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Down this road
on a summer day in 1944,
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the soldiers came.
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Nobody lives here now.
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They stayed only a few hours.
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00:00:34,160 --> 00:00:35,745
When they had gone,
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00:00:35,828 --> 00:00:40,124
a community, which had lived
for a thousand years, was dead.
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00:00:43,252 --> 00:00:48,007
This is Oradour-sur-Glane in France.
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00:00:49,050 --> 00:00:54,305
The day the soldiers came
the people were gathered together.
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00:00:54,388 --> 00:00:58,059
The men were taken
to garages and barns,
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00:00:58,142 --> 00:01:02,188
the women and children
were led down this road,
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00:01:03,564 --> 00:01:06,901
and they were driven into this church.
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Here, they heard the firing
as their men were shot.
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Then they were killed, too.
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00:01:17,745 --> 00:01:22,291
A few weeks later
many of those who had done the killing
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00:01:22,374 --> 00:01:25,836
were themselves dead in battle.
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00:01:29,965 --> 00:01:34,637
They never rebuilt Oradour.
Its ruins are a memorial.
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00:01:36,597 --> 00:01:41,310
Its martyrdom stands for thousand
upon thousand of other martyrdoms
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in Poland, in Russia,
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in Burma, in China,
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00:01:47,775 --> 00:01:49,860
in a world at war.
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00:02:53,382 --> 00:02:55,676
Germany, 1933.
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00:02:57,136 --> 00:03:01,265
A huge, blind excitement
fills the streets.
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00:03:01,849 --> 00:03:04,393
The National Socialists
have come to power
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00:03:04,476 --> 00:03:06,854
in a land tortured by unemployment,
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00:03:06,937 --> 00:03:11,942
embittered by loss of territory,
demoralised by political weakness.
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00:03:12,026 --> 00:03:15,446
Perhaps this will be the new beginning.
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00:03:20,534 --> 00:03:23,621
Most people think the Nazis
a little absurd here,
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00:03:23,704 --> 00:03:25,331
too obsessive there.
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00:03:25,414 --> 00:03:29,168
But perhaps the time
for thinking is over.
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00:03:33,214 --> 00:03:35,841
Adolf Hitler did not seize power.
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00:03:35,925 --> 00:03:40,179
He was offered it just
as his voting strength was declining.
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00:03:40,262 --> 00:03:43,349
The politicians
who made Hitler chancellor argued,
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00:03:43,432 --> 00:03:46,227
"We are hiring him."
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00:03:46,310 --> 00:03:51,065
Their figurehead was
the ancient President von Hindenburg.
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00:03:53,484 --> 00:03:56,654
Communists and Socialists
tried to take Hitler coolly.
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00:03:56,737 --> 00:03:58,864
"This wouldn't last," they said.
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00:03:58,948 --> 00:04:02,243
Conservative anti-Nazis
took comfort from the fact
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00:04:02,326 --> 00:04:05,955
that their old war leader Hindenburg,
still head of state,
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00:04:06,038 --> 00:04:09,124
was known to despise
the vulgar little corporal.
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00:04:15,130 --> 00:04:17,216
So, fertig?
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00:04:21,387 --> 00:04:23,931
Na, jetzt wird es fertig sein.
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00:04:36,777 --> 00:04:39,488
With mock solemnity,
Hitler and his lieutenants
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00:04:39,571 --> 00:04:43,450
walked to the ceremonial opening
of parliament.
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00:04:43,575 --> 00:04:47,329
The party's strength had been built up
by revolutionary violence.
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00:04:47,413 --> 00:04:51,583
They had never imagined that
they could take office legally.
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00:04:51,667 --> 00:04:55,337
When the old Reichstag building
was mysteriously gutted by fire,
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00:04:55,421 --> 00:04:59,591
Hitler seized his chance
to suspend all civil liberties.
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00:04:59,675 --> 00:05:03,387
His followers could hardly believe
their luck.
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00:05:08,350 --> 00:05:12,354
The old Hindenburg, the symbol
of apparent continuity, presided
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00:05:12,438 --> 00:05:16,900
as they turned office into power
by acts of sham legality.
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00:05:16,984 --> 00:05:19,528
In March, when the Reichstag voted
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00:05:19,611 --> 00:05:22,281
to allow Hitler
to govern without parliament,
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00:05:22,364 --> 00:05:24,908
Hindenburg made no comment.
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00:05:26,785 --> 00:05:29,330
The legal chancellor
marched irresistibly
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00:05:29,455 --> 00:05:33,292
into the role of the legal dictator.
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00:05:50,684 --> 00:05:54,772
Hitler proclaimed the new Germany,
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00:05:54,897 --> 00:05:57,900
and meant it to last a thousand years.
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00:06:00,319 --> 00:06:03,030
The new Germany
began to round up its enemies -
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00:06:03,697 --> 00:06:10,287
Communists, Socialists, impertinent
journalists, even Reichstag deputies.
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00:06:10,371 --> 00:06:12,414
Antreten zum Arbeiten.
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00:06:14,124 --> 00:06:17,378
At Oranienburg concentration camp,
just north of Berlin,
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00:06:17,461 --> 00:06:21,924
conditions were at first crude
rather than brutal.
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00:06:23,842 --> 00:06:30,599
At this time the camps were run
by the Sturmabteilungen - the SA.
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00:06:30,682 --> 00:06:34,019
They bullied more than they murdered.
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00:06:46,615 --> 00:06:51,954
From the first moment, Hitler unleashed
his promised campaign against the Jews.
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00:06:52,037 --> 00:06:56,667
The SA organised boycotts
of Jewish-owned shops.
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00:06:56,750 --> 00:06:59,920
The real point
was to encourage the German people
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00:07:00,045 --> 00:07:04,967
to think and act anti-Semitic
as a matter of course.
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00:07:05,092 --> 00:07:07,177
The outside world was horrified,
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00:07:07,261 --> 00:07:10,222
but there were those,
including many German Jews,
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00:07:10,305 --> 00:07:14,017
who thought the anti-Jewish campaign
the work of Nazi extremists -
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00:07:14,101 --> 00:07:19,231
something Herr Hitler would put
a stop to when he felt more secure.
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00:07:21,483 --> 00:07:24,528
There was to be
a cultural revolution, too.
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00:07:24,611 --> 00:07:29,700
German culture would be purged
of the Jewish-Bolshevist taint.
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00:07:40,836 --> 00:07:43,839
Books flew into the fire.
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00:07:43,922 --> 00:07:47,676
Many of those who flung them
were students and teachers.
