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I hope the United States
will keep out of this war.
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I believe that it will.
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00:00:19,186 --> 00:00:22,523
And I give you assurance and reassurance
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that every effort of your government
will be directed toward that end.
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As long as it remains
within my power to prevent,
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there will be no blackout of peace
in the United States.
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After World War I
there was a surge of isolationism,
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a feeling we had no reason
to become involved in World War I
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and we'd made a mistake
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and there were a lot of debts owed
by European countries,
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and the country went isolationist.
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I haven't the slightest idea
of European affairs.
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- Let Europe fight their own battles.
- War? Not for me.
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This time America should keep out-
and I know I will.
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If war breaks out in Europe,
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this country should heed the advice
of its first president
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and avoid all foreign entanglement.
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In early 1940, Britain's
ambassador in Washington reported
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that nine out of ten Americans
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were determined
to keep America out of the war.
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A few, like the American Nazi Party,
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even wanted America
to aid Britain's enemies.
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The country
was enormously divided.
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There was the America First movement,
which was advocating isolationism;
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on the other hand there was
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the Committee to Defend America
by Aiding the Allies.
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We had these curious voices
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such as Charles Lindbergh's,
the voices of isolationism.
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In the past, we have dealt with a Europe
dominated by England and France.
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In the future, we may have to deal
with a Europe dominated by Germany.
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Charles Lindbergh,
thanks to his extraordinary exploit,
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was a very popular figure -
he was almost a folk hero.
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So he would have influence.
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I suppose that celebrities
of all characters have influence,
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otherwise they wouldn't be
endorsing products all the time.
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..but it should not involve
the internal affairs of Europe.
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They never were, and never will be,
carried on according to our desires.
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There was a strong
anti-British antipathy
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in certain parts of the country.
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It was felt that Britain
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was trying very hard
to drag us into its war.
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00:04:08,374 --> 00:04:12,253
1940 was presidential
election year in the United States
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and Roosevelt's main concern that summer
was to get himself re-elected.
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Ladies and gentlemen,
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the 22nd convention of the
Republican Party will now come to order.
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Even as we meet,
lights are going out in Europe.
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Blackouts of dictators
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take the place
of lighthouses of free men.
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Ours is the grave responsibility
to preserve the lighthouses of liberty.
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In the name...
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of the people...
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of the whole United States...
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I place in nomination...
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that valiant American...
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt!
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After France's fall,
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most Americans were disposed
to aid Britain in some way,
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00:05:15,274 --> 00:05:19,611
but still more were strongly opposed
to entering the war on Britain's side.
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00:05:19,695 --> 00:05:22,239
..third-term candidate
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00:05:22,323 --> 00:05:25,492
has not kept faith
with the American people.
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00:05:25,576 --> 00:05:29,121
Roosevelt's opponent
in the election that autumn
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was an out-and-out anti-war candidate,
Wendell Willkie.
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00:05:34,501 --> 00:05:39,548
If his promise
to keep our boys out of foreign wars
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is no better than his promise
to balance the budget,
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00:05:43,927 --> 00:05:48,265
they're already
almost on the transports.
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00:05:51,101 --> 00:05:54,438
But with the Nazis
triumphant everywhere,
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Roosevelt couldn't afford
to wait to be re-elected
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before putting America
on some sort of war footing.
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00:06:01,153 --> 00:06:05,574
The Congress
has debated without partisanship
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00:06:05,657 --> 00:06:08,202
and has now enacted a law
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00:06:08,285 --> 00:06:13,999
establishing a selective method
of augmenting our armed forces.
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We must, and we will,
marshal our great potential strength
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00:06:20,381 --> 00:06:24,510
to fend off war from our shores.
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00:06:26,804 --> 00:06:30,057
More than 16 million
young Americans
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are reviving the 300-year-old
American custom of the muster,
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by which,
from the earliest colonial times,
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every able-bodied citizen
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was subject to the call for service
in the national defence.
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The first number
drawn by the secretary of war
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is serial number 158.
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00:07:12,057 --> 00:07:14,977
I am honoured
to be one of those first called
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and I'll try very hard
to make a real good soldier.
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00:07:18,856 --> 00:07:20,899
And I'm proud of you.
84
00:07:20,983 --> 00:07:24,570
If you elect me
president of the United States,
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I shall never send an American boy
to fight in any European war.
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I consider it a public duty
to answer falsifications with facts.
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I will not pretend
that I find this an unpleasant duty.
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I am an old campaigner
and I love a good fight.
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Roosevelt got his good fight,
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00:08:03,025 --> 00:08:06,570
though to stay in the race
he had promised, like his opponent,
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not to send American boys
to fight in foreign wars.
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- Name, please?
- Franklin D Roosevelt.
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November 5, 1940,
was election day,
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00:08:19,124 --> 00:08:21,168
and by midnight America's choice
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00:08:21,251 --> 00:08:23,879
of president for another four years
was clear.
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00:08:23,962 --> 00:08:28,008
The results are now conclusive -
Roosevelt wins.
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Now Roosevelt
felt he had a mandate
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to give Britain all aid short of war.
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But he could only move slowly,
for America was still deeply divided.
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00:08:55,035 --> 00:08:59,039
Many of the war measures,
such as steps to give aid to Britain
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00:08:59,122 --> 00:09:03,502
at the time when England
was standing alone and was beleaguered,
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00:09:03,585 --> 00:09:06,129
just squeaked by in Congress.
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00:09:06,213 --> 00:09:12,302
Even a programme of armament,
of military preparedness,
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00:09:12,386 --> 00:09:16,223
got through Congress
on very, very close votes,
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00:09:16,306 --> 00:09:21,562
one-vote margins
in a total of 400 votes.
106
00:09:21,687 --> 00:09:25,023
Then the extraordinary
legislation, Lend-Lease,
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was proposed in December of 1940
and became law in March of '41,
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00:09:31,321 --> 00:09:32,864
and under that the president
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did everything he possibly could
to give aid to Britain.
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00:09:36,285 --> 00:09:40,956
My instructions
when I went over to represent him
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were very simple, very brief.
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They were to contact
the British government
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00:09:47,921 --> 00:09:54,219
to find out what we could do
to help Britain - short of war.
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00:09:54,303 --> 00:09:56,805
And we began at once
doing all sorts of things
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00:09:56,888 --> 00:10:01,310
which were not really neutral
under the literal interpretation -
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00:10:01,393 --> 00:10:05,856
for instance, we were preparing
British naval vessels in American ports
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00:10:05,939 --> 00:10:10,986
and we escorted convoys
across the Atlantic as far as Iceland,
118
00:10:11,069 --> 00:10:14,531
and we transferred
two million tons of ships.
119
00:10:16,742 --> 00:10:20,370
The immediate problem was to get people
to understand what it was.
