Original subtitles

(powerful music)

(racy music)

(calm music)

- [Voiceover] It was a splendid population

for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish brains

lost stayed at home.

You never find that sort of people among pioneers.

It cannot build pioneers out of that sort of material.

It was that population that gave to California

a name for getting up astounding enterprises

and rushing them through with a magnificent

dashing, daring and a recklessness

of cost or consequences

for which she bares unto this day.

And when she projects a new surprise,

the grave world smiles as usual and says,

well, that is California all over.

- [Voiceover] No other state had come into being

quite like California.

Before California's admission to the union,

each state had to pay its dues first

by spending years as a territory.

The US Government required a population of 60,000 residents

before territory could become eligible for statehood.

Immigration to California prior to the Gold Rush

had been so slow that it would have taken decades

for the territory to reach the 60,000 mark.

Once the quiet discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill

broke loose in the early months of 1848

and the word spread across the globe,

the booming people traversing the nation

and the oceans to enter California

made the population explode in a way

no other place on earth had ever encountered

up until that time.

When it came time for California to become a state,

congress wanted the eastern border to be at the crest

of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

This did not sit well with the Californians

because they knew all too well

that the Sierras were full of gold.

They drew their own border

running in a line just to the east of the Sierra Nevada's.

They were keen on keeping all the gold that their state

had to offer.

To the south,

they drew their border along the Colorado River

out of concerns for water.

Congress was reluctant to agree

but feared that if they did not,

they would be at risk at losing all of the territory west

of the Colorado Mountains.

They could not risk California attempting to form

its own republic.

California got to create its own borders

and the United States brought

its 31st state into the union.

The spoils of the Mexican American War were plentiful

for Americans in terms of land.

They purchased California along with

Alta California, New Mexico which contain

what would one day become Arizona,

Nevada, and Utah.

And they set Texas' southern border at the Rio Grande

once and for all.

While Mexico's defeat stung the pride of that nation,

they had never colonized their lands

to their full potential.

California and the neighboring territories were sparsely

populated at vast by the Mexican people.

One can only speculate whether Mexico would have

signed the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

if they had known that just a few days earlier,

gold had been discovered in the land that they had

fought to keep.

The war may very well have continued

and America's landscape might

have been drastically different.

The growth and rapid change in California can be best

symbolized by one of its most bustling cities

during the gold rush, San Francisco.

San Francisco grew so fast that often

the legs it was standing on could not support the weight

the city had to bear.

Before the gold rush, this sleepy little city

had less than 1,000 inhabitants.

A few nuggets of gold created a shock wave around the globe.

The city was hurriedly built to accommodate all of those

that flooded into the bay area.

The city would pay the price for such hasty construction.

It would burn to the ground, be rebuilt again,

only to reach the same fate as it had before.

Ships in the harbor that were abandoned

by their gold hungry crews would often be suck

and made into landfill helping to further extend the city

out into the bay or they would be used as storage

for a city that was growing at an alarming rate.

The harbor would be so crowded with ships

that it sometimes took days for crews to unload their cargo

and passengers.

Some of the abandoned ships that were not turned

into landfill would be disassembled,

and those timbers would be used

in the hasty construction of buildings

such us inns, dry good stores, saloons,

restaurants, and hotels.

All just to accommodate the ever growing number

of miners entering the city.

The people came first but the thought towards

the infrastructure they would need came second.

If you left Gold Rush era San Francisco for a month

and returned, you would return to a city

you could barely recognize.

Change and growth were happening at a dizzying pace.

Those immortal words of Sam Brannan,

"Gold!

"Gold in the American river,"

would ring out across the world and people

of every nationality would crowd into San Francisco.

The small sleepy city grew seemingly overnight.

The rapid growth and the transient nature of the people

who inhabited the city would forever

be a city planner's nightmare.

- [Voiceover] "There is a fast mode of doing business

"in California which had to be adopted,

"to keep up with times."

- [Voiceover] The city was booming

and the rush for gold permeated every aspect

of the lifestyle of the California in the 1850's.

Fortunes were made and lost overnight

and the landscape of one of its great cities

was fluctuating right along with it.

From the start of San Francisco's accelerated growth

at the beginning of the Gold Rush in 1848

to just three years later in 1851,

various parts of the city would be consumed

by six great fires.