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00:07:47,759 --> 00:07:51,722
And, as the sparks rose,
the intellectuals fled -
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00:07:51,847 --> 00:07:54,016
writers and scientists -
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00:07:54,099 --> 00:07:58,937
to give their talents
to Western Europe and America.
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00:07:59,938 --> 00:08:04,401
A hundred years before
the German-Jewish poet, Heine,
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whose books now went into the fire,
had warned:
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00:08:07,404 --> 00:08:12,951
"Where one burns books,
there one eventually burns people."
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00:08:18,916 --> 00:08:22,961
Some of Hitler's most earnest followers
found new ways to show loyalty -
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00:08:23,045 --> 00:08:27,466
they married or got married
all over again under a Nazi ritual.
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00:08:38,268 --> 00:08:41,647
The Nazis had mass support
among the unemployed,
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00:08:41,730 --> 00:08:45,067
but less among the organised workers.
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00:08:46,026 --> 00:08:47,653
The left wing of the party
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00:08:47,736 --> 00:08:51,031
wanted to start a workers' movement
inside the factories,
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00:08:51,114 --> 00:08:53,200
but Hitler took a simpler course.
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00:08:53,283 --> 00:08:57,704
He granted the unions the May Day
holiday they had always demanded.
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00:08:57,788 --> 00:09:00,499
Next day he abolished the unions.
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00:09:01,792 --> 00:09:04,503
Nazi supporters
were basically middle class -
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00:09:04,586 --> 00:09:09,174
shopkeepers ruined by the Depression,
clerks who had lost their savings,
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00:09:09,299 --> 00:09:12,177
craftsmen squeezed out
by mass production.
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00:09:19,768 --> 00:09:22,771
These were Hitler's worshippers.
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00:09:31,363 --> 00:09:34,157
To this army of those
who had come down in the world
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00:09:34,241 --> 00:09:37,411
belonged the small farmers,
the peasants.
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00:09:37,494 --> 00:09:40,414
Hitler had enlisted them
during the Depression.
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00:09:41,081 --> 00:09:45,085
Now he told them that their blood
and soil were Germany's treasure.
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00:09:45,168 --> 00:09:48,589
He passed laws to give them
safe possession of their fields
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00:09:48,672 --> 00:09:51,049
and he gave them bread.
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00:10:06,690 --> 00:10:09,359
The Treaty of Versailles in 1919
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00:10:09,443 --> 00:10:12,779
had bitten deep
into Germany's frontiers.
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00:10:15,240 --> 00:10:19,453
Alsace-Lorraine and the Saarland
had been lost.
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00:10:19,578 --> 00:10:22,998
East Prussia was cut off
by the new Polish state,
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00:10:23,081 --> 00:10:25,584
Silesia cut in two,
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00:10:25,709 --> 00:10:28,837
Danzig, a League of Nations city.
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00:10:32,883 --> 00:10:38,180
To every patriot, Germany could not
be free while Versailles stood.
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00:10:38,263 --> 00:10:43,268
Hitler alone seemed the saviour foretold
by the monuments of the border:
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00:10:43,352 --> 00:10:48,815
"Never, German, forget
what blind hate stole from thee."
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00:10:50,817 --> 00:10:56,281
"Wait for the hour that avenges
the bleeding frontier crime."
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00:11:03,205 --> 00:11:06,708
Abroad there were some
who admired the way
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00:11:06,792 --> 00:11:09,086
this new Germany stood up for herself.
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00:11:09,169 --> 00:11:12,506
In America we've had reports
against your new government,
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00:11:12,589 --> 00:11:16,843
and, in most cases, this has caused
hasty demonstrations everywhere.
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00:11:16,927 --> 00:11:20,097
I can now say to you that
the American people today realise
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00:11:20,180 --> 00:11:23,016
these stories are untrue
and without foundation.
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00:11:23,100 --> 00:11:26,353
I find that there's a new,
fresh vitality here in Germany
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00:11:26,436 --> 00:11:29,523
under your great leader
and chancellor, Adolf Hitler,
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00:11:29,606 --> 00:11:31,149
of whom I'm a great admirer.
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00:11:32,609 --> 00:11:34,486
The new Germany will live
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00:11:34,569 --> 00:11:38,198
for you have the best centralised
government in the world today.
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00:11:38,281 --> 00:11:40,158
In fact, the new Germany
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00:11:40,242 --> 00:11:43,161
was a bundle of different interests
and grievances
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00:11:43,245 --> 00:11:46,415
held together by the strap
of the National Socialist Party,
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00:11:46,498 --> 00:11:49,167
and the buckle of the strap was Hitler.
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00:12:27,330 --> 00:12:32,043
Well, really, it was the only party
that promised to get us out of the hole.
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00:12:32,127 --> 00:12:37,299
And their idea was principally
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00:12:37,382 --> 00:12:41,470
that that would only be possible
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00:12:41,553 --> 00:12:47,851
if we developed as a nation
a team spirit, a solidarity,
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00:12:47,934 --> 00:12:51,646
and pulling all on the same rope,
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00:12:51,730 --> 00:12:57,027
instead of quarrelling
about petty differences of opinions
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00:12:57,110 --> 00:13:01,531
in foreign politics and social politics,
and so on and so forth.
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00:13:06,119 --> 00:13:08,038
What did he promise?
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00:13:08,121 --> 00:13:10,415
Work and bread for the masses,
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00:13:10,499 --> 00:13:15,670
for the millions of workers who were
unemployed and hungry at that time.
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00:13:15,754 --> 00:13:19,299
Nowadays, in our prosperous society,
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00:13:19,382 --> 00:13:22,093
work and bread
doesn't mean anything any more,
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00:13:22,177 --> 00:13:25,931
but then it was
an absolutely basic need.
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00:13:26,014 --> 00:13:29,976
And this promise,
which wouldn't make any sense today,
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00:13:30,060 --> 00:13:34,189
then it sounded like
a promise of paradise.
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00:13:39,861 --> 00:13:43,698
All this seemed
ideal ground for a prophet to say:
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00:13:43,782 --> 00:13:48,620
"I will lead you to the promised land.
I will deliver you from evil."
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00:13:48,703 --> 00:13:52,833
Anyone who said that
would be greeted with enthusiasm.
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00:14:00,507 --> 00:14:04,094
Of course, there were people
who said this is a false prophet,
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00:14:04,177 --> 00:14:07,472
but who was to know
whether they were right or not?
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00:14:07,556 --> 00:14:09,224
At that time no one did.
