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1
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[WIND BLOWING]
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00:00:03,938 --> 00:00:08,040
NARRATOR: THERE IS A PARADOX
AT THE HEART OF CIVILIZATION.
3
00:00:08,109 --> 00:00:16,215
TO BE CIVILIZED
IS TO BE CULTURED, ENLIGHTENED.
4
00:00:16,217 --> 00:00:21,253
BUT ENLIGHTENMENT
COMES AT A PRICE.
5
00:00:21,255 --> 00:00:26,191
THE COST OF CIVILIZATION
IS WAR.
6
00:00:26,193 --> 00:00:28,027
[MEN YELLING]
7
00:00:29,530 --> 00:00:33,532
JEFF: THESE PEOPLE, THEY WERE
ON A ONE-WAY PATH TO WARFARE.
8
00:00:33,534 --> 00:00:37,970
MARK: WE HAVE EVIDENCE
OF RAIDING, WARFARE, VIOLENCE.
9
00:00:39,573 --> 00:00:43,142
PETER: WAR IS NOT SIMPLY
AN UNFORTUNATE BYPRODUCT.
10
00:00:43,144 --> 00:00:46,712
IT'S THE DRIVING FORCE
IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF CIVILIZATION.
11
00:00:49,183 --> 00:00:54,119
NARRATOR: WHY IS CONFLICT
SUCH A POWERFUL AGENT OF CHANGE?
12
00:00:54,121 --> 00:00:58,290
HOW DOES GOOD COME FROM BAD?
13
00:01:00,795 --> 00:01:04,096
FOR 99% OF OUR TIME ON EARTH,
14
00:01:04,098 --> 00:01:07,633
HUMANS HAD NO ARMIES
OR GENERALS.
15
00:01:10,037 --> 00:01:14,573
BUT THEN WE SETTLED DOWN,
GREW FOOD,
16
00:01:14,575 --> 00:01:20,279
WORSHIPPED GODS,
WROTE STORIES, SOLD GOODS,
17
00:01:20,281 --> 00:01:22,414
BUILT CITIES...
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00:01:22,416 --> 00:01:24,983
AND WAGED WAR.
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00:01:26,420 --> 00:01:29,421
THIS IS THE STORY
OF THAT TRANSITION,
