, lad, you come on." 568 00:50:13,761 --> 00:50:17,390 And they came on and they filled up in front of our trenches, 569 00:50:17,473 --> 00:50:20,518 our little weapon pits. 570 00:50:23,062 --> 00:50:27,025 Fighting the Japanese was totally committed war. 571 00:50:27,108 --> 00:50:32,280 There was no question of heroics, mock-heroics or chivalry 572 00:50:32,363 --> 00:50:38,077 in the sense that one read about prior to the war with Biggles. 573 00:50:38,161 --> 00:50:43,833 We were totally committed to killing as many Japanese as possible, 574 00:50:43,916 --> 00:50:48,046 probably prompted by the fact that we knew from bitter experience 575 00:50:48,129 --> 00:50:50,048 that there had been atrocities, 576 00:50:50,131 --> 00:50:52,258 and we were always fearful of the fact 577 00:50:52,341 --> 00:50:55,470 that we didn't wish to be taken prisoner. 578 00:50:57,722 --> 00:51:01,225 I seen one of my lads tied up with Dannert wire. 579 00:51:01,309 --> 00:51:03,936 I don't want to see it no more. 580 00:51:04,896 --> 00:51:10,526 It was impossible to feel sorry or pitiful for 'em, 581 00:51:10,610 --> 00:51:14,197 because we knew what they done to our boys. 582 00:51:16,324 --> 00:51:22,121 They didn't give us a chance, and we didn't give them a chance. 583 00:51:37,136 --> 00:51:41,516 After Kohima, the relief of Imphal. 584 00:51:41,599 --> 00:51:47,146 Fighting there had been as bloody as at Kohima - and as heroic. 585 00:51:47,230 --> 00:51:52,443 The Japanese now had to be cleared from the Kohima-Imphal road. 586 00:51:57,406 --> 00:52:02,411 In July 1944, the Japanese broke off the offensive. 587 00:52:03,621 --> 00:52:08,918 Kohima and Imphal had been the high point of the Japanese effort. 588 00:52:10,169 --> 00:52:13,881 "They will never come back," said General Slim. 589 00:52:24,183 --> 00:52:27,979 On Stilwell's front, the Chinese, with Merrill's Marauders, 590 00:52:28,062 --> 00:52:30,356 had taken Myitkyina airfield - 591 00:52:30,439 --> 00:52:33,442 but with heavy casualties. 592 00:52:33,526 --> 00:52:37,947 Under monsoon skies, more wounds to be dressed. 593 00:52:54,672 --> 00:52:59,635 Mountbatten had said the troops would fight through the monsoon. 594 00:52:59,719 --> 00:53:01,304 Now, in the deluge, 595 00:53:01,387 --> 00:53:04,974 they were driving the Japanese back across the Burmese frontier. 596 00:53:05,057 --> 00:53:08,728 Ahead, the long road they had come two years before: 597 00:53:08,811 --> 00:53:13,191 Mandalay, Rangoon, and much bitter fighting. 598 00:53:14,567 --> 00:53:16,611 There would be no rest 599 00:53:16,694 --> 00:53:22,617 till all the Japanese in Burma were defeated and destroyed. 69922

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