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Russia: mid-June 1941.
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A bewildered, uncertain country.
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Rumours abounded
of invasion by Hitler's Germany.
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Here in the Kremlin, Russia's leaders
seemed oblivious of the Nazi threat,
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or if not oblivious, then complacent,
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as if, by ignoring it,
it might disappear.
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Yet already, millions of German troops
were poised along Russia's border
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to launch the bloodiest land battle
in history -
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the battle that was eventually
to decide the Second World War.
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Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer!
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♪ Wenn die Soldaten
durch die Stadt marschieren
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00:02:23,602 --> 00:02:25,771
♪ Öffnen die Mädchen
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♪ Die Fenster und die Türen
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♪ Ei warum? Ei darum
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♪ Ei warum? Ei darum
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♪ Ei bloß wegen dem Schingderassa,
Bumderassasa
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♪ Ei bloß wegen dem Schingderassa,
Bumderassasa...
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Hitler in July 1940,
returning from France in triumph,
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stood at the pinnacle of his power.
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♪ ..Die Mädchen ach so gerne
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♪ Ei warum? Ei darum
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♪ Ei warum? Ei darum
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♪ Ei bloß wegen dem Schingderassa,
Bumderassasa
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00:02:57,928 --> 00:03:02,141
♪ Ei bloß wegen dem Schingderassa,
Bumderassasa
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The sureness of his
victories astonished even his generals.
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Their doubts had been answered,
their opposition could be discounted.
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It was now that Hitler confided to them
it would be the Russians' turn next.
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Sieg Heil!
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In Mein Kampf,
Adolf Hitler had written:
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"When we speak of new territory,
we must think of Russia."
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"Destiny itself points the way there."
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Russia would provide
living space for the German Volk -
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Lebensraum.
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Heil! Heil! Heil!
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Heil! Heil! Heil!
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The ordinary German,
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like the ordinary Russian
or ordinary person anywhere,
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had been surprised by Hitler's pact
with Stalin in August 1939.
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00:04:28,852 --> 00:04:32,523
To him, as to them, it had seemed
the least likely about-face
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by the world's bitterest rivals.
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The Nazi-Soviet Pact
had served its purpose for Hitler.
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He had not been hindered
while he dealt with Poland and France.
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Stalin, for his part,
gained a breathing space
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while he put his army in order after
the blood-letting purges of the '30s.
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He had gambled, too, on a lengthy
struggle between Germany and the Allies.
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But the German victories in the west
had been swifter than he had expected.
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00:05:16,650 --> 00:05:22,197
Hitler wanted to attack Russia
already in the fall of 1940,
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and let himself, for once, be persuaded
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that it would be impossible
to go to war at that late time
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on account of the weather in Russia,
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and for the reason that it would be
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urgent and necessary
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to enforce the German army,
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as well as the German air force,
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before entering into this new campaign.
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In August '39, when Hitler
had signed the pact with Russia,
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in the evening, there was a movie,
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and this movie showed the parade of
the Russian troops before the Kremlin.
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He was very much impressed and
was relieved that now, with the pact,
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this army is neutralised.
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But afterwards, when the German troops
met the Russian ones
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in occupying Poland,
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officers reported to Hitler
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that the equipment
of those Russian units were very poor.
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He first didn't believe it so much,
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but then when the Russians
attacked the Finns
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and they didn't have any progress,
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he was convinced
that this was really the truth
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and he was now considering
the Russian army
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no more as strong as before.
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00:07:05,217 --> 00:07:09,763
Doubts about the Red Army's
strength had been raised inside Russia.
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00:07:09,847 --> 00:07:12,850
The purges of the '30s
had decimated its leadership.
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90% of its generals, 80% of its colonels
and well over half its corps commanders
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had been put to death at Stalin's whim.
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Every single commander
of a military district was eliminated.
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Every single commander
of an army division has been eliminated.
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Every single commander of a regiment,
with some exceptions here,
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also eliminated.
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Now, you see, this is a little more
than political weakness.
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The army was beheaded, so to speak.
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After the Red Army's
poor performance against the Finns,
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steps were taken to reform it.
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When news reached Moscow of
the Wehrmacht's crushing of the French,
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these reforms were accelerated.
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They were still incomplete
by the summer of 1940.
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All the same, Stalin seized his chance
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while Hitler was preoccupied
with the battle for Britain
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to grab first the Baltic States
of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,
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and then, within the same month,
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those parts of Romania known as
Bessarabia and northern Bukovina -
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a move that, to Hitler,
brought Russian troops
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uncomfortably close
to the Romanian oil wells at Ploesti,
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Germany's only oil supply,
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vital for its tanks and planes
and ships.
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But with the bulk of his forces
still in the west,
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Hitler did not intervene.
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Instead, he stepped up
diplomatic pressure
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to woo the Balkans into the German fold.
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First, King Boris of Bulgaria
was invited
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00:09:28,151 --> 00:09:31,405
to visit Hitler that autumn
at Berchtesgaden,
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and he was followed
by Prince Paul of Yugoslavia
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and by young King Michael of Romania.
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Michael was already under the sway
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of his pro-German prime minister,
Antonescu.
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When news broke that Romania
and Hungary had joined the Axis,
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the Russians reacted sharply.
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They accused Berlin of violating
the spirit of the August 1939 pact.
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The frail Soviet-German friendship
was beginning to fall apart.
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00:10:06,106 --> 00:10:09,610
Hitler, that same month,
further strengthened the Axis.
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He signed a new military alliance
with Italy and with Japan -
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the Tripartite Pact.
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00:10:18,035 --> 00:10:22,164
It was aimed, allegedly,
at only the United States and Britain.
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00:10:22,247 --> 00:10:27,336
The Russians thought otherwise.
They protested angrily.
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00:10:36,511 --> 00:10:40,015
Hitler invited Stalin's closest adviser,
Molotov,
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to Berlin that November 1940,
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to help, as he put it,
"clarify the situation".
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00:10:50,108 --> 00:10:54,154
It was a disastrous visit
for Soviet-German relations.
