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1
00:00:03,652 --> 00:00:06,888
I pledge allegiance
to the flag
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00:00:06,955 --> 00:00:09,391
Of the United States
of america
3
00:00:09,458 --> 00:00:13,028
And to the republic
for which it stands,
4
00:00:13,095 --> 00:00:15,563
One nation, indivisible,
5
00:00:15,631 --> 00:00:18,533
With liberty
and justice for all.
6
00:00:35,518 --> 00:00:39,120
[bell ringing]
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Newscaster: Following
the bitterly contested
8
00:00:40,790 --> 00:00:42,957
25th republican
national convention,
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00:00:43,025 --> 00:00:44,826
Which saw
general eisenhower
10
00:00:44,894 --> 00:00:46,294
Win over senator taft
on the first ballot,
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00:00:46,361 --> 00:00:48,663
A tumultuous convention
greets the nomination
12
00:00:48,731 --> 00:00:52,767
Of the general, who's
become mr. Eisenhower.
13
00:00:52,835 --> 00:00:55,303
With his running mate
richard nixon,
14
00:00:55,370 --> 00:00:58,106
He'll face democrat
adlai stevenson
15
00:00:58,174 --> 00:00:59,574
In the November election.
16
00:00:59,641 --> 00:01:01,442
Crowd: We like ike!
17
00:01:01,510 --> 00:01:03,745
We like ike!
18
00:01:05,715 --> 00:01:07,715
Newscaster: At the united
nations general assembly,
19
00:01:07,783 --> 00:01:10,718
A u.N. Official walks in
almost unnoticed.
20
00:01:10,786 --> 00:01:12,787
He's dr. Ralph bunche,
21
00:01:12,854 --> 00:01:14,322
Who, only a few
hours before,
22
00:01:14,390 --> 00:01:17,559
Was announced winner
of the nobel peace prize.
23
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The first negro
to win the award,
24
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He is warmly congratulated
by friends.
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00:01:23,832 --> 00:01:25,700
The supreme court
of the United States
26
00:01:25,767 --> 00:01:27,469
Will hear cases
from 5 states
27
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To decide whether school
segregation is legal.
28
00:01:30,422 --> 00:01:31,923
The south carolina case
29
00:01:31,991 --> 00:01:35,994
Was filed by 62 parents
in clarendon county.
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00:01:36,061 --> 00:01:38,930
South carolina governor
james f. Byrnes announced
31
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That the nation's
foremost trial lawyer,
32
00:01:40,867 --> 00:01:42,266
John w. Davis,
33
00:01:42,334 --> 00:01:44,870
Will argue the case
before the supreme court.
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[boat whistles]
35
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[telephone rings]
36
00:02:17,253 --> 00:02:20,388
Woman: Hello.
Legal defense fund.
37
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I'll ring.
38
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Mr. Hill is handling
the virginia case.
39
00:02:36,005 --> 00:02:37,972
[whispering]
40
00:02:41,877 --> 00:02:43,444
Man: I'll tell
bob carter. Yeah.
41
00:02:48,617 --> 00:02:50,251
Woman:
Legal defense fund.
42
00:02:52,087 --> 00:02:54,722
I'm sorry. Mr. Marshall
isn't taking any calls.
43
00:03:10,038 --> 00:03:12,407
Why, mr. Davis,
how good to see you.
44
00:03:12,474 --> 00:03:13,408
Good morning.
45
00:03:31,827 --> 00:03:35,897
[toot toot]
46
00:03:44,139 --> 00:03:47,141
Here. This will
help you sleep.
47
00:03:57,920 --> 00:04:00,955
John w. Davis.
48
00:04:01,023 --> 00:04:04,092
The lawyer's lawyer.
49
00:04:04,159 --> 00:04:06,027
In law school,
I used to cut classes,
50
00:04:06,095 --> 00:04:07,561
Take the bus over
to the supreme court,
51
00:04:07,629 --> 00:04:08,529
And watch him.
52
00:04:10,432 --> 00:04:13,935
He was the greatest
solicitor general we ever had.
53
00:04:14,003 --> 00:04:17,272
I used to sit there
and say to myself,
54
00:04:17,339 --> 00:04:19,340
"will I ever?"
55
00:04:19,408 --> 00:04:22,410
And every time
I'd have to answer,
56
00:04:22,477 --> 00:04:25,280
"no...
57
00:04:25,347 --> 00:04:26,547
Never."
58
00:04:26,615 --> 00:04:29,617
Why does a man
of his stature
59
00:04:29,684 --> 00:04:31,219
Take their side?
60
00:04:36,425 --> 00:04:39,761
The man has lived with
the law for 50 years.
61
00:04:39,828 --> 00:04:42,497
He must believe those fellows
at the supreme court
62
00:04:42,564 --> 00:04:43,998
Will see it his way.
63
00:04:44,065 --> 00:04:46,133
Well, you know
what I think?
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00:04:46,201 --> 00:04:49,069
I think you're the best
lawyer in america,
65
00:04:49,137 --> 00:04:51,639
And that carter,
greenberg, and hill
66
00:04:51,707 --> 00:04:53,541
Are not far behind.
67
00:04:54,810 --> 00:04:57,345
Well, we'll find out
soon enough.
68
00:04:59,748 --> 00:05:02,383
Will dr. Levitt
let you travel?
69
00:05:02,451 --> 00:05:04,719
I'll be there.
70
00:05:04,787 --> 00:05:06,754
He said one more
week of treatments,
71
00:05:06,822 --> 00:05:08,489
Then I can travel.
72
00:05:10,659 --> 00:05:13,561
I'll press this
and get the spots out.
73
00:05:13,629 --> 00:05:15,396
You got to get
some new clothes.
74
00:05:19,435 --> 00:05:22,169
I want you to look like
a great lawyer, too.
75
00:05:25,674 --> 00:05:28,776
[telephone rings]
76
00:05:28,844 --> 00:05:30,044
Hello.
77
00:05:30,346 --> 00:05:32,230
I got your message.
78
00:05:32,298 --> 00:05:34,199
It's j.A. Delaine.
79
00:05:34,266 --> 00:05:35,766
Can you get to washington?
80
00:05:35,834 --> 00:05:39,003
I've got a seat for you
at the supreme court.
81
00:05:39,071 --> 00:05:40,305
I shall be there.
82
00:05:43,209 --> 00:05:44,342
Man: Tickets, please.
83
00:05:46,312 --> 00:05:48,045
[toot toot]
84
00:05:48,114 --> 00:05:50,081
[toot toot toot]
85
00:05:53,652 --> 00:05:55,120
Newscaster: Tomorrow
here in washington,
86
00:05:55,187 --> 00:05:56,588
The supreme court
will hear arguments
87
00:05:56,655 --> 00:05:58,756
On brown vs.
The board of education.
88
00:05:58,824 --> 00:06:00,125
Lobbyists
for the negro plaintiffs
89
00:06:00,192 --> 00:06:02,193
In 4 states and
the district of columbia
90
00:06:02,261 --> 00:06:04,629
Are challenging the legality
of school segregation.
91
00:06:04,696 --> 00:06:06,865
John w. Davis
and thurgood marshall...
92
00:06:06,932 --> 00:06:08,566
Response has been
terrific here.
93
00:06:08,634 --> 00:06:10,935
We've already
collected $12,000,
94
00:06:11,003 --> 00:06:12,436
And our people are
still on the phone.
95
00:06:12,504 --> 00:06:13,805
Please send it
directly to our bank.
96
00:06:13,873 --> 00:06:15,106
We expect
even more money.
97
00:06:15,174 --> 00:06:17,708
Thurgood greatly appreciates
your help at a crucial time.
98
00:06:17,777 --> 00:06:19,610
Some say
that felix frankfurter
99
00:06:19,678 --> 00:06:21,079
Is the key man
on the court.
100
00:06:21,147 --> 00:06:23,014
There are 9 key men.
101
00:06:23,082 --> 00:06:24,649
Peter, why don't
we get our new man
102
00:06:24,716 --> 00:06:26,084
To fill
the gentlemen in.
103
00:06:26,285 --> 00:06:28,153
Bill coleman clerked
for justice frankfurter
104
00:06:28,220 --> 00:06:30,188
During the 1948 term,
105
00:06:30,256 --> 00:06:33,090
The first colored man
ever chosen as clerk.
106
00:06:33,159 --> 00:06:34,992
He knows the justices.
107
00:06:35,060 --> 00:06:37,428
Bill, would you
give the gentlemen
108
00:06:37,496 --> 00:06:39,164
A sense of how
the court stacks up?
109
00:06:41,700 --> 00:06:44,602
Chief justice vinson...
110
00:06:44,670 --> 00:06:45,870
He plays poker
2 nights a week
111
00:06:45,937 --> 00:06:48,139
With president truman.
112
00:06:48,207 --> 00:06:49,240
Some say he's better
113
00:06:49,308 --> 00:06:50,642
At studying major league
batting averages
114
00:06:50,709 --> 00:06:52,109
Than legal precedents.
115
00:06:52,178 --> 00:06:55,079
Vinson is a passive leader
of a divided court.
116
00:06:55,147 --> 00:06:57,282
One result--less than half
as many unanimous opinions
117
00:06:57,349 --> 00:06:59,484
This year as 10 years ago.
118
00:06:59,552 --> 00:07:01,886
Vinson relies heavily
on legal precedent.
119
00:07:01,953 --> 00:07:04,255
He's reluctant to overturn
established law.
120
00:07:06,058 --> 00:07:07,692
Tom clark, texas.
121
00:07:07,759 --> 00:07:10,995
Conservative, votes with
vinson 90% of the time.
122
00:07:11,063 --> 00:07:14,699
His own state of texas has
1,000 segregated schools.
123
00:07:14,766 --> 00:07:17,969
Justice stanley reed,
kentucky.
124
00:07:19,671 --> 00:07:20,705
In some ways,
125
00:07:20,772 --> 00:07:22,874
He's still a small-town
southern lawyer.
126
00:07:22,942 --> 00:07:25,143
Says he opposes discrimination
against negroes,
127
00:07:25,211 --> 00:07:27,678
But his solution could be
equal schools,
128
00:07:27,746 --> 00:07:29,480
Not desegregation.
129
00:07:32,184 --> 00:07:34,685
These two
we can count on.
130
00:07:34,753 --> 00:07:36,020
William o. Douglas
131
00:07:36,088 --> 00:07:37,655
Is the youngest
member of the court.
132
00:07:37,723 --> 00:07:39,023
Hugo black, the oldest.
133
00:07:39,091 --> 00:07:40,725
The strongest defenders
of individual liberties
134
00:07:40,792 --> 00:07:41,860
On the court.
135
00:07:44,129 --> 00:07:46,030
These two
we have to work on--
136
00:07:46,098 --> 00:07:48,733
Jackson and frankfurter.
137
00:07:48,800 --> 00:07:50,301
Robert jackson
was appointed to the court
138
00:07:50,369 --> 00:07:52,703
By roosevelt in 1941.
139
00:07:52,771 --> 00:07:54,339
He's still upset
that truman passed him over
140
00:07:54,406 --> 00:07:57,408
When he made vinson
chief justice.
141
00:07:57,476 --> 00:07:59,410
Do you know what
stare decisis means?
142
00:07:59,478 --> 00:08:02,813
Yesterday's decision shall
govern today's decision?
143
00:08:02,882 --> 00:08:03,982
Exactly.
144
00:08:04,049 --> 00:08:06,351
Jackson believes
that precedents
145
00:08:06,418 --> 00:08:08,419
Are a force for stability.
146
00:08:08,487 --> 00:08:11,055
So, like a coral reef,
147
00:08:11,123 --> 00:08:14,125
The law becomes
a structure of fossils.
148
00:08:14,193 --> 00:08:15,659
Felix frankfurter--
149
00:08:15,727 --> 00:08:18,863
The finest intellect
on the court.
150
00:08:18,930 --> 00:08:20,698
A jew born in europe.
151
00:08:20,766 --> 00:08:22,833
He knows discrimination.
152
00:08:22,901 --> 00:08:24,001
He used to say to us,
153
00:08:24,069 --> 00:08:27,305
"how we feel
is not important.
154
00:08:27,373 --> 00:08:29,073
It's the law
that matters."
155
00:08:29,141 --> 00:08:30,508
Is this davis fellow
156
00:08:30,576 --> 00:08:32,843
As brilliant as
his reputation?
157
00:08:32,911 --> 00:08:35,346
They call him
the lawyer's lawyer.
158
00:09:04,976 --> 00:09:06,744
I burned
your old one.
159
00:09:12,785 --> 00:09:16,621
Tomorrow morning,
I want you looking
160
00:09:16,689 --> 00:09:21,959
Every bit as good
as mr. John w. Davis.
161
00:09:48,920 --> 00:09:50,688
Driver: 12th street
and new york avenue.
162
00:09:50,756 --> 00:09:51,823
Watch your step.
163
00:10:40,906 --> 00:10:43,323
Pa: The congressional
has arrived from new york
164
00:10:43,391 --> 00:10:45,259
On track 9.
165
00:10:45,694 --> 00:10:46,794
Hello, julia.
Hello, john.
166
00:10:46,861 --> 00:10:50,197
Mr. Davis, I cast my
first vote for president
167
00:10:50,265 --> 00:10:52,433
In 1924 for you.
168
00:10:52,501 --> 00:10:53,834
Well, as things
turned out,
169
00:10:53,902 --> 00:10:55,469
That vote
didn't harm anyone.
170
00:10:55,537 --> 00:10:58,071
[chuckles]
171
00:10:58,139 --> 00:11:01,342
If everyone who says they
voted for me actually did,
172
00:11:01,410 --> 00:11:03,143
I'd have been president.
173
00:11:03,211 --> 00:11:04,278
[chuckles]
174
00:11:37,696 --> 00:11:40,498
[thunder]
175
00:12:00,836 --> 00:12:01,902
Good luck, marshall.
176
00:12:07,642 --> 00:12:10,377
Mrs. Marshall,
I'm julia davis,
177
00:12:10,445 --> 00:12:12,079
Mr. Davis' daughter.
178
00:12:12,147 --> 00:12:13,647
It's nice
to meet you.
179
00:12:13,715 --> 00:12:16,250
I have great respect
for your husband.
180
00:12:16,317 --> 00:12:18,552
Thank you.
181
00:12:20,388 --> 00:12:21,521
Bailiff: All rise.
182
00:12:23,792 --> 00:12:25,192
The honorable
the chief justice
183
00:12:25,260 --> 00:12:26,560
And the associate justices
184
00:12:26,628 --> 00:12:28,562
Of the supreme court
of the United States.
185
00:12:28,630 --> 00:12:30,731
Oyez, oyez, oyez.
186
00:12:30,799 --> 00:12:32,900
All persons having business
before the honorable
187
00:12:32,968 --> 00:12:34,668
The supreme court
of the United States
188
00:12:34,736 --> 00:12:36,703
Are invited to draw near
and give their attention,
189
00:12:36,772 --> 00:12:38,773
For the court
is now sitting.
190
00:12:38,840 --> 00:12:40,540
God save
the United States
191
00:12:40,608 --> 00:12:42,342
And this honorable court.
192
00:12:42,410 --> 00:12:43,343
[gavel pounds]
193
00:12:47,715 --> 00:12:52,352
Case number 101--
harry briggs, jr. Et al.
194
00:12:52,788 --> 00:12:54,221
Against membersof trustees
195
00:12:54,289 --> 00:12:57,024
Of school districtnumber 22,
196
00:12:57,091 --> 00:13:01,028
Clarendon county,south carolina, et al.
197
00:13:01,095 --> 00:13:02,496
Counsel are present.
198
00:13:04,466 --> 00:13:06,434
Mr. Marshall.
199
00:13:13,074 --> 00:13:16,043
Mr. Chief justice.
200
00:13:16,110 --> 00:13:17,545
May it please the court,
201
00:13:17,612 --> 00:13:19,647
My colleagues will address
202
00:13:19,714 --> 00:13:22,082
The kansas, delaware,
virginia,
203
00:13:22,150 --> 00:13:23,818
And district
of columbia cases.
204
00:13:23,885 --> 00:13:27,154
I will speak on behalf...
205
00:13:27,221 --> 00:13:29,790
Of harry briggs, jr.
And the negro children
206
00:13:29,858 --> 00:13:32,493
Of the town of summerton,
207
00:13:32,561 --> 00:13:34,528
Who have raised their attack
208
00:13:34,596 --> 00:13:37,598
On the validity
of the south carolina code
209
00:13:37,666 --> 00:13:39,032
Which reads,
210
00:13:39,100 --> 00:13:40,534
"it shall be unlawful
211
00:13:40,602 --> 00:13:44,037
"for pupils of one race
212
00:13:44,105 --> 00:13:47,641
"to attend
the schools provided
213
00:13:47,709 --> 00:13:50,978
For persons
of another race."
214
00:13:56,818 --> 00:13:59,987
In the lower courts,
215
00:14:00,054 --> 00:14:05,493
We produced
unchallenged experts
216
00:14:05,560 --> 00:14:09,429
Who testified
that segregation
217
00:14:09,498 --> 00:14:13,868
Damages the personality
of negro children
218
00:14:13,935 --> 00:14:18,739
And destroys
their self-respect.