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00:14:17,941 --> 00:14:21,152
Christmas, 1933.
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00:14:21,236 --> 00:14:23,613
One year of Hitler's Reich.
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00:14:24,906 --> 00:14:28,410
Peace on earth,
goodwill towards men.
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00:14:29,578 --> 00:14:33,915
The concentration camps were full,
parliament a rubber stamp,
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00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:36,793
political parties
and trade unions abolished,
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00:14:36,877 --> 00:14:41,298
the Jews out of the civil service,
a free press strangled,
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00:14:41,381 --> 00:14:44,259
personal liberties destroyed.
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00:14:48,221 --> 00:14:52,684
Germany lived under
a permanent state of emergency.
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00:14:59,941 --> 00:15:05,697
Adolf Hitler's state
was all-powerful, even almighty.
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00:15:13,872 --> 00:15:16,249
But he still felt threatened.
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00:15:16,333 --> 00:15:19,252
He feared his old conservative rivals.
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00:15:19,336 --> 00:15:21,630
He feared the army.
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00:15:21,713 --> 00:15:26,051
And he feared those sections of his own
party which were still revolutionary,
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00:15:26,134 --> 00:15:29,137
like the leadership
of the storm troopers.
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00:15:29,220 --> 00:15:32,933
The army, too, hated the SA.
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00:15:33,016 --> 00:15:40,357
Hitler saw how he could conciliate
the generals and clear his own path.
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00:15:40,440 --> 00:15:47,197
The head of the SA was one of
his oldest comrades, Ernst Röhm.
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00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:51,534
On June 30, 1934, Röhm was arrested...
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00:15:52,953 --> 00:15:54,287
...and shot.
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00:15:54,371 --> 00:15:56,957
His SA commanders
and more than 100 others
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00:15:57,040 --> 00:15:59,292
dragged from their beds were shot, too.
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00:16:02,671 --> 00:16:05,632
Murder exploded across Germany.
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00:16:05,757 --> 00:16:09,010
The killers were the new force
in Germany -
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00:16:09,094 --> 00:16:12,013
the SS, Hitler's bodyguard -
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00:16:12,097 --> 00:16:16,017
which now became
his personal instrument of terror.
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00:16:17,185 --> 00:16:21,648
Göring gave a press conference
at the propaganda ministry.
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00:16:21,731 --> 00:16:24,192
Goebbels was the minister of propaganda,
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00:16:24,275 --> 00:16:27,445
but Goebbels had wisely stayed
with Hitler at that time
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00:16:27,529 --> 00:16:30,198
because Göring hated his guts
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00:16:30,281 --> 00:16:34,953
and might have taken the opportunity
to bump him off if he'd been in Berlin.
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00:16:35,036 --> 00:16:38,832
Göring had that press conference
for the foreign press.
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00:16:38,915 --> 00:16:44,004
Before that the telephones had been
cut off to all foreign countries.
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00:16:44,087 --> 00:16:47,257
Göring came striding in and said,
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00:16:47,382 --> 00:16:51,636
"I know you boys
always like to have a story," -
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00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:57,225
he used the English word -
"I've got a story for you all right,"
183
00:16:57,308 --> 00:17:03,690
and described how
that previous night and that morning
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00:17:03,815 --> 00:17:08,820
he and Hitler had acted against
dissident forces,
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00:17:08,903 --> 00:17:13,742
both of the Right and of the Left,
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00:17:13,825 --> 00:17:16,202
that Röhm had been shot,
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00:17:16,286 --> 00:17:19,664
that a second revolution
had been quashed.
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00:17:19,748 --> 00:17:26,421
He also made a rather obscure reference
to General von Schleicher
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who had preceded Hitler
as German chancellor.
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00:17:31,092 --> 00:17:35,764
Then he left the room, came back again
in a few seconds and said:
191
00:17:35,847 --> 00:17:39,142
"It's been suggested
that I didn't make myself quite clear
192
00:17:39,225 --> 00:17:41,061
about General von Schleicher."
193
00:17:41,144 --> 00:17:44,647
"He was shot dead this morning
while resisting arrest."
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00:17:45,065 --> 00:17:51,112
30 June, '34,
was a very, very important day,
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00:17:51,196 --> 00:17:57,535
because it became obvious that
this government, as a government,
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00:17:57,619 --> 00:18:00,413
started to become a murderer.
197
00:18:00,497 --> 00:18:04,584
You remember that
they shot a great number of people
198
00:18:04,667 --> 00:18:07,837
without any bringing them to court.
199
00:18:07,962 --> 00:18:10,048
They just killed them.
200
00:18:10,131 --> 00:18:17,931
And not only direct enemies of Hitler
in that moment -
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00:18:18,056 --> 00:18:22,644
not only Röhm, the head of the SA -
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00:18:22,727 --> 00:18:27,690
but also other people
who they felt were unpleasant.
203
00:18:27,774 --> 00:18:30,860
And they just did it at the same time.
204
00:18:39,452 --> 00:18:42,956
That summer
another rival disappeared.
205
00:18:44,374 --> 00:18:49,629
President Hindenburg
died in his bed on August 2.
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00:18:52,006 --> 00:18:54,050
While the old man was still breathing
207
00:18:54,134 --> 00:18:56,886
Hitler had abolished
the office of president,
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00:18:56,970 --> 00:18:59,806
proclaiming himself
Führer and Chancellor,
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00:18:59,889 --> 00:19:02,517
head of state and government.
210
00:19:08,523 --> 00:19:11,234
And before his corpse was laid to rest,
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00:19:11,317 --> 00:19:14,237
Hitler usurped his command
over the army.
212
00:19:14,863 --> 00:19:18,199
The armed forces paraded
to swear a new oath.
213
00:19:18,283 --> 00:19:21,619
Where once they had sworn loyalty
to the constitution,
214
00:19:21,703 --> 00:19:25,790
now they pledged themselves to Hitler,
personally, by name.
215
00:19:26,457 --> 00:19:31,421
Ich schwöre bei Gott...
216
00:19:31,504 --> 00:19:34,299
...diesen heiligen Eid...
217
00:19:37,135 --> 00:19:42,682
...dass ich den Führer
des Deutschen Reiches und Volkes...
218
00:19:47,687 --> 00:19:49,689
...Adolf Hitler...
219
00:19:51,983 --> 00:19:56,571
For German officers,
an oath was almost physically real.
220
00:19:59,490 --> 00:20:01,784
Hitler had trapped them.
221
00:20:01,868 --> 00:20:06,831
Now they could not disobey him
without disobeying the fatherland.