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00:11:04,831 --> 00:11:07,751
When Molotov visited Berlin,
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00:11:07,834 --> 00:11:11,797
he was obviously afraid of
being poisoned by bacteria
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00:11:11,880 --> 00:11:17,427
and he asked that all the plates,
all the glasses he used
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are boiled before they came in use.
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He was blunt in his remarks
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and he didn't spare Hitler at all.
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Very uncompromising,
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hardly smiling at all,
reminding me of my mathematics teacher,
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00:11:34,945 --> 00:11:39,574
with the spectacles -
hostile spectacles -
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00:11:39,658 --> 00:11:43,829
looking at his pupil, Hitler,
and saying,
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00:11:43,912 --> 00:11:45,539
"ls our agreement-
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00:11:45,622 --> 00:11:47,749
last year's agreement - still valid?"
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00:11:47,874 --> 00:11:50,043
Hitler thought it was a mistranslation.
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00:11:50,127 --> 00:11:51,962
He said, "Of course. Why not?"
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00:11:52,087 --> 00:11:53,839
And Molotov said, "Yes,
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00:11:53,922 --> 00:11:56,717
I ask this question
because of the Finns."
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00:11:56,800 --> 00:11:59,553
"You're on very friendly relations
with the Finns."
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00:11:59,636 --> 00:12:03,640
"You invite people from Finland to
Germany and send the missions there."
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00:12:03,724 --> 00:12:08,770
"The Finns are very dangerous people.
They undermine our security."
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00:12:08,854 --> 00:12:11,064
"We'll have to do something about that,
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00:12:11,148 --> 00:12:13,483
and we are going
to do something about that."
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00:12:13,567 --> 00:12:17,654
Whereupon Hitler exploded and said,
"I understand you very well."
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00:12:17,738 --> 00:12:22,576
"You want to wage war against Finland,
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00:12:22,659 --> 00:12:26,288
and that is quite out of the question,
do you hear me? Impossible!"
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00:12:26,371 --> 00:12:31,126
"Because my supplies
of iron and of nickel
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00:12:31,209 --> 00:12:35,255
and of other important raw materials
would be cut."
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00:12:35,338 --> 00:12:37,591
It was a very tough,
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00:12:37,674 --> 00:12:42,804
almost a heavyweight championship
in political discussion.
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00:12:42,888 --> 00:12:45,766
Even while Molotov
was still in Berlin,
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Hitler ordered his generals to plan
an attack on Russia for May 15, 1941.
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They responded with a detailed scheme
which he named "Operation Barbarossa"
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after the red-bearded Prussian emperor
who, centuries earlier,
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had crusaded against the Slavs.
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00:13:03,658 --> 00:13:06,620
Hitler's generals had taken
some convincing.
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00:13:06,703 --> 00:13:10,665
To attack Russia with Britain resisting
was to fight a war on two fronts,
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something that
even Mein Kampf maintained
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to be the gravest of military mistakes.
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00:13:16,296 --> 00:13:20,509
But Hitler argued,
and with some truth that winter of 1940,
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that Britain, although not beaten,
was not a threat,
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so an eastern campaign would be the only
front, provided it was over quickly.
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Years earlier, Hitler had written,
"Armies do not exist for peace."
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"They exist solely
for triumphant exertion in war."
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00:14:01,591 --> 00:14:04,636
The Wehrmacht's morale
was at its height.
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00:14:04,719 --> 00:14:08,765
Where was it to march next?
It couldn't move against Britain on land
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00:14:08,849 --> 00:14:11,601
and amphibious warfare
was not to Hitler's liking.
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00:14:11,685 --> 00:14:13,979
Magnetism alone, it seemed,
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must draw it against its sole
remaining antagonist within Europe,
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00:14:18,108 --> 00:14:22,028
draw it in the same way
as Napoleon's armies had been drawn
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00:14:22,112 --> 00:14:25,657
when they, too, had been left
champing at the bit along the Channel -
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eastwards, ever eastwards,
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00:14:28,368 --> 00:14:31,329
to the boundless motherland of Russia.
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00:15:07,824 --> 00:15:10,660
The Red Army in 1941
was the largest in the world.
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00:15:10,744 --> 00:15:12,495
In tanks, it outnumbered,
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00:15:12,579 --> 00:15:18,043
in airplanes, it equalled the rest
of the world's armies put together.
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00:15:26,801 --> 00:15:30,263
Despite its shortcomings,
the Red Army was better equipped
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than previous Wehrmacht victims,
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00:15:32,974 --> 00:15:37,938
and its reorganisation since the fiasco
of the Finnish war was well under way.
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00:15:38,063 --> 00:15:42,150
But what of its morale?
Hitler felt sure he knew the answer:
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00:15:42,233 --> 00:15:43,944
"You have only to kick in the door
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and the whole rotten structure
will come crashing down."
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00:15:49,366 --> 00:15:52,702
Russia's leaders still thought
they could buy time
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00:15:52,786 --> 00:15:56,039
while their army made ready
for the struggle.
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00:16:05,173 --> 00:16:09,511
By March 1941, Russian troops were
already being faced by German troops
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00:16:09,594 --> 00:16:13,848
along the borders of Hungary
and Romania, and even Bulgaria.
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00:16:13,932 --> 00:16:17,727
Yugoslavia, too, looked like
becoming a German satellite until,
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00:16:17,811 --> 00:16:19,813
encouraged by British intelligence,
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00:16:19,896 --> 00:16:24,526
a popular uprising in Belgrade
pushed out the Nazi puppets.
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00:16:24,609 --> 00:16:29,197
Incredibly, Moscow
concluded a pact with the rebels.
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00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:33,451
The very next day,
Hitler attacked Yugoslavia.
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00:16:38,081 --> 00:16:42,627
Incensed by the revolt,
he named the operation "Retribution".
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Operation Retribution
meant postponing Operation Barbarossa
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by five crucial weeks.
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00:17:29,841 --> 00:17:35,930
But now Russia stood by while
the Wehrmacht overran her newest ally.
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00:17:51,780 --> 00:17:57,368
Hitler marched into Greece, again
without Moscow so much as protesting.
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00:18:02,290 --> 00:18:05,835
This inaction made Hitler
even more headstrong
193
00:18:05,919 --> 00:18:09,005
as his armies swept on
to further easy victories.