219
00:14:18,807 --> 00:14:22,376
If ralph bunche,
220
00:14:22,443 --> 00:14:25,078
This nation's
distinguished ambassador
221
00:14:25,146 --> 00:14:26,580
To the united nations,
222
00:14:26,648 --> 00:14:30,250
Were assigned
to south carolina,
223
00:14:30,318 --> 00:14:31,752
It would be the will
of the people
224
00:14:31,820 --> 00:14:35,355
That his children
go to a jim-crow school.
225
00:14:37,626 --> 00:14:40,027
No matter how great
anyone becomes,
226
00:14:40,094 --> 00:14:42,830
If he happens to be a negro,
227
00:14:42,898 --> 00:14:49,537
His children are relegated
to that school.
228
00:14:50,739 --> 00:14:52,806
Yet this court
229
00:14:52,874 --> 00:14:55,543
Is being asked
by the defense
230
00:14:55,610 --> 00:14:58,712
To uphold
the segregation law
231
00:14:58,780 --> 00:15:01,081
Of south carolina.
232
00:15:01,149 --> 00:15:04,718
Under our form
of government,
233
00:15:04,786 --> 00:15:09,489
The only testing ground
234
00:15:09,557 --> 00:15:12,359
As to whether or not
individual rights
235
00:15:12,427 --> 00:15:14,695
Are violated
by the majority
236
00:15:14,762 --> 00:15:17,298
Is here in this,
237
00:15:17,365 --> 00:15:21,501
The supreme court
of the United States.
238
00:15:21,569 --> 00:15:25,339
The court must weigh
239
00:15:25,406 --> 00:15:27,241
The rights
of the negro children
240
00:15:27,309 --> 00:15:29,476
Against the public policy
241
00:15:29,544 --> 00:15:31,511
Of the state
of south carolina.
242
00:15:31,579 --> 00:15:36,650
And if that policy
violates those rights,
243
00:15:36,718 --> 00:15:40,054
Then this court,
reluctant or otherwise,
244
00:15:40,121 --> 00:15:43,324
Is obliged to say
245
00:15:43,391 --> 00:15:46,894
That that policy
has run up against
246
00:15:46,962 --> 00:15:49,763
The 14th amendment
to the constitution,
247
00:15:49,831 --> 00:15:52,632
Which guarantees
all citizens
248
00:15:52,700 --> 00:15:55,702
Equal treatment
under the law.
249
00:15:57,172 --> 00:16:00,975
We, therefore,
respectfully urge...
250
00:16:02,744 --> 00:16:04,845
That the judgment
of the district court
251
00:16:04,913 --> 00:16:06,713
Be reversed
252
00:16:06,781 --> 00:16:10,117
And the children's rights
be affirmed.
253
00:16:12,053 --> 00:16:13,988
Is it fair to say
254
00:16:14,055 --> 00:16:16,290
That the south
carolina legislature
255
00:16:16,358 --> 00:16:18,592
Set up
segregated schools
256
00:16:18,659 --> 00:16:20,727
To avoid
racial friction?
257
00:16:20,795 --> 00:16:22,429
Yes, sir.
258
00:16:22,497 --> 00:16:23,964
Doesn't
the legislature
259
00:16:24,032 --> 00:16:26,000
Have to weigh
the advantage
260
00:16:26,067 --> 00:16:28,068
Of maintaining
law and order
261
00:16:28,136 --> 00:16:30,570
Against what might
be a disadvantage
262
00:16:30,638 --> 00:16:32,139
To the segregated
group?
263
00:16:32,207 --> 00:16:35,142
I think that the legislature
should, mr. Justice reed,
264
00:16:35,210 --> 00:16:38,212
But I--I think
we have to bear in mind
265
00:16:38,280 --> 00:16:40,281
That, as far as I know,
266
00:16:40,348 --> 00:16:41,815
In these states,
267
00:16:41,883 --> 00:16:44,351
There is not
a single negro legislator
268
00:16:44,419 --> 00:16:45,886
Doing the weighing.
269
00:16:45,954 --> 00:16:49,056
The only point
before this court
270
00:16:49,124 --> 00:16:51,825
Is the law as it was applied
in clarendon county.
271
00:16:51,893 --> 00:16:53,193
All we are asking
272
00:16:53,261 --> 00:16:55,562
Is that the state-imposed
racial segregation
273
00:16:55,630 --> 00:16:57,431
Be stopped
274
00:16:57,498 --> 00:16:58,765
And that
the county school board
275
00:16:58,833 --> 00:17:01,402
Be instructed
to work out a solution.
276
00:17:01,469 --> 00:17:02,970
What kind
of a solution?
277
00:17:04,439 --> 00:17:05,772
They could assign
children to schools
278
00:17:05,840 --> 00:17:07,507
On any reasonable basis.
279
00:17:07,575 --> 00:17:08,508
You mean
we would have
280
00:17:08,576 --> 00:17:10,411
Gerrymandering
of school districts?
281
00:17:10,478 --> 00:17:12,179
Not gerrymandering,
mr. Justice frankfurter.
282
00:17:12,247 --> 00:17:13,580
The new district lines
283
00:17:13,648 --> 00:17:16,016
Would simply have to be
drawn on a natural basis
284
00:17:16,084 --> 00:17:18,285
Without regard
to race or color.
285
00:17:18,353 --> 00:17:19,586
It would be
important to me
286
00:17:19,654 --> 00:17:20,720
To have you
spell out
287
00:17:20,788 --> 00:17:22,323
Exactly
what would happen
288
00:17:22,390 --> 00:17:23,924
If this court
reverses
289
00:17:23,992 --> 00:17:26,193
And the case goes back
to south carolina.
290
00:17:26,261 --> 00:17:27,227
What is important
291
00:17:27,295 --> 00:17:29,997
Is that we get
the principle established.
292
00:17:30,065 --> 00:17:34,368
Segregation by race
is not legal.
293
00:17:36,637 --> 00:17:39,773
It is impossible right now
294
00:17:39,841 --> 00:17:43,077
To say precisely
how it will work.
295
00:17:43,144 --> 00:17:44,411
I think
it's important to know
296
00:17:44,479 --> 00:17:47,214
Before one starts out
where he is going.
297
00:17:48,950 --> 00:17:51,952
I would like to reserve
the remainder of my time.
298
00:18:03,465 --> 00:18:04,531
I was watching
299
00:18:04,599 --> 00:18:07,334
Chief justice
vinson very carefully,
300
00:18:07,402 --> 00:18:08,602
His face.
301
00:18:08,669 --> 00:18:11,605
I don't like the
expression in his eyes.
302
00:18:17,012 --> 00:18:18,979
How did we do?
303
00:18:19,047 --> 00:18:20,514
I think we've made
a number of points
304
00:18:20,581 --> 00:18:21,948
Very effectively.
305
00:18:22,017 --> 00:18:23,650
Truth is, fellas,
306
00:18:23,718 --> 00:18:26,020
I wasn't very good.
307
00:18:26,087 --> 00:18:28,555
Frankfurter
is thorny.
308
00:18:28,623 --> 00:18:32,159
Hardly lets a man
finish a sentence.
309
00:18:32,227 --> 00:18:34,694
An experienced lawyer
is prepared for that.
310
00:18:34,762 --> 00:18:37,197
I let myself
get bogged down in detail.
311
00:18:37,265 --> 00:18:38,832
The one thing
I wanted to do
312
00:18:38,900 --> 00:18:41,902
Was find a way to talk
about the principle,
313
00:18:41,969 --> 00:18:44,338
Convince them
that segregation
314
00:18:44,406 --> 00:18:48,008
Is morally wrong,
315
00:18:48,076 --> 00:18:52,413
That there is no such thing
as separate equality.
316
00:18:53,581 --> 00:18:55,815
Davis: Says counsel
for the plaintiff,
317
00:18:55,883 --> 00:18:58,018
"we have
the uncontradicted testimony
318
00:18:58,086 --> 00:18:59,553
"of expert witnesses
319
00:18:59,620 --> 00:19:02,122
"that segregation
is hurtful to the children
320
00:19:02,190 --> 00:19:04,558
Of both the colored
and the white races."
321
00:19:04,625 --> 00:19:06,660
Now, there are experts,
322
00:19:06,727 --> 00:19:09,196
And there are experts.
323
00:19:09,264 --> 00:19:10,697
Let me read
a sentence or 2
324
00:19:10,765 --> 00:19:12,799
From w.E.B. Dubois,
325
00:19:12,867 --> 00:19:14,601
The great negro educator.
326
00:19:18,440 --> 00:19:21,075
"I have seen wise
and loving colored parents
327
00:19:21,142 --> 00:19:22,609
"take infinite pains
328
00:19:22,677 --> 00:19:25,579
"to force their
little children into schools
329
00:19:25,646 --> 00:19:29,249
"where the white children
and white teachers
330
00:19:29,317 --> 00:19:32,519
"despised and bullied
the dark child.
331
00:19:32,587 --> 00:19:33,753
"now, such parents
want their children
332
00:19:33,821 --> 00:19:35,255
"to fight this thing out,
333
00:19:35,323 --> 00:19:38,358
But, dear god,
at what a cost."
334
00:19:38,426 --> 00:19:40,594
Dr. Dubois concludes,
335
00:19:40,661 --> 00:19:42,796
"we shall do better
by putting the children
336
00:19:42,863 --> 00:19:44,565
"in schools
where they are wanted
337
00:19:44,632 --> 00:19:46,967
"than by thrusting them
into hells
338
00:19:47,034 --> 00:19:50,437
Where they are
ridiculed and hated."
339
00:19:50,505 --> 00:19:52,839
Let me come now to what
is the crux of this case--
340
00:19:52,907 --> 00:19:54,941
That is the meaning
and interpretation
341
00:19:55,009 --> 00:19:56,710
Of the 14th amendment
342
00:19:56,777 --> 00:19:59,413
To the constitution
of the United States.
343
00:19:59,481 --> 00:20:01,315
Your honors have said
it is your duty,
344
00:20:01,382 --> 00:20:02,483
And I quote,
345
00:20:02,550 --> 00:20:04,884
"to place ourselves
as nearly as possible
346
00:20:04,952 --> 00:20:08,355
In the condition of the men
who framed the instrument."
347
00:20:08,423 --> 00:20:09,756
Now, what was the condition
348
00:20:09,824 --> 00:20:11,992
Of those who framed
the instrument?
349
00:20:12,059 --> 00:20:13,460
I will tell you.
350
00:20:13,528 --> 00:20:16,597
The resolution proposing
the 14th amendment
351
00:20:16,664 --> 00:20:20,634
Was proffered by congress
in June of 1866.
352
00:20:20,701 --> 00:20:22,569
One month later,
the same congress
353
00:20:22,637 --> 00:20:25,172
Established separate
schools for the races
354
00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:28,342
Right here in the district
of columbia.
355
00:20:28,409 --> 00:20:31,411
And from that good day
to this,
356
00:20:31,479 --> 00:20:34,481
Congress has not wavered
in that policy.
357
00:20:34,549 --> 00:20:37,417
So clearly, the congress
does not believe
358
00:20:37,485 --> 00:20:40,587
That the constitution speaks
against segregated schools.
359
00:20:40,655 --> 00:20:42,256
What is your answer,
mr. Davis,
360
00:20:42,323 --> 00:20:43,557
To the suggestion
361
00:20:43,625 --> 00:20:46,193
That the constitution
is a living document
362
00:20:46,261 --> 00:20:48,995
That must be interpreted
in relation to the facts
363
00:20:49,063 --> 00:20:50,964
At the time
it is interpreted?
364
00:20:51,032 --> 00:20:53,567
My answer to that,
mr. Justice douglas,
365
00:20:53,635 --> 00:20:57,070
Is that changed conditions
do not expand the language
366
00:20:57,138 --> 00:21:00,040
That the framers of
the constitution employed.
367
00:21:00,107 --> 00:21:01,341
And it is inconceivable
that the congress
368
00:21:01,409 --> 00:21:03,410
Which passed
the 14th amendment
369
00:21:03,478 --> 00:21:05,779
Would have
forbidden the states
370
00:21:05,846 --> 00:21:07,548
To employ
an educational plan
371
00:21:07,615 --> 00:21:09,082
Which congress itself
372
00:21:09,150 --> 00:21:11,652
Was employing in
the district of columbia.
373
00:21:11,719 --> 00:21:14,655
No court,
I respectfully submit,
374
00:21:14,722 --> 00:21:17,791
Is justified
in ignoring that.
375
00:21:17,858 --> 00:21:19,493
And over the years,
this court has spoken
376
00:21:19,561 --> 00:21:21,861
In the most clear
and unmistakable terms
377
00:21:21,929 --> 00:21:25,499
To the effect that
segregation is not unlawful.
378
00:21:25,567 --> 00:21:27,434
In plessy vs. Ferguson
379
00:21:27,502 --> 00:21:30,036
And in 6 subsequent cases,
380
00:21:30,104 --> 00:21:32,639
The doctrine
of separate but equal
381
00:21:32,707 --> 00:21:34,474
Has been upheld.
382
00:21:34,542 --> 00:21:37,744
So, your honors,
I might ask,
383
00:21:37,812 --> 00:21:41,682
Why should this be a matter
of great national policy?
384
00:21:41,749 --> 00:21:44,084
Is it not a fact the very
strength and fiber
385
00:21:44,151 --> 00:21:45,485
Of our federal system
386
00:21:45,553 --> 00:21:47,387
Is local self-government?
387
00:21:49,524 --> 00:21:51,225
I respectfully submit
388
00:21:51,292 --> 00:21:54,761
There is no reason why
this court or any other
389
00:21:54,829 --> 00:21:58,565
Should reverse
the findings of 90 years.
390
00:21:58,867 --> 00:21:59,566
Mr. Marshall.
391
00:21:59,634 --> 00:22:00,634
Mr. Marshall,
over here, please.
392
00:22:00,702 --> 00:22:02,869
How will the court rule?
393
00:22:02,937 --> 00:22:04,671
Mr. Carter, come
this way, please.
394
00:22:04,739 --> 00:22:06,440
Masterful, john.
395
00:22:06,507 --> 00:22:08,041
You did us proud.
396
00:22:08,109 --> 00:22:09,443
Thank you, jim.
397
00:22:09,510 --> 00:22:10,877
How do you see it?
398
00:22:10,945 --> 00:22:13,213
Oh, 6-3. Maybe 5-4.
399
00:22:13,281 --> 00:22:15,915
In the language
of the famous general,
400
00:22:15,983 --> 00:22:17,451
We've got them.
401
00:22:17,518 --> 00:22:19,286
And they'll
never get home.
402
00:22:20,555 --> 00:22:22,289
Mr. Marshall, aren't
all the precedents
403
00:22:22,357 --> 00:22:23,323
That have been set
404
00:22:23,391 --> 00:22:24,558
Relating to
this decision...
405
00:22:54,789 --> 00:22:57,524
Well, bob, I guess
it's out of our hands.
406
00:22:57,591 --> 00:23:00,294
The lives and hopes
of so many millions
407
00:23:00,361 --> 00:23:05,098
Rest in the hands of
those 9 men.
408
00:23:05,166 --> 00:23:06,166
When do you think
409
00:23:06,234 --> 00:23:07,867
They'll come down
with a decision?
410
00:23:07,936 --> 00:23:10,203
Months, not weeks.
411
00:23:13,707 --> 00:23:16,609
I let myself
get tangled up
412
00:23:16,677 --> 00:23:19,646
In their questions...
413
00:23:21,382 --> 00:23:23,350
And caught
in the underbrush.
414
00:23:23,418 --> 00:23:24,651
Davis...
415
00:23:25,987 --> 00:23:29,589
He makes it sound
like pages of history.
416
00:23:29,657 --> 00:23:31,758
Come on, thurgood.
417
00:23:31,826 --> 00:23:32,960
It's christmas.
418
00:23:34,329 --> 00:23:36,629
Yeah.
419
00:23:36,697 --> 00:23:38,198
What about
this housing case?
420
00:23:38,266 --> 00:23:39,433
I'll take care
of things.
421
00:23:39,500 --> 00:23:40,633
Don't you worry.
422
00:23:40,701 --> 00:23:42,336
These people
are depending on us.
423
00:23:42,403 --> 00:23:44,871
Buster
needs you now.
424
00:23:51,179 --> 00:23:52,179
Yeah.
425
00:23:52,246 --> 00:23:53,813
All these years
you've been tramping
426
00:23:53,881 --> 00:23:56,950
In and out
of southern courthouses.
427
00:23:57,018 --> 00:23:59,219
Now is the time
you can be with her.
428
00:24:03,724 --> 00:24:04,992
Yeah.
429
00:24:07,728 --> 00:24:09,729
I'll keep in touch.
430
00:24:11,899 --> 00:24:13,400
Thurgood...
431
00:24:13,468 --> 00:24:15,535
Is she
going to be ok?
432
00:24:18,072 --> 00:24:19,373
She's got to be ok.
433
00:24:26,080 --> 00:24:27,280
Peter roberts:
The nation's capital,
434
00:24:27,348 --> 00:24:28,782
Ready for its day of days,
435
00:24:28,850 --> 00:24:31,150
The inauguration
of a new president.