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00:20:06,915 --> 00:20:10,251
Ich schwöre...
223
00:20:10,335 --> 00:20:13,254
Ich schwöre bei Gott...
224
00:20:13,338 --> 00:20:16,341
Ich schwöre Adolf Hitler...
225
00:20:16,424 --> 00:20:18,676
Adolf Hitler.
226
00:20:18,760 --> 00:20:20,345
Adolf Hitler.
227
00:20:20,428 --> 00:20:21,763
Adolf Hitler!
228
00:20:21,846 --> 00:20:23,389
Adolf Hitler.
229
00:20:23,473 --> 00:20:24,974
Adolf Hitler!
230
00:20:29,103 --> 00:20:33,816
Hitler kept up the pace. That same month
the Germans had to go again to the polls
231
00:20:33,900 --> 00:20:37,820
to approve his assumption
of state and government powers.
232
00:20:37,904 --> 00:20:40,240
By now the machinery
of ballot management
233
00:20:40,323 --> 00:20:44,494
by threat, propaganda, forgery and fraud
was functioning excellently.
234
00:20:51,334 --> 00:20:54,254
Hitler had a 90% Ja.
235
00:20:55,046 --> 00:20:58,591
Four million still voted Nein.
236
00:20:59,717 --> 00:21:01,177
Hitler proclaimed:
237
00:21:01,261 --> 00:21:06,891
"For the next thousand years, there will
be no other revolution in Germany."
238
00:21:11,729 --> 00:21:15,358
The Nazis preached the doctrine
of "folk-community",
239
00:21:15,441 --> 00:21:19,570
of learning to be Germans
one of another.
240
00:21:19,654 --> 00:21:24,117
Winter Help, the main street collection
for charity, was one symbol,
241
00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:27,829
and the leaders of the party,
for the benefit of the cameras,
242
00:21:27,912 --> 00:21:30,915
showed themselves as folk comrades, too.
243
00:21:32,333 --> 00:21:34,711
Göring displayed himself-
244
00:21:34,794 --> 00:21:38,923
a war hero, a man who laughed
and enjoyed life,
245
00:21:39,007 --> 00:21:42,510
a moderating force in the party,
it was believed.
246
00:21:42,593 --> 00:21:45,930
Joseph Goebbels,
the little propaganda minister,
247
00:21:46,014 --> 00:21:49,392
whom the backstreet
called "poison dwarf".
248
00:21:49,475 --> 00:21:53,146
His sharpness was feared,
but respected.
249
00:21:54,480 --> 00:21:58,818
- Warum lachen Sie?
- Die Dame spricht nicht Deutsch.
250
00:21:58,901 --> 00:22:04,949
The deputy Führer, Rudolf Hess,
a puzzling figure to the crowds.
251
00:22:05,074 --> 00:22:10,997
The Nazi way of ruling was to be remote,
but to seem not to be.
252
00:22:11,080 --> 00:22:14,917
All classes were encouraged
to relish the same meals -
253
00:22:15,001 --> 00:22:18,671
the soldier, the boss,
the worker, the banker.
254
00:22:18,755 --> 00:22:21,215
The party believed in community,
255
00:22:21,299 --> 00:22:24,552
but the industrialists stayed rich.
256
00:22:24,635 --> 00:22:28,056
They had financed the Nazis
when they seemed likely to win,
257
00:22:28,139 --> 00:22:32,894
and now they submitted to Nazi direction
without too much distaste.
258
00:22:32,977 --> 00:22:35,563
Business was picking up fast.
259
00:22:37,774 --> 00:22:41,277
The economy was reviving
when the Nazis came to power,
260
00:22:41,361 --> 00:22:43,279
but they reaped the credit,
261
00:22:43,363 --> 00:22:47,116
speeding recovery
with an enormous public works programme
262
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:48,993
for the unemployed.
263
00:22:49,077 --> 00:22:55,708
Other nations, where mass unemployment
persisted, watched Germany with envy.
264
00:23:24,862 --> 00:23:30,243
The workless built the autobahns -
the first motorways in the world,
265
00:23:30,326 --> 00:23:34,247
binding a still-provincial Germany
together.
266
00:23:34,330 --> 00:23:37,333
The autobahns were not least
for private pleasure,
267
00:23:37,417 --> 00:23:40,753
in the fascist notion
of Strength through Joy.
268
00:23:40,878 --> 00:23:43,798
And they were presented
less as a transport system
269
00:23:43,923 --> 00:23:46,467
than as a triumph of national will,
270
00:23:46,551 --> 00:23:48,761
linked with other prestige projects,
271
00:23:48,845 --> 00:23:52,473
like the design
for the Führer's new Berlin.
272
00:24:13,035 --> 00:24:15,121
Voll Anmut und Gesundheit,
273
00:24:15,204 --> 00:24:19,250
gläubig und ihrer großen Pflichten
und Aufgaben bewusst,
274
00:24:19,333 --> 00:24:23,212
sind sie glückliche Mädel
unserer großen Zeit.
275
00:24:26,132 --> 00:24:28,926
These were members
of Faith and Beauty,
276
00:24:29,010 --> 00:24:31,721
older sister to
the League of German Maidens,
277
00:24:31,804 --> 00:24:34,265
the girls' equivalent
of the Hitler Youth.
278
00:24:34,348 --> 00:24:36,058
And so on.
279
00:24:36,142 --> 00:24:42,273
All young people learnt party songs,
drilled and danced and belonged.
280
00:24:53,117 --> 00:24:56,954
Each year the farmers and their wives
gathered at the Buckeberg
281
00:24:57,038 --> 00:24:59,874
to meet their Führer at harvest time.
282
00:24:59,957 --> 00:25:05,588
In 1936 those who stood and waited
for the leader numbered one million.
283
00:25:10,384 --> 00:25:11,928
The leader was late.
284
00:25:12,011 --> 00:25:15,056
He always arrived late -
it built up tension.
285
00:25:58,307 --> 00:26:01,811
Then he came,
letting the excitement spill over.
286
00:26:01,894 --> 00:26:03,563
As he marched to the rostrum,
287
00:26:03,646 --> 00:26:07,024
the masses were allowed
to see him close and even to touch him.
288
00:26:07,108 --> 00:26:11,445
Deliberately,
women were placed in the front rows.
289
00:26:11,571 --> 00:26:15,825
When he went up the mountain,
290
00:26:15,908 --> 00:26:18,619
I couldn't understand
how it was possible
291
00:26:18,703 --> 00:26:20,746
that people could shout so much.