194
00:18:19,140 --> 00:18:21,684
Stalin's spies had been
sending back reports
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00:18:21,768 --> 00:18:24,479
of German troop concentrations
along his borders,
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00:18:24,562 --> 00:18:27,148
reports which he chose to ignore.
197
00:18:27,232 --> 00:18:30,443
When Western diplomats warned him too,
he shrugged them off.
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00:18:30,527 --> 00:18:32,070
He argued to his cronies
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00:18:32,153 --> 00:18:35,240
that however inevitable
a Nazi-Soviet conflict might be,
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00:18:35,323 --> 00:18:38,493
these present reports
were simply a British ruse.
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00:18:38,576 --> 00:18:43,206
The interesting thing was
that both Roosevelt and Churchill
202
00:18:43,331 --> 00:18:47,460
informed Stalin
that Hitler was going to attack Russia.
203
00:18:47,544 --> 00:18:49,337
Stalin thought that was a trick
204
00:18:49,462 --> 00:18:50,964
on our part
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00:18:51,047 --> 00:18:54,926
to get him to mobilise and to divert,
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00:18:55,009 --> 00:18:56,803
to provoke Hitler into attack.
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00:18:56,886 --> 00:18:59,514
Stalin was very conscious that
208
00:18:59,597 --> 00:19:01,391
in World War I,
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00:19:01,474 --> 00:19:05,478
it was the Tsar's mobilisation
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00:19:05,562 --> 00:19:10,441
that caused the German -
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00:19:10,525 --> 00:19:13,361
the Kaiser - to attack Russia,
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00:19:13,444 --> 00:19:15,989
and he wasn't going
to have any part of it.
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00:19:16,072 --> 00:19:19,701
There is a traditional
pathological mistrust.
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00:19:19,784 --> 00:19:22,662
When the British say something,
215
00:19:22,745 --> 00:19:27,876
Stalin's philosophy used to tell us,
"You must think the opposite".
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00:19:27,959 --> 00:19:30,044
If the British warn us,
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00:19:30,170 --> 00:19:36,176
that must mean that
they try to put us against the Germans.
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00:19:36,259 --> 00:19:41,723
For that reason - the main reason -
he neglected all the warnings.
219
00:19:41,806 --> 00:19:44,142
May Day in Moscow, 1941.
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00:19:50,899 --> 00:19:53,568
A particularly impressive
military parade,
221
00:19:53,651 --> 00:19:55,778
as if to reassure the Russian people
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00:19:55,862 --> 00:20:00,450
in the face of all the rumours
of impending invasion.
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00:20:08,750 --> 00:20:11,502
Russian diplomacy
was aimed at appeasing Hitler,
224
00:20:11,586 --> 00:20:17,842
hoping to delay any attack until the
Red Army's reforms would be complete.
225
00:20:20,553 --> 00:20:22,889
And so, while the generals lectured,
226
00:20:22,972 --> 00:20:26,684
the diplomats rushed grain and
much-needed raw materials to Germany,
227
00:20:26,768 --> 00:20:30,396
turned a blind eye to the incursions
of German reconnaissance planes
228
00:20:30,480 --> 00:20:32,065
over Soviet territory
229
00:20:32,190 --> 00:20:35,568
and even slowed down
their building of frontier defences
230
00:20:35,652 --> 00:20:38,404
so as not to offend Berlin.
231
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:44,452
Yet even as Stalin's defence commissar
232
00:20:44,535 --> 00:20:47,705
shook hands with
Hitler's military attaché in Moscow,
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00:20:47,789 --> 00:20:51,960
three million German troops
were moving up to the border.
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00:20:52,043 --> 00:20:56,339
The biggest land battle in history
was about to begin.
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00:21:35,837 --> 00:21:38,047
The shock was all the greater
when it came.
236
00:21:38,131 --> 00:21:40,508
I remember that night, I'd been out
237
00:21:40,591 --> 00:21:43,761
and came home rather late
and turned on the radio,
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00:21:43,845 --> 00:21:45,930
and I got onto, I think it was Kharkov
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00:21:46,014 --> 00:21:47,640
or Kiev or somewhere like that,
240
00:21:47,724 --> 00:21:50,935
and there were accounts going on
241
00:21:51,019 --> 00:21:53,021
of bombing and attacks and things,
242
00:21:53,104 --> 00:21:56,316
which I thought was
a sort of Orson Welles programme,
243
00:21:56,399 --> 00:22:00,361
like when he bombed New York,
remember?
244
00:22:00,445 --> 00:22:02,905
Then we checked around
and found it was real.
245
00:22:14,042 --> 00:22:19,172
We were told that the Red Army
will never fight on its own territory,
246
00:22:19,255 --> 00:22:22,967
that the very first shot
will be made on enemy's territory.
247
00:22:23,051 --> 00:22:24,927
Then, suddenly, on the 22nd,
248
00:22:25,011 --> 00:22:28,514
we were told that Sevastopol
is being bombed, Kiev is being bombed,
249
00:22:28,598 --> 00:22:32,727
Smolensk, bombed.
The enemy smashed, wiped out our forces.
250
00:22:49,202 --> 00:22:52,163
After the success
of the other campaigns,
251
00:22:52,246 --> 00:22:57,919
we had confidence
that Barbarossa would be successful too.
252
00:23:03,174 --> 00:23:08,262
The first period
of the advance was very quick.
253
00:23:08,346 --> 00:23:13,393
We made more than 100km per day.
254
00:23:17,814 --> 00:23:23,820
We hadn't lost a battle,
so we were used to being victorious.
255
00:23:23,903 --> 00:23:26,531
Hitler's plan
was for three armies
256
00:23:26,614 --> 00:23:31,619
to seek out and destroy
the Russian forces within four months.
257
00:23:31,702 --> 00:23:34,705
I never was in a war before.
258
00:23:34,789 --> 00:23:37,291
We had no fear
259
00:23:37,375 --> 00:23:42,505
because we thought
we will win the war against Russia,
260
00:23:42,630 --> 00:23:48,845
because the wars against
Poland and France,
261
00:23:49,345 --> 00:23:53,349
we had ended with victories for Germany.