120
00:10:20,454 --> 00:10:25,167
In this, I think Mr Roosevelt's
very simple analogy
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00:10:25,250 --> 00:10:29,546
of lending your neighbour a fire hose
when there's a fire
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was a most persuasive
simple illustration.
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The people of Europe
who are defending themselves
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do not ask us to do their fighting.
125
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They ask us for the implements of war -
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00:10:45,604 --> 00:10:49,858
the planes, the tanks,
the guns, the freighters -
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00:10:49,941 --> 00:10:55,947
which will enable them to fight
for their liberty and our security.
128
00:10:56,031 --> 00:11:00,786
We must be
the great arsenal of democracy.
129
00:11:00,869 --> 00:11:07,125
For us, this is an emergency
as serious as war itself.
130
00:11:07,209 --> 00:11:13,507
In those days, the business community
regarded Roosevelt
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as, at a minimum,
a major deputy of the devil,
132
00:11:19,846 --> 00:11:24,267
and Roosevelt was deeply suspicious
of the businessmen,
133
00:11:24,351 --> 00:11:30,732
so that the people who were associated
with the mobilising of the war
134
00:11:30,816 --> 00:11:33,193
had a divided interest.
135
00:11:33,276 --> 00:11:36,947
Some of them felt that their
main purpose in being in Washington
136
00:11:37,030 --> 00:11:41,743
was to put a curb on the
socialist excesses of the New Deal.
137
00:11:41,827 --> 00:11:44,204
Some of them
were uneasy about being there -
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00:11:44,287 --> 00:11:51,211
they had the feeling of people who were
playing in an orchestra in a brothel.
139
00:11:51,294 --> 00:11:58,260
And there was
also a great unwillingness...
140
00:11:58,343 --> 00:12:02,389
We hear now
about the military-industrial complex -
141
00:12:02,472 --> 00:12:05,642
in those days
there was a great unwillingness
142
00:12:05,726 --> 00:12:08,228
to convert from civilian industry.
143
00:12:08,311 --> 00:12:13,608
There was a feeling that war production
would be a very unprofitable business,
144
00:12:13,734 --> 00:12:18,697
it would lose markets for automobiles,
for tyres, for chemicals, and so forth.
145
00:12:21,491 --> 00:12:24,911
There was a problem
with some of the unions
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up until June of 1941.
147
00:12:28,290 --> 00:12:30,834
Until Russia was in the war,
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00:12:30,917 --> 00:12:34,129
and in the days of the
Molotov-Ribbentrop pact,
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00:12:34,212 --> 00:12:38,091
there was foot-dragging on the part
of some of the union leaders.
150
00:12:38,175 --> 00:12:40,260
And there were strikes.
151
00:12:40,343 --> 00:12:42,387
Four times as many workers
152
00:12:42,471 --> 00:12:44,931
were on strike in 1941
as in the year before.
153
00:12:45,015 --> 00:12:49,936
That spring, nearly half a million
coal miners struck for almost a month,
154
00:12:50,020 --> 00:12:53,857
while on the west coast a walk-out
that summer at North American Aviation
155
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delayed deliveries of planes to Britain
for several weeks.
156
00:12:58,403 --> 00:13:02,407
It took troops
to get production moving again.
157
00:13:13,293 --> 00:13:17,547
But although Roosevelt was still
reluctant to lead America into war,
158
00:13:17,631 --> 00:13:20,759
the war was now
catching up with America.
159
00:13:20,842 --> 00:13:28,058
June 11th, 1941: an American freighter,
the Robin Moor, was sunk by a U-boat.
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00:13:28,141 --> 00:13:31,353
Roosevelt used this as a pretext
for occupying Iceland
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and relieving
the British garrisons there.
162
00:13:34,648 --> 00:13:40,153
September 4th: a US destroyer, Greer,
was attacked by a U-boat near Iceland.
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00:13:40,237 --> 00:13:44,282
Roosevelt now told his navy
to shoot on sight.
164
00:13:44,366 --> 00:13:49,454
October 16th: the US destroyer Kearney
was struck by a German torpedo
165
00:13:49,579 --> 00:13:53,917
while escorting a convoy in mid-Atlantic
and 11 of her crew were killed.
166
00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:55,544
Roosevelt used this incident
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00:13:55,669 --> 00:13:58,880
to push through Congress
the repeal of the Neutrality Act.
168
00:13:58,964 --> 00:14:03,134
We have wished to avoid shooting.
169
00:14:03,218 --> 00:14:07,180
But the shooting has started.
170
00:14:07,264 --> 00:14:14,896
And history has recorded
who fired the first shot.
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00:14:14,980 --> 00:14:17,858
In the long run, however,
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00:14:17,941 --> 00:14:24,447
all that will matter
is who fired the last shot.
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00:14:26,283 --> 00:14:33,498
The repeal of our Neutrality Act will be
the last step on the road to war.
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00:14:33,582 --> 00:14:38,128
If we load our ships
with contraband of war
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and send them into combat zones,
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they will most certainly be sunk.
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00:14:44,759 --> 00:14:50,640
And that means war - a war
which in the opinion of many of us,
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00:14:50,724 --> 00:14:54,436
although designed
to save democracy abroad,
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00:14:54,519 --> 00:14:59,900
will surely destroy it at home
right here in America.
180
00:15:00,609 --> 00:15:05,113
On October 30
the US destroyer Reuben James was sunk
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with the loss of 115 lives.
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00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:11,036
Officers and all hands forward perished.
183
00:15:11,119 --> 00:15:15,040
Myself and 45 men
are all that are alive.
184
00:15:15,165 --> 00:15:17,709
Despite pressure from Churchill,
185
00:15:17,792 --> 00:15:21,296
who dearly wanted America in the war,
Roosevelt now did nothing.
186
00:15:21,379 --> 00:15:25,675
It was clear it would take much more
than the drowning of 100 or so US seamen
187
00:15:25,759 --> 00:15:27,594
to bring America into the war.
188
00:15:27,677 --> 00:15:31,806
There was even a sentiment-
I remember this being expressed -
189
00:15:31,890 --> 00:15:36,519
to the effect that England
would fight to the last American.
190
00:15:36,603 --> 00:15:41,399
There were steps that were developing -
gradual steps, to be sure -
191
00:15:41,483 --> 00:15:45,695
somewhat comparable to the steps
that took place in World War I.
192
00:15:45,779 --> 00:15:49,991
One incident after another - the
torpedoing of the Sussex got us excited,
193
00:15:50,075 --> 00:15:52,619
then there was the Lusitania episode...
194
00:15:52,702 --> 00:15:57,332
In the same way, I think that with the
moves that Mr Roosevelt was making,
195
00:15:57,415 --> 00:16:01,336
the cash-and-carry programme
that he had,
196
00:16:01,419 --> 00:16:06,257
the protection of the convoys,
the destroyer deal...