436
00:24:37,191 --> 00:24:40,226
The dignitaries file
through the capitol rotunda
437
00:24:40,294 --> 00:24:41,395
Toward the portico,
438
00:24:41,462 --> 00:24:44,230
Where the transfer of
the presidency will occur.
439
00:24:44,298 --> 00:24:46,566
Here are
members of congress.
440
00:24:46,634 --> 00:24:48,067
Behind them,
441
00:24:48,135 --> 00:24:50,437
Members of the supreme court
of the United States
442
00:24:50,505 --> 00:24:52,005
In judicial robes.
443
00:24:52,072 --> 00:24:54,074
I,
dwight d. Eisenhower,
444
00:24:54,142 --> 00:24:55,892
Do solemnly swear
445
00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:58,461
That I will faithfully
execute the office
446
00:24:58,529 --> 00:25:00,797
Of the president
of the United States
447
00:25:00,865 --> 00:25:03,049
And will, to the best
of my ability,
448
00:25:03,117 --> 00:25:06,185
Preserve, protect,
and defend
449
00:25:06,253 --> 00:25:08,922
The constitution
of the United States,
450
00:25:08,989 --> 00:25:10,323
So help me god.
451
00:25:14,929 --> 00:25:16,362
Seen justice frankfurter?
452
00:25:16,431 --> 00:25:17,764
Yes, sir. Been here
at least an hour.
453
00:25:17,832 --> 00:25:19,265
Came in at 7:30
sharp.
454
00:25:25,039 --> 00:25:26,873
Mr. Justice reed,
mr. Justice jackson.
455
00:25:26,941 --> 00:25:27,941
Both: Good morning.
456
00:25:36,918 --> 00:25:38,384
Morning, sir.
457
00:25:38,453 --> 00:25:40,487
Here are the notes
on the 14th amendment
458
00:25:40,555 --> 00:25:42,188
For
the clarendon matter.
459
00:25:42,256 --> 00:25:43,890
Yes, mark.
460
00:25:45,159 --> 00:25:46,793
Have the brethren
assembled?
461
00:25:46,861 --> 00:25:48,294
I saw justices
reed and jackson
462
00:25:48,362 --> 00:25:49,696
Going up the hall.
463
00:25:49,764 --> 00:25:51,164
May I ask
how it's going?
464
00:25:51,231 --> 00:25:52,165
You may.
465
00:25:52,232 --> 00:25:53,433
But knowing as you do
466
00:25:53,501 --> 00:25:55,836
That the deliberations of
the justices are privileged,
467
00:25:55,903 --> 00:25:58,338
You may not expect
a reply.
468
00:26:00,341 --> 00:26:02,843
Stuck in the mud.
No leadership.
469
00:26:02,910 --> 00:26:03,944
The chief?
470
00:26:04,011 --> 00:26:05,345
Heh heh.
471
00:26:08,215 --> 00:26:09,282
Good morning.
472
00:26:09,350 --> 00:26:11,050
Mr. Justice black,
mr. Justice douglas,
473
00:26:11,118 --> 00:26:12,986
Mr. Justice clark...
474
00:26:13,053 --> 00:26:15,856
Mr. Justice reed,
mr. Justice jackson.
475
00:26:17,592 --> 00:26:19,292
It's very simple for me.
476
00:26:19,360 --> 00:26:21,461
The state
cannot classify people
477
00:26:21,529 --> 00:26:23,730
By color for education.
478
00:26:23,798 --> 00:26:24,965
I'm with douglas.
479
00:26:25,032 --> 00:26:26,733
Prepared
to desegregate.
480
00:26:26,801 --> 00:26:30,003
I see it differently
from black and douglas.
481
00:26:30,070 --> 00:26:31,771
You have to look
at the achievements
482
00:26:31,839 --> 00:26:33,139
Of the negro people,
483
00:26:33,207 --> 00:26:35,575
The remarkable progress
that's been made
484
00:26:35,643 --> 00:26:39,479
Since the deprivations
of slavery till today.
485
00:26:39,547 --> 00:26:42,516
I believe that in time,
the states,
486
00:26:42,583 --> 00:26:44,484
As this progress
continues,
487
00:26:44,552 --> 00:26:47,120
Will themselves
lower the barrier.
488
00:26:47,187 --> 00:26:49,389
Meanwhile,
the plessy decision,
489
00:26:49,456 --> 00:26:51,324
With its separate
but equal doctrine,
490
00:26:51,392 --> 00:26:52,592
Is the law of the land.
491
00:26:52,660 --> 00:26:54,861
It has been for
half a century.
492
00:26:54,929 --> 00:26:58,264
I see no compelling reason
for overturning it now.
493
00:26:58,332 --> 00:27:00,299
I agree with reed.
494
00:27:00,367 --> 00:27:01,868
We were not
appointed to this court
495
00:27:01,936 --> 00:27:02,869
To make the law,
496
00:27:02,937 --> 00:27:04,137
We're here to interpret it.
497
00:27:04,204 --> 00:27:07,240
I'm comfortable with
the precedents before us.
498
00:27:07,307 --> 00:27:08,975
[chuckles] doesn't
stare decisis mean
499
00:27:09,043 --> 00:27:10,777
That the court
doesn't change its mind
500
00:27:10,845 --> 00:27:13,246
Just because some new
justices come along?
501
00:27:18,252 --> 00:27:20,219
The colored children
in south carolina,
502
00:27:20,287 --> 00:27:22,622
Kansas,
delaware, virginia,
503
00:27:22,690 --> 00:27:24,290
And the district
of columbia
504
00:27:24,358 --> 00:27:27,093
Appealed to this court,
claiming that segregation
505
00:27:27,161 --> 00:27:30,096
Denies them
equal opportunity.
506
00:27:30,164 --> 00:27:32,131
Now, we can't
wear blinders.
507
00:27:32,199 --> 00:27:34,400
The state segregation laws
must be struck down.
508
00:27:34,468 --> 00:27:36,570
I simply do not agree
509
00:27:36,637 --> 00:27:38,572
That the framers
of the 14th amendment
510
00:27:38,639 --> 00:27:41,407
Intended to bar
segregated schools.
511
00:27:41,475 --> 00:27:44,678
It doesn't say that.
It says, "equal protection,"
512
00:27:44,745 --> 00:27:48,298
And the schools
are being equalized.
513
00:27:48,365 --> 00:27:50,533
What about the congress?
514
00:27:50,600 --> 00:27:51,868
It's their job
to take this on
515
00:27:51,936 --> 00:27:53,602
And save us
from becoming
516
00:27:53,670 --> 00:27:57,773
A 9-man school board
for the entire country.
517
00:27:57,842 --> 00:27:59,976
I'm concerned over
the effect on the country
518
00:28:00,044 --> 00:28:01,510
If this court
should put forward
519
00:28:01,578 --> 00:28:03,313
A divided decision.
520
00:28:03,380 --> 00:28:05,815
Felix, we have issued
split decisions before,
521
00:28:05,883 --> 00:28:07,851
And the republic
has survived nicely.
522
00:28:07,918 --> 00:28:08,985
Of course we have,
523
00:28:09,053 --> 00:28:10,854
But this
is an explosive issue.
524
00:28:12,656 --> 00:28:14,290
Some governors
have stated publicly
525
00:28:14,358 --> 00:28:16,826
That they would resist
an order to desegregate.
526
00:28:16,894 --> 00:28:18,895
It would be
a catastrophe if this court
527
00:28:18,963 --> 00:28:22,131
Put forward a decision
it can't enforce.
528
00:28:22,199 --> 00:28:23,566
Perhaps felix' warning
529
00:28:23,633 --> 00:28:25,735
Should lead us
in the direction of caution
530
00:28:25,802 --> 00:28:27,837
When it comes
to overturning precedents
531
00:28:27,905 --> 00:28:29,805
Which have been
so continuously upheld
532
00:28:29,874 --> 00:28:31,341
By the court.
533
00:28:31,408 --> 00:28:34,010
We can move on
to other matters
534
00:28:34,078 --> 00:28:36,412
And revisit the school cases
at another time.
535
00:28:52,729 --> 00:28:55,064
It just seems
so clear-cut to me.
536
00:28:55,132 --> 00:28:56,332
Segregation
is wrong,
537
00:28:56,400 --> 00:28:58,001
So the court votes
to ban it.
538
00:28:58,068 --> 00:28:59,568
Bang.
539
00:28:59,636 --> 00:29:01,837
Yes, mark, a moral question
540
00:29:01,906 --> 00:29:04,307
And a legal question
541
00:29:04,375 --> 00:29:05,674
And what else?
542
00:29:05,742 --> 00:29:06,776
Nothing else.
543
00:29:06,843 --> 00:29:09,212
Wrong. It's also
a political question.
544
00:29:09,280 --> 00:29:10,813
The supreme court
is above that.
545
00:29:10,881 --> 00:29:11,814
That's why justices
546
00:29:11,882 --> 00:29:13,182
Have lifetime
appointments.
547
00:29:13,250 --> 00:29:14,583
That doesn't
keep justices--
548
00:29:14,651 --> 00:29:16,485
Some justices--
from being concerned
549
00:29:16,553 --> 00:29:18,621
About the political effect
of what they do,
550
00:29:18,688 --> 00:29:21,524
Including this justice.
551
00:29:21,591 --> 00:29:25,161
If we come down with
a 5-4 decision to desegregate
552
00:29:25,229 --> 00:29:26,362
Or if we come down with
553
00:29:26,430 --> 00:29:29,532
A 6-3 decision to
uphold separate but equal,
554
00:29:29,599 --> 00:29:31,000
There will be
the majority opinion
555
00:29:31,068 --> 00:29:34,337
And one, 2, or 3
dissenting opinions.
556
00:29:34,405 --> 00:29:36,572
Judges like to put
their spoon in the pie.
557
00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:39,775
After 6 conferences,
we are still split.
558
00:29:39,843 --> 00:29:41,044
A divided court
559
00:29:41,112 --> 00:29:44,447
Will send a terribly confused
signal to the country.
560
00:29:44,515 --> 00:29:45,948
Could have
massive opposition,
561
00:29:46,017 --> 00:29:47,884
Whichever way
the decision goes.
562
00:29:49,753 --> 00:29:51,888
So, what happens?
563
00:29:53,090 --> 00:29:55,158
You need a kochloffel.
564
00:29:55,226 --> 00:29:57,027
What's a kochloffel?
565
00:29:58,295 --> 00:30:02,332
A cooking spoon
that stirs things up.
566
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:04,534
Now we should turn
our attention
567
00:30:04,601 --> 00:30:06,602
To the school cases.
568
00:30:06,670 --> 00:30:07,703
I do believe
it is time
569
00:30:07,771 --> 00:30:10,806
To cut the cards
and deal.
570
00:30:10,874 --> 00:30:12,909
I know
where I stand.
571
00:30:18,549 --> 00:30:20,716
I've been thinking.
572
00:30:20,784 --> 00:30:24,087
The 14th amendment is at
the heart of this question.
573
00:30:24,155 --> 00:30:25,288
How can we be sure
574
00:30:25,356 --> 00:30:27,190
What the intent
of the amendment is
575
00:30:27,258 --> 00:30:28,691
Unless we know
what was in the mind
576
00:30:28,759 --> 00:30:31,594
Of the congress
that framed it in 1865
577
00:30:31,662 --> 00:30:34,931
And the state legislatures
that ratified it?
578
00:30:34,998 --> 00:30:38,834
Did they intend for it to
forbid segregated schools?
579
00:30:38,902 --> 00:30:41,037
We are being asked
to make what could be
580
00:30:41,105 --> 00:30:43,039
The most important
judicial decision
581
00:30:43,107 --> 00:30:44,874
Of this century,
582
00:30:44,942 --> 00:30:47,743
And we are doing it
without all the facts.
583
00:30:47,811 --> 00:30:50,180
I propose...
584
00:30:50,247 --> 00:30:52,882
That we ask counsel
on both sides
585
00:30:52,950 --> 00:30:56,752
To come back
and re-argue the case,
586
00:30:56,820 --> 00:30:58,888
Focusing on this question--
587
00:30:58,956 --> 00:31:00,256
What evidence is there
588
00:31:00,324 --> 00:31:01,624
That the framers
contemplated
589
00:31:01,692 --> 00:31:03,593
Or did not contemplate
590
00:31:03,660 --> 00:31:06,162
That the 14th amendment
would abolish segregation
591
00:31:06,230 --> 00:31:08,664
In the public schools?
592
00:31:08,732 --> 00:31:10,633
With that information,
593
00:31:10,701 --> 00:31:12,935
We would be able
to make a sound judgment.
594
00:31:18,492 --> 00:31:20,192
Excellent. Excellent.
595
00:31:31,588 --> 00:31:33,389
[baseball game on radio]
596
00:31:36,460 --> 00:31:38,761
[telephone rings]
597
00:31:41,565 --> 00:31:42,698
[ring]
598
00:31:42,766 --> 00:31:43,666
Hello.
599
00:31:45,802 --> 00:31:46,902
Are you sure?
600
00:31:48,939 --> 00:31:49,872
Thanks.
601
00:31:54,011 --> 00:31:55,878
Re-argument.
602
00:32:02,019 --> 00:32:04,020
Will you sign
an invoice?
603
00:32:04,087 --> 00:32:05,488
Uh, take it
up front.
604
00:32:10,594 --> 00:32:12,862
It's the new york times.
James rustenpalmer?
605
00:32:14,465 --> 00:32:16,299
Invoice?
606
00:32:16,367 --> 00:32:20,370
$16.23.
607
00:32:20,437 --> 00:32:21,904
C.O.D.
608
00:32:21,972 --> 00:32:24,374
Um...Greenberg,
609
00:32:24,441 --> 00:32:27,009
This man needs
$16.23.
610
00:32:27,077 --> 00:32:28,278
We're good for it.
611
00:32:28,345 --> 00:32:30,180
Thurgood,
professor franklin.
612
00:32:32,216 --> 00:32:34,284
John hope?
Ha ha ha ha!
613
00:32:34,351 --> 00:32:36,085
What are you doing?
614
00:32:36,153 --> 00:32:37,654
Going back to howard, eh?
615
00:32:37,721 --> 00:32:40,022
Good. You know what else
you're going to be doing?
616
00:32:40,090 --> 00:32:41,791
You're going to be
working for me.
617
00:32:41,858 --> 00:32:45,495
I need the best historians
and constitutional scholars.
618
00:32:45,563 --> 00:32:47,263
The supreme court
wants to know
619
00:32:47,331 --> 00:32:49,632
What those white men
were thinking 100 years ago
620
00:32:49,700 --> 00:32:53,603
When they passed
the 14th amendment.
621
00:32:53,671 --> 00:32:56,005
Be on the train tonight.
622
00:32:56,073 --> 00:32:58,841
Thurgood, bob ming is
coming in from chicago.
623
00:32:58,909 --> 00:33:01,110
He knows the 1865 debates
by heart.
624
00:33:01,178 --> 00:33:02,278
We don't have money
625
00:33:02,346 --> 00:33:03,479
For train fare
for these people.
626
00:33:03,547 --> 00:33:04,647
Tell him
we're good for it.
627
00:33:04,715 --> 00:33:07,317
Alice, telegrams
to all our supporters.
628
00:33:07,384 --> 00:33:09,134
Tell them the supreme court
has deferred judgement.
629
00:33:09,202 --> 00:33:10,803
We have to re-argue the case
630
00:33:10,871 --> 00:33:12,839
And we need
emergency funds.
631
00:33:12,906 --> 00:33:15,040
Tell them--
you know how to word it.
632
00:33:15,108 --> 00:33:16,375
We need money bad.
633
00:33:16,443 --> 00:33:18,611
Thurgood, when the 14th
amendment was ratified,
634
00:33:18,679 --> 00:33:20,145
There were 37 states.
635
00:33:20,213 --> 00:33:21,714
You better research
all of them.
636
00:33:21,782 --> 00:33:23,366
Did you reach
henry steele commager?
637
00:33:23,433 --> 00:33:25,150
Peanut
talked to him.
638
00:33:25,218 --> 00:33:27,954
He's not available.
At oxford for the summer.
639
00:33:28,021 --> 00:33:29,722
He sent this message--
640
00:33:29,790 --> 00:33:32,024
"I greatly fear
your premise is wrong.
641
00:33:32,092 --> 00:33:33,225
"the framers
of the amendment
642
00:33:33,293 --> 00:33:34,861
"did not, as far
as we know, intend
643
00:33:34,928 --> 00:33:36,662
"that it should be used
to end segregation
644
00:33:36,730 --> 00:33:38,163
"in public schools.
645
00:33:38,231 --> 00:33:39,465
"I strongly urge you
646
00:33:39,533 --> 00:33:41,400
"to consider dropping
that particular argument
647
00:33:41,468 --> 00:33:43,435
Because it weakens
your case."
648
00:33:47,040 --> 00:33:49,008
Bob, get to horace bond.
649
00:33:49,075 --> 00:33:50,409
He's the best scholar
of political strategies
650
00:33:50,477 --> 00:33:51,777
Of that time.