262
00:23:59,397 --> 00:24:01,107
As well as surprise,
263
00:24:01,190 --> 00:24:05,820
the Germans had overwhelming superiority
in men and fire power
264
00:24:05,903 --> 00:24:09,532
at those points
chosen for their armoured thrusts.
265
00:24:09,615 --> 00:24:14,579
Three Russian infantry divisions
were annihilated that first day,
266
00:24:14,662 --> 00:24:17,665
and another five cut to pieces.
267
00:24:26,799 --> 00:24:30,219
During the River Bug crossing,
268
00:24:30,303 --> 00:24:37,518
we were attacked
by several obsolete Russian aircraft
269
00:24:37,643 --> 00:24:40,271
that were shot down immediately
270
00:24:40,354 --> 00:24:42,565
and we were very impressed
271
00:24:42,690 --> 00:24:46,527
by the superiority of our air force
at the beginning.
272
00:24:56,621 --> 00:24:58,789
During the first two days,
273
00:24:58,873 --> 00:25:02,668
2,000 Russian planes were destroyed,
mostly on the ground.
274
00:25:07,006 --> 00:25:11,052
The world's largest air force
had been well-nigh eradicated.
275
00:25:12,637 --> 00:25:18,809
Their air cover gone, the Russian
frontier armies wilted and disappeared.
276
00:25:30,321 --> 00:25:34,909
In a week, the Wehrmacht
was already halfway to Moscow.
277
00:25:35,701 --> 00:25:40,456
In a month, the Germans had won an area
double the size of their own country.
278
00:25:45,086 --> 00:25:47,129
♪ Wenn die Soldaten
279
00:25:47,213 --> 00:25:49,465
♪ Durch die Stadt marschieren
280
00:25:49,549 --> 00:25:51,509
♪ Öffnen die Mädchen
281
00:25:51,592 --> 00:25:53,469
♪ Die Fenster und die Türen
282
00:25:53,553 --> 00:25:55,846
♪ Ei warum? Ei darum
283
00:25:56,097 --> 00:25:57,932
♪ Ei warum? Ei darum
284
00:25:58,057 --> 00:26:02,019
♪ Ei bloß wegen dem Schingderassa,
Bumderassasa
285
00:26:02,228 --> 00:26:06,691
♪ Ei bloß wegen dem Schingderassa,
Bumderassasa
286
00:26:06,816 --> 00:26:08,693
♪ Zweifarben Tücher
287
00:26:08,776 --> 00:26:11,112
♪ Schnauzbart und Sterne
288
00:26:11,195 --> 00:26:13,114
♪ Herzen und küssen
289
00:26:13,197 --> 00:26:15,157
♪ Die Mädchen ach so gerne
290
00:26:15,241 --> 00:26:17,368
♪ Ei warum? Ei darum
291
00:26:17,535 --> 00:26:19,996
♪ Ei warum? Ei darum
292
00:26:20,079 --> 00:26:23,583
♪ Ei bloß wegen dem Schingderassa,
Bumderassasa
293
00:26:23,749 --> 00:26:28,087
♪ Ei bloß wegen dem Schingderassa,
Bumderassasa
294
00:26:36,804 --> 00:26:40,182
Russian cities
fell like ninepins to the panzers.
295
00:26:40,266 --> 00:26:42,727
One was captured
with its trams still running.
296
00:26:42,852 --> 00:26:48,441
Its citizens, heading to work, cheered
German tanks, thinking them their own.
297
00:26:51,527 --> 00:26:57,992
We were, in parts, very
friendly received by the population.
298
00:26:58,618 --> 00:27:04,582
We had the impression that
we could win the population in Russia.
299
00:27:12,214 --> 00:27:14,800
Like the French
the summer before,
300
00:27:14,884 --> 00:27:17,511
he Russians used their tanks
in penny packets
301
00:27:17,595 --> 00:27:22,058
instead of the mass formations
of the German panzers.
302
00:27:27,855 --> 00:27:30,775
Easy meat
for the German antitank gunners,
303
00:27:30,858 --> 00:27:34,028
their blazing hulks
littered the battlefield.
304
00:27:34,111 --> 00:27:36,614
6,000 Russian tanks were lost
305
00:27:36,697 --> 00:27:42,370
in just two engagements
at Minsk and Smolensk in July.
306
00:28:02,014 --> 00:28:06,310
Half a million Russians
were killed in the first fortnight,
307
00:28:06,394 --> 00:28:09,230
and nearly a million taken prisoner.
308
00:28:11,899 --> 00:28:16,779
As the weeks went by, the Russian losses
mounted, bewildering the Germans,
309
00:28:16,862 --> 00:28:21,033
who refused to believe such profligacy
in human life could possibly continue.
310
00:28:25,788 --> 00:28:27,915
As in France the year before,
311
00:28:27,998 --> 00:28:31,585
Hitler was concerned more
to destroy enemy forces in the field
312
00:28:31,669 --> 00:28:35,548
than to capture cities
or to conquer territory.
313
00:28:38,968 --> 00:28:41,971
His generals
didn't always see it that way.
314
00:28:42,054 --> 00:28:44,181
Tempted, perhaps, by golden spires,
315
00:28:44,265 --> 00:28:48,102
they vied with each other to be
the captor of this or that great city,
316
00:28:48,185 --> 00:28:50,521
especially Moscow.
317
00:29:13,252 --> 00:29:16,839
To capture the Russian capital
without delay, the generals argued,
318
00:29:16,922 --> 00:29:18,674
would be decisive.
319
00:29:18,758 --> 00:29:22,219
Hitler preferred to destroy
the Russian forces in the south first,
320
00:29:22,303 --> 00:29:25,681
hoping for a decisive battle there.
321
00:29:25,765 --> 00:29:29,435
Moscow was not his first priority.
322
00:29:29,518 --> 00:29:34,023
In August,
he ordered his panzers to swing south.
323
00:29:35,566 --> 00:29:37,485
Kiev,
324
00:29:37,568 --> 00:29:42,323
the capital of the Ukraine,
was taken in mid-September.