197
00:16:06,341 --> 00:16:10,929
One thing and another was occurring
that would be apt to produce, I think,
198
00:16:11,012 --> 00:16:13,890
an incident that would set the war off.
199
00:16:14,474 --> 00:16:16,476
That incident was massive
200
00:16:16,559 --> 00:16:19,896
and it came in an unexpected place:
Pearl Harbour.
201
00:16:19,980 --> 00:16:22,107
All army and navy bases
202
00:16:22,190 --> 00:16:26,111
on the island of Oahu in Hawaii
are now under air attack.
203
00:16:26,194 --> 00:16:29,823
For the latest news,
keep tuned to this station.
204
00:16:29,906 --> 00:16:32,701
My superior, who was in charge
205
00:16:32,784 --> 00:16:35,912
of all civilian operations
of the war, was away,
206
00:16:35,996 --> 00:16:40,792
so I was then sent on to the
great meeting of the wartime leaders
207
00:16:40,875 --> 00:16:44,921
that convened in Washington
on the night of Pearl Harbour.
208
00:16:45,005 --> 00:16:50,427
I remember my sense of mission
in going to that meeting.
209
00:16:50,510 --> 00:16:52,846
We had all seen the war coming.
210
00:16:52,929 --> 00:16:55,015
Here was the day and here was the hour,
211
00:16:55,098 --> 00:16:59,644
and here was I, attending the meeting
with the other great men.
212
00:16:59,728 --> 00:17:04,858
We got to the meeting and the
other "great men" - myself included -
213
00:17:04,941 --> 00:17:06,860
were one hell of a disappointment,
214
00:17:06,943 --> 00:17:09,779
because nobody could think
of anything to say or do.
215
00:17:09,863 --> 00:17:11,448
It seemed a good idea to see
216
00:17:11,531 --> 00:17:15,702
what materials were threatened
by the Japanese advance.
217
00:17:15,785 --> 00:17:18,830
Everybody was coming in
during the course of this,
218
00:17:18,913 --> 00:17:23,460
some in sportjackets,
some in tennis shoes,
219
00:17:23,543 --> 00:17:29,424
and it became terribly evident
that nobody had any real information
220
00:17:29,549 --> 00:17:32,969
as to where
these strategic commodities came from.
221
00:17:33,053 --> 00:17:37,682
And eventually the whole discussion
bogged down, I remember,
222
00:17:37,766 --> 00:17:39,934
on the question of kapok.
223
00:17:40,018 --> 00:17:46,691
Kapok, everybody thought... It was
clearly listed as a strategic material,
224
00:17:46,816 --> 00:17:49,694
it evidently came
from that part of the world,
225
00:17:49,819 --> 00:17:53,865
and nobody could think, for God's sake,
what the stuff was used for.
226
00:18:02,582 --> 00:18:07,587
I ask that the Congress declare
227
00:18:07,670 --> 00:18:15,637
that since the unprovoked
and dastardly attack by Japan
228
00:18:15,720 --> 00:18:21,768
on Sunday December 7, 1941,
229
00:18:21,851 --> 00:18:27,398
a state of war has existed
230
00:18:27,524 --> 00:18:32,529
between the United States
and the Japanese empire.
231
00:18:35,448 --> 00:18:41,079
Even now Roosevelt didn't
ask that the US declare war on Germany -
232
00:18:41,162 --> 00:18:45,416
although Britain had already allied
herself with the US against Japan.
233
00:18:45,500 --> 00:18:48,503
But Hitler decided for him.
234
00:18:49,587 --> 00:18:54,425
For some unexplained reason, Hitler
declared war on the United States,
235
00:18:54,509 --> 00:18:57,846
which relieved Roosevelt
of all of his difficulties.
236
00:18:57,929 --> 00:19:02,517
I was practising law in Chicago -
that is, at the time of Pearl Harbour -
237
00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:06,563
and I can tell you that if Hitler
had not made this decision,
238
00:19:06,646 --> 00:19:09,566
if he had simply done nothing,
239
00:19:09,649 --> 00:19:13,319
that there would have been
enormous sentiment
240
00:19:13,403 --> 00:19:19,200
in many parts of the United States
that the Pacific war now was our war,
241
00:19:19,284 --> 00:19:22,745
that the European war
was for the Europeans
242
00:19:22,829 --> 00:19:26,416
and we should concentrate
all our efforts against the Japanese.
243
00:19:36,551 --> 00:19:39,470
♪ Oh, give me land, lots of land
244
00:19:39,554 --> 00:19:42,515
♪ Under starry skies above
245
00:19:42,599 --> 00:19:45,268
♪ Don't fence me in
246
00:19:45,351 --> 00:19:50,231
♪ Let me ride through
the wide open country that I love
247
00:19:50,315 --> 00:19:52,233
♪ Don't fence me in
248
00:19:52,317 --> 00:19:55,612
People sold their homes
at a fraction of their value,
249
00:19:55,695 --> 00:19:59,741
they were certain the west coast would
be under attack, that we'd be bombed.
250
00:19:59,824 --> 00:20:02,577
There were even blackouts
along the west coast,
251
00:20:02,660 --> 00:20:04,704
as there were along the east coast.
252
00:20:04,787 --> 00:20:07,999
And there were even
some false alerts here.
253
00:20:29,145 --> 00:20:34,108
Not everybody
took these precautions seriously.
254
00:20:47,622 --> 00:20:50,500
To European eyes, America's going to war
255
00:20:50,583 --> 00:20:54,796
had moments both ludicrous and familiar.
256
00:21:32,333 --> 00:21:34,752
♪ The men will cheer
and the boys will shout
257
00:21:34,877 --> 00:21:36,838
♪ The ladies they will all turn out
258
00:21:36,921 --> 00:21:39,048
♪ And we'll all feel gay
259
00:21:39,132 --> 00:21:43,011
♪ When Johnny comes marching home
260
00:21:43,094 --> 00:21:46,764
Living among us
are those we call aliens.
261
00:21:47,515 --> 00:21:53,187
We must remember
that our parents or our grandparents
262
00:21:53,271 --> 00:21:55,815
or our great-grandparents
263
00:21:55,898 --> 00:21:59,902
all were aliens in their day.
264
00:21:59,986 --> 00:22:06,534
If you believe you have knowledge
of any improper activity of any alien
265
00:22:06,617 --> 00:22:11,205
you should report the fact
to the nearest FBI office.
266
00:22:11,289 --> 00:22:14,917
Don't try to be the law yourself.
267
00:22:18,421 --> 00:22:20,131
There was a tremendous change -
268
00:22:20,214 --> 00:22:22,967
the change being
that we were the same individuals
269
00:22:23,051 --> 00:22:24,886
as prior to December 7;
270
00:22:24,969 --> 00:22:29,599
on December 8, when we went to school,
many of our classmates and friends
271
00:22:29,682 --> 00:22:33,895
called us "dirty Japs",
teased us, harassed us,
272
00:22:33,978 --> 00:22:37,482
and our so-called friends
were no longer friends.