651
00:33:51,845 --> 00:33:53,713
Any of you guys know anybody
who would give us money,
652
00:33:53,780 --> 00:33:54,814
Get to work on them.
653
00:33:54,882 --> 00:33:57,650
We've got bills--travel,
offices, telephones.
654
00:33:57,718 --> 00:34:00,653
If they shut off our phones,
we are out of business.
655
00:34:00,721 --> 00:34:01,721
And there are
a lot of people
656
00:34:01,788 --> 00:34:03,890
Who would like
to see our door slammed.
657
00:34:03,957 --> 00:34:05,658
I'm like general patton--
658
00:34:05,726 --> 00:34:07,092
The best tanks
money could buy,
659
00:34:07,160 --> 00:34:09,328
But no gas
to run them on.
660
00:34:11,515 --> 00:34:12,815
Can I help you?
661
00:34:12,883 --> 00:34:13,783
I'm black.
662
00:34:15,819 --> 00:34:17,053
You're black?
663
00:34:17,121 --> 00:34:19,289
Charles black
from austin, texas.
664
00:34:19,356 --> 00:34:20,924
What can we do for you?
665
00:34:20,991 --> 00:34:22,658
I'm here to help.
666
00:34:22,726 --> 00:34:24,760
I'm a professor
and a lawyer,
667
00:34:24,828 --> 00:34:26,595
And I can
write a little.
668
00:34:26,663 --> 00:34:28,764
They said
you needed help.
669
00:34:28,832 --> 00:34:32,235
Yes. They called me
about you.
670
00:34:32,303 --> 00:34:34,904
Find the professor
some sit-down space.
671
00:34:37,074 --> 00:34:38,942
We could use all
the help we can get.
672
00:34:48,001 --> 00:34:48,967
You can report
673
00:34:49,035 --> 00:34:51,070
To the honorable governor,
mr. Tulley,
674
00:34:51,137 --> 00:34:52,104
That I have assigned
675
00:34:52,172 --> 00:34:54,073
2 of the brightest
young men of our firm
676
00:34:54,140 --> 00:34:55,974
To lead the research--
677
00:34:56,042 --> 00:34:59,445
Mr. Straight from harvard,
mr. Mcpherson from yale--
678
00:34:59,513 --> 00:35:02,448
But they do work together
harmoniously.
679
00:35:02,516 --> 00:35:05,851
Mr. Marshall seems to have
fallen on hard times--
680
00:35:05,919 --> 00:35:08,087
Soliciting our partners.
681
00:35:13,426 --> 00:35:14,627
"send tax-deductible gift
682
00:35:14,695 --> 00:35:17,646
"to naacp legal defense
fund, new york.
683
00:35:17,714 --> 00:35:19,215
Thurgood marshall."
684
00:35:20,951 --> 00:35:21,985
Well, maybe we should
685
00:35:22,052 --> 00:35:24,120
Turn mr. Straight
and mr. Mcpherson here loose
686
00:35:24,188 --> 00:35:25,688
On their
tax-deductible status.
687
00:35:25,755 --> 00:35:27,223
That's not our style.
688
00:35:27,291 --> 00:35:28,557
Their time
will be better spent
689
00:35:28,625 --> 00:35:30,826
In the libraries.
690
00:35:30,894 --> 00:35:32,695
The attorney general
of south carolina
691
00:35:32,762 --> 00:35:34,063
Has asked his counterparts
692
00:35:34,131 --> 00:35:37,033
In 37 other states
that concern us
693
00:35:37,101 --> 00:35:39,335
To research
their state archives
694
00:35:39,403 --> 00:35:41,371
At no expense to us.
695
00:35:41,438 --> 00:35:43,439
The research will show
that the states were
696
00:35:43,507 --> 00:35:44,840
Determined
to retain the right
697
00:35:44,908 --> 00:35:46,942
To shape their schools
698
00:35:47,011 --> 00:35:48,878
To fit
their particular region.
699
00:35:48,945 --> 00:35:50,246
Now, the marshall people
will be looking
700
00:35:50,314 --> 00:35:52,181
For something specific,
701
00:35:52,249 --> 00:35:53,516
Something that shows
that congress
702
00:35:53,583 --> 00:35:56,185
Intended
for the 14th amendment
703
00:35:56,253 --> 00:35:59,355
To prohibit
separate schools...
704
00:36:03,860 --> 00:36:05,694
But they won't find it.
705
00:36:11,635 --> 00:36:13,335
Buster?
706
00:36:13,404 --> 00:36:15,237
Yes, honey?
707
00:36:18,609 --> 00:36:19,575
Where have you been?
708
00:36:19,643 --> 00:36:20,877
Errands.
709
00:36:36,192 --> 00:36:37,794
What were you doing?
710
00:36:37,861 --> 00:36:41,297
I had a whole bunch
of errands.
711
00:36:44,501 --> 00:36:45,902
Where's your watch?
712
00:36:47,571 --> 00:36:49,572
I sold it.
713
00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,107
You can't do that.
714
00:36:52,175 --> 00:36:54,176
I did it.
715
00:36:54,244 --> 00:36:55,711
We've got
contributors.
716
00:36:55,779 --> 00:36:57,747
I won't take
the money.
717
00:36:57,815 --> 00:36:59,582
Then I'll
mail it in.
718
00:36:59,650 --> 00:37:01,083
Buster!
719
00:37:10,928 --> 00:37:14,163
When they wouldn't let
me into the law school
720
00:37:14,230 --> 00:37:15,531
At the university
of maryland,
721
00:37:15,599 --> 00:37:20,470
My mother went downtown
to the crown pawnshop
722
00:37:20,537 --> 00:37:22,672
And sold
her engagement band
723
00:37:22,739 --> 00:37:23,940
And her wedding ring
724
00:37:24,007 --> 00:37:26,342
To pay for me to go
to law school at howard.
725
00:37:26,410 --> 00:37:27,643
So?
726
00:37:28,112 --> 00:37:30,996
So, I don't want you
selling your jewelry.
727
00:37:31,064 --> 00:37:33,583
And what if your mother
hadn't sold those rings?
728
00:37:33,650 --> 00:37:35,118
Where would you
be now, hmm?
729
00:37:35,185 --> 00:37:36,568
I just
don't like it.
730
00:37:36,636 --> 00:37:39,671
Thurgood,
you once said to me
731
00:37:39,740 --> 00:37:41,406
That the fight
for civil rights
732
00:37:41,474 --> 00:37:43,375
Was worth a life.
733
00:37:43,443 --> 00:37:44,509
Remember?
734
00:37:46,412 --> 00:37:49,866
I can get along
without a watch,
735
00:37:49,933 --> 00:37:53,402
But I can't
get along without supper.
736
00:37:54,972 --> 00:37:55,972
And I want to know
737
00:37:56,039 --> 00:37:59,008
Everything
that's going on.
738
00:37:59,075 --> 00:38:02,378
We've got the best
professors and historians
739
00:38:02,445 --> 00:38:04,780
From all
around the country.
740
00:38:04,848 --> 00:38:07,917
And thanks to howard university
and charlie houston,
741
00:38:07,985 --> 00:38:09,719
Our lawyers are
as good or better
742
00:38:09,786 --> 00:38:11,587
Than the ivy league boys.
743
00:38:13,089 --> 00:38:20,730
And I will have
a second chance...
744
00:38:20,797 --> 00:38:22,932
To argue this case.
745
00:38:26,503 --> 00:38:29,505
Like the old saying,
746
00:38:29,573 --> 00:38:34,544
"I'm a man of peace,
but I adore a riot."
747
00:38:35,879 --> 00:38:37,930
Ming and I think
the real key
748
00:38:37,997 --> 00:38:40,966
Lies in the ex-confederate
states in the south.
749
00:38:41,034 --> 00:38:43,368
It was a condition of their
rejoining the union
750
00:38:43,437 --> 00:38:46,639
After the civil war that they
adopt the 14th amendment.
751
00:38:46,706 --> 00:38:48,641
Congress insisted on it.
752
00:38:48,708 --> 00:38:52,377
Not one of these states
put a single word
753
00:38:52,446 --> 00:38:53,679
About school segregation
754
00:38:53,747 --> 00:38:55,581
In their new
state constitution.
755
00:38:55,649 --> 00:38:58,651
Now, we believe that this
proved that they understood
756
00:38:58,718 --> 00:39:01,019
The jim-crow schools
were outlawed
757
00:39:01,087 --> 00:39:02,187
By the 14th amendment.
758
00:39:02,255 --> 00:39:03,188
They had to toe the mark
759
00:39:03,256 --> 00:39:04,523
In order to get back
into the union.
760
00:39:04,591 --> 00:39:05,558
Exactly.
761
00:39:05,625 --> 00:39:07,125
But some of those
states turned around
762
00:39:07,193 --> 00:39:08,761
And put in
segregated schools
763
00:39:08,829 --> 00:39:10,362
A year after
764
00:39:10,430 --> 00:39:11,730
The 14th amendment
was ratified.
765
00:39:11,798 --> 00:39:15,434
And they've been operating
segregated schools ever since.
766
00:39:15,502 --> 00:39:16,936
Professor kelly,
I'm not sure
767
00:39:17,003 --> 00:39:18,771
Your argument
holds water.
768
00:39:18,839 --> 00:39:21,239
It sure doesn't.
769
00:39:25,311 --> 00:39:27,379
Back to the books, boys.
770
00:39:27,447 --> 00:39:29,047
I'm sure if we give them
a little more time,
771
00:39:29,115 --> 00:39:30,483
Mr. Kelly and mr. Ming
772
00:39:30,550 --> 00:39:32,751
Will come up
with something more solid.
773
00:39:40,426 --> 00:39:42,962
Professor black,
is it necessary
774
00:39:43,029 --> 00:39:44,797
For you to be negative
so much of the time?
775
00:39:44,865 --> 00:39:47,065
I'm not negative.
I state facts.
776
00:39:50,370 --> 00:39:52,304
I've been intending
to ask you--
777
00:39:52,372 --> 00:39:53,405
Out of all the legal
778
00:39:53,473 --> 00:39:55,841
And academic opportunities
before you,
779
00:39:55,909 --> 00:39:58,711
Just why did you end up here
at the legal defense fund?
780
00:40:02,148 --> 00:40:04,750
Well, I'll tell you.
781
00:40:04,818 --> 00:40:07,686
I come from
deep, deep in texas,
782
00:40:07,754 --> 00:40:09,221
So deep
I can't even remember
783
00:40:09,288 --> 00:40:10,589
Hearing
the word "republican"
784
00:40:10,657 --> 00:40:13,458
Before I was
18 years old.
785
00:40:13,527 --> 00:40:14,527
But I had heard
786
00:40:14,594 --> 00:40:16,562
Of this really terrible
organization
787
00:40:16,630 --> 00:40:20,332
Way up north
called the naacp.
788
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:23,168
It was an awful place
with a great, big office
789
00:40:23,236 --> 00:40:25,905
All the way up there
in new york, they said,
790
00:40:25,972 --> 00:40:27,573
And the worst thing
of all about it
791
00:40:27,641 --> 00:40:28,974
Was that right there
in that office,
792
00:40:29,042 --> 00:40:30,809
There was this room,
793
00:40:30,877 --> 00:40:32,344
A special, secret room
794
00:40:32,412 --> 00:40:34,980
With, uh, no windows
and no doors
795
00:40:35,048 --> 00:40:37,716
And walls
about a foot thick,
796
00:40:37,784 --> 00:40:39,018
And the only way
that you could get in
797
00:40:39,085 --> 00:40:42,220
Was with a combination
of this huge lock.
798
00:40:42,288 --> 00:40:43,789
And inside that room,
they said,
799
00:40:43,857 --> 00:40:46,559
There was nothing but
hooks on the walls,
800
00:40:46,626 --> 00:40:49,795
Hundreds and hundreds
of hooks.
801
00:40:49,863 --> 00:40:51,463
And do you know
what was hanging
802
00:40:51,531 --> 00:40:53,699
On each and every one
of those hooks?
803
00:40:53,767 --> 00:40:55,701
What?
804
00:40:55,769 --> 00:40:58,236
Well, they said
805
00:40:58,304 --> 00:41:00,973
That on each
of those hooks...
806
00:41:01,041 --> 00:41:02,875
Was a key
to the bedroom
807
00:41:02,943 --> 00:41:04,877
Of a southern
white woman.
808
00:41:06,512 --> 00:41:09,281
So I figured...
809
00:41:09,348 --> 00:41:10,549
That is an organization
810
00:41:10,617 --> 00:41:12,618
I want
to get involved in.
811
00:41:29,903 --> 00:41:31,770
Radio: The family spokesman
said the cause of death
812
00:41:31,838 --> 00:41:33,038
Was a massive heart attack
813
00:41:33,106 --> 00:41:35,841
Suffered at approximately
3:15 this morning
814
00:41:35,909 --> 00:41:38,077
At his apartment
in washington.
815
00:41:38,144 --> 00:41:41,714
The chief justice
was 63 years old.
816
00:41:41,781 --> 00:41:42,815
Turning to baseball,
817
00:41:42,882 --> 00:41:44,817
The dodgers topped
the phillies 3-2
818
00:41:44,884 --> 00:41:45,951
In 10 innings.
819
00:41:46,019 --> 00:41:48,153
The giants shut out...
820
00:42:02,301 --> 00:42:03,235
Afternoon, sir.
821
00:42:03,302 --> 00:42:05,904
Mark.
822
00:42:05,972 --> 00:42:07,539
Was it
a nice service?
823
00:42:07,607 --> 00:42:08,741
Yes.
824
00:42:08,808 --> 00:42:10,375
Was the president
there?
825
00:42:10,443 --> 00:42:12,011
[chuckles]
oh, yes.
826
00:42:13,647 --> 00:42:16,581
Mark, this is
the first solid
827
00:42:16,650 --> 00:42:18,183
Piece of evidence
I've ever had
828
00:42:18,251 --> 00:42:21,887
That there
is a god in heaven.
829
00:42:21,955 --> 00:42:23,255
I can't help but think
830
00:42:23,323 --> 00:42:25,391
That vinson's successor
will be better for us.
831
00:42:25,458 --> 00:42:26,658
The devil you know
is better
832
00:42:26,726 --> 00:42:28,360
Than the devil
you don't know.
833
00:42:28,428 --> 00:42:30,462
I watched general eisenhower
testify in congress
834
00:42:30,530 --> 00:42:31,897
Against
desegregating the army
835
00:42:31,964 --> 00:42:33,499
Below the platoon level.
836
00:42:33,566 --> 00:42:34,866
I don't think
president eisenhower
837
00:42:34,934 --> 00:42:35,867
Is gonna be looking for
838
00:42:35,935 --> 00:42:37,136
A civil rights
chief justice.
839
00:42:37,203 --> 00:42:39,171
I still say the odds are
we get someone
840
00:42:39,239 --> 00:42:41,140
Less wedded to the past
than vinson.
841
00:42:41,207 --> 00:42:43,808
Times says eisenhower may
promote justice jackson
842
00:42:43,876 --> 00:42:45,177
To the center seat
843
00:42:45,245 --> 00:42:46,878
And name an associate
in his place.
844
00:42:47,047 --> 00:42:47,963
The republicans
in the senate
845
00:42:48,031 --> 00:42:49,364
Will fry ike
if he tries
846
00:42:49,433 --> 00:42:51,199
To put a democrat
in the top spot.
847
00:42:51,267 --> 00:42:52,234
[all laugh]
848
00:42:52,302 --> 00:42:53,569
Anyway, whoever
it's going to be,
849
00:42:53,637 --> 00:42:54,804
We got a ton
of work to do.
850
00:42:54,871 --> 00:42:57,039
It's nearly midnight,
so let's get to it.
851
00:42:57,106 --> 00:42:59,842
My spies tell me
foster dulles can have it...
852
00:42:59,910 --> 00:43:01,410
If he wants it.
853
00:43:01,478 --> 00:43:05,380
Second choice--new york's
own, governor tom dewey.
854
00:43:05,449 --> 00:43:08,884
Were I you, john,
I should fire my spies.
855
00:43:08,952 --> 00:43:10,886
I have it
on good authority--
856
00:43:10,954 --> 00:43:14,990
And by good authority I mean
15 feet from the oval office--
857
00:43:15,058 --> 00:43:18,260
That ike made a deal
at the republican convention.
858
00:43:18,328 --> 00:43:20,629
In return for
delivering california,
859
00:43:20,697 --> 00:43:23,298
The first vacancy
on the supreme court
860
00:43:23,366 --> 00:43:25,668
Goes to
california's governor.
861
00:43:34,110 --> 00:43:36,479
[baseball game
on radio]
862
00:43:36,546 --> 00:43:38,514
I'm afraid
you were right.
863
00:43:38,582 --> 00:43:40,048
For once,
greenberg?
864
00:43:40,116 --> 00:43:42,284
The new chief justice
is the same man
865
00:43:42,352 --> 00:43:44,520
Who uprooted 80,000
japanese-americans
866
00:43:44,588 --> 00:43:46,722
During the war,
confiscated their property,
867
00:43:46,790 --> 00:43:50,025
And sent them
to internment camps.