292
00:26:22,957 --> 00:26:27,920
Yet when he came towards our group,
I too came under his spell
293
00:26:28,004 --> 00:26:33,092
and shouted "Heil!"
just like everyone else.
294
00:26:33,175 --> 00:26:38,264
But then when he was really close,
greeting people to his left and right,
295
00:26:38,347 --> 00:26:44,645
shaking their hand and exchanging
a few words, and he also shook my hand,
296
00:26:44,729 --> 00:26:49,567
I suddenly noticed that
everybody in his immediate presence
297
00:26:49,650 --> 00:26:52,820
was completely silent.
298
00:26:53,988 --> 00:26:57,700
For the first ten minutes
he wasn't a good speaker.
299
00:26:57,783 --> 00:27:04,081
He just began warming up
and finding the words.
300
00:27:04,165 --> 00:27:09,587
But then he turned out to be
a terribly good speaker, you know.
301
00:27:09,670 --> 00:27:14,300
He just"
I don't know the words in English.
302
00:27:14,383 --> 00:27:17,720
Er massierte his public!
303
00:27:19,221 --> 00:27:25,311
And the whole atmosphere
304
00:27:25,394 --> 00:27:27,980
grew more and more hysterical.
305
00:27:29,148 --> 00:27:37,156
He was interrupted nearly
after every phrase by big applause,
306
00:27:37,239 --> 00:27:41,911
and women began screaming.
307
00:27:41,994 --> 00:27:49,960
It was like a mass religious ceremony.
308
00:27:52,838 --> 00:27:55,508
Well, I listened to his speech
309
00:27:55,591 --> 00:28:03,140
and I felt that more and more
excited atmosphere in the hall
310
00:28:03,224 --> 00:28:09,647
and for some seconds again and again
I had a feeling,
311
00:28:09,730 --> 00:28:14,402
"What a pity that
I can't share that belief
312
00:28:14,485 --> 00:28:16,696
of all those thousands of people,
313
00:28:16,779 --> 00:28:21,117
that I am alone,
that I am contrary to all that."
314
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:27,248
It was very funny. I thought,
"He is talking all the nonsense I know,
315
00:28:27,331 --> 00:28:29,500
the nonsense he always talked."
316
00:28:29,583 --> 00:28:35,840
But still, I felt it must be wonderful
317
00:28:35,923 --> 00:28:41,554
just to jump into that bubbling pot
318
00:28:41,637 --> 00:28:46,934
and be a member
of all those who are believers.
319
00:29:01,365 --> 00:29:05,494
One lady in our village,
she went to Berlin
320
00:29:05,619 --> 00:29:09,415
to a birthday reception
for Adolf Hitler,
321
00:29:09,498 --> 00:29:14,545
and she came back and told us,
"The Führer shook hands with me."
322
00:29:14,628 --> 00:29:19,633
And from this time on
she was like a saint in our village.
323
00:29:40,362 --> 00:29:45,034
Hitler's home life took place on a ledge
in Bavaria, at Berchtesgaden.
324
00:29:45,117 --> 00:29:48,454
These pictures are from
the home movies of Eva Braun,
325
00:29:48,537 --> 00:29:52,291
the discreet young woman
who stayed with him till his death.
326
00:29:52,416 --> 00:29:56,212
To the Berghof, for tea and tactics,
came the elect.
327
00:29:56,295 --> 00:29:58,839
Some a little ill at ease,
328
00:29:58,923 --> 00:30:00,716
some genuinely intimate.
329
00:30:42,174 --> 00:30:47,555
Even in private Hitler had to correspond
to the image sold to the public.
330
00:30:48,973 --> 00:30:51,058
Adolf with children.
331
00:30:52,351 --> 00:30:54,478
Adolf with dogs.
332
00:30:56,021 --> 00:30:58,774
Adolf with a magnifying glass.
333
00:31:06,448 --> 00:31:08,534
Adolf with friends.
334
00:31:13,372 --> 00:31:18,377
Out for a walk, like a good
Bavarian bourgeois on a Sunday.
335
00:31:25,759 --> 00:31:28,929
In this closed circle
Eva Braun posed herself
336
00:31:29,013 --> 00:31:34,018
as the girl who was
natural, healthy, joyfully physical.
337
00:32:13,015 --> 00:32:18,062
Up at the Berghof
there were jovial, friendly bodyguards
338
00:32:18,145 --> 00:32:20,230
and colder ones.
339
00:32:20,314 --> 00:32:23,692
Heinrich Himmler, lord of the SS,
340
00:32:23,776 --> 00:32:28,072
came with Heydrich,
his terrible, handsome lieutenant.
341
00:32:34,662 --> 00:32:38,582
On formal occasions,
the SS Guard turned out.
342
00:32:38,666 --> 00:32:43,003
They were the reality of the great
tyranny centred in distant Berlin,
343
00:32:43,087 --> 00:32:46,757
their hands soon to be red
with the blood of millions.
344
00:32:47,675 --> 00:32:52,054
For that reality,
Hitler would leave his chintz chair,
345
00:32:52,137 --> 00:32:56,016
his tea parties and his mistress.
346
00:32:56,100 --> 00:32:59,311
The car was waiting
at the foot of the steps.
347
00:33:09,488 --> 00:33:14,576
If Germany was to be strong again,
Germany must re-arm.
348
00:33:14,660 --> 00:33:21,709
A people frightened by war had to become
once more familiar with arms,
349
00:33:21,792 --> 00:33:23,627
to touch them,
350
00:33:23,711 --> 00:33:25,587
to play at soldiers.
351
00:33:45,941 --> 00:33:48,610
Germany had to train pilots.
352
00:33:48,694 --> 00:33:50,904
Versailles forbade Germany an air force,
353
00:33:50,988 --> 00:33:54,366
so the League for Air Sports
used gliders
354
00:33:54,450 --> 00:33:58,370
to train men, still officially
civilians, for the future Luftwaffe.
355
00:34:02,916 --> 00:34:06,462
And the army began to swell
beyond the limits set by Versailles
356
00:34:06,545 --> 00:34:09,465
from the moment
Hitler became chancellor.
357
00:34:09,548 --> 00:34:13,093
In secret, it trebled its strength
in two years.
358
00:34:27,566 --> 00:34:31,487
Any foreign military attaché
could see what was happening,
359
00:34:31,570 --> 00:34:33,530
but the world did nothing decisive,
360
00:34:33,614 --> 00:34:37,326
and in March 1935
Germany announced conscription -
361
00:34:37,451 --> 00:34:40,579
a peacetime army of half a million men.