273
00:22:37,565 --> 00:22:41,486
In the First World War, as you know,
the Germans were hated thoroughly
274
00:22:41,569 --> 00:22:44,030
and there was a great deal
of discrimination
275
00:22:44,155 --> 00:22:45,865
and harassment of the Germans.
276
00:22:45,948 --> 00:22:50,036
In the Second World War, we were at war
with three different nationalities,
277
00:22:50,119 --> 00:22:52,580
the Italians, the Germans
and the Japanese.
278
00:22:52,663 --> 00:22:55,083
And I remember that Thomas Mann
279
00:22:55,166 --> 00:22:58,378
and Bruno Walter
spoke up for the Germans
280
00:22:58,461 --> 00:23:02,715
and said they couldn't be removed
because that would be the last despair,
281
00:23:02,799 --> 00:23:07,011
having fled Nazi Germany, to be
again put into a concentration camp.
282
00:23:07,095 --> 00:23:10,139
And Joe DiMaggio's mother spoke up,
283
00:23:10,223 --> 00:23:13,893
and that was very moving,
in San Francisco.
284
00:23:13,976 --> 00:23:16,521
But the Japanese had really nobody.
285
00:23:22,110 --> 00:23:24,112
I think picking on the Japanese
286
00:23:24,195 --> 00:23:30,034
was partly a logistically rational thing
that the army could handle -
287
00:23:30,118 --> 00:23:36,499
they said, we can't handle the Germans,
but we can handle the Japanese.
288
00:23:36,582 --> 00:23:40,461
After all, they couldn't have moved
all the Germans and Italians -
289
00:23:40,545 --> 00:23:42,130
they would have had to move
290
00:23:42,255 --> 00:23:46,092
half the people out of New York.
It would've been ridiculous.
291
00:23:49,470 --> 00:23:51,931
These people
had always been unpopular
292
00:23:52,014 --> 00:23:57,353
because they competed with the American
farmers in truck gardening and so on,
293
00:23:57,478 --> 00:23:58,980
and worked very much harder
294
00:23:59,063 --> 00:24:02,150
and cultivated their land
very much more efficiently.
295
00:24:02,233 --> 00:24:05,987
So a lot of people
took advantage of their situation
296
00:24:06,070 --> 00:24:08,573
to create antipathy toward them.
297
00:24:08,656 --> 00:24:11,534
And the government
acted hastily and rather brutally
298
00:24:11,617 --> 00:24:13,661
- it's not a very attractive chapter.
299
00:24:13,744 --> 00:24:17,957
More than 100,000 Japanese
Americans were interned en masse,
300
00:24:18,040 --> 00:24:20,209
mostly those on the west coast,
301
00:24:20,293 --> 00:24:25,631
whereas the 600,000 German and Italian
Americans were treated individually.
302
00:24:25,715 --> 00:24:28,843
Although we had heard rumours
of an evacuation,
303
00:24:28,926 --> 00:24:33,639
we didn't realise
that it was going to indeed take place.
304
00:24:33,723 --> 00:24:38,686
We were told that we could
only take what we could carry.
305
00:24:40,104 --> 00:24:44,233
Evacuees had three choices:
they either had to sell their property,
306
00:24:44,317 --> 00:24:46,569
abandon it or store it.
307
00:24:46,652 --> 00:24:50,323
And in many cases, because
of the uncertainty of the situation,
308
00:24:50,406 --> 00:24:54,494
many people just disposed of their
property as best they could.
309
00:24:54,577 --> 00:24:59,415
We were then put on buses
and taken to assembly centres.
310
00:25:02,418 --> 00:25:04,253
From the assembly centres
311
00:25:04,337 --> 00:25:08,674
we lived in horse stalls
or in quickly made tarpaper barracks.
312
00:25:08,758 --> 00:25:11,594
The mental anguish
that my mother went through,
313
00:25:11,677 --> 00:25:15,806
having four of her sons in the service
of the United States government
314
00:25:15,932 --> 00:25:20,353
and having her husband
labelled a dangerous enemy alien...
315
00:25:30,905 --> 00:25:34,283
We had guards, watch towers,
machine guns...
316
00:25:34,367 --> 00:25:37,912
It was a picture of incarceration.
317
00:25:37,995 --> 00:25:41,541
We felt that we were prisoners -
prisoners in our own country.
318
00:26:22,415 --> 00:26:25,376
It was certain
there'd be no more rubber for a while
319
00:26:25,459 --> 00:26:29,005
and we'd have to make do with the stock
of rubber tyres that we had.
320
00:26:29,130 --> 00:26:33,217
And it wasn't in the authority of our
agency to stop the sale of rubber tyres,
321
00:26:33,301 --> 00:26:35,219
so we drew up an order anyway
322
00:26:35,303 --> 00:26:38,556
and we had an anonymous young man
circulate it
323
00:26:38,639 --> 00:26:45,354
in the Office of Production Management
that had to clear all pieces of paper.
324
00:26:45,438 --> 00:26:50,151
Walked in, with "Here's the tyre order,
sir." Everybody signed it.
325
00:26:55,239 --> 00:26:59,619
And we froze the whole nation's
stock of rubber tyres.
326
00:27:31,734 --> 00:27:33,694
Everybody got work.
327
00:27:33,778 --> 00:27:38,658
This was very much appreciated after
the long, deep depression of the 1930s.
328
00:27:38,741 --> 00:27:41,952
You might've thought inflation
would be the major problem,
329
00:27:42,036 --> 00:27:45,623
because in most countries, in most wars,
it's been a major problem.
330
00:27:45,706 --> 00:27:48,417
But very early we mobilised,
331
00:27:48,501 --> 00:27:53,339
we put in a rationing, and, although
there was a small amount of grumbling,
332
00:27:53,422 --> 00:27:56,634
it's amazing how well
the rationing system worked.
333
00:27:56,759 --> 00:28:01,514
There was a tendency
to accept shortages with one exception.
334
00:28:01,597 --> 00:28:05,768
People were very resistant
to gasoline rationing.
335
00:28:05,851 --> 00:28:10,981
Clothing shortages, food shortages,
coffee, sugar, people would accept.
336
00:28:11,065 --> 00:28:17,905
But there was no form of
rascality, chicanery, thievery, larceny
337
00:28:17,988 --> 00:28:21,992
that people wouldn't engage in
to get extra gasoline.
338
00:28:22,076 --> 00:28:25,454
I think the thing they most resented
339
00:28:25,538 --> 00:28:29,792
was the extreme youth
of many of us who were doing it.
340
00:28:29,875 --> 00:28:32,336
The Office of Price Administration,
341
00:28:32,420 --> 00:28:35,756
as I look back on it,
must've been very hard to take.