868
00:43:50,093 --> 00:43:52,661
What was it
a great man once said?
869
00:43:52,729 --> 00:43:54,763
"the devil
you know..."
870
00:43:54,831 --> 00:43:56,098
Right.
871
00:43:56,165 --> 00:43:58,133
Boys,
we've got to do
872
00:43:58,201 --> 00:43:59,735
What we've
got to do.
873
00:43:59,803 --> 00:44:00,769
We've got to find
874
00:44:00,837 --> 00:44:01,770
Something
in the history
875
00:44:01,838 --> 00:44:03,839
That says
we are right.
876
00:44:03,907 --> 00:44:05,273
Get kelly, ming,
and the others
877
00:44:05,341 --> 00:44:06,341
On 18-hour shifts.
878
00:44:06,409 --> 00:44:07,342
We are not
going to be
879
00:44:07,410 --> 00:44:08,377
Sitting around
worrying
880
00:44:08,444 --> 00:44:09,945
About who's sitting
on the bench.
881
00:44:10,013 --> 00:44:10,946
Get back to it.
882
00:44:15,468 --> 00:44:16,568
So far,
883
00:44:16,636 --> 00:44:18,270
Nothing appears
to pose a problem
884
00:44:18,338 --> 00:44:20,589
For our position.
885
00:44:20,657 --> 00:44:23,659
Mr. Davis,
if I may ask,
886
00:44:23,727 --> 00:44:25,027
How does governor warren
going on the court
887
00:44:25,094 --> 00:44:27,062
Affect things?
888
00:44:27,130 --> 00:44:29,648
The post describes him
as the colorless manager
889
00:44:29,715 --> 00:44:31,283
Of a team of all-stars.
890
00:44:31,351 --> 00:44:33,152
[all laugh]
891
00:44:33,219 --> 00:44:36,088
Davis: I would think
very little, mr. Straight.
892
00:44:36,289 --> 00:44:38,123
Separate but equal
has been upheld
893
00:44:38,191 --> 00:44:40,492
By the court
7 times,
894
00:44:40,660 --> 00:44:42,928
And the fact there is
a division within the court
895
00:44:42,995 --> 00:44:45,364
Should work
to our advantage.
896
00:44:45,432 --> 00:44:47,315
There will be
a great reluctance
897
00:44:47,383 --> 00:44:50,051
To overturn
such an historic precedent
898
00:44:50,119 --> 00:44:51,687
On a close vote.
899
00:44:51,754 --> 00:44:54,773
Those men do not wish
to create chaos.
900
00:44:56,276 --> 00:44:58,577
Comes down to the fact
that the man is a politician,
901
00:44:58,644 --> 00:45:00,012
Not a jurist.
902
00:45:00,080 --> 00:45:02,248
He's never before
sat on the bench--
903
00:45:02,315 --> 00:45:05,484
Not even 5 minutes
on a police court.
904
00:45:05,551 --> 00:45:07,386
No judicial philosophy.
905
00:45:23,853 --> 00:45:26,054
I'll get you settled in,
mr. Chief justice.
906
00:45:26,122 --> 00:45:28,089
I'm going to need
all the help I can get,
907
00:45:28,158 --> 00:45:30,058
I assure you.
908
00:45:30,126 --> 00:45:31,126
And your name?
909
00:45:31,194 --> 00:45:32,127
Patterson, sir.
910
00:45:32,195 --> 00:45:33,762
How do you do,
mr. Patterson?
911
00:45:33,829 --> 00:45:36,165
Sir.
912
00:45:36,232 --> 00:45:37,166
In california,
913
00:45:37,233 --> 00:45:41,836
I had 8,000 people
working for me.
914
00:45:41,904 --> 00:45:43,104
This will be different.
915
00:46:13,937 --> 00:46:16,104
We have studied
the history.
916
00:46:16,172 --> 00:46:17,906
The declaration
of independence
917
00:46:17,974 --> 00:46:19,474
Had glowing language
proclaiming
918
00:46:19,542 --> 00:46:21,777
That all men
are created equal,
919
00:46:21,844 --> 00:46:23,411
With the
inalienable right
920
00:46:23,479 --> 00:46:24,646
To life, liberty,
921
00:46:24,714 --> 00:46:26,848
And the pursuit
of happiness,
922
00:46:26,916 --> 00:46:29,585
But the authors
of the constitution
923
00:46:29,652 --> 00:46:31,119
Included
no such statement,
924
00:46:31,187 --> 00:46:32,788
A concession
to the fact
925
00:46:32,855 --> 00:46:34,690
That our
young republic
926
00:46:34,757 --> 00:46:37,525
Tolerated
human slavery.
927
00:46:37,594 --> 00:46:39,461
At the end
of the civil war,
928
00:46:39,528 --> 00:46:41,463
Congress passed
the 13th amendment,
929
00:46:41,530 --> 00:46:42,798
Abolishing slavery,
930
00:46:42,865 --> 00:46:46,101
But it gave slaves
no specific rights.
931
00:46:46,168 --> 00:46:48,837
The civil rights act
of 1866 followed,
932
00:46:48,905 --> 00:46:51,256
And it was
the cornerstone
933
00:46:51,324 --> 00:46:53,392
To the 14th
amendment.
934
00:46:56,329 --> 00:47:00,065
We have probed
the records,
935
00:47:00,133 --> 00:47:03,502
And frankly...
936
00:47:03,569 --> 00:47:05,704
We do not like
what we find.
937
00:47:07,607 --> 00:47:09,241
The civil rights act
was written
938
00:47:09,309 --> 00:47:11,643
With a no-discrimination
clause,
939
00:47:11,711 --> 00:47:14,713
But congress removed it
before it was passed.
940
00:47:14,780 --> 00:47:17,782
And nowhere in the debates
on the 14th amendment
941
00:47:17,850 --> 00:47:20,852
Do we find any statement
that suggests
942
00:47:20,920 --> 00:47:23,055
That school segregation
was an issue.
943
00:47:23,123 --> 00:47:25,624
We had hoped
that abolitionist leaders
944
00:47:25,691 --> 00:47:28,193
Like john bingham
and thaddeus stevens
945
00:47:28,261 --> 00:47:30,462
Would have recorded
their position
946
00:47:30,530 --> 00:47:32,064
On segregation in schools.
Nothing.
947
00:47:32,132 --> 00:47:34,099
That bears out
our studies.
948
00:47:34,167 --> 00:47:35,234
See,
public education
949
00:47:35,301 --> 00:47:37,169
Was in its
early stages.
950
00:47:37,237 --> 00:47:38,703
To newly freed
slaves,
951
00:47:38,771 --> 00:47:39,804
Education
of any sort
952
00:47:39,872 --> 00:47:40,839
Would have seemed
953
00:47:40,907 --> 00:47:42,341
A major
step forward.
954
00:47:42,409 --> 00:47:44,410
We also have to
face the fact
955
00:47:44,477 --> 00:47:47,913
That congress set up
segregated schools
956
00:47:47,980 --> 00:47:50,582
In the district
of columbia
957
00:47:50,650 --> 00:47:51,850
And has supported
that practice
958
00:47:51,918 --> 00:47:54,019
Up to this very day.
959
00:47:54,087 --> 00:47:55,754
All in all,
it gives us very little
960
00:47:55,821 --> 00:47:58,123
In the way
of favorable evidence
961
00:47:58,191 --> 00:48:00,025
To answer
the justices' question
962
00:48:00,093 --> 00:48:02,528
About the intent
of the 14th amendment.
963
00:48:02,595 --> 00:48:04,129
Al, isn't there
some way
964
00:48:04,197 --> 00:48:05,464
We could
shape this history
965
00:48:05,532 --> 00:48:07,599
To make our case?
966
00:48:07,667 --> 00:48:10,602
I'm all for
the cause, bob,
967
00:48:10,670 --> 00:48:14,239
But I am
an historian first.
968
00:48:14,307 --> 00:48:16,641
But there's got to be
some way to nail it down.
969
00:48:16,709 --> 00:48:18,143
It's difficult
to be precise
970
00:48:18,211 --> 00:48:21,913
About what people thought
a century ago.
971
00:48:21,981 --> 00:48:24,015
So I think our strategy
should be
972
00:48:24,084 --> 00:48:26,418
To bypass
the court's question
973
00:48:26,486 --> 00:48:29,221
And argue this on broad
humanitarian grounds.
974
00:48:29,289 --> 00:48:32,224
The fuel
for the 14th amendment
975
00:48:32,292 --> 00:48:35,927
Was a spirit of idealism
and a sense of justice.
976
00:48:35,995 --> 00:48:37,563
The amendment meant
what it said--
977
00:48:37,630 --> 00:48:40,099
Equal protection.
978
00:48:40,166 --> 00:48:41,500
We believe
we can win this
979
00:48:41,568 --> 00:48:44,303
By arguing the broad
humanitarian approach.
980
00:48:44,370 --> 00:48:48,107
It is the moral position,
and we are a moral nation.
981
00:48:52,545 --> 00:48:56,781
Ok, let's write it up
that way.
982
00:49:11,631 --> 00:49:12,631
What gives?
983
00:49:16,169 --> 00:49:17,636
It'll never work.
984
00:49:19,038 --> 00:49:21,573
The broad
humanitarian approach.
985
00:49:21,641 --> 00:49:25,144
Frankfurter will
smell it in a second.
986
00:49:25,211 --> 00:49:27,012
He'll see it
as evasive.
987
00:49:27,079 --> 00:49:29,515
It's too general,
isn't it?
988
00:49:29,582 --> 00:49:31,816
It's a long shot.
989
00:49:34,053 --> 00:49:35,187
Where's kelly?
990
00:49:35,255 --> 00:49:37,156
He's going back to detroit,
morning train.
991
00:49:37,223 --> 00:49:38,957
Call him at the hotel.
Try and catch him.
992
00:49:55,341 --> 00:49:57,142
Just pay the ones
that have to be paid.
993
00:49:57,210 --> 00:49:58,610
That's what these are.
994
00:50:00,613 --> 00:50:01,580
Can't we just
995
00:50:01,648 --> 00:50:02,847
Hold on to them
a week or so?
996
00:50:02,915 --> 00:50:05,350
They'll turn
the lights off again.
997
00:50:05,418 --> 00:50:06,818
We should talk
to thurgood. This is--
998
00:50:06,886 --> 00:50:08,420
Thurgood is waiting
for these.
999
00:50:15,461 --> 00:50:16,961
Marion?
1000
00:50:17,029 --> 00:50:18,564
Marion, where
are you going?
1001
00:50:18,631 --> 00:50:21,233
It's 6:00, Saturday.
I have a date,
1002
00:50:21,301 --> 00:50:23,335
And no paycheck
for 3 weeks.
1003
00:50:23,403 --> 00:50:24,670
Good night.
1004
00:50:29,409 --> 00:50:30,475
Don't you know
1005
00:50:30,543 --> 00:50:32,911
What you're
doing in there?
1006
00:50:32,978 --> 00:50:33,945
Don't you?
1007
00:50:34,013 --> 00:50:37,616
I'm typing the same
stuff over and over.
1008
00:50:37,684 --> 00:50:38,917
If that stuff
1009
00:50:38,984 --> 00:50:41,453
Doesn't get
typed...
1010
00:50:43,656 --> 00:50:44,823
What you're
doing in there
1011
00:50:44,890 --> 00:50:47,659
Is helping
to make history.
1012
00:50:49,395 --> 00:50:50,362
Good night.
1013
00:51:01,641 --> 00:51:02,941
Thurgood, excuse me.
1014
00:51:03,008 --> 00:51:05,310
I think the time has come
for us to deal with this.
1015
00:51:05,378 --> 00:51:06,811
Alice, would you
run downstairs
1016
00:51:06,879 --> 00:51:09,781
And grab us
some sandwiches, please?
1017
00:51:09,849 --> 00:51:13,585
The beginning of this needs
to be tighter and clearer.
1018
00:51:17,123 --> 00:51:18,189
What are you doing,
alice?
1019
00:51:18,258 --> 00:51:19,691
Making history.
1020
00:51:28,368 --> 00:51:29,834
This is it!
1021
00:51:36,842 --> 00:51:37,709
Ha!
1022
00:51:46,135 --> 00:51:48,202
We got it.
1023
00:51:49,972 --> 00:51:50,906
Thaddeus stevens.
1024
00:51:50,973 --> 00:51:51,940
Read it.
1025
00:51:52,008 --> 00:51:54,208
Thaddeus stevens
in the debate
1026
00:51:54,276 --> 00:51:55,610
On the floor of congress
1027
00:51:55,678 --> 00:51:57,378
When the amendment
was first presented.
1028
00:51:57,446 --> 00:51:59,581
"where any state
makes distinctions
1029
00:51:59,649 --> 00:52:02,517
"between different
classes of individuals,
1030
00:52:02,585 --> 00:52:04,686
"congress
shall have the power
1031
00:52:04,754 --> 00:52:06,320
"to correct
such discriminations
1032
00:52:06,388 --> 00:52:07,589
"and inequality.
1033
00:52:07,657 --> 00:52:09,658
"no distinction
would be tolerated
1034
00:52:09,725 --> 00:52:12,460
"in this
purified republic
1035
00:52:12,528 --> 00:52:16,364
But what rose from
merit and conduct."
1036
00:52:23,172 --> 00:52:24,205
Place this
1037
00:52:24,273 --> 00:52:26,675
In the front section
of the brief.
1038
00:52:29,178 --> 00:52:31,245
And send someone out
for ice and bourbon.
1039
00:52:31,313 --> 00:52:34,583
Mr. Kelly
needs a drink!
1040
00:52:55,204 --> 00:52:56,805
"these infant appellants
1041
00:52:56,872 --> 00:52:59,307
"are asserting
the most important claims
1042
00:52:59,374 --> 00:53:02,777
"that can be put forward
by children,
1043
00:53:02,845 --> 00:53:04,746
"the claim to their
full measure
1044
00:53:04,814 --> 00:53:07,482
"of the chance
to learn and grow
1045
00:53:07,549 --> 00:53:09,484
"and the inseparably
connected
1046
00:53:09,551 --> 00:53:11,720
"but even more
important claim
1047
00:53:11,787 --> 00:53:14,122
"to be treated
as entire citizens
1048
00:53:14,189 --> 00:53:19,494
Of the society into which
they have been born."
1049
00:53:23,532 --> 00:53:25,366
You understand.
1050
00:53:26,736 --> 00:53:29,638
Professor,
you are a negro.
1051
00:54:15,601 --> 00:54:20,305
Honey, this is
too tough a trip for you.
1052
00:54:20,372 --> 00:54:22,841
I'll be back
in a couple of days.
1053
00:54:22,909 --> 00:54:25,043
You'd be
better off here.
1054
00:54:25,111 --> 00:54:28,379
I will be
in that courtroom
1055
00:54:28,447 --> 00:54:30,481
On Tuesday morning.
1056
00:54:32,952 --> 00:54:33,985
New hat?
1057
00:54:35,121 --> 00:54:36,354
It's pretty.
1058
00:54:36,422 --> 00:54:38,623
It is the hat
I wore last year
1059
00:54:38,691 --> 00:54:41,626
At the first
supreme court argument.
1060
00:54:43,629 --> 00:54:45,396
I hope it's...
1061
00:54:45,464 --> 00:54:47,299
A luckier hat
this year.
1062
00:54:49,735 --> 00:54:52,386
Davis" in clarendon
school district number one
1063
00:54:52,454 --> 00:54:53,855
In south carolina,
1064
00:54:53,923 --> 00:54:57,892
There are 2,799
registered negro children
1065
00:54:58,227 --> 00:54:59,578
Of school age.
1066
00:54:59,645 --> 00:55:02,481
There are
295 white children.
1067
00:55:02,548 --> 00:55:08,753
The state has now provided
those 2,800 negro children
1068
00:55:08,821 --> 00:55:10,589
With schools that are,
1069
00:55:10,656 --> 00:55:14,593
As mr. Marshall has
so positively admitted,
1070
00:55:14,660 --> 00:55:17,295
Equal in every respect.
1071
00:55:17,363 --> 00:55:20,098
In fact, because
of their being newer,
1072
00:55:20,165 --> 00:55:21,933
They may even be better
1073
00:55:22,001 --> 00:55:24,836
Than the schools
of the 295 white children.
1074
00:55:24,904 --> 00:55:28,439
Now, who's going
to disturb that situation?
1075
00:55:28,508 --> 00:55:30,441
If these children
were to be reassorted
1076
00:55:30,510 --> 00:55:32,176
On a mathematical basis,
1077
00:55:32,244 --> 00:55:35,480
You would have
27 negro children
1078
00:55:35,548 --> 00:55:36,748
And 3 white children
1079
00:55:36,816 --> 00:55:38,650
In each schoolroom.
1080
00:55:40,252 --> 00:55:43,421
Would that make
the children any happier?
1081
00:55:43,489 --> 00:55:45,289
Would they
learn more quickly?
1082
00:55:45,357 --> 00:55:47,659
Your honors cannot sit
1083
00:55:47,727 --> 00:55:49,961
As a glorified
board of education
1084
00:55:50,029 --> 00:55:51,412
For the state
of south carolina
1085
00:55:51,480 --> 00:55:52,980
Or any other state.