The first place occurs on December 24th, 1848,

and it would take over one million dollars

worth of property and reduce it to ash.

A mere six months later, a second fire breaks out

in the early hours of the morning.

And this time, the flames take three blocks of the city's

most valued buildings at a cost of around

four million dollars.

This fire was suspected to be arson

and would cause several city ordinances

to be put into immediate action.

These ordinances were put in place

in the hopes that they would keep

any future blazes in check

by being both a deterrent

to anyone who might think of setting one

and to keep the citizens of the city better prepared

if another blaze should breakout.

Households were required to keep six buckets

of water on hand and that they're ready

in the event of another fire.

Citizens were also expected to assist in the extinguishing

of fires or to help in the removal of items

from a burning building or a building that was in danger

of catching fire.

If they refuse to this charge, each citizen could be fined

no less than $5 but no more than 100.

Despite these measures, the blazes continued.

Just one month later on June 14th,

a third major fire broke out inside the city.

This time the cause of the fire was a defective chimney

in a bakery.

The wind was blowing that morning and it did not take long

for several blocks of the city

to become engulfed in flames

and lost to any hope of salvation.

Slowly but surely, San Franciscans began to realize

that they could not keep constructing buildings

and live in a way that they did.

Fireproof brick buildings were more expensive to erect

than the more traditional wooden ones,

but in the long run they became the cheaper option

because of their stability and resistance to the flame.

Some houses would be erected with walls

over two to three feet thick of solid brick.

In addition to the changing tide of the architectural style,

more firefighting departments began to form

but still the city of San Francisco would see more fires.

On the anniversary of the first great fire of the city,

a sixth blaze would occur.

This time it was estimated that there was more damage

from this one fire than from all the others

that came before.

Ont his particular occasion,

the blaze begins in a paint and upholstery store

that was located on the south side of the plaza.

Yet again, malfeasance was suspected.

And again, to aid in the destruction, the wind was blowing.

The wooden planked streets are consumed

and the wind soon carries the fire

into the business district.

It was said that the light from the fire

could be seen as far as 100 miles out sea.

In a matter of only 10 hours,

between 1,500 and 2,000 houses had been completely lost.

An 18 blocks of the main district are completely destroyed

by the sixth fire.

The damage extended three quarters of a mile

north to south and a third of a mile east to west.

The total damages amount to more than 12 million dollars.

Only five brick buildings in the areas hit

would survive the flames.

Not even the fireproof buildings could escape the inferno.

Still the city and its citizen's resilience shines through

and they continue on.

Fires were not the only events that would test the metal

of the city of San Francisco and its inhabitants.

The city would face a banking collapse in 1855

that would see the citizens of the city panicking

and rushing to the doors of their banks

demanding that they'd be allowed to withdraw their funds.

Banking was a relatively new concept to be introduced

to California.

Before the Gold Rush, the hide and tallow trade ruled

the California coastal commerce.

When Mexico controlled California,

sailors from around the world would swap

their finished goods for the prepared cattle hides

and tallow that was plentiful.

The hides would then be safely stored

below the decks of the ships.

This direct exchange eliminated the need for a bank

to be present.

The tallow will be taken to South America to be sold

and made into soap and candles.

And the hides will be taken back east

to be made into finished leather goods

such as shoes and boots.

With the discovery of gold in California,

the need for these new found riches to be stored

in a secure place skyrocketed.

But in those days, the term banker could mean

anyone who had possession of a secure safe.

They legally could go into business as a bank.

Once again though, the Gold Rush illustrates

how it's a major catalyst for change in the lifestyle

and way of doing business for the people living there.

The innovation and adaptation of the people

in a rapidly changing environment

was a sight to behold.

One of the few banks that escaped the damage of the panic

was Lucas, Turner and Company,

a Saint Louis based operation.

The San Francisco branch was being managed by a man

named William Tecumseh Sherman.

In just a few short years

the nation would come to know this man's name

as one of the leading generals of the Civil War.

He would lead thousands of men

into perilous battle and emerge victorious.

For generations after,

many in the south would recollect with much disdain

Sherman's march to the sea

where he took his troops of the Union Army

from the captured city of Atlanta to the port of Savannah.

They destroyed almost all that crossed their path,

military targets as well as civilian property

and the south's infrastructure.