342
00:28:35,840 --> 00:28:38,592
I was then 31.
343
00:28:38,676 --> 00:28:43,848
David Ginsberg, my immediate associate,
general counsel, was 29,
344
00:28:43,931 --> 00:28:48,227
and most everybody else
was younger than we were -
345
00:28:48,310 --> 00:28:49,812
including Richard Nixon,
346
00:28:49,895 --> 00:28:53,107
who was one of the more
obscure employees of the agency.
347
00:28:53,190 --> 00:28:56,986
There's a famous wartime picture
of Sewell Avery,
348
00:28:57,069 --> 00:28:59,363
a great tycoon of the last age,
349
00:28:59,447 --> 00:29:03,200
who was head of Montgomery Ward
and brought it out of the Depression,
350
00:29:03,284 --> 00:29:07,163
being carried out of his office
by two American soldiers in uniform
351
00:29:07,246 --> 00:29:11,667
because he wouldn't comply
with the War Labor Board.
352
00:29:11,751 --> 00:29:16,046
Our war programme
for the coming fiscal year
353
00:29:16,130 --> 00:29:21,469
will cost 56 billion dollars.
354
00:29:21,552 --> 00:29:26,515
That means taxes and bonds...
355
00:29:26,599 --> 00:29:29,477
and bonds and taxes.
356
00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:33,272
- Ohh...
- We have a squeal with each orchid.
357
00:29:35,983 --> 00:29:39,904
Want to get your orchid?
Come this way, please.
358
00:29:40,780 --> 00:29:43,365
2250. This is really
a handsome thing to have.
359
00:29:43,449 --> 00:29:46,994
You're getting this
as a premium for a war bond for $2250,
360
00:29:47,077 --> 00:29:49,538
so it's really a good purchase
for anybody.
361
00:29:49,622 --> 00:29:51,916
Let's have a look at that.
362
00:29:51,999 --> 00:29:56,045
Hope is looking at the shoe.
He may increase his bid to $2255.
363
00:29:58,172 --> 00:30:01,175
You're going to come up a little,
aren't you, flabby?
364
00:30:03,010 --> 00:30:06,013
I shouldn't, but I'll go 25.
365
00:30:06,972 --> 00:30:12,728
Our enemies aren't pushovers.
They're savage, skilful and relentless.
366
00:30:12,812 --> 00:30:16,565
They've trained for years for
just this chance to enslave the world,
367
00:30:16,649 --> 00:30:21,070
and that's just what they intend to do.
And they'll use every trick and tool.
368
00:30:21,153 --> 00:30:25,616
But on the other hand,
they aren't supermen.
369
00:30:25,699 --> 00:30:28,869
They didn't come down from Mars.
370
00:30:28,953 --> 00:30:32,414
They can be licked
and they will be licked.
371
00:30:32,540 --> 00:30:34,166
By men.
372
00:30:36,627 --> 00:30:38,838
♪ We fought in 1917
373
00:30:38,921 --> 00:30:40,965
♪ Rum-di-di dum dum dum
374
00:30:41,048 --> 00:30:43,592
♪ And drove the tyrants from the sea
375
00:30:43,676 --> 00:30:45,719
♪ Rum did-di dum dum dum
376
00:30:45,803 --> 00:30:48,138
♪ We're in a bigger, better war
377
00:30:48,222 --> 00:30:50,432
♪ For your patriotic pastime
378
00:30:50,516 --> 00:30:54,854
♪ We don't know what we're fighting for
But we didn't know the last time
379
00:30:54,937 --> 00:30:57,690
♪ So load the cannon,
draw the blade
380
00:30:57,773 --> 00:30:59,650
♪ Rum-di-di dum dum dum
381
00:30:59,733 --> 00:31:04,780
♪ Come on and join the big parade...
382
00:31:08,576 --> 00:31:12,746
♪ Rum-di-di dum dum, rum-di-di dum dum,
rum-di-di dum dum dum
383
00:31:12,830 --> 00:31:15,291
♪ Let the drums roll out
384
00:31:15,374 --> 00:31:17,418
♪ Let the trumpets call
385
00:31:17,501 --> 00:31:19,503
♪ While the people shout
386
00:31:19,587 --> 00:31:21,589
♪ Strike up the band
387
00:31:21,672 --> 00:31:24,049
It was the airplanes
of the treacherous foe
388
00:31:24,133 --> 00:31:26,218
that brought my husband to his death,
389
00:31:26,302 --> 00:31:29,930
and if I can qualify
as an airplane worker at Vega
390
00:31:30,014 --> 00:31:32,433
and with my hands
help to keep 'em flying,
391
00:31:32,516 --> 00:31:35,019
I will feel
that I am carrying on for him.
392
00:31:35,102 --> 00:31:37,062
♪ Hear the cymbals ring
393
00:31:37,146 --> 00:31:39,356
♪ Calling one and all
394
00:31:39,440 --> 00:31:41,400
♪ To the martial swing
395
00:31:41,483 --> 00:31:43,694
♪ Strike up the band
396
00:31:43,777 --> 00:31:46,071
♪ There is work to be done, to be done
397
00:31:46,155 --> 00:31:48,240
♪ There's a war to be won, to be won
398
00:31:48,324 --> 00:31:50,701
♪ Come, you son of a, son of a gun
399
00:31:50,784 --> 00:31:53,245
♪ Take your stand
400
00:31:53,329 --> 00:31:55,331
♪ Fall in line, yea a bow
401
00:31:55,414 --> 00:31:58,250
♪ Come along, let's go
402
00:31:58,334 --> 00:32:01,337
♪ Hey, leader, strike up the band
403
00:32:01,420 --> 00:32:03,005
We are doing our share,
404
00:32:03,130 --> 00:32:06,967
but we're going to do
infinitely more than we have done.
405
00:32:07,051 --> 00:32:10,971
We have in our town today two mothers,
406
00:32:11,055 --> 00:32:15,392
each of whom has given two sons already.
407
00:32:15,476 --> 00:32:20,522
And, as I said before, we'll give
our sons, we'll give our lives,
408
00:32:20,606 --> 00:32:22,816
but, by the help and grace of God,
409
00:32:22,900 --> 00:32:28,113
we will not give up our free America
or our democratic way of life.
410
00:32:28,906 --> 00:32:31,575
♪ Strike up the band
411
00:32:33,494 --> 00:32:35,496
♪ Yankee-doo doodle-doc doodle-doc
412
00:32:35,579 --> 00:32:37,998
♪ We'll come through,
doodle-doo doodle-doo
413
00:32:38,082 --> 00:32:40,250
♪ For the red, white and blue,
doodle-doo
414
00:32:40,334 --> 00:32:43,212
♪ Lend a hand
415
00:32:43,295 --> 00:32:45,172
♪ With the flag unfurled
416
00:32:45,255 --> 00:32:47,716
♪ We can lick the world
417
00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:55,808
♪ Hey, leader, strike up the band
418
00:32:59,520 --> 00:33:02,398
On the night of Pearl Harbour,
419
00:33:02,481 --> 00:33:05,401
one man had been happy -
Winston Churchill.