362
00:34:46,502 --> 00:34:49,963
The new tanks came out into the open.
363
00:34:59,056 --> 00:35:02,643
The first Luftwaffe squadrons flew past.
364
00:35:10,901 --> 00:35:13,821
The new German navy was under way.
365
00:35:21,912 --> 00:35:24,373
Hitler kept Europe bewildered.
366
00:35:24,456 --> 00:35:30,337
Proclaiming Versailles extinct,
he proposed a limit on armaments.
367
00:35:30,462 --> 00:35:33,715
Britain, the first democracy
to make a pact with the Nazis,
368
00:35:33,799 --> 00:35:35,425
signed a naval agreement.
369
00:35:35,551 --> 00:35:37,803
Hitler was reassured.
370
00:35:37,886 --> 00:35:42,432
It might be safe to start tampering
with the hated frontiers.
371
00:35:42,516 --> 00:35:46,270
One part of Versailles
had already been undone.
372
00:35:46,353 --> 00:35:49,731
In January 1935
the territory of the Saar,
373
00:35:49,857 --> 00:35:53,861
the little coal-mining region
which had been German before 1918,
374
00:35:53,944 --> 00:35:57,406
voted overwhelmingly,
and under international supervision,
375
00:35:57,489 --> 00:36:00,284
to return to Germany.
376
00:36:07,541 --> 00:36:10,961
Next door, the Rhineland
remained a demilitarised zone.
377
00:36:11,044 --> 00:36:13,297
Beyond dispute,
this was part of Germany,
378
00:36:13,380 --> 00:36:16,383
but to recover it
would directly challenge the Allies
379
00:36:16,466 --> 00:36:18,427
and, above all, France.
380
00:36:19,887 --> 00:36:25,767
The troops rode over the Rhine bridges
at dawn on March 7, 1936.
381
00:36:25,851 --> 00:36:29,521
Secretly, the commanders were ready
to bolt back across the river
382
00:36:29,605 --> 00:36:31,481
if France showed any sign of fight.
383
00:36:31,607 --> 00:36:33,692
But there was none.
384
00:36:35,694 --> 00:36:38,197
The Rhineland city of Cologne
and all Germany
385
00:36:38,280 --> 00:36:40,490
went wild with relief and delight.
386
00:36:41,074 --> 00:36:44,119
A part of German honour
had been recovered.
387
00:36:44,203 --> 00:36:47,164
Hitler had taken a chance and won.
388
00:36:48,707 --> 00:36:54,796
Two years later, Austria, Hitler's
birthplace, lay ripe for the taking.
389
00:36:54,922 --> 00:37:00,260
Austrian Nazis were rioting
for Anschluss - union with Germany.
390
00:37:00,344 --> 00:37:05,182
To prevent a plebiscite on independence,
Hitler marched in.
391
00:37:12,022 --> 00:37:15,400
The German troops were greeted
by hysterical crowds.
392
00:37:15,484 --> 00:37:20,239
Vienna suffered a Jew-baiting terror
which even Germany had not yet seen.
393
00:37:20,364 --> 00:37:23,075
Austria became a province.
394
00:37:23,158 --> 00:37:26,787
Germany's neighbours,
appalled, uncertain, unprepared,
395
00:37:26,870 --> 00:37:29,206
once again did nothing.
396
00:37:36,588 --> 00:37:40,175
Czechoslovakia
was no lost German province,
397
00:37:40,259 --> 00:37:46,014
but an independent nation, allied
to Britain, France and the Soviet Union.
398
00:37:46,098 --> 00:37:50,143
Within its northern border
lived the Sudeten Germans.
399
00:37:50,227 --> 00:37:53,855
Hitler incited this minority,
which had never been part of Germany,
400
00:37:53,981 --> 00:37:56,441
to demand union with the Reich.
401
00:37:56,525 --> 00:37:59,027
Europe prepared for war.
402
00:38:00,612 --> 00:38:03,657
But though Czechoslovakia
was ready to fight,
403
00:38:03,740 --> 00:38:05,951
Britain and France gave way.
404
00:38:06,034 --> 00:38:08,870
At Munich, in September 1938,
405
00:38:08,954 --> 00:38:11,498
Chamberlain for Britain,
406
00:38:11,581 --> 00:38:13,917
Italy's Mussolini,
407
00:38:14,001 --> 00:38:16,586
Daladier for France
408
00:38:16,670 --> 00:38:18,630
signed with Hitler the treaty
409
00:38:18,714 --> 00:38:21,508
which stripped Czechoslovakia
of the Sudetenland
410
00:38:21,591 --> 00:38:24,136
and left her broken and abandoned.
411
00:38:39,151 --> 00:38:41,320
The Germans crossed the border,
412
00:38:41,403 --> 00:38:45,907
welcomed as liberators
by the Sudeten population.
413
00:38:46,867 --> 00:38:50,120
At home, the German generals
who opposed Hitler,
414
00:38:50,203 --> 00:38:55,250
hoping that a rebuff over Czechoslovakia
would fatally injure his prestige,
415
00:38:55,334 --> 00:38:57,919
gave up their plots in despair.
416
00:39:17,314 --> 00:39:21,651
Hitler sat with his troops in the field
and planned ahead.
417
00:39:23,612 --> 00:39:27,115
The Sudetenland was easily digested.
418
00:39:27,199 --> 00:39:29,910
The next course could be taken fast.
419
00:39:32,746 --> 00:39:37,000
The shrunken Czech lands and Slovakia
lay helpless before him.
420
00:39:37,084 --> 00:39:40,379
He struck on March 15, 1939.
421
00:39:43,256 --> 00:39:46,635
The German troops reached Prague
the same day.
422
00:39:46,718 --> 00:39:49,262
There was no resistance.
423
00:39:50,889 --> 00:39:55,394
The last democracy in Central Europe
was wiped out.
424
00:39:58,188 --> 00:40:01,817
The Czechs
would never trust the West again.
425
00:40:01,900 --> 00:40:04,694
The West trusted Hitler no more,
426
00:40:04,778 --> 00:40:09,157
and realised at last
that only force would stop him.
427
00:40:19,251 --> 00:40:22,379
Berlin: more cheers, more worship.
428
00:40:23,422 --> 00:40:27,384
Yet what was in the minds
of those who cheered?
429
00:40:27,467 --> 00:40:29,469
Very few wanted wars of conquest
430
00:40:29,553 --> 00:40:31,430
or hoped, like Hitler,
431
00:40:31,513 --> 00:40:35,559
for a German empire
from the Urals to the Atlantic.