Years later, upon recounting his time as a bank manager

in San Francisco, he was quoted as saying--

- [Voiceover] "I can handle a hundred thousand men in battle

"and take the city of the sun,

"but I'm afraid to manage a lot

"in the swamp of San Francisco."

- [Voiceover] Apparently, the unpredictable nature

of the city was powerful enough to cause

even a man such as Sherman to become unsure of himself

if only for a moment.

Sherman would also be pulled onto the city's committee

of vigilance for a time when it reemerged in 1856,

five years after it was first established.

The committee was an organization that was constructed

to combat the rampant crime that was blatantly

being committed in the city streets.

The 1856 version of the committee of vigilance

also set its gaze towards squelching political crimes

as well as political corruption.

Despite many upheavals and rapid changes,

the city would continue to rebuild

in every sense of the word.

The resilience and perseverance of the citizens

of this young city would work to counterbalance

the haste in which it was first directed.

The city began as a sleepy little town on the bay

but the California Gold Rush would do more than anything

previous to spur San Francisco on to grow

and to become one of the largest cities

in the United States.

It will continue to thrive impart fueled by the aspirations

of the multitudes that were drawn into the region

because of gold and the promise of a better

brighter tomorrow.

With every passing month,

California was growing in population.

The placer gold was getting harder and harder to find

but the stories of riches being pulled from the hillside

were still in great abundance.

Prospective miners travel to the gold fields

and would quickly learn that the game was rapidly changing.

It was less and less common for a single man

or a small outfit to be able to pull enough gold

from the earth to sustain a living

let alone save money to return back home

and be able to while away their remaining days and luxury.

Large corporations were taking over

and companies were extracting the ore from beneath

mountains or hydraulically washing away the hillsides.

These kinds of operations required lots of manpower.

Discouraged miners found themselves signing on

to these larger operations and working for a day's wage.

They'd come so far, traversed the nation,

only to be back to working in a situation

that was most likely no better

than the one they'd left at home.

In 1858, news of hope and a new el dorado

spread throughout California

because gold had been discovered north

in Canada's British Columbia.

In the Fraser River canon discoveries of fine flower gold

had been made.

There had been miner rushes in this area in the past

but word has not spread quite like this before.

The Cariboo Gold Rush of 1860 would attract

more Canadians than the Fraser River discovery,

thus, this discovery was more of an extension

of the California Gold Rush mining

and the culture that surrounded it.

30,000 men who had given up hope to make their own riches

in California now had a new lease on life up north.

The Argonauts quickly flooded the village of Victoria

which up until that time was inhabited by only 500 people.

Many of these men were unable to stay claims

because of the high water on the river

during the summer time months,

but by autumn, many simply returned disheartened

to California.

They convinced themselves that the Fraser rush

held not weight.

Despite this, more men would come in to replace

the disappointed once who left.

All of these men who would enter the short lived

Fraser River Gold Rush would disrupt the natural order

of the environment as well as the lives

of the indigenous people who inhabited it

just as they were doing in California.

Many of these men returned to California

and continued to labor in the mines for corporations

and men with larger purse strings.

The placer gold was beginning to dry up

and along with it many of the stories of

larger than life nuggets which fueled the hearts and minds

of thousands during the Gold Rush era.

Advanced mining techniques such as hydraulic

and river dredging were quickly becoming the norm

and the every man's chance at striking it rich

was dwindling with every passing day.

Entire sections of rivers would be diverted

and massive amounts of earth would be crushed

to get to the smallest deposits of gold locked inside.

The instantaneous discovery of pay dirt large enough

to set you up for life was giving way

to a more pain staking and methodical kind of mining.

The strike it rich moment was almost gone.

Located in Northern California,

just 15 miles northeast of Chico, Dogtown.

This small town with an odd name would be the discovery site

of the largest single nugget of gold on earth

at that time.

Dogtown got its namesake because of its abundance

of K9 inhabitants.

Some of the first settlers of the area

were the Basset family.

And when Mrs. Basset first arrived to the area

she came on foot and had almost no worldly possessions

saved for three dogs: two female and one male.

Mrs. Basset had no luck as a prospector

yet she still had to find a way to make a living.

When one of her dogs gave birth to a liter of puppies,

she had an idea.

She began selling her pups for a pinch of gold dust

to the lonely miners who were setting up camp

all around the area.

These men were at a loss for some kind of companionship

and she provided it at a reasonable enough expense.