1086
00:55:53,048 --> 00:55:54,749
Nor, I respectfully submit,
1087
00:55:54,816 --> 00:55:55,883
Can this court sit
1088
00:55:55,951 --> 00:55:57,552
In the chairs
of the legislature
1089
00:55:57,620 --> 00:55:59,120
Of south carolina
1090
00:55:59,188 --> 00:56:03,158
And mold
its educational system.
1091
00:56:03,225 --> 00:56:05,460
The state establishes
the schools,
1092
00:56:05,528 --> 00:56:07,128
It pays the funds,
1093
00:56:07,196 --> 00:56:11,866
And it has the sole power
to educate its citizens.
1094
00:56:11,933 --> 00:56:14,101
The state
of south carolina
1095
00:56:14,170 --> 00:56:17,405
Does not come here
in sackcloth and ashes.
1096
00:56:17,473 --> 00:56:18,640
Its laws do not offend
1097
00:56:18,707 --> 00:56:21,075
The constitution
of the United States.
1098
00:56:21,143 --> 00:56:23,511
It is convinced
that the happiness
1099
00:56:23,579 --> 00:56:25,713
And the progress
and the welfare
1100
00:56:25,781 --> 00:56:27,114
Of these children
1101
00:56:27,183 --> 00:56:30,017
Is best promoted
in segregated schools,
1102
00:56:30,085 --> 00:56:32,953
And it would be
a thousand pities
1103
00:56:33,021 --> 00:56:35,356
That, by this controversy,
1104
00:56:35,424 --> 00:56:36,957
It might be ordered
to abandon
1105
00:56:37,025 --> 00:56:38,826
What it has created.
1106
00:56:38,894 --> 00:56:41,229
I am reminded
of aesop's fable
1107
00:56:41,297 --> 00:56:43,364
Of the dog and the meat.
1108
00:56:43,699 --> 00:56:46,284
The dog, with a fine piece
of meat in his mouth,
1109
00:56:46,352 --> 00:56:47,652
Crossed a bridge.
1110
00:56:47,719 --> 00:56:49,187
He saw the shadow
in the stream,
1111
00:56:49,255 --> 00:56:51,056
And he plunged for it.
1112
00:56:51,123 --> 00:56:56,094
And he lost both the shadow
and the substance.
1113
00:56:56,162 --> 00:56:58,363
Now, here is
equal education,
1114
00:56:58,431 --> 00:57:00,832
Not prophesied,
but present.
1115
00:57:00,899 --> 00:57:02,300
Shall it be thrown away
1116
00:57:02,368 --> 00:57:08,273
On some--some fancied
question of racial prestige?
1117
00:57:08,341 --> 00:57:09,407
It is not my part
1118
00:57:09,475 --> 00:57:11,876
To offer advice
to the appellants
1119
00:57:11,944 --> 00:57:15,313
And certainly not
to the learned counselor.
1120
00:57:15,381 --> 00:57:18,549
No doubt they think
what they propose is best.
1121
00:57:18,617 --> 00:57:20,118
But I entreat them
to remember
1122
00:57:20,186 --> 00:57:21,819
The age-old motto
1123
00:57:21,887 --> 00:57:26,924
That the best is often
the enemy of the good.
1124
00:57:35,534 --> 00:57:36,468
Mr. Marshall,
1125
00:57:36,535 --> 00:57:39,237
You have 5 minutes
for rebuttal.
1126
00:57:53,552 --> 00:57:55,753
May it please the court...
1127
00:57:57,856 --> 00:58:02,960
The 14th amendment was put
into our constitution
1128
00:58:03,029 --> 00:58:07,399
After one of the worst wars
ever fought.
1129
00:58:11,237 --> 00:58:15,173
The duty of enforcing
the 14th amendment
1130
00:58:15,241 --> 00:58:17,175
Is placed upon this court
1131
00:58:17,243 --> 00:58:20,512
To make sure
that the states,
1132
00:58:20,579 --> 00:58:23,681
In administering
their functions,
1133
00:58:23,749 --> 00:58:28,219
Disregard
little pet feelings
1134
00:58:28,287 --> 00:58:30,321
About race.
1135
00:58:31,757 --> 00:58:36,977
The negroes who are forced
to submit to segregation
1136
00:58:37,045 --> 00:58:40,682
Are all
american citizens
1137
00:58:40,749 --> 00:58:44,051
Who, by accident of birth,
1138
00:58:44,119 --> 00:58:46,554
Are a different color.
1139
00:58:46,622 --> 00:58:51,042
And the color
makes no difference
1140
00:58:51,110 --> 00:58:52,543
One way or another
1141
00:58:52,611 --> 00:58:58,083
Insofar as this court
is concerned.
1142
00:59:01,087 --> 00:59:07,558
Harry briggs, jr.
Is guaranteed by the state
1143
00:59:07,626 --> 00:59:11,129
Some 12 years of education.
1144
00:59:11,197 --> 00:59:17,869
There is no way you can
repay lost school years,
1145
00:59:17,937 --> 00:59:19,137
But...
1146
00:59:20,973 --> 00:59:25,110
They say
leave it to the states
1147
00:59:25,177 --> 00:59:27,578
Until they work it out.
1148
00:59:27,646 --> 00:59:31,583
I got the feeling on hearing
the discussion earlier
1149
00:59:31,650 --> 00:59:34,252
That when you put
a white child in a school
1150
00:59:34,320 --> 00:59:37,222
With a whole lot
of colored children,
1151
00:59:37,289 --> 00:59:40,291
The child
would fall apart.
1152
00:59:41,594 --> 00:59:43,794
Everyone knows
1153
00:59:43,862 --> 00:59:47,398
That is not true.
1154
00:59:51,303 --> 00:59:53,971
Those same kids
1155
00:59:54,039 --> 00:59:57,175
In virginia
and south carolina--
1156
00:59:57,243 --> 01:00:03,948
And I...
Have seen them do it--
1157
01:00:04,016 --> 01:00:09,454
They play in the streets
together.
1158
01:00:12,024 --> 01:00:15,393
They separate
to go to school.
1159
01:00:17,796 --> 01:00:22,900
They come out of school
and play ball together.
1160
01:00:26,038 --> 01:00:31,476
But they have to be
separated in school.
1161
01:00:33,345 --> 01:00:37,549
There must be
some magic to it.
1162
01:00:38,884 --> 01:00:40,951
You can have them going
1163
01:00:41,019 --> 01:00:45,557
To the same state university
and to the same college,
1164
01:00:45,624 --> 01:00:51,062
But if they go to elementary
and high school together,
1165
01:00:51,129 --> 01:00:54,098
The world
will fall apart.
1166
01:00:55,401 --> 01:00:58,203
The only way
that this court
1167
01:00:58,270 --> 01:00:59,704
Can decide this case
1168
01:00:59,771 --> 01:01:02,507
In opposition
to our position
1169
01:01:02,575 --> 01:01:05,443
Is to find some reason
1170
01:01:05,511 --> 01:01:08,145
Which gives the state
the right...
1171
01:01:09,881 --> 01:01:12,850
To make a classification
in regards to negroes
1172
01:01:12,918 --> 01:01:16,521
That they can make
in regard to nothing else,
1173
01:01:16,589 --> 01:01:18,456
And we submit...
1174
01:01:22,160 --> 01:01:25,597
The only way to arrive
at this decision
1175
01:01:25,664 --> 01:01:28,333
Is to find that,
for some reason,
1176
01:01:28,400 --> 01:01:34,905
Negroes are inferior
to all other human beings.
1177
01:01:37,576 --> 01:01:39,310
Nobody...
1178
01:01:40,812 --> 01:01:45,516
Will stand in this court
and say that
1179
01:01:45,584 --> 01:01:51,122
Because they would
have to justify it.
1180
01:01:52,791 --> 01:01:56,494
It can only be
one thing...
1181
01:01:59,798 --> 01:02:01,899
An inherent determination
1182
01:02:01,967 --> 01:02:05,803
That the people
who were formerly in slavery
1183
01:02:05,871 --> 01:02:12,310
Shall be kept
as near that condition
1184
01:02:12,378 --> 01:02:15,179
As is possible.
1185
01:02:17,583 --> 01:02:18,716
Now...
1186
01:02:18,784 --> 01:02:20,685
Is the time.
1187
01:02:20,753 --> 01:02:24,188
We submit that this court
1188
01:02:24,256 --> 01:02:26,457
Should make it clear...
1189
01:02:28,694 --> 01:02:32,129
That that is not
1190
01:02:32,197 --> 01:02:35,400
What the constitution
of the United States
1191
01:02:35,467 --> 01:02:38,102
Stands for.
1192
01:02:44,443 --> 01:02:46,944
Thank you, sir.
1193
01:02:48,814 --> 01:02:50,281
Thank you, mr. Marshall.
1194
01:03:10,185 --> 01:03:12,119
Thurgood.
1195
01:03:12,187 --> 01:03:13,621
Crab soup.
1196
01:03:13,689 --> 01:03:16,056
Oh, I know
it's crab soup.
1197
01:03:25,033 --> 01:03:26,066
Hot.
1198
01:03:29,705 --> 01:03:30,571
Mmm.
1199
01:03:32,040 --> 01:03:34,575
That's good.
1200
01:03:38,380 --> 01:03:40,414
Very good,
thurgood.
1201
01:03:52,728 --> 01:03:54,345
We concede
douglas and black
1202
01:03:54,413 --> 01:03:56,180
To the other side.
1203
01:03:56,248 --> 01:03:59,016
Reed and clark
should vote with us.
1204
01:03:59,084 --> 01:04:00,184
Jackson and frankfurter
1205
01:04:00,252 --> 01:04:02,854
Are leaning towards
our point of view--
1206
01:04:02,921 --> 01:04:04,021
Judicial restraint.
1207
01:04:04,089 --> 01:04:07,358
That's 4, and we should
pick up another vote
1208
01:04:07,426 --> 01:04:09,026
From minton
or from burton
1209
01:04:09,094 --> 01:04:11,496
Or from
chief justice warren.
1210
01:04:11,563 --> 01:04:15,199
How are you getting on
with the new chief?
1211
01:04:15,267 --> 01:04:17,535
I've discovered
that he listens,
1212
01:04:17,603 --> 01:04:19,136
Though he is untutored
in the law.
1213
01:04:19,204 --> 01:04:20,538
Well, it could be argued
1214
01:04:20,606 --> 01:04:22,206
That's an ideal
combination
1215
01:04:22,274 --> 01:04:23,541
For a chief justice--
1216
01:04:23,609 --> 01:04:25,510
Open-minded
and flexible.
1217
01:04:25,577 --> 01:04:28,479
Well, I hope y'all
get down to it.
1218
01:04:28,547 --> 01:04:31,982
It's not that tough
a call, as I see it.
1219
01:04:32,050 --> 01:04:35,219
For those who do not have
to decide, it is easy.
1220
01:04:35,287 --> 01:04:37,221
The humanitarian
thing to do
1221
01:04:37,289 --> 01:04:39,223
Is to strike down
segregation,
1222
01:04:39,291 --> 01:04:40,725
But nothing
presented to us--
1223
01:04:40,793 --> 01:04:42,894
Neither history
nor legal precedent--
1224
01:04:42,961 --> 01:04:43,994
Offers any help.
1225
01:04:44,062 --> 01:04:46,997
I think jackson wants
to toss it to congress.
1226
01:04:47,065 --> 01:04:49,567
The authority for enforcing
the 14th amendment--
1227
01:04:49,635 --> 01:04:51,218
Sir. Sir, if I may,
1228
01:04:51,286 --> 01:04:52,887
The negroes are
the group for whom
1229
01:04:52,954 --> 01:04:55,389
The 14th amendment
was written.
1230
01:04:55,456 --> 01:04:56,857
It's for
their protection.
1231
01:04:56,925 --> 01:04:58,726
And since 1868,
everybody else
1232
01:04:58,794 --> 01:05:00,728
Has come to this court
invoking the protection
1233
01:05:00,796 --> 01:05:02,029
Of the 14th amendment.
1234
01:05:02,097 --> 01:05:04,398
Corporations and
chinese and aliens
1235
01:05:04,465 --> 01:05:06,734
And everybody else
come in and claim
1236
01:05:06,802 --> 01:05:08,069
They've been denied
equal protection
1237
01:05:08,136 --> 01:05:09,570
Of the laws.
1238
01:05:09,637 --> 01:05:11,672
They come to
the supreme court
1239
01:05:11,740 --> 01:05:13,874
Of the United States,
and you listen to them.
1240
01:05:13,942 --> 01:05:15,409
And if you find
that their rights
1241
01:05:15,476 --> 01:05:17,745
Have been violated, then
you take care of them.
1242
01:05:17,813 --> 01:05:19,747
But when the one group
for whose protection
1243
01:05:19,815 --> 01:05:21,916
The 14th amendment
was written--
1244
01:05:21,983 --> 01:05:23,784
The negroes--come in and
ask you for relief,
1245
01:05:23,852 --> 01:05:26,286
Jackson wants you
to say yes,
1246
01:05:26,354 --> 01:05:27,421
Your constitutional
rights
1247
01:05:27,488 --> 01:05:29,757
Have been violated,
but don't come to us.
1248
01:05:29,825 --> 01:05:31,092
You go
across the street,
1249
01:05:31,159 --> 01:05:33,094
You ask congress
to give you relief.
1250
01:05:33,161 --> 01:05:36,463
We're not gonna give you
a damn thing.
1251
01:05:40,568 --> 01:05:41,702
Mark...
1252
01:05:43,338 --> 01:05:47,708
At harvard I would have
given you an "a" for that.
1253
01:05:54,515 --> 01:05:55,582
Tempus fugit.
1254
01:05:55,650 --> 01:05:59,053
I'm exactly where I was
one year ago.
1255
01:05:59,121 --> 01:06:01,756
I'm prepared
to vote to desegregate,
1256
01:06:01,823 --> 01:06:04,792
And if my vote should be
in the minority,
1257
01:06:04,860 --> 01:06:09,296
I shall write as strong
a dissent as I know how.
1258
01:06:09,364 --> 01:06:11,298
After reading
over 1,500 pages,
1259
01:06:11,366 --> 01:06:14,235
I have yet
to discover a basis
1260
01:06:14,302 --> 01:06:16,971
In the constitution
or the 14th amendment
1261
01:06:17,038 --> 01:06:19,473
That allows us
to order the states
1262
01:06:19,540 --> 01:06:21,142
To do with
their schools
1263
01:06:21,209 --> 01:06:23,110
That which they
do not wish to do.
1264
01:06:23,178 --> 01:06:25,312
I was very taken
by something
1265
01:06:25,380 --> 01:06:27,148
Mr. Thurgood
marshall said.
1266
01:06:27,215 --> 01:06:29,884
"the only way the court
can decide this case
1267
01:06:29,951 --> 01:06:31,986
"in opposition
to our position
1268
01:06:32,053 --> 01:06:34,121
"is to find that,
for some reason,
1269
01:06:34,189 --> 01:06:35,489
"negroes
are inferior
1270
01:06:35,556 --> 01:06:37,124
To all other
human beings."
1271
01:06:37,192 --> 01:06:39,326
Hugo, I base my view
on the law,
1272
01:06:39,394 --> 01:06:41,295
And nothing in the law
1273
01:06:41,362 --> 01:06:43,831
Tells us that we can
tell south carolina
1274
01:06:43,899 --> 01:06:46,667
To abolish
separate schools.
1275
01:06:46,734 --> 01:06:49,003
This country has been
making great strides
1276
01:06:49,070 --> 01:06:50,504
In race relations.
1277
01:06:50,571 --> 01:06:54,374
A careless decision here
could halt that progress.
1278
01:06:54,442 --> 01:06:57,044
How do you see that
happening, stanley?
1279
01:06:57,112 --> 01:06:58,478
If the american people
1280
01:06:58,546 --> 01:07:01,182
Feel that a bunch of
liberals in washington
1281
01:07:01,249 --> 01:07:02,850
Are forcing
their social views
1282
01:07:02,918 --> 01:07:04,018
On the states,
1283
01:07:04,085 --> 01:07:05,820
There will be...
1284
01:07:05,887 --> 01:07:07,788
Profound resentment.
1285
01:07:07,856 --> 01:07:10,791
I've seen the race
problem more closely
1286
01:07:10,859 --> 01:07:12,293
Than most of you.
1287
01:07:12,360 --> 01:07:13,961
I'm concerned about
the possibility
1288
01:07:14,029 --> 01:07:17,364
Of violence,
massive resistance.
1289
01:07:17,432 --> 01:07:19,366
What if we say
desegregate
1290
01:07:19,434 --> 01:07:20,868
And they refuse?
1291
01:07:20,936 --> 01:07:23,370
Can we send the army
into south carolina
1292
01:07:23,438 --> 01:07:24,471
To enforce it?
1293
01:07:24,539 --> 01:07:26,673
Send the army
into 20 states?
1294
01:07:26,741 --> 01:07:28,742
I'm surprised that
the history provides
1295
01:07:28,810 --> 01:07:31,745
So little in the way
of legal footing
1296
01:07:31,813 --> 01:07:33,981
For striking down
segregation.