325
00:29:46,160 --> 00:29:49,038
In one of the most spectacular
encircling movements
326
00:29:49,121 --> 00:29:50,664
in military history,
327
00:29:50,748 --> 00:29:53,542
the German panzers
took prisoner at Kiev
328
00:29:53,626 --> 00:29:57,171
nearly
three quarters of a million Russians.
329
00:30:10,643 --> 00:30:12,186
German newsreel cameramen
330
00:30:12,269 --> 00:30:15,481
made great play of these
long columns of luckless Russians
331
00:30:15,564 --> 00:30:18,984
for whom frontline fighting
was now over.
332
00:30:19,068 --> 00:30:21,570
But ahead lay another hell -
333
00:30:21,654 --> 00:30:24,865
imprisonment at the hands of the Nazis.
334
00:30:24,949 --> 00:30:28,619
Of every hundred Russian prisoners
seen here,
335
00:30:28,702 --> 00:30:32,581
only three would ever return alive.
336
00:30:48,180 --> 00:30:50,307
By the end of September '41,
337
00:30:50,391 --> 00:30:52,768
after just three months of war,
338
00:30:52,852 --> 00:30:55,855
the Russians had lost
nearly three million men.
339
00:30:57,565 --> 00:31:00,609
But Russian resilience
before such fatal-seeming blows
340
00:31:00,693 --> 00:31:03,821
was to astonish the world.
341
00:31:19,920 --> 00:31:23,632
The German was told
to regard his Russian foe as subhuman,
342
00:31:23,716 --> 00:31:27,344
but it was not long before
the German frontline soldier, at least,
343
00:31:27,428 --> 00:31:31,557
came to think of him
as more superhuman than subhuman.
344
00:31:31,640 --> 00:31:35,644
The Russians seldom cried out
when wounded
345
00:31:35,728 --> 00:31:39,815
and there always seemed to be
more of them on the horizon.
346
00:31:39,899 --> 00:31:42,401
One Wehrmacht colonel wrote:
347
00:31:42,484 --> 00:31:44,570
"In fighting Russia,
348
00:31:44,653 --> 00:31:48,324
the German army is like an elephant
attacking a host of ants."
349
00:31:48,407 --> 00:31:51,368
"The elephant will kill thousands,
maybe millions,
350
00:31:51,452 --> 00:31:55,706
but in the end,
their numbers will overcome him
351
00:31:55,789 --> 00:31:58,876
and he will be eaten to the bone."
352
00:32:02,630 --> 00:32:04,798
Orientation in Russia
353
00:32:04,882 --> 00:32:09,803
is as difficult as it is in the desert,
354
00:32:09,887 --> 00:32:13,390
only you don't see the horizon.
355
00:32:13,474 --> 00:32:15,142
You are lost.
356
00:32:15,225 --> 00:32:18,354
The immense space here was so immense
357
00:32:18,437 --> 00:32:23,567
that we had many soldiers
358
00:32:24,610 --> 00:32:27,071
who became melancholy.
359
00:32:28,113 --> 00:32:30,616
The valley -
360
00:32:30,699 --> 00:32:34,662
flat valleys, flat hills,
flat valleys, flat hills -
361
00:32:34,745 --> 00:32:37,539
endless. There was no limit.
362
00:32:37,623 --> 00:32:39,792
We could not see an end
363
00:32:39,875 --> 00:32:44,630
and it was so disconsolate.
364
00:32:44,713 --> 00:32:48,092
We saw the big fields -
365
00:32:48,175 --> 00:32:50,344
the cornfields -
366
00:32:50,469 --> 00:32:52,513
from the horizon to the horizon.
367
00:32:52,596 --> 00:32:54,682
We never saw it before.
368
00:32:54,765 --> 00:32:56,934
It's very large.
369
00:32:57,017 --> 00:33:03,816
Unimaginable vastness of this country,
370
00:33:03,899 --> 00:33:06,735
and we advanced
from one river to the other,
371
00:33:06,819 --> 00:33:10,739
from one position to the other,
and there was no end to it.
372
00:33:37,433 --> 00:33:42,604
"Trade space for time"
was the traditional Russian strategy.
373
00:33:42,688 --> 00:33:44,690
Time was not on Hitler's side
374
00:33:44,773 --> 00:33:48,652
if he was to achieve
his decisive victory before winter.
375
00:33:48,736 --> 00:33:51,488
I remember
flying back from Kuibyshev
376
00:33:51,572 --> 00:33:56,869
and there was this great tank trap they
were digging all round, outside Moscow,
377
00:33:56,952 --> 00:34:02,041
and one saw what looked like ants
moving around it,
378
00:34:02,124 --> 00:34:05,210
and it was practically
the entire population of Moscow -
379
00:34:05,294 --> 00:34:07,629
man, woman and child - digging.
380
00:34:07,755 --> 00:34:12,718
I think they did tap every emotional
resource that was available to them.
381
00:34:12,801 --> 00:34:15,637
I remember, for instance,
a lot of churches being open
382
00:34:15,721 --> 00:34:19,683
that had been shut for a long time.
383
00:34:19,767 --> 00:34:22,561
In that very situation,
384
00:34:22,644 --> 00:34:26,148
something else appeared among us -
385
00:34:26,231 --> 00:34:28,776
the tradition of Borodino.
386
00:34:28,859 --> 00:34:32,196
Borodino is the place
where Napoleon was defeated.
387
00:34:32,279 --> 00:34:38,035
And suddenly, religious feeling
just appeared from nowhere
388
00:34:38,118 --> 00:34:41,330
and that helped to unite people.
389
00:34:42,206 --> 00:34:45,751
With the Ukraine subdued
and Leningrad surrounded,
390
00:34:45,834 --> 00:34:49,588
Hitler now turned his attention
to the biggest prize of all,
391
00:34:49,671 --> 00:34:50,964
Moscow,
392
00:34:51,048 --> 00:34:53,801
something his generals
had been beseeching him to do
393
00:34:53,884 --> 00:34:57,221
since the start of the campaign.
394
00:35:00,933 --> 00:35:04,812
Moscow in October '41
was already a frontline city.
395
00:35:04,895 --> 00:35:08,649
German troops had been
only 200 miles away since August,
396
00:35:08,732 --> 00:35:11,693
when Hitler had diverted his panzers
southwards.