As the town grew, there are soon dogs

in every tent in cabin.

Shop keeps and saloon owners kept them as well.

The name of Dogtown seem natural and fitting.

Until 1859, Dogtown remained a place

that was not widely known

and the population seems sparse at best.

That all changed when A.K. Sterns,

a work man, discovered a large gold nugget

in the Willard Claim on the slopes of Sawmill Peak.

The nugget weighed in at 54 pounds.

And its value was set at $10,690.

That would be in the $350,000 range for modern day money.

The dog town nugget quickly made headlines

on many papers all across the nation.

And this single find started a small gold rush of its own

within the Dogtown area.

The name and the legend of the Dogtown nugget

would live on but the town's name

was not long for this world.

The female population of Dogtown resented the name

and especially so when they needed to use it

in correspondence.

The women of Dogtown, California petitioned to have

the town's name changed to Magalia,

which is Latin for cottages.

A plea for a name change appeared in the Marysville Appeal

by a local resident.

"We should hate to live in a place called Dogtown

"particularly if we had a large correspondence

"and had to write the name frequently."

The name was forever changed and gold continued

to be prospected there until the 1890's.

Soon, only the old timers knew the origins of Magalia,

the namesake of the Dogtown nugget.

Some 174 miles southeast of Dogtown,

another gold nugget was literally stumbled upon

by John William Hats as he was chasing after a runaway mule.

The nugget he finds weighs in at 14 pounds,

nothing compared to the Dogtown nugget

but it would lead to one of the largest slabs of gold

that the California Gold Rush would ever see.

James H. Carson fought in the Mexican-American War

as part of Colonel Stevenson's regiment

of first New York volunteers.

The regiment arrived in California in 1847.

Carson saw a little action during the course of the war.

There were no plans made for the soldiers to turn back east

so by the end of the war the soldiers found themselves

stranded in California.

Carson was living in Monterey which is just under 300 miles

south of Coloma where marshal discovers the first

nuggets of gold in the American river.

It did not take long for word to reach him

about the findings.

He quickly packed up his belongings along with some supplies

he purchased and set out for the virgin gold fields.

Carson first stopped at Weber Creek

in Placerville, California.

He was successful in his digging

but the itch for something more led him to look elsewhere

for bigger and better prospects.

He joins a party of men which included the Angel

and Murphy Brothers, and they collectively decided

to head south.

They prospected every stream they came across

until they came to a creek some 60 miles south

of where they'd started.

Here, the group of men parted ways of what is now known

as Angel's Creek.

The Murphy's headed eastward.

Carson continues south while the Angels stayed at the creek.

Carson found luck a few miles south at a small tributary

of the status laws.

This area, rich in gold,

they decided to name Carson's creek.

Despite having the success in all of these places,

James H. Carson still remained restless

and his desire for something bigger

pulled him further south.

After several years of unsuccessful prospecting,

Carson decided to return to Carson's Creek

and acclaims that he had laid there.

He goes on to be elected to the state assembly in 1852.

But rheumatism which had plagued them for years

left him bed-stricken.

The creek and the hill which pulled his namesake

were still successfully being mined for gold

while Carson lay ill in bed.

He succumbs to the illness before he can take office

and dies very near poverty.

James H. Carson would not live to see the largest nugget

of gold pulled from the hills that bore his namesake.

John William Hats, the man who would discover

the 14-pound lump of gold up on Carson Hill

while chasing a runaway mule four years earlier in 50,

immediately returned to the site to stake his claim.

At that time, he did not know that the nugget

which he stumbled across had broken a way

from a much larger quartz fane which was rooted deep

within the hillside.

John Hats takes a group of six partners up to the newly

stated claim.

There, they decide to call themselves

The Carson Creek Consolidated Mining Company.

Soon thereafter, the claim becomes known as the Morgan Mine,

thusly named after Colonel A. Morgan,

the most prominent figure in the partnership.

The Morgan Mine was so abundant with gold

that the prospectors used a very unusual technique

to extract and retrieve the gold from the quartz bedrock.

One of the partners described the method and process

as such.

When the quartz fane was first worked,

the method adopted was to put in a blast

and after the explosion, to go around with hand baskets

and pick up the pieces.

Implementing this method,

the partners of the Morgan Mine pulled out

$110,000 in gold for one single blast.