432
00:40:35,642 --> 00:40:39,938
Most thought they were taking back
what had been robbed from them
433
00:40:40,021 --> 00:40:45,527
and restoring, not destroying,
the order and unity of Europe.
434
00:40:57,622 --> 00:41:04,004
For these crowds it seemed that
Hitler's statesmanship could never fail.
435
00:41:04,087 --> 00:41:06,256
Others who stayed at home that night
436
00:41:06,339 --> 00:41:09,885
feared a war was coming
which might destroy Germany itself.
437
00:41:09,968 --> 00:41:13,763
But now they saw no hope
for a rising against Hitler,
438
00:41:13,847 --> 00:41:16,141
they were left with the moral question:
439
00:41:16,224 --> 00:41:20,812
"Should one resist a tyranny
without hope of success?"
440
00:41:21,938 --> 00:41:27,736
Well, I think it's difficult
first of all to make up your mind
441
00:41:27,861 --> 00:41:31,948
that you should do something
against a government.
442
00:41:33,200 --> 00:41:36,786
This is very rare, first of all.
443
00:41:36,912 --> 00:41:41,291
Secondly, if it is extremely dangerous,
444
00:41:41,374 --> 00:41:44,920
as it is in a dictatorship,
445
00:41:45,003 --> 00:41:50,050
it's even more complicated
because everybody likes his own life.
446
00:41:51,426 --> 00:41:56,223
I think everything that came to us
when we were living in Germany
447
00:41:56,348 --> 00:41:59,392
came very gradually.
448
00:41:59,476 --> 00:42:06,900
That was part, perhaps, of the way
Hitler managed these things.
449
00:42:06,983 --> 00:42:10,153
It came on us rather drip by drip,
450
00:42:10,237 --> 00:42:13,657
rather like an anaesthetic,
one could almost say,
451
00:42:13,740 --> 00:42:21,456
and it was only when a specific thing
that he did hit you personally
452
00:42:21,540 --> 00:42:27,587
that you actually realised
what was going on.
453
00:42:28,964 --> 00:42:35,262
In my particular case, I think
I could say that it hit me personally
454
00:42:35,345 --> 00:42:40,517
when the Jewish doctor of my children,
455
00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:43,353
whom I'd always had, came...
456
00:42:43,436 --> 00:42:48,608
He was a very busy man, but he seemed
to be having always more time to spare.
457
00:42:48,692 --> 00:42:51,027
I remember one night
458
00:42:51,111 --> 00:42:56,116
he came and spent the night
looking after my very sick child.
459
00:42:56,199 --> 00:42:58,952
And in the morning the child was better
460
00:42:59,035 --> 00:43:03,123
and when he left he asked me,
461
00:43:03,206 --> 00:43:06,209
did I still want him
to look after my children?
462
00:43:06,293 --> 00:43:10,088
And I was tired and I said,
"Well, for goodness' sakes, why not?"
463
00:43:10,171 --> 00:43:13,466
And he told me that
his clinic, his children's clinic,
464
00:43:13,550 --> 00:43:17,262
which he had started in Hamburg
was going...
465
00:43:17,345 --> 00:43:20,932
He was going to be dismissed,
and he'd had threatening letters
466
00:43:21,016 --> 00:43:25,812
that if he laid his hands on
Aryan children, he was in for trouble.
467
00:43:28,732 --> 00:43:35,113
In November 1938
a Jew shot a German diplomat in Paris.
468
00:43:35,196 --> 00:43:37,907
The Nazi leaders organised a reprisal.
469
00:43:37,991 --> 00:43:43,246
Synagogues were burned and Jewish
shops looted all over Germany.
470
00:43:44,456 --> 00:43:47,083
On that "Crystal Night",
471
00:43:47,167 --> 00:43:50,462
named for the smashed glass
sparkling in the gutters,
472
00:43:50,545 --> 00:43:54,841
thousands of Jews
were thrown into concentration camps.
473
00:44:03,350 --> 00:44:06,144
Do you want to know
how the night was?
474
00:44:06,227 --> 00:44:08,938
If you want to know, I will tell you.
475
00:44:09,022 --> 00:44:13,818
We were all shoved together,
beaten and punched
476
00:44:13,902 --> 00:44:18,156
and made to stand in ranks
and be counted and so on.
477
00:44:19,491 --> 00:44:23,745
Because I'd been a soldier
I didn't find that so very difficult,
478
00:44:23,828 --> 00:44:27,540
but the others
who didn't fall in properly,
479
00:44:27,624 --> 00:44:30,126
they were beaten right away.
480
00:44:31,878 --> 00:44:33,797
And the most terrible thing was
481
00:44:33,880 --> 00:44:36,591
when somebody grabbed hold
of a big, strong man,
482
00:44:36,675 --> 00:44:39,344
he said, "Don't grab me."
483
00:44:39,427 --> 00:44:43,223
"What? I shouldn't grab you!"
And he hit him.
484
00:44:46,935 --> 00:44:53,108
And this man was immediately
overpowered by three people - SS people.
485
00:44:53,191 --> 00:44:55,276
A block was brought.
486
00:44:55,360 --> 00:44:59,239
He was tied down to it
and the camp commander said,
487
00:44:59,322 --> 00:45:04,661
"The Jew Israel," or "The Jew Itzik," -
I can't remember exactly now -
488
00:45:04,744 --> 00:45:07,205
"is sentenced to 25 lashes."
489
00:45:10,375 --> 00:45:12,585
Then a huge man came,
490
00:45:12,669 --> 00:45:17,257
an SS man with a huge horsewhip,
and started to beat him.
491
00:45:19,050 --> 00:45:24,681
The man just groaned a bit at first,
but then he shouted, "Stop, stop!"
492
00:45:24,764 --> 00:45:27,600
The commander said,
"What do you mean, stop?"
493
00:45:27,684 --> 00:45:31,563
"We'll start all over again,
from the beginning."
494
00:45:31,646 --> 00:45:35,108
But after three more lashes
the blood was spurting,
495
00:45:35,191 --> 00:45:38,403
then he stopped and salt
was rubbed into the wounds,
496
00:45:38,486 --> 00:45:40,780
or pepper, I can't remember.
497
00:45:40,864 --> 00:45:43,032
The man was dragged away.
498
00:45:43,116 --> 00:45:45,660
We never saw him again.
499
00:45:47,537 --> 00:45:53,960
Of course, in '38,
when the synagogues were burning,
500
00:45:54,043 --> 00:45:56,504
everybody knew what was going on.