397
00:35:14,154 --> 00:35:17,491
Rumours had been rife
of early capitulation.
398
00:35:17,574 --> 00:35:20,619
The city had long been placed
under military rule.
399
00:35:22,579 --> 00:35:26,625
Hardly a day went by
without a visit from the Luftwaffe.
400
00:35:44,852 --> 00:35:48,021
The battle for Moscow
began in earnest in early October.
401
00:35:48,105 --> 00:35:52,442
Straight away,
things went wrong for its defenders.
402
00:36:02,828 --> 00:36:04,496
In two vast pincer movements,
403
00:36:04,580 --> 00:36:08,375
the Germans captured
another 700,000 Russian troops.
404
00:36:08,458 --> 00:36:11,545
Goebbels summoned
American war correspondents to Berlin
405
00:36:11,628 --> 00:36:14,756
to announce Moscow's impending fall.
406
00:36:14,840 --> 00:36:17,384
We had had
a very beautiful summer.
407
00:36:17,467 --> 00:36:21,972
No problems - climatic problems -
or anything of this sort.
408
00:36:22,055 --> 00:36:28,687
As I remember it, it started snowing
and becoming cold around October 10,
409
00:36:28,770 --> 00:36:35,819
and then we knew immediately that we
were totally unprepared and unequipped
410
00:36:35,903 --> 00:36:38,530
for what was lying ahead of us.
411
00:36:38,614 --> 00:36:41,116
When one panzer commander asked
412
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:43,243
when he could expect winter clothing,
413
00:36:43,327 --> 00:36:48,040
he was told not to make further
unnecessary requests of this type.
414
00:36:48,123 --> 00:36:51,251
On the day the first snows fell
before Moscow,
415
00:36:51,335 --> 00:36:54,004
its defenders received a new commander,
416
00:36:54,087 --> 00:36:59,134
Zhukov, something German intelligence
didn't consider worth telling Hitler,
417
00:36:59,218 --> 00:37:01,720
although Zhukov had led
Leningrad's defence
418
00:37:01,845 --> 00:37:04,806
with enormous energy
since mid-September.
419
00:37:04,890 --> 00:37:09,728
But Moscow's defence was to be
a bigger test of Zhukov's generalship.
420
00:37:11,605 --> 00:37:14,524
The first snows soon melted,
421
00:37:14,608 --> 00:37:17,778
turning roads into quagmires.
422
00:37:20,739 --> 00:37:24,743
Only a few roads in Russia
were paved.
423
00:37:24,826 --> 00:37:31,166
Therefore, in autumn,
the terrible period of mud was beginning
424
00:37:31,250 --> 00:37:35,212
and the roads became deeply softened,
425
00:37:35,295 --> 00:37:38,924
and therefore useless for motorcars,
426
00:37:39,007 --> 00:37:41,677
except tanks.
427
00:37:46,765 --> 00:37:54,314
We had, as infantry,
to march along the sides of the roads
428
00:37:54,398 --> 00:37:58,443
to let pass cars and the tanks.
429
00:38:00,696 --> 00:38:06,994
The wheels of my guns
were broken.
430
00:38:07,452 --> 00:38:10,831
And within a period
of two or three days,
431
00:38:10,914 --> 00:38:14,710
we had to improvise mobility
432
00:38:14,793 --> 00:38:21,133
by requisitioning pannier horses
and wagons.
433
00:38:23,385 --> 00:38:31,310
We all were quite happy about the
success of the German armies in Russia,
434
00:38:31,435 --> 00:38:34,521
but the first inkling
that something is wrong
435
00:38:34,604 --> 00:38:38,567
was when Goebbels
made a big action in all Germany
436
00:38:38,692 --> 00:38:43,780
to collect furs and winter clothes
for the German troops.
437
00:38:43,864 --> 00:38:47,576
Then we knew something was ahead
which was not foreseen.
438
00:38:50,162 --> 00:38:55,834
We had no warm mantles
and nothing,
439
00:38:55,959 --> 00:39:00,464
only the things we had
also in summertime.
440
00:39:00,547 --> 00:39:03,550
And we were actually angry
441
00:39:03,633 --> 00:39:06,845
that we didn't have better equipment.
442
00:39:08,847 --> 00:39:10,807
The weather worsened.
443
00:39:10,891 --> 00:39:14,144
Many German commanders
favoured halting for the winter.
444
00:39:14,269 --> 00:39:15,771
Hitler would have none of it.
445
00:39:15,854 --> 00:39:18,940
Convinced victory would be his
before winter proper,
446
00:39:19,024 --> 00:39:21,234
he ordered his generals on, on,
447
00:39:21,360 --> 00:39:25,906
as soon as the ground
had hardened enough to bear his panzers.
448
00:39:28,116 --> 00:39:33,830
The welcome delay allowed Zhukov
to organise Moscow's defences.
449
00:39:43,673 --> 00:39:48,595
The Russians had less than
400 tanks left to defend Moscow.
450
00:39:48,678 --> 00:39:51,723
Space was running out fast for Zhukov,
451
00:39:51,807 --> 00:39:54,226
but time was still on his side
452
00:39:54,309 --> 00:39:58,772
as the cold winds of winter
swept in from the north.
453
00:40:03,402 --> 00:40:05,946
But, on October 14,
454
00:40:06,071 --> 00:40:08,698
a panzer group broke through
and took Kalinin,
455
00:40:08,782 --> 00:40:11,827
less than 100 miles away to the north.
456
00:40:11,910 --> 00:40:16,456
A few days later, another unit
took Mozhaysk, 60 miles west,
457
00:40:16,540 --> 00:40:21,920
while an infantry division
reached Gorki, just 40 miles away.
458
00:40:24,214 --> 00:40:26,341
Panic gripped Moscow's citizens.
459
00:40:26,425 --> 00:40:30,804
Those who could, left - two million,
including most government departments.
460
00:40:30,887 --> 00:40:34,891
Even Lenin's coffin was evacuated,
along with other Kremlin treasures.
461
00:40:34,975 --> 00:40:38,854
It was a bit of a shock
when, in those two or three days -
462
00:40:38,937 --> 00:40:42,274
I suppose they were just
the advance spear tip probably -
463
00:40:42,357 --> 00:40:45,068
a few chaps on motorbikes or something
got to within
464
00:40:45,152 --> 00:40:47,696
40 or 50 kilometres of Moscow.