1297
01:07:34,049 --> 01:07:37,184
I find I'm arguing
with myself.
1298
01:07:37,252 --> 01:07:40,254
My heart tells me
segregation is wrong.
1299
01:07:40,322 --> 01:07:44,325
The law tells me not to
interfere with the states.
1300
01:07:44,392 --> 01:07:47,394
I do not like the
idea of segregation,
1301
01:07:47,462 --> 01:07:48,896
But for 100 years,
the south
1302
01:07:48,964 --> 01:07:51,565
Has had segregated
school systems,
1303
01:07:51,632 --> 01:07:54,902
And this court has
told them it was legal.
1304
01:07:54,970 --> 01:07:57,137
We can't just turn
on a dime and say
1305
01:07:57,205 --> 01:07:59,073
Tomorrow morning, things
will be different.
1306
01:07:59,140 --> 01:08:01,075
Nor can we
continue to say
1307
01:08:01,142 --> 01:08:03,643
That in the united
states of america,
1308
01:08:03,711 --> 01:08:04,745
All men are equal,
1309
01:08:04,812 --> 01:08:07,248
But that white men are
more equal than others.
1310
01:08:07,315 --> 01:08:10,017
For god's sake,
let's decide the principle.
1311
01:08:10,085 --> 01:08:12,219
We can remain flexible
on how to implement it.
1312
01:08:12,287 --> 01:08:13,720
Disaster.
1313
01:08:13,788 --> 01:08:17,557
This court is expected
to be precise and clear.
1314
01:08:17,625 --> 01:08:20,694
Felix, you say you're
arguing with yourself.
1315
01:08:20,762 --> 01:08:22,696
Perhaps you'd prepare
a memorandum
1316
01:08:22,764 --> 01:08:25,699
Outlining the issues and
offering some suggestions
1317
01:08:25,767 --> 01:08:28,702
As to where
our choices lie.
1318
01:08:30,272 --> 01:08:31,438
Thank you, gentlemen.
1319
01:08:41,049 --> 01:08:43,450
Our great civil
libertarian
1320
01:08:43,518 --> 01:08:45,119
Is going to get
us in the soup.
1321
01:08:45,186 --> 01:08:46,486
Douglas
is so abrasive,
1322
01:08:46,554 --> 01:08:48,488
He makes conciliation
and compromise
1323
01:08:48,556 --> 01:08:49,990
Even more difficult.
1324
01:08:50,058 --> 01:08:51,992
He obviously
feels very deeply.
1325
01:08:52,060 --> 01:08:53,961
Douglas is a great
humanitarian
1326
01:08:54,029 --> 01:08:54,995
In the abstract.
1327
01:08:55,063 --> 01:08:57,197
He just
can't stand people.
1328
01:09:04,005 --> 01:09:05,372
[knock on door]
1329
01:09:09,811 --> 01:09:11,144
Almost ready.
1330
01:09:11,212 --> 01:09:12,813
Sir, these
will be better
1331
01:09:12,881 --> 01:09:15,148
Than your
city shoes.
1332
01:09:15,216 --> 01:09:17,551
Well...
1333
01:09:17,619 --> 01:09:19,920
Thank you,
mr. Patterson.
1334
01:09:23,391 --> 01:09:25,325
You know the roads,
mr. Patterson.
1335
01:09:25,393 --> 01:09:26,627
Oh, yes, sir.
1336
01:09:27,095 --> 01:09:29,379
I've been out this way
many times before.
1337
01:09:29,447 --> 01:09:33,150
The war between the states
is one of my hobbies.
1338
01:09:33,218 --> 01:09:35,152
Manassas, bull run...
1339
01:09:35,220 --> 01:09:38,655
Just a short drive
from the city.
1340
01:09:38,724 --> 01:09:40,791
You ever been to
gettysburg before, sir?
1341
01:09:40,859 --> 01:09:43,160
No, no.
1342
01:09:43,228 --> 01:09:47,164
For me, one of the pleasures
of living in the east
1343
01:09:47,232 --> 01:09:49,433
Will be to see
some of these things.
1344
01:09:51,720 --> 01:09:55,155
Little round top.
Meade had the high ground.
1345
01:09:55,223 --> 01:09:57,157
He had
the artillery, too.
1346
01:09:57,225 --> 01:09:59,660
That was
the whole story.
1347
01:09:59,728 --> 01:10:02,562
In the winter of 1944
in Italy,
1348
01:10:02,631 --> 01:10:04,915
We were pinned down
in the sergio valley
1349
01:10:04,983 --> 01:10:06,851
For 2 weeks.
1350
01:10:06,918 --> 01:10:08,853
The gerrys
had the hilltop.
1351
01:10:08,920 --> 01:10:11,756
They were pouring
their .88s down in on us.
1352
01:10:11,823 --> 01:10:13,523
Bloodied us real bad.
1353
01:10:13,591 --> 01:10:16,026
Taught me a whole lot
1354
01:10:16,094 --> 01:10:19,463
About the value
of high ground.
1355
01:10:37,665 --> 01:10:40,067
So simple...
1356
01:10:40,135 --> 01:10:41,568
Yet so strong.
1357
01:10:44,823 --> 01:10:47,925
"it is rather for us
to be here dedicated
1358
01:10:47,993 --> 01:10:51,929
"to the great task
remaining before us--
1359
01:10:51,997 --> 01:10:53,931
"that from
these honored dead
1360
01:10:53,999 --> 01:10:55,966
"we take
increased devotion
1361
01:10:56,034 --> 01:10:58,769
"for that cause
for which they gave
1362
01:10:58,837 --> 01:11:01,605
"the last full
measure of devotion--
1363
01:11:01,673 --> 01:11:04,574
"that we here
highly resolve
1364
01:11:04,642 --> 01:11:08,745
"that these dead shall
not have died in vain--
1365
01:11:08,814 --> 01:11:10,747
"that this nation,
under god,
1366
01:11:10,816 --> 01:11:13,750
"shall have a new birth
of freedom--
1367
01:11:13,819 --> 01:11:16,253
"and that government
of the people,
1368
01:11:16,321 --> 01:11:18,755
"by the people,
for the people
1369
01:11:18,824 --> 01:11:20,324
"shall not perish
1370
01:11:20,391 --> 01:11:21,859
From the earth."
1371
01:11:25,497 --> 01:11:26,964
Patterson:
On to manassas, sir?
1372
01:11:51,223 --> 01:11:53,073
[rooster crows]
1373
01:11:54,209 --> 01:11:56,243
[rooster crows]
1374
01:12:12,393 --> 01:12:13,827
Good morning, sir.
1375
01:12:13,894 --> 01:12:14,828
Mr. Patterson,
1376
01:12:14,895 --> 01:12:16,263
Why are you
sleeping in there?
1377
01:12:16,331 --> 01:12:19,099
Sir, I couldn't
find a place...
1378
01:12:21,068 --> 01:12:25,038
Sir, there's no place
within 20 miles of here
1379
01:12:25,106 --> 01:12:26,240
Where I'd...
1380
01:12:34,749 --> 01:12:37,117
Let's get back
to washington.
1381
01:12:53,768 --> 01:12:56,554
"to be treated
as entire citizens
1382
01:12:56,621 --> 01:12:57,721
"of the society
1383
01:12:57,789 --> 01:12:59,890
Into which
they've been born."
1384
01:13:05,096 --> 01:13:06,597
[knock on door]
1385
01:13:06,665 --> 01:13:07,765
Come in, mark.
1386
01:13:07,832 --> 01:13:10,801
It's earl warren.
1387
01:13:13,137 --> 01:13:14,337
Earl.
1388
01:13:17,976 --> 01:13:18,909
Felix.
1389
01:13:24,649 --> 01:13:26,584
Felix, this court
must vote
1390
01:13:26,651 --> 01:13:28,185
To desegregate.
1391
01:13:28,252 --> 01:13:31,688
I believe that this
is a moral issue,
1392
01:13:31,756 --> 01:13:34,091
One that goes
deep into the soul
1393
01:13:34,159 --> 01:13:35,692
Of our nation.
1394
01:13:37,329 --> 01:13:39,430
The more
I ponder this,
1395
01:13:39,497 --> 01:13:41,265
The more I believe
1396
01:13:41,333 --> 01:13:42,933
The separate
but equal idea
1397
01:13:43,001 --> 01:13:44,935
Is based
on the concept
1398
01:13:45,003 --> 01:13:47,104
That the colored
race is inferior
1399
01:13:47,172 --> 01:13:49,840
And that those
who sustain it
1400
01:13:49,907 --> 01:13:51,608
Must be willing
to acknowledge that.
1401
01:13:51,676 --> 01:13:53,377
Now...
1402
01:13:55,180 --> 01:13:56,447
I believe my vote
1403
01:13:56,514 --> 01:13:59,116
Will make
a majority of 5.
1404
01:13:59,184 --> 01:14:00,951
I will assign
the writing
1405
01:14:01,019 --> 01:14:03,120
Of the opinion
to myself.
1406
01:14:03,188 --> 01:14:05,622
I hope to write it
in a way
1407
01:14:05,690 --> 01:14:07,458
That will bring
others with me.
1408
01:14:07,525 --> 01:14:10,794
What do I have to do
to have you with me?
1409
01:14:14,532 --> 01:14:15,799
You're a man
1410
01:14:15,867 --> 01:14:18,635
From the hurly-burly
of public life, earl.
1411
01:14:18,703 --> 01:14:20,471
I'm a man from
the private world
1412
01:14:20,538 --> 01:14:21,805
Of the jurist.
1413
01:14:21,873 --> 01:14:24,808
We both know
what is right here,
1414
01:14:24,876 --> 01:14:28,645
But to you it seems...
Less complicated.
1415
01:14:28,713 --> 01:14:30,714
Neither history
nor legal precedent
1416
01:14:30,781 --> 01:14:32,316
Gives us reason,
1417
01:14:32,384 --> 01:14:34,818
But there are times
when the court
1418
01:14:34,886 --> 01:14:37,654
Must be free to interpret
the constitution
1419
01:14:37,722 --> 01:14:40,657
Based on the changes
in men's feeling
1420
01:14:40,725 --> 01:14:43,160
For what is
right and just.
1421
01:14:43,228 --> 01:14:46,263
The humanitarian goal
will have to do.
1422
01:14:46,331 --> 01:14:49,766
But if you force
a sharply divided decision,
1423
01:14:49,834 --> 01:14:52,436
You will have
accomplished no good.
1424
01:14:52,504 --> 01:14:54,804
You must work
to unite the court.
1425
01:14:54,872 --> 01:14:56,173
How, felix?
1426
01:14:56,241 --> 01:14:57,941
Jackson.
1427
01:14:58,009 --> 01:15:00,511
You must persuade him
to vote with us
1428
01:15:00,578 --> 01:15:02,846
And not to write
a separate opinion.
1429
01:15:02,914 --> 01:15:05,849
You must talk to him,
convince him,
1430
01:15:05,917 --> 01:15:08,185
And then,
if you're successful,
1431
01:15:08,253 --> 01:15:10,020
Clark, he should follow.
1432
01:15:10,088 --> 01:15:13,057
Stanley reed will be
the most difficult.
1433
01:15:15,260 --> 01:15:16,393
Can reed be turned?
1434
01:15:16,461 --> 01:15:19,896
Only by you.
But jackson first.
1435
01:15:26,587 --> 01:15:28,788
If you write
an opinion,
1436
01:15:28,856 --> 01:15:31,358
I will study it
with an open mind.
1437
01:15:31,426 --> 01:15:32,859
That's all I ask.
1438
01:15:32,927 --> 01:15:35,528
But an open mind
cannot change
1439
01:15:35,596 --> 01:15:37,197
My belief
that this matter
1440
01:15:37,265 --> 01:15:39,899
Rightfully belongs
to the congress.
1441
01:15:42,803 --> 01:15:46,539
Earl, you are
looking for a...
1442
01:15:46,607 --> 01:15:48,541
Congenial
political solution
1443
01:15:48,609 --> 01:15:49,709
To the problem.
1444
01:15:49,777 --> 01:15:51,711
I'm looking for a way
to do what I think
1445
01:15:51,779 --> 01:15:55,782
We both believe is
the right thing to do.
1446
01:15:57,418 --> 01:16:00,553
The only possible way,
in my view,
1447
01:16:00,621 --> 01:16:03,857
To write a decision
to end segregation
1448
01:16:03,924 --> 01:16:05,859
With intellectual
honesty
1449
01:16:05,926 --> 01:16:07,727
Is to argue
1450
01:16:07,795 --> 01:16:09,562
That the majestic
generalities
1451
01:16:09,630 --> 01:16:10,864
Of the constitution
1452
01:16:10,931 --> 01:16:14,368
Have a content
and a significance
1453
01:16:14,435 --> 01:16:18,872
That vary
from age to age.
1454
01:16:18,939 --> 01:16:19,806
Yes?
1455
01:16:21,442 --> 01:16:24,844
I don't like it,
but you can try it.
1456
01:16:26,780 --> 01:16:29,983
[train whistle blows]
1457
01:16:38,292 --> 01:16:39,760
I like this.
1458
01:16:42,129 --> 01:16:43,563
I've got control.
1459
01:16:43,631 --> 01:16:45,064
With the courts,
1460
01:16:45,132 --> 01:16:48,535
All I can do
is wait.
1461
01:16:54,475 --> 01:16:55,609
Buster...
1462
01:16:55,676 --> 01:16:58,111
The time I got
the job as a waiter
1463
01:16:58,178 --> 01:16:59,979
With the baltimore
& ohio...
1464
01:17:00,047 --> 01:17:03,049
Your daddy
got you that job.
1465
01:17:04,485 --> 01:17:06,553
They handed me
a uniform...
1466
01:17:08,489 --> 01:17:10,557
White coat,
1467
01:17:10,625 --> 01:17:13,059
Black pants that fit
real nice,
1468
01:17:13,127 --> 01:17:16,062
Except they stopped
just above the ankles
1469
01:17:16,130 --> 01:17:17,564
6 inches too short.
1470
01:17:17,632 --> 01:17:21,301
I went to the man
in charge, and I said,
1471
01:17:21,368 --> 01:17:24,571
"sir, I need to have
another pair of pants.
1472
01:17:24,639 --> 01:17:26,239
These are too short."
1473
01:17:29,009 --> 01:17:30,944
The man looked me over,
1474
01:17:31,011 --> 01:17:33,379
And you know
what he said?
1475
01:17:35,015 --> 01:17:38,452
He said, "don't you know
it's easier for me
1476
01:17:38,519 --> 01:17:40,454
"to get a shorter negro
1477
01:17:40,521 --> 01:17:44,758
Than it is to get
another uniform?"
1478
01:17:49,029 --> 01:17:51,832
It makes me angry.
1479
01:17:51,899 --> 01:17:54,601
That was
a long time ago.
1480
01:17:56,036 --> 01:17:59,172
Mm-mmm. I mean
about being sick.
1481
01:18:02,076 --> 01:18:04,644
Changes are coming--
1482
01:18:04,712 --> 01:18:08,815
Changes we never
dared dream about...
1483
01:18:08,883 --> 01:18:11,451
And I may not see them.
1484
01:18:24,198 --> 01:18:28,969
I want to see the things
we've worked for...
1485
01:18:29,036 --> 01:18:32,506
All the changes
that will come.
1486
01:18:34,809 --> 01:18:36,877
You'll see changes.
1487
01:18:36,944 --> 01:18:41,014
You will see
a different world.
1488
01:18:43,484 --> 01:18:44,985
And you know
something?
1489
01:18:46,621 --> 01:18:49,155
You'll know we made
a difference.
1490
01:19:16,850 --> 01:19:18,385
Douglas.
1491
01:19:20,188 --> 01:19:21,221
Black.
1492
01:19:23,191 --> 01:19:24,057
Minton.
1493
01:19:26,694 --> 01:19:27,561
Burton.
1494
01:19:30,698 --> 01:19:31,665
Warren.
1495
01:19:34,368 --> 01:19:35,402
Frankfurter.
1496
01:19:38,872 --> 01:19:39,806
Jackson,
1497
01:19:39,873 --> 01:19:41,974
Clark...
1498
01:19:42,042 --> 01:19:43,076
And reed.
1499
01:19:57,558 --> 01:19:59,992
Miss mchugh,
mr. Patterson--
1500
01:20:00,060 --> 01:20:01,428
Work to do.
1501
01:20:08,736 --> 01:20:12,505
Now, if you would...
Type this, please?
1502
01:20:12,573 --> 01:20:13,506
Yes, sir.
1503
01:20:13,574 --> 01:20:15,141
I will review it.
1504
01:20:15,209 --> 01:20:16,309
Then, mr. Patterson,
1505
01:20:16,377 --> 01:20:19,346
If you would take it
to the print shop
1506
01:20:19,413 --> 01:20:21,248
And order 9 copies,
1507
01:20:21,315 --> 01:20:23,015
Only 9.
1508
01:20:24,218 --> 01:20:25,084
Yes, sir.
1509
01:20:34,845 --> 01:20:37,213
May I guess
why you're here?