501
00:45:56,629 --> 00:46:01,509
I remember that my brother-in-law,
the husband of my sister Lena,
502
00:46:01,593 --> 00:46:07,307
when he went in the morning after
the day of the Reichskristallnacht -
503
00:46:07,390 --> 00:46:10,226
"Crystal Night", or how you say -
504
00:46:11,394 --> 00:46:14,230
he went by train to his office downtown
505
00:46:14,314 --> 00:46:17,859
and between the stations of
Savignyplatz and Zoological Garden
506
00:46:17,984 --> 00:46:23,281
there is the Jewish synagogue, ja,
and he saw that it was burning, ja?
507
00:46:23,364 --> 00:46:26,326
And he murmured, "Kulturschande."
508
00:46:26,409 --> 00:46:31,748
That is an insult for culture -
"Shame to our culture."
509
00:46:31,831 --> 00:46:36,044
Well, right away a gentleman
in front of him turned his Revere
510
00:46:36,127 --> 00:46:41,716
and showed his Parteiabzeichen -
party badge, ja?
511
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:46,888
And took out his papers
that he was a man of the Gestapo,
512
00:46:46,971 --> 00:46:52,143
and he had to show his papers,
to give his address,
513
00:46:52,227 --> 00:46:56,815
and was ordered to come to the party
office next morning, nine o'clock.
514
00:47:07,492 --> 00:47:09,577
April, 1939.
515
00:47:09,661 --> 00:47:13,581
The Wehrmacht prepares to celebrate
Hitler's 50th birthday.
516
00:47:14,707 --> 00:47:19,337
They hope for the usual
"Führer weather" - a fine day.
517
00:47:31,307 --> 00:47:34,936
The Führer drives through Berlin,
under the Brandenburg Gate
518
00:47:35,019 --> 00:47:39,732
and down the Siegesallee -
the Avenue of Victories.
519
00:47:56,291 --> 00:48:02,213
The army lining his route has increased
sevenfold in just four years.
520
00:48:13,433 --> 00:48:16,311
Among the Wehrmacht's 51 divisions,
521
00:48:16,394 --> 00:48:20,940
the new panzer units -
the instrument of blitzkrieg.
522
00:48:35,538 --> 00:48:38,917
In spite of appearances,
the high command is by no means sure
523
00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:42,128
that this army is fit for war... yet.
524
00:48:43,588 --> 00:48:46,049
Hitler is ready to overrule them.
525
00:49:06,486 --> 00:49:10,990
The word in every diplomatic
conversation that summer was Danzig.
526
00:49:11,115 --> 00:49:14,452
The free city,
with its mixed German-Polish people,
527
00:49:14,535 --> 00:49:16,371
had been separated from Germany
528
00:49:16,454 --> 00:49:20,500
and made the responsibility
of a League of Nations commissioner.
529
00:49:22,293 --> 00:49:26,589
Danzig and East Prussia
were now sundered from the Reich
530
00:49:26,673 --> 00:49:30,802
by a strip of Polish territory -
the Corridor.
531
00:49:30,885 --> 00:49:33,304
Hitler was demanding
the return of Danzig
532
00:49:33,388 --> 00:49:37,266
and free access to East Prussia
across the Corridor.
533
00:49:37,350 --> 00:49:39,227
Poland refused.
534
00:49:39,310 --> 00:49:44,691
In March, 1939, Britain and France
guaranteed her frontiers.
535
00:49:44,774 --> 00:49:50,071
In August, Britain promised to fight
if Poland was attacked.
536
00:49:51,531 --> 00:49:55,952
Once again, myths about the persecution
of a German minority were used
537
00:49:56,035 --> 00:49:59,038
to build up a case
for armed intervention.
538
00:49:59,122 --> 00:50:03,292
German refugees told piteous tales
of Polish brutality.
539
00:50:10,299 --> 00:50:13,886
Nazi propaganda filmed them greedily
for the cinema newsreels
540
00:50:13,970 --> 00:50:17,265
throughout July and August.
541
00:50:18,016 --> 00:50:22,061
Hitler's plan was to wipe Poland
off the map.
542
00:50:22,145 --> 00:50:24,731
But this might mean
war with Soviet Russia,
543
00:50:24,814 --> 00:50:26,524
and he was not ready for that.
544
00:50:27,567 --> 00:50:31,154
His foreign minister, Ribbentrop,
flew to Moscow on August 23
545
00:50:31,237 --> 00:50:34,699
to sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
546
00:50:34,782 --> 00:50:37,243
Poland's fate was sealed.
547
00:50:42,123 --> 00:50:45,460
The new alliance
stunned the unsuspecting West.
548
00:50:50,465 --> 00:50:52,550
Germany gloated.
549
00:51:02,477 --> 00:51:05,646
You will have read the report
about the agreement reached
550
00:51:05,730 --> 00:51:10,526
between Russia and Germany,
which has surprised the world.
551
00:51:10,610 --> 00:51:14,405
As the life of all nations depends,
in the last resort,
552
00:51:14,489 --> 00:51:17,700
upon mutual respect
for one another's rights
553
00:51:17,784 --> 00:51:22,747
and reasonable confidence that they can
each live their life in their own way,
554
00:51:23,539 --> 00:51:25,166
I would earnestly hope...
555
00:51:32,548 --> 00:51:37,512
...which cannot be retraced,
reason may yet prevail.
556
00:51:37,637 --> 00:51:39,514
The German newsreels
557
00:51:39,597 --> 00:51:42,975
tried to show Britain
distracted, still uncertain.
558
00:52:01,327 --> 00:52:05,748
One young German
left England for home.
559
00:52:06,541 --> 00:52:09,502
I had a girlfriend
whom I wanted to marry
560
00:52:09,585 --> 00:52:15,550
and I said, "Well, I'll dare go home."
561
00:52:15,633 --> 00:52:21,806
When I came to Cologne
I read the first German newspapers,
562
00:52:23,349 --> 00:52:31,190
and I knew at once that
there was great danger of a war now.
563
00:52:31,274 --> 00:52:37,405
The tone of the German press
was absolutely hysterical.
564
00:52:38,156 --> 00:52:42,952
And I thought what a fool I was.
565
00:52:43,035 --> 00:52:47,331
I had just gone home in that moment!
566
00:52:48,666 --> 00:52:53,462
All over Europe
the reservists got their telegrams.
567
00:52:53,546 --> 00:52:59,969
In the last hours of peace, the soldiers
put on uniform with a tired grin.
65245
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