465
00:40:47,779 --> 00:40:52,075
Then there was, I must say,
considerable shock in Moscow.
466
00:40:52,159 --> 00:40:53,827
People were trying to get out.
467
00:40:53,910 --> 00:40:56,663
They thought
the German army was going to roll in.
468
00:40:56,746 --> 00:40:58,874
In fact, I should imagine,
469
00:40:58,957 --> 00:41:01,501
from October 16
470
00:41:01,585 --> 00:41:04,504
to about October 20,
471
00:41:04,588 --> 00:41:07,507
an average citizen of Moscow
probably expected
472
00:41:07,591 --> 00:41:11,178
that Moscow will fall
within the next few days,
473
00:41:11,303 --> 00:41:14,181
and that was what
the panic was about, really.
474
00:41:14,264 --> 00:41:19,227
People used just to stop
top-ranking secret service officers
475
00:41:19,311 --> 00:41:22,481
and shout insults at them
without any fear.
476
00:41:22,564 --> 00:41:25,275
In normal times,
you couldn't do anything like that.
477
00:41:25,358 --> 00:41:30,280
These were the only times when,
probably, a very weak force of Germans,
478
00:41:30,363 --> 00:41:35,076
if they would manage to drop a unit
of some kind of parachutists inside,
479
00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:38,079
we would have real trouble.
480
00:41:38,163 --> 00:41:41,541
But while Hitler plotted
his final attack on Moscow,
481
00:41:41,625 --> 00:41:45,253
Zhukov, too, planned an attack.
482
00:41:45,337 --> 00:41:47,047
But with what?
483
00:41:47,130 --> 00:41:50,717
He had already withdrawn as many troops
as he dared from other sectors
484
00:41:50,800 --> 00:41:53,720
to defend Moscow.
485
00:41:53,803 --> 00:41:57,599
But there was one reserve
the Russians had not yet touched,
486
00:41:57,682 --> 00:41:59,935
nor ever thought they would be able to.
487
00:42:00,018 --> 00:42:02,771
The 40 divisions of the Siberian front,
488
00:42:02,854 --> 00:42:08,235
among the best troops in Russia,
trained to fight in winter conditions.
489
00:42:08,360 --> 00:42:13,156
Since June, they had been expecting
a Japanese attack.
490
00:42:17,577 --> 00:42:21,289
Midway through October,
Stalin's master spy in Tokyo
491
00:42:21,373 --> 00:42:25,085
reported Japan's eyes were elsewhere.
492
00:42:25,168 --> 00:42:28,505
This time, Stalin believed his spies.
493
00:42:28,630 --> 00:42:32,050
He moved the Siberian divisions
to Moscow.
494
00:42:35,262 --> 00:42:37,389
Even at this moment of crisis,
495
00:42:37,472 --> 00:42:41,685
Moscow took time off to celebrate
the anniversary of the revolution,
496
00:42:41,768 --> 00:42:44,771
and Stalin showed himself to his people.
497
00:42:46,773 --> 00:42:51,236
We could say,
in spite of all his shortcomings,
498
00:42:51,319 --> 00:42:58,577
that Stalin rendered a very great
service to the USSR by that presence
499
00:42:58,660 --> 00:43:00,745
because it showed two things:
500
00:43:00,829 --> 00:43:05,667
one, the supreme commander
did not run away,
501
00:43:05,750 --> 00:43:10,213
secondly, Stalin retained his nerve.
502
00:43:10,297 --> 00:43:16,011
That sense of nerve spread at once
into all the armed forces.
503
00:43:16,094 --> 00:43:21,725
All the commanders began saying,
"Stalin himself, he is here."
504
00:43:42,120 --> 00:43:48,418
The ground had hardened.
The panzers were able to roll again.
505
00:43:49,002 --> 00:43:52,797
On November 26, they entered Istra,
506
00:43:52,881 --> 00:43:55,091
just 30 miles west of Moscow,
507
00:43:55,216 --> 00:44:01,181
and four days later had taken
Krasnaya Polyana, just 25 miles north.
508
00:44:07,145 --> 00:44:10,231
As yet,
Zhukov had not used his Siberians
509
00:44:10,315 --> 00:44:13,318
and German intelligence
had not stumbled on the presence
510
00:44:13,401 --> 00:44:15,737
of such numbers of fresh troops.
511
00:44:15,820 --> 00:44:20,200
But the Germans
were having troubles of their own.
512
00:44:22,952 --> 00:44:27,666
And one morning,
it was finished.
513
00:44:27,749 --> 00:44:31,044
All was frozen,
514
00:44:31,127 --> 00:44:34,964
and the cars were sitting in the mud,
frozen,
515
00:44:35,048 --> 00:44:37,759
and the tanks could not roll
516
00:44:37,842 --> 00:44:41,596
and, in this moment,
my heart broke down.
517
00:44:41,680 --> 00:44:45,725
And there was, in the distance,
a large town,
518
00:44:45,809 --> 00:44:50,689
and I think that was the first time
and the last time I have seen Moscow.
519
00:44:52,774 --> 00:44:56,569
Temperatures were down
to minus 40 degrees centigrade.
520
00:44:56,653 --> 00:45:00,699
Oil solidified
in the sumps of lorries and tanks.
521
00:45:00,782 --> 00:45:03,493
The intense cold
affected the soldiers, too.
522
00:45:03,576 --> 00:45:06,913
There were more casualties
from frostbite and stomach troubles
523
00:45:06,996 --> 00:45:08,581
than from fighting.
524
00:45:08,665 --> 00:45:10,834
We had no winter shoes.
525
00:45:10,917 --> 00:45:18,842
We had no equipment whatsoever
to fight or stand the cold.
526
00:45:18,925 --> 00:45:23,054
And I think this became
a very, very big problem right away.
527
00:45:23,138 --> 00:45:27,142
We lost a considerable part
of our equipment-
528
00:45:27,225 --> 00:45:31,521
guns,
heavy and light equipment in general.