On another occasion,

the party found a lump of ore that weighed in at 112 pounds.

The Morgan Mine kept producing.

On November 22nd, 1854,

a slab of golden quartz was discovered.

While technically not a nugget, it was massive in size.

It was over 15 inches long, six inches wide,

and four inches thick.

The slab held a value of over $43,000.

It was one of the largest ever discovered in California

yet it was only a fraction of the total bounty

which miners would ultimately reap from the hill.

Carson Hill of Calaveras County would produce

26 million dollars in gold in total.

There were countless stories of larger than life finds

throughout the Gold Rush.

In the summer of 1858,

a young boy of 14 in Calaveras County

discovered a nugget of gold and quartz

the size of a coconut near waterwheel in the bed of a stream

that have been worked over by miners

who head just happened to miss finding that gold

after all those years.

A 52-pound heap of golden quartz was found

in the Diltz Mine in Mariposa County

and Woods Creek in Sonora County

would claim one weighed in at 75 pounds.

Before a single European soul set foot in California,

it's estimated that there are over a 300,000 native peoples

living in small tribes throughout the area.

These people lived in harmony with the land,

but by 1870, the number of Native Americans in California

had been reduced to 1/10th of the original.

The roughly 30,000 who remained in the state

were, for the most part, displaced.

And a majority of them now resided on reservations,

cut off from their homelands.

Disease, conflict over gold,

along with the assimilation and an unwavering difference

in their outlooks on how the land should be treated

and who it belonged to would contribute to the schism

that forms between the native peoples of California

and the Americans and immigrants who crossed over

into their borders.

With the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill,

a whirlwind of change was brought upon

all the indigenous people of California.

Until European settlers had come and now the Americans,

the diverse indigenous people of California

had lived in relative peace.

There were conflicts between tribes, but for the most part,

these native peoples lived in villages

that were sparsely populated and functioned in harmony

with the world around them.

The land is sacred to the native inhabitants

of this great land.

They take only what they need and do it in such a way

that works in a delicate balance with their surroundings.

The 40 miners' desperate hunger for gold

runs in stark contrast to the practices of these people.

The Argonauts scourged the land and pulled from it

only what they deemed to value

and then they left the remnants to be cast aside.

So often, these remnants were the contents of rivers

that have been damaged and dredged,

hillsides that have been stripped of their top soil

by hydraulic water hoses and the entrails of mountains

which have been excavated by men who dove deep

into the interior seeking a metal

which would bring them wealth.

The effects of these attitudes and the actions of those

who mined the gold fields of California

during this rush can still be seen today.

The damage these men caused was irepairable

and devastating in so many ways.

The hunger for gold caused so many to look no further

into the future than the next payload.

The land was not something they wished

to live in harmony with, it was something to be conquered.

It was a safe to be cracked.

The natives even knew about the gold

long before the Whites did but it held no value for them.

With the advent of the Gold Rush,

Americans and people from across the world

would flood into the native lands

and impose upon them their lifestyles

as well as their beliefs and values.

1850 was the year that saw the new California legislature

pass an act for the government and protection of Indians

that did march to further America

down the path of marginalizing, displacing,

and in many instances eradicating

the native people of California.

The aAct allowed Whites to regard any American Indian

that was not obviously gainfully employed

and deemed him a grant before justice of the peace.

These Indians could then be sold at public auction

and become temporary slave laborers to whomever

purchased them for a period of four months.

This Act also allowed Whites to indenture native children

and they were often sold as apprentices.

Whites continued to move Indians off their native lands

and on to reservations.

These people would be rounded up like cattle

and forced to live in camps where they were promised

food and shelter but all too often,

the white men would break their promises

once the Indians were on the reservation.

The American Indians lived in balance with the land

and the food that are provided for them.

Being carded off to reservation which was almost always

on attractive land that Whites deem to below them

to use.

Through off this balance for the self-sustaining Indians,

they could no longer provide for themselves

and therefore they became dependent upon the very men

who operated them them in the first place

for food.

This tragic displacements of people

tore them from their native lands

and took their dignity forever changing their cultural

landscape much in a way that the miners did

to the gold fields and the California wilderness itself

with their hunger for gold

which in many cases was born out of greed and

short-sightedness and haste.

The entirety of the act allowed all of the following.