420
00:33:05,484 --> 00:33:08,696
For now he knew Britain was saved.
421
00:33:08,779 --> 00:33:11,240
A few days later
he journeyed to Washington
422
00:33:11,323 --> 00:33:13,784
to make sure the war
was going to be fought
423
00:33:13,867 --> 00:33:17,955
on the British plan of Europe first
and the Pacific second,
424
00:33:18,038 --> 00:33:21,583
and to cement
the new Anglo-American alliance.
425
00:33:21,667 --> 00:33:25,421
What kind of a people
do they think we are?
426
00:33:25,504 --> 00:33:28,465
Is it possible they do not realise
427
00:33:28,549 --> 00:33:33,137
that we shall never cease
to persevere against them
428
00:33:33,220 --> 00:33:35,889
until they have been taught a lesson
429
00:33:35,973 --> 00:33:39,226
which they and the world
will never forget.
430
00:33:47,609 --> 00:33:52,197
Time, Churchill knew,
was on the Allies' side.
431
00:33:52,281 --> 00:33:58,037
With America's industrial might
behind them, they could not lose.
432
00:34:07,880 --> 00:34:11,800
1942 began badly
for the Americans in the Pacific.
433
00:34:11,884 --> 00:34:17,848
Manila, capital of the Philippines,
fell to the Japanese on January 1.
434
00:34:20,392 --> 00:34:23,062
The Japanese
pushed the American forces
435
00:34:23,145 --> 00:34:25,981
back into the narrow peninsular
of Bataan.
436
00:34:33,197 --> 00:34:35,282
The American plan was to hold out there
437
00:34:35,365 --> 00:34:38,911
for six months or so,
until reinforcements came.
438
00:34:38,994 --> 00:34:41,789
But the reinforcements never did come,
439
00:34:41,872 --> 00:34:46,627
and nor had Bataan
been really prepared for a siege.
440
00:35:09,983 --> 00:35:13,862
The American troops besieged at Bataan
had no air support,
441
00:35:13,946 --> 00:35:18,242
were short of medical supplies
and their morale was poor.
442
00:35:18,325 --> 00:35:21,662
Even their commander-in-chief,
General MacArthur,
443
00:35:21,787 --> 00:35:24,581
had left them for safer shores.
444
00:35:26,333 --> 00:35:30,671
Their bitter ballad:
"We are the battling bastards of Bataan
445
00:35:30,754 --> 00:35:33,715
No mama, no papa, no Uncle Sam
446
00:35:33,799 --> 00:35:37,094
No aunts, no uncles,
no cousins, no nieces,
447
00:35:37,177 --> 00:35:40,222
No pills, no planes or artillery pieces
448
00:35:40,305 --> 00:35:43,350
And nobody gives a goddamn."
449
00:35:45,561 --> 00:35:48,355
Cock-a-hoop with the ease
of their victory so far,
450
00:35:48,438 --> 00:35:54,903
the Japanese called on the Americans
beleaguered in Bataan to surrender.
451
00:35:54,987 --> 00:36:01,535
The voice of the Philippines calling
the attention of everyone everywhere.
452
00:36:02,327 --> 00:36:09,710
Everyone everywhere, Filipinos
and Americans all over the country...
453
00:36:12,212 --> 00:36:14,965
They tried leaflets too...
454
00:36:17,634 --> 00:36:23,765
aimed mostly at the Filipino soldiers
among the American forces.
455
00:36:24,808 --> 00:36:28,937
The Japanese closed in for the kill.
456
00:37:07,893 --> 00:37:09,436
In early May, 1942,
457
00:37:09,519 --> 00:37:13,398
the American commander in the
Philippines, General Wainwright,
458
00:37:13,482 --> 00:37:18,111
bowed to the inevitable and surrendered
the remainder of his forces.
459
00:37:18,195 --> 00:37:23,200
I've decided to accept,
in the name of humanity,
460
00:37:23,283 --> 00:37:31,166
the formal surrender of all American
and Philippine army troops
461
00:37:31,250 --> 00:37:33,377
in the Philippine Islands.
462
00:37:33,460 --> 00:37:41,468
You will - repeat, will - surrender all
troops to the proper Japanese officer.
463
00:37:42,552 --> 00:37:45,681
80,000 Americans surrendered,
464
00:37:45,764 --> 00:37:51,186
the largest mass capitulation
in American military history.
465
00:37:51,270 --> 00:37:54,314
The Japanese made the Americans
march in the blazing sun
466
00:37:54,398 --> 00:37:58,193
to prison camps
100 or so miles from Bataan.
467
00:37:58,277 --> 00:38:03,448
Deprived of water and medicine,
starved and brutally beaten,
468
00:38:03,532 --> 00:38:07,119
some 10,000 soldiers
died along the way -
469
00:38:07,202 --> 00:38:11,248
more than had been killed
in the actual fighting for Bataan.
470
00:38:21,341 --> 00:38:25,971
By that spring of 1942, the Japanese
conquests were at their peak.
471
00:38:26,054 --> 00:38:30,350
Surely the British and Americans would
now want to make peace, argued Tokyo -
472
00:38:30,434 --> 00:38:34,688
a peace that would allow the Japanese
to retain their conquests.
473
00:38:34,771 --> 00:38:39,568
But already bold steps were being taken
to strike back at the Japanese
474
00:38:39,651 --> 00:38:43,488
here in the heart of their empire,
Tokyo.
475
00:38:43,572 --> 00:38:47,075
I was on this cruiser
called the Northampton
476
00:38:47,159 --> 00:38:52,456
and we were several days out at sea
when we saw the Hornet coming up.
477
00:38:52,581 --> 00:38:55,959
And the Hornet
had very unusual planes on deck -
478
00:38:56,043 --> 00:38:58,170
you could see them from a long way.
479
00:38:58,253 --> 00:39:02,591
They were large
land-based planes - B-25s.
480
00:39:04,009 --> 00:39:11,683
We had only one real worry -
that would have been a dead calm.
481
00:39:11,767 --> 00:39:13,310
Under those conditions,
482
00:39:13,393 --> 00:39:16,980
taking off the carrier deck
with the heavy loads that we had
483
00:39:17,105 --> 00:39:19,358
would have been at best precarious.
484
00:39:19,441 --> 00:39:21,943
The worst thing we thought might happen
485
00:39:22,027 --> 00:39:25,447
would be a completely alerted Japan
waiting for us.