529
00:45:31,604 --> 00:45:34,190
We, of course, due to the cold,
530
00:45:34,274 --> 00:45:38,737
lost a lot of people
who got frostbitten,
531
00:45:38,820 --> 00:45:43,950
and we had not even
the necessary amount of ointments
532
00:45:44,033 --> 00:45:47,746
or the most simple and primitive things
to fight it.
533
00:45:48,788 --> 00:45:52,000
Of 900 men in my battalion,
534
00:45:52,083 --> 00:45:56,546
200 fell out because of freezing
535
00:45:57,630 --> 00:45:59,716
in the first 14 days.
536
00:46:01,301 --> 00:46:03,094
As it became colder,
537
00:46:03,178 --> 00:46:07,265
towards the end of November
and early December,
538
00:46:07,348 --> 00:46:12,645
most of our artillery
had become completely unusable.
539
00:46:13,730 --> 00:46:20,695
We had not the lubrication oil
suitable for this winter war.
540
00:46:20,820 --> 00:46:23,156
Nevertheless, the Russians had it
541
00:46:23,239 --> 00:46:28,203
and suddenly our soldiers realised
542
00:46:28,286 --> 00:46:31,289
that from one moment to the next,
543
00:46:31,372 --> 00:46:34,334
the weapon didn't shoot any more.
544
00:46:37,587 --> 00:46:42,926
Well, the worst memory was
if the vehicles got frozen in the ground
545
00:46:43,009 --> 00:46:46,262
and the motor oil was thick
so we couldn't move.
546
00:46:46,346 --> 00:46:51,351
And we needed and we wanted to move.
I think that was the worst.
547
00:46:51,810 --> 00:46:58,149
In Russia, there were
no signposts to mark the ways.
548
00:46:58,233 --> 00:47:00,985
To find our roads,
549
00:47:01,069 --> 00:47:06,115
we had set the frozen bodies of horses
550
00:47:06,199 --> 00:47:08,785
along the snow walls
551
00:47:08,868 --> 00:47:12,580
to find the way during the snowdrifts.
552
00:47:12,664 --> 00:47:18,503
And the scenery was so disconsolate -
553
00:47:18,586 --> 00:47:22,131
always snow and snow.
554
00:47:24,133 --> 00:47:26,970
We always were alone,
555
00:47:27,053 --> 00:47:31,432
dreaming what time
we will be back in Berlin.
556
00:47:32,267 --> 00:47:36,271
But the powers that be
in Berlin refused to believe the worst.
557
00:47:36,354 --> 00:47:40,066
The newsreels
made it all seem great fun.
558
00:47:50,493 --> 00:47:53,288
The reality was different.
559
00:47:56,291 --> 00:48:02,171
At that time,
we had advanced almost 2,000 kilometres.
560
00:48:10,972 --> 00:48:14,934
Hitler, at first,
did not want to conceive
561
00:48:15,018 --> 00:48:19,814
that this crisis was the end
of all his strategical planning,
562
00:48:19,939 --> 00:48:23,443
but the army knew better,
563
00:48:23,526 --> 00:48:28,698
and the Russians did
564
00:48:28,781 --> 00:48:30,950
the most important part
565
00:48:31,075 --> 00:48:33,703
in convincing Hitler, too,
566
00:48:33,786 --> 00:48:36,372
that the Russian campaign
of this first year
567
00:48:36,456 --> 00:48:39,042
had failed and had come to an end.
568
00:48:45,214 --> 00:48:47,050
December 6.
569
00:48:47,133 --> 00:48:50,136
With the Wehrmacht's morale
at its lowest,
570
00:48:50,219 --> 00:48:53,848
although some German troops
were just 15 miles from the Kremlin,
571
00:48:53,932 --> 00:48:56,267
Zhukov unleashed his Siberians.
572
00:48:57,060 --> 00:49:00,104
It was astonishing this time -
573
00:49:00,188 --> 00:49:05,151
the first time -
I saw the Russian tanks,
574
00:49:05,234 --> 00:49:07,111
34,
575
00:49:07,195 --> 00:49:11,115
running through the fields
and through the snow.
576
00:49:11,199 --> 00:49:17,205
Our own tanks couldn't drive,
couldn't shoot,
577
00:49:17,288 --> 00:49:19,999
because it was too cold.
578
00:49:32,011 --> 00:49:36,391
When I wanted to go back,
I met Russians everywhere,
579
00:49:36,474 --> 00:49:40,019
and so this was the first impression
580
00:49:40,103 --> 00:49:43,940
that there was no victory any more.
581
00:50:27,233 --> 00:50:29,777
As the Russians
regained territory,
582
00:50:29,861 --> 00:50:33,906
they began to uncover
the horror of the Nazi occupation.
583
00:51:22,371 --> 00:51:25,750
"Comrade, kill your German"
became the catch phrase.
584
00:51:25,833 --> 00:51:28,419
In the first month
of the counteroffensive,
585
00:51:28,503 --> 00:51:32,006
more than 300,000 Germans
were killed or captured.
586
00:51:32,090 --> 00:51:36,219
The worst memory of this retreat
587
00:51:36,302 --> 00:51:38,429
was the fear,
588
00:51:38,513 --> 00:51:40,598
every day and every night,
589
00:51:40,681 --> 00:51:43,935
to come in captivity.
590
00:51:44,018 --> 00:51:50,525
We had seen enough of the
enemy to know that in cases like that,
591
00:51:50,608 --> 00:51:53,694
prisoners were hardly taken.
592
00:52:37,113 --> 00:52:40,992
It was the first time
that our soldiers remarked
593
00:52:41,075 --> 00:52:44,287
the dark shadows of the coming times.
594
00:52:57,008 --> 00:53:01,304
When we must retreat
from Moscow,
595
00:53:02,763 --> 00:53:07,476
the Russian population
and the Russian soldiers must think:
596
00:53:07,560 --> 00:53:11,480
"It's possible to defeat
the German army."
597
00:53:15,401 --> 00:53:18,571
Two days
after the Russian offensive began,
598
00:53:18,654 --> 00:53:21,199
the Japanese struck at Pearl Harbour.
599
00:53:21,324 --> 00:53:25,077
The war was taking
a very different turn.
68138
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