Number one, the justice of the peace would have

jurisdiction over all complaints between Indians and Whites;

but in no case shall a white man be convicted of any offense

upon the testimony of an Indian or Indians.

Two, land owners would permit Indians who were peacably

residing on their land to continue to do so.

Three, Whites would be able to obtain control

of Indian children.

This section would eventually be used to justify

and provide for Indian slavery.

Four, if any Indian were convicted of a crime

any white person could come before the court

and contract for the Indian services, and in return,

would pay the Indian's fine.

Five, it would be illegal to sell or administer alcohol

to Indians.

Six, Indians convicted of stealing a horse, mule, cow,

or any other valuable could receive any number of lashes

not to exceed 25, and fines not to exceed $200.

It should be noted that the law provided that abusing

an Indian child by Whites was to be punished by no more

than a $10 fine.

It is hard to compare the penalty with the crime.

Seven, finally, an Indian found strolling or loitering

where alcohol was sold, begging, or leading a profligate

course of life would be liable for arrest.

The justice, mayor, or recorder would make out a warrant.

Within 24 hours, the services of the Indian in question

could be sold to the highest bidder.

The term of service would not exceed four months.

With all of the restrictions and harsh punishments,

along with the ability to turn free natives into slaves,

this Act left those natives who managed to stay off

of reservation no better of than their brethren.

If this Act was not enough to make their lives troublesome

at every turn, the impact that miners had on the ecosystem

added insult to injury.

The huge influx of people into California

threw off the relationship the Indians had with the land.

Food supplies ran short,

game would disappear,

and places were food was gathered would replaced

with mining camps and other settlements.

Run off from the camps would spill into rivers and streams

further disrupting the land.

What game in agriculture did remain

was battered and beaten to a pulp

by the harsh mining techniques that were implemented

during the rush.

Gravel, silt, and chemicals such as mercury

would destroy habitats and kill off fish.

The Americans traveled west carrying more than

pick axes and hopes,

they also brought with them illness.

They introduced diseases such as small pox,

influenza, and measles, diseases that the Indians had

no natural defense against.

The decimation of their population by foreign diseases,

destruction of natural habitat,

mountains, valleys, rivers, and streams,

along with the slow genocide on all fronts

from the invading Americans and the government behind them

is one of the low points in American history.

As California struggled with the question of slavery

of Blacks, they were already treating

the original inhabitants as if they were less

than equal to Whites.

Many came to California would open their hearts

and faith that they would return home to their families

able to provide a better life.

All too often this did not happen.

And as a result,

the best of intentions can become twisted and shaped

into darker forces than their initial iteration.

Violence toward Indians was born out of a simple racism

and fear, but it also manifested itself

in the Argonauts' frustrations and failures

when the easy placer gold becomes played out

just making ends meet in the gold fields

gets harder and harder.

The California dream for so many Argonauts

that sought California's riches begins to fade.

They turn their frustrations with their own

personal failures and misguidedly take them out on the

indigenous people.

Indians would be killed and chased away from claims

in the baseless fear that they would steal the gold.

If an Indian struck against a white minor,

the retaliation was tenfold, and most often

it would be directed at other Indians that had

absolutely nothing to do with the original dispute.

The Indians were an easy scapegoat for the Whites.

Instead of facing the truth about their own personal lots

and accepting that they have to return home,

no better off than when they set out,

they chose instead to lash out again and again

at those who looked, acted, and lived differently from them.

In a mere 20 years from 1849 through 1870,

the population of indigenous peoples living in California

would drop from 150,000 to fewer than 30,000.

The pre European numbers were in the 300 thousands

so by the time of the Gold Rush,

their population has already been decimated.

Disease, displacement, government sanction enslavement

and eradication were all contributing factors

to the sharp decline.

The California Gold Rush changed the lives of millions of

people around the world but not all of that change

was for the better, and not all of the people changed

began their journey willingly.

There are many, many dark days on the United States

and its Americans would treat would fellowmen

as less than equal and would cast them aside

out of ignorance, pride, and for their own personal gain.

Manifest destiny, a simple nebulous idea

which was given its name by a newspaper editor,

John O. Sullivan in 1845,

continues to fuel the subconscious of thousands of Americans

that when an idea becomes so powerful

that it sparks people into action,

it can be a very potent thing to be reckoned with indeed.

(dramatic music)

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