1510
01:20:43,988 --> 01:20:47,791
I will vote
to desegregate
1511
01:20:47,859 --> 01:20:50,694
If...If the opinion
1512
01:20:50,762 --> 01:20:52,863
Gives the southern
states time.
1513
01:20:52,930 --> 01:20:54,364
We're not dealing
just with law.
1514
01:20:54,432 --> 01:20:57,467
We are dealing with
a social revolution.
1515
01:20:57,535 --> 01:20:58,668
It needs time.
1516
01:20:58,736 --> 01:21:00,036
You read that, tom.
1517
01:21:00,104 --> 01:21:02,205
It may need
some refinement.
1518
01:21:02,273 --> 01:21:04,641
I'd like to accommodate
your view.
1519
01:21:46,834 --> 01:21:48,718
Stanley, I've written
this opinion
1520
01:21:48,786 --> 01:21:52,388
In a way which I hope
will unite the court.
1521
01:21:52,457 --> 01:21:55,759
There's a word that's
been on my mind of late--
1522
01:21:55,827 --> 01:21:58,394
Krytocracy.
1523
01:21:58,463 --> 01:22:03,867
K-r-y-t-o-c-r-a-c-y.
1524
01:22:03,935 --> 01:22:07,370
I checked it last night
in the oxford dictionary.
1525
01:22:07,438 --> 01:22:10,440
It says
"government by judges."
1526
01:22:10,508 --> 01:22:13,209
I do not want
to see this court
1527
01:22:13,277 --> 01:22:15,645
Travel outside
its authority.
1528
01:22:15,713 --> 01:22:19,883
It isn't a question of
what I would like to see,
1529
01:22:19,951 --> 01:22:23,353
But what the constitution
will permit me to see.
1530
01:22:24,789 --> 01:22:26,089
And, earl...
1531
01:22:26,156 --> 01:22:28,391
Understand this--
1532
01:22:28,459 --> 01:22:29,893
I do not believe
1533
01:22:29,961 --> 01:22:32,996
That negroes are
an inferior race.
1534
01:22:34,465 --> 01:22:36,399
Sir, it's
mr. Justice jackson.
1535
01:22:36,467 --> 01:22:37,567
Yes?
1536
01:22:37,635 --> 01:22:40,303
Sir, they just
took him to walter reed.
1537
01:22:40,371 --> 01:22:41,838
A heart attack, sir.
1538
01:23:04,879 --> 01:23:08,648
P.A.: Major mccarthy,
please come to station 23.
1539
01:23:08,715 --> 01:23:11,151
Mr. Justice jackson?
1540
01:23:11,218 --> 01:23:13,253
I'm earl warren.
1541
01:23:13,320 --> 01:23:14,754
Nurse:
Sir, he's resting.
1542
01:23:14,822 --> 01:23:16,823
Mr. Prittyman
is handling his calls.
1543
01:23:16,891 --> 01:23:18,157
Oh, hello, barrett.
1544
01:23:18,225 --> 01:23:19,492
Hello,
mr. Chief justice.
1545
01:23:19,560 --> 01:23:20,993
They say
he'll make it.
1546
01:23:21,061 --> 01:23:22,995
I talked to him
this morning.
1547
01:23:23,063 --> 01:23:24,330
I think he'll be ok.
1548
01:23:24,398 --> 01:23:26,332
Good, good.
1549
01:23:26,400 --> 01:23:28,034
Barrett, uh...
1550
01:23:29,169 --> 01:23:32,605
As soon as you think
he's up to it,
1551
01:23:32,673 --> 01:23:35,107
Ask him to read this.
1552
01:23:35,175 --> 01:23:36,275
It's important.
1553
01:23:36,343 --> 01:23:37,944
I know, sir.
1554
01:24:05,122 --> 01:24:08,391
A little bout
with one's mortality
1555
01:24:08,459 --> 01:24:12,128
Has a way
of focusing the mind.
1556
01:24:14,882 --> 01:24:17,817
Since the end
of the civil war,
1557
01:24:17,885 --> 01:24:20,653
The United States
1558
01:24:20,721 --> 01:24:25,491
Has been hesitating
between 2 worlds--
1559
01:24:25,559 --> 01:24:26,759
One dead,
1560
01:24:26,827 --> 01:24:30,629
The other powerless
to be born.
1561
01:24:34,235 --> 01:24:36,502
What you have written
1562
01:24:36,570 --> 01:24:39,172
Is quite remarkable.
1563
01:24:39,240 --> 01:24:43,843
In very...Plain
and understandable words,
1564
01:24:43,911 --> 01:24:46,746
It tells the nation
what must be done
1565
01:24:46,813 --> 01:24:48,781
And why.
1566
01:24:50,751 --> 01:24:52,485
I'm with you, earl.
1567
01:25:14,958 --> 01:25:17,827
You're all by yourself
now, stanley.
1568
01:25:23,634 --> 01:25:25,067
The fact remains--
1569
01:25:25,135 --> 01:25:27,804
This court has been
given no evidence
1570
01:25:27,871 --> 01:25:30,139
That the nation knew
a century ago
1571
01:25:30,207 --> 01:25:32,074
That it was outlawing--
1572
01:25:32,142 --> 01:25:35,077
Stanley, we have 8 votes
to desegregate.
1573
01:25:39,317 --> 01:25:42,185
Each of us is concerned
about history.
1574
01:25:43,821 --> 01:25:47,256
Each of us is reluctant
to overrule precedents.
1575
01:25:49,527 --> 01:25:51,328
But we are convinced
1576
01:25:51,395 --> 01:25:53,996
That the law
in this day and age
1577
01:25:54,064 --> 01:25:57,334
Cannot set negro
schoolchildren apart,
1578
01:25:57,401 --> 01:26:00,437
Not in the United States
of america.
1579
01:26:02,673 --> 01:26:05,608
This country has been
making consistent progress
1580
01:26:05,676 --> 01:26:07,109
In race relations.
1581
01:26:09,012 --> 01:26:13,783
This decision could
impede that progress...
1582
01:26:13,851 --> 01:26:15,585
Halt the March.
1583
01:26:17,521 --> 01:26:19,956
A piece of paper
cannot eradicate
1584
01:26:20,023 --> 01:26:21,758
The fears and prides
1585
01:26:21,826 --> 01:26:24,126
And prejudices
of the people.
1586
01:26:26,196 --> 01:26:28,531
Earl...If this court
1587
01:26:28,599 --> 01:26:31,300
Tries to force
the southern states
1588
01:26:31,369 --> 01:26:33,302
To change overnight,
1589
01:26:33,371 --> 01:26:35,638
There will be resistance,
1590
01:26:35,706 --> 01:26:39,308
Litigation, disobedience,
1591
01:26:39,377 --> 01:26:42,144
And years of conflict.
1592
01:26:44,214 --> 01:26:45,615
Believe me.
1593
01:26:47,217 --> 01:26:49,318
Stanley,
I'm a politician.
1594
01:26:49,387 --> 01:26:50,987
I've worked
for the people
1595
01:26:51,054 --> 01:26:53,055
For over
30 years now.
1596
01:26:53,123 --> 01:26:55,324
I've seen them
in police stations,
1597
01:26:55,393 --> 01:26:58,261
Hospitals,
unemployment lines.
1598
01:26:59,630 --> 01:27:01,498
I'm convinced
that the people
1599
01:27:01,565 --> 01:27:03,332
Will accept a ruling
1600
01:27:03,401 --> 01:27:06,736
That fortifies their
inner conscience.
1601
01:27:06,804 --> 01:27:09,773
Let the backbone
come from the court,
1602
01:27:09,840 --> 01:27:12,074
And it'll strengthen
the moral backbone
1603
01:27:12,142 --> 01:27:16,345
Of the people who
live in conflict.
1604
01:27:16,414 --> 01:27:17,914
Stanley, a fully
united court
1605
01:27:17,981 --> 01:27:20,116
Will send a signal
to this nation.
1606
01:27:23,754 --> 01:27:26,689
I pray that you'll
see your way clear
1607
01:27:26,757 --> 01:27:28,190
To join
the majority.
1608
01:28:08,966 --> 01:28:11,067
[telephone rings]
1609
01:28:13,137 --> 01:28:14,170
Hello.
1610
01:28:18,142 --> 01:28:20,576
I'll be on
the midnight train.
1611
01:28:22,146 --> 01:28:24,080
[horn blows]
1612
01:28:32,206 --> 01:28:36,041
P.A.: Get ready for passengers
on track 22.
1613
01:28:37,911 --> 01:28:42,582
Silver mid-year service
from miami beach, florida...
1614
01:28:50,674 --> 01:28:52,108
Find another cab,
boy.
1615
01:28:52,176 --> 01:28:54,344
We're going
to the supreme court.
1616
01:28:54,411 --> 01:28:55,611
Come on, bob.
Come on.
1617
01:28:55,679 --> 01:28:57,680
I think you'll
want to be in court
1618
01:28:57,748 --> 01:28:59,282
This morning, boys.
1619
01:29:10,694 --> 01:29:12,461
9 copies, sir...
1620
01:29:12,529 --> 01:29:13,963
For the brethren.
1621
01:29:37,237 --> 01:29:38,304
Welcome back.
1622
01:29:43,210 --> 01:29:44,143
Welcome back.
1623
01:29:44,211 --> 01:29:46,579
It's good
to have you back.
1624
01:29:47,881 --> 01:29:48,814
Bailiff: All rise.
1625
01:29:48,882 --> 01:29:50,316
The honorable
the chief justice
1626
01:29:50,384 --> 01:29:51,817
And the associate
justices
1627
01:29:51,885 --> 01:29:54,053
Of the supreme court
of the United States.
1628
01:29:54,120 --> 01:29:55,688
Oyez, oyez, oyez.
1629
01:29:55,755 --> 01:29:57,056
All persons
having business
1630
01:29:57,123 --> 01:29:58,724
Before the honorable
the supreme court
1631
01:29:58,792 --> 01:29:59,892
Of the United States
1632
01:29:59,959 --> 01:30:01,894
Are invited to draw near
and give their attention,
1633
01:30:01,961 --> 01:30:03,496
For the court
is now sitting.
1634
01:30:03,697 --> 01:30:05,682
Warren:
These cases come to us
1635
01:30:05,749 --> 01:30:07,850
From the states
of kansas,
1636
01:30:07,918 --> 01:30:09,351
South carolina,
1637
01:30:09,419 --> 01:30:10,352
Virginia,
1638
01:30:10,420 --> 01:30:11,688
And delaware.
1639
01:30:11,755 --> 01:30:14,757
They are premised
on different facts
1640
01:30:14,825 --> 01:30:17,359
And different
local conditions,
1641
01:30:17,427 --> 01:30:19,696
But a common
legal question
1642
01:30:19,763 --> 01:30:22,932
Justifies their
consideration together.
1643
01:30:25,435 --> 01:30:27,403
In approaching
this question,
1644
01:30:27,605 --> 01:30:32,375
We cannot turn
the clock back to 1868,
1645
01:30:32,443 --> 01:30:35,711
When the 14th amendment
was adopted,
1646
01:30:35,779 --> 01:30:38,547
Or even to 1896,
1647
01:30:38,615 --> 01:30:41,884
When plessy vs. Ferguson
was written.
1648
01:30:43,454 --> 01:30:45,788
We must consider
public education
1649
01:30:45,856 --> 01:30:48,891
In the light
of its present place
1650
01:30:48,959 --> 01:30:51,560
In american life.
1651
01:30:51,628 --> 01:30:54,563
Only in this way
can it be determined
1652
01:30:54,999 --> 01:30:58,067
If segregation
in public schools
1653
01:30:58,135 --> 01:31:01,070
Deprives
these young plaintiffs
1654
01:31:01,138 --> 01:31:04,774
Of the equal protection
of the laws.
1655
01:31:04,842 --> 01:31:06,909
In these days,
1656
01:31:06,977 --> 01:31:09,411
It is doubtful
that any child
1657
01:31:09,479 --> 01:31:13,582
May reasonably be expected
to succeed in life
1658
01:31:13,651 --> 01:31:16,085
If he is denied
the opportunity
1659
01:31:16,153 --> 01:31:17,854
Of an education.
1660
01:31:17,921 --> 01:31:19,656
Such an opportunity,
1661
01:31:19,723 --> 01:31:22,925
Where the state has
undertaken to provide it,
1662
01:31:22,993 --> 01:31:25,795
Is a right which must
be made available
1663
01:31:25,863 --> 01:31:29,598
To all on equal terms.
1664
01:31:29,667 --> 01:31:33,302
We come, then,
to the question presented--
1665
01:31:33,370 --> 01:31:37,273
Does segregation of children
in public schools
1666
01:31:37,340 --> 01:31:40,442
Solely on the basis
of race,
1667
01:31:40,510 --> 01:31:42,444
Even though
the physical facilities
1668
01:31:42,512 --> 01:31:44,113
May be equal,
1669
01:31:44,181 --> 01:31:47,950
Deprive the children
of the minority group
1670
01:31:48,018 --> 01:31:52,454
Of equal education
opportunities?
1671
01:31:52,522 --> 01:31:54,423
We believe...
1672
01:31:56,960 --> 01:31:58,227
Unanimously
1673
01:31:58,295 --> 01:31:59,628
That it does.
1674
01:32:01,198 --> 01:32:03,499
We conclude
1675
01:32:03,567 --> 01:32:06,535
That in the field
of public education,
1676
01:32:06,603 --> 01:32:10,139
The doctrine
of separate but equal
1677
01:32:10,207 --> 01:32:11,974
Has no place.
1678
01:32:12,042 --> 01:32:15,311
Separate educational
facilities
1679
01:32:15,379 --> 01:32:18,013
Are inherently unequal.
1680
01:32:18,082 --> 01:32:20,983
Therefore, we hold
that the plaintiffs
1681
01:32:21,051 --> 01:32:23,652
And others
similarly situated
1682
01:32:23,720 --> 01:32:26,655
For whom the actions
have been brought
1683
01:32:26,723 --> 01:32:30,993
Are, by reason of the
segregation complained of,
1684
01:32:31,061 --> 01:32:35,164
Deprived of the equal
protection of the laws
1685
01:32:35,232 --> 01:32:38,667
Guaranteed
by the 14th amendment.
1686
01:32:40,070 --> 01:32:41,504
It is so ordered.
1687
01:32:41,572 --> 01:32:42,738
[pounds gavel]
1688
01:33:14,954 --> 01:33:16,855
[all talking at once]
1689
01:33:24,264 --> 01:33:25,631
Please, mr. Marshall--
1690
01:33:33,507 --> 01:33:35,207
Buster, it's me.
1691
01:33:38,178 --> 01:33:39,711
We did it.
1692
01:33:40,947 --> 01:33:42,148
Unanimous.
1693
01:33:44,284 --> 01:33:45,317
Buster...
1694
01:33:46,953 --> 01:33:48,587
I love you.
1695
01:33:48,655 --> 01:33:51,723
Radio: A bulletin
from washington.
1696
01:33:51,791 --> 01:33:53,225
At 1:10 p.M.,
1697
01:33:53,293 --> 01:33:55,227
The United States
supreme court
1698
01:33:55,295 --> 01:33:56,728
Chief justice
earl warren
1699
01:33:56,796 --> 01:33:58,230
Announced
the unanimous decision
1700
01:33:58,298 --> 01:34:01,233
To outlaw segregation
of negroes in public schools.
1701
01:34:01,301 --> 01:34:04,403
The court said
separating negro children
1702
01:34:04,471 --> 01:34:07,573
Violates rights guaranteed
to american citizens
1703
01:34:07,640 --> 01:34:09,175
By the 14th amendment.
1704
01:34:41,408 --> 01:34:42,508
Father?
1705
01:34:42,576 --> 01:34:43,775
Morning, julia.
1706
01:34:50,851 --> 01:34:53,285
The decision...
1707
01:34:53,353 --> 01:34:55,788
For the plaintiffs.
1708
01:34:55,856 --> 01:34:57,723
It was unanimous.
1709
01:35:00,861 --> 01:35:03,295
In the words
of the general--
1710
01:35:03,363 --> 01:35:04,964
"we have met
the enemy,
1711
01:35:05,031 --> 01:35:06,465
And we are theirs."
1712
01:35:06,533 --> 01:35:09,201
I'm sorry, father.
1713
01:35:09,268 --> 01:35:11,203
Someday I'm going
to learn to accept
1714
01:35:11,270 --> 01:35:13,539
Good advice
when it's offered.
1715
01:35:18,578 --> 01:35:21,146
There's troubled
times ahead.
1716
01:35:22,682 --> 01:35:24,717
Looking at it
philosophically,
1717
01:35:24,784 --> 01:35:25,918
Unanimous decision
1718
01:35:25,986 --> 01:35:28,487
Is the best thing
for the country.
1719
01:35:30,289 --> 01:35:33,458
Great!
Yeah!
1720
01:35:34,694 --> 01:35:36,395
Congratulations.
1721
01:36:34,304 --> 01:36:37,122
Captioning made possible by
artisan entertainment
1722
01:36:37,190 --> 01:36:40,058
Captioned by the national
captioning institute
--www.Ncicap.Org--
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