486
00:39:25,530 --> 00:39:31,078
What did happen was that
the morning just before take-off
487
00:39:31,161 --> 00:39:34,081
we encountered
two Japanese fishing boats.
488
00:39:34,164 --> 00:39:39,503
They spotted our task force,
sent a message to the mainland,
489
00:39:39,586 --> 00:39:42,881
but, unfortunately for the Japanese,
490
00:39:42,964 --> 00:39:47,094
were sunk
before they could repeat the message.
491
00:39:50,680 --> 00:39:54,393
So we achieved almost complete surprise.
492
00:40:16,289 --> 00:40:21,378
The actual amount of damage done
was minimal.
493
00:40:21,461 --> 00:40:26,258
We were 16 aeroplanes,
each with one ton of bombs.
494
00:40:26,341 --> 00:40:31,596
In the later stages of World War ll,
the 20th Air Force under LeMay
495
00:40:31,680 --> 00:40:36,268
was sending out 500 aeroplanes,
each with 10 tons of bombs.
496
00:40:36,393 --> 00:40:40,730
So we dropped 16
against a later raid of 5,000,
497
00:40:40,814 --> 00:40:43,984
so the damage was not at all great.
498
00:40:44,067 --> 00:40:46,862
However, it did have some advantages.
499
00:40:46,945 --> 00:40:50,949
One, we had had
nothing but bad news at home,
500
00:40:51,032 --> 00:40:53,577
so it was the first good news
our folks got
501
00:40:53,660 --> 00:40:57,164
and it was appreciated as good news.
502
00:40:57,247 --> 00:41:00,709
It caused the Japanese
to question their warlords,
503
00:41:00,792 --> 00:41:04,629
who had informed them
that Japan would never be attacked.
504
00:41:07,549 --> 00:41:12,596
The Doolittle raid stung
Japan's leaders and made them careless.
505
00:41:13,180 --> 00:41:14,389
Ever since Pearl Harbour,
506
00:41:14,473 --> 00:41:18,393
Japan's navy had sought a decisive
battle with America's navy,
507
00:41:18,477 --> 00:41:24,274
a battle that would decide
once and for all mastery of the Pacific.
508
00:41:31,615 --> 00:41:34,868
In early June, 1942,
the Japanese carriers
509
00:41:34,951 --> 00:41:38,163
rendezvous'd close to Midway Island,
510
00:41:38,246 --> 00:41:41,958
some 1300 miles northwest of Hawaii.
511
00:41:59,935 --> 00:42:02,938
We had ceased to be as wary as before.
512
00:42:03,021 --> 00:42:06,900
The Americans knew in advance
that we would attack Midway.
513
00:42:06,983 --> 00:42:10,153
They were waiting for us
and we walked into their trap.
514
00:43:44,497 --> 00:43:46,750
But while the Japanese navy's
515
00:43:46,875 --> 00:43:49,169
attention was focused on Midway Island,
516
00:43:49,252 --> 00:43:51,212
the American navy were preparing
517
00:43:51,296 --> 00:43:53,715
to strike back
at the Japanese carrier fleet.
518
00:43:53,798 --> 00:43:57,177
We had a wonderful advantage -
we were breaking their code
519
00:43:57,260 --> 00:43:58,720
and they didn't know it.
520
00:43:58,803 --> 00:44:01,806
So we had some idea
what was going to happen there.
521
00:44:01,890 --> 00:44:03,767
We were on the scene
522
00:44:03,850 --> 00:44:09,105
with the carrier force in the right spot
to meet them.
523
00:45:14,045 --> 00:45:17,757
Midway, one of the greatest
sea battles of all time,
524
00:45:17,841 --> 00:45:21,678
meant the US regained
naval control of the Pacific
525
00:45:21,761 --> 00:45:26,808
and was the end of Japan's hope
of any further conquests.
526
00:45:28,268 --> 00:45:29,853
The four Japanese carriers
527
00:45:29,936 --> 00:45:33,398
that had launched the raid
on Pearl Harbour six months before
528
00:45:33,481 --> 00:45:37,152
were destroyed by planes
from the very American carriers
529
00:45:37,235 --> 00:45:42,031
that had been at sea
and escaped destruction that day.
530
00:45:46,119 --> 00:45:50,457
The Battle of Midway doomed Japan.
531
00:45:50,540 --> 00:45:56,087
The Midway battle was, many people say,
the turning point of the Pacific war -
532
00:45:56,171 --> 00:46:01,468
that is, the turning point
from complete retreat on our part,
533
00:46:01,551 --> 00:46:06,806
or at least an attempt
to establish a stalemate, and offensive.
534
00:46:06,890 --> 00:46:12,604
Turning point
not just at sea, but on land too.
535
00:46:14,731 --> 00:46:17,692
The island of Guadalcanal
in the Solomons,
536
00:46:17,776 --> 00:46:22,405
the southernmost limit
of the Japanese conquests.
537
00:46:27,160 --> 00:46:30,038
In August 1942, the Allies returned.
538
00:46:30,121 --> 00:46:33,958
For the Americans,
it was their first invasion of the war.
539
00:46:34,042 --> 00:46:38,922
We had such a tiny fraction
of America's force and money -
540
00:46:39,005 --> 00:46:41,466
resources and manpower resources.
541
00:46:41,549 --> 00:46:44,219
90% went to Europe.
542
00:46:44,302 --> 00:46:48,848
We had such a tiny little thread
of existence down there.
543
00:46:48,932 --> 00:46:51,434
It was our first offensive
in the Pacific
544
00:46:51,518 --> 00:46:55,271
and we went in with only one division.
545
00:47:14,874 --> 00:47:19,462
The Japanese were tough fighters
and they never would give up.
546
00:47:19,546 --> 00:47:22,465
We had isolated a Japanese regiment
547
00:47:22,549 --> 00:47:25,927
in what was known as
the Gifu strongpoint,
548
00:47:26,010 --> 00:47:29,264
and they fought until
we actually had to annihilate them.
549
00:47:29,347 --> 00:47:33,142
We used loudspeakers
after we had surrounded them
550
00:47:33,226 --> 00:47:36,729
and tried to persuade them to surrender,
but they wouldn't.
551
00:47:36,813 --> 00:47:43,778
Japanese shouldn't have made
such a great effort in Guadalcanal.
552
00:47:43,862 --> 00:47:46,614
They could have saved their strength.
553
00:48:27,280 --> 00:48:31,618
At long last the tide had
turned for the Allies in the Pacific.
554
00:48:31,701 --> 00:48:34,871
But it was still as yet only a sideshow.
555
00:48:34,954 --> 00:48:38,541
The main energies
were being reserved for Europe.
556
00:48:38,625 --> 00:48:40,460
It was really a little odd
557
00:48:40,543 --> 00:48:44,255
to the Americans in the general public
at that time
558
00:48:44,339 --> 00:48:48,301
that we were spending
so little effort in the Pacific.
559
00:48:48,384 --> 00:48:52,472
President Roosevelt made up his mind
that the defeat of Hitler
560
00:48:52,555 --> 00:48:57,685
was by far the most important
to achieve first -
561
00:48:57,769 --> 00:49:00,688
he was the most dangerous
of the enemies.
562
00:49:00,772 --> 00:49:02,440
And he was very skilful
563
00:49:02,565 --> 00:49:07,278
in keeping American public opinion
directed towards Europe,
564
00:49:07,362 --> 00:49:09,864
although we did have
a very major operation
565
00:49:09,948 --> 00:49:12,408
in Japan
and a very successful operation,
566
00:49:12,492 --> 00:49:15,036
after we recovered
from the tremendous blow
567
00:49:15,119 --> 00:49:18,456
of the loss of a substantial
part of our navy at Pearl Harbour.
568
00:49:18,539 --> 00:49:25,713
I think that generally public opinion
had the feeling, as we say in baseball,
569
00:49:25,797 --> 00:49:28,508
the big league was in Europe
570
00:49:28,591 --> 00:49:33,346
and in the United Kingdom -
I include that in Western Europe.
571
00:49:33,429 --> 00:49:36,265
The decision was made early
572
00:49:36,349 --> 00:49:41,562
that Europe came first -
and it was a wise decision -
573
00:49:41,646 --> 00:49:43,064
in spite of the fact
574
00:49:43,147 --> 00:49:47,986
we got the devil knocked out of us
in the Pacific for a long time.
575
00:49:48,069 --> 00:49:52,865
That was the right decision
and I think everybody recognised it.
576
00:49:52,949 --> 00:49:56,160
Now, of course, the navy protested
577
00:49:56,244 --> 00:50:00,623
at being left
way underpowered in the Pacific.
578
00:50:00,707 --> 00:50:07,880
And it did put us up to
very heavy casualties and all of that.
579
00:50:07,964 --> 00:50:13,469
But I think the country in general
agreed with the decision
580
00:50:13,553 --> 00:50:17,265
that the real threat was in Europe.
581
00:50:17,348 --> 00:50:20,351
We could take care of the Japs
in our own good time,
582
00:50:20,435 --> 00:50:26,482
but the real thing that had to be met
was on the Continent.
583
00:50:37,535 --> 00:50:41,080
♪ This is the army, Mr Jones
584
00:50:41,164 --> 00:50:45,460
♪ No private rooms or telephones
585
00:50:45,543 --> 00:50:48,921
♪ You had your breakfast in bed before
586
00:50:49,005 --> 00:50:53,092
♪ But you won't have it there any more
587
00:50:53,176 --> 00:50:55,011
Here we teach you how to kill:
588
00:50:55,094 --> 00:50:58,347
get the opponent on the ground
as quick as possible
589
00:50:58,431 --> 00:51:01,142
and snuff out his life
by kicking with both feet,
590
00:51:01,225 --> 00:51:02,935
one foot, the flat of the hand,
591
00:51:03,019 --> 00:51:06,105
a rabbit punch,
gouging the eyes out, ripping the mouth.
592
00:51:06,189 --> 00:51:08,566
The gentle art of killing a man
593
00:51:08,691 --> 00:51:13,029
is to get him on the ground
and kick in this manner. See?
594
00:51:17,825 --> 00:51:20,536
Come on, all of you do that.
Come on.
595
00:51:21,662 --> 00:51:25,333
♪ Do what the buglers command
596
00:51:25,416 --> 00:51:29,545
♪ They're in the army and not in a band
597
00:51:29,629 --> 00:51:33,800
♪ This is the army, Mr Brown
598
00:51:33,883 --> 00:51:37,345
♪ You and your baby went to town
599
00:51:37,428 --> 00:51:40,848
♪ She had you worried,
but this is war
600
00:51:40,932 --> 00:51:44,769
♪ And she won't worry you any more
601
00:51:44,852 --> 00:51:48,940
♪ Mr Jones, Mr Green
602
00:51:49,023 --> 00:51:50,942
♪ Mr Brown...
603
00:51:51,025 --> 00:51:57,323
Mr Churchill
did have a real antipathy, I think,
604
00:51:57,406 --> 00:52:04,622
toward getting ashore what he would call
prematurely onto the European continent.
605
00:52:04,705 --> 00:52:06,958
He had very vivid memories
606
00:52:07,041 --> 00:52:11,671
of the sacrifice
of a British generation in World War I.
607
00:52:11,754 --> 00:52:15,800
Passchendaele and the Somme -
they were always nightmares to him.
608
00:52:15,925 --> 00:52:17,844
After all this passion
609
00:52:17,969 --> 00:52:20,930
that had been aroused
as a result of Pearl Harbour
610
00:52:21,055 --> 00:52:24,809
and our being in the war, marching
and counter-marching and training,
611
00:52:24,892 --> 00:52:26,978
we just had to get ashore someplace.
612
00:52:27,061 --> 00:52:28,813
In view of the British attitude,
613
00:52:28,896 --> 00:52:33,442
which felt we weren't prepared
to go into the main theatre,
614
00:52:33,526 --> 00:52:36,946
we sniffed around for another spot
to express our strength
615
00:52:37,029 --> 00:52:38,865
and it turned out it was Africa.
616
00:52:38,948 --> 00:52:41,200
♪ Over there
617
00:52:41,284 --> 00:52:43,494
♪ Over there
618
00:52:43,578 --> 00:52:45,746
♪ Send the word, send the word
619
00:52:45,830 --> 00:52:47,957
♪ Over there
620
00:52:48,040 --> 00:52:50,501
♪ That the Yanks are coming
621
00:52:50,585 --> 00:52:53,004
♪ The Yanks are coming
622
00:52:53,087 --> 00:52:56,465
♪ The drums rum-tumming everywhere
623
00:52:57,049 --> 00:52:59,135
♪ So prepare
624
00:52:59,218 --> 00:53:01,554
♪ Say a prayer
625
00:53:01,637 --> 00:53:03,681
♪ Send the word, send the word
626
00:53:03,764 --> 00:53:05,933
♪ To beware
627
00:53:06,017 --> 00:53:08,102
♪ We'll be over
628
00:53:08,186 --> 00:53:10,479
♪ We're coming over
629
00:53:10,563 --> 00:53:15,610
♪ And we won't come back
till it's over over there
630
00:53:19,655 --> 00:53:24,243
♪ And we won't come back
till it's over over there
631
00:53:26,704 --> 00:53:29,457
November, 1942.
632
00:53:29,540 --> 00:53:32,335
600 ships, loaded with men and material,
633
00:53:32,460 --> 00:53:36,214
set sail for North Africa -
Operation Torch.
634
00:53:36,297 --> 00:53:41,344
Said Roosevelt, when he heard the news,
"At last we're on our way."
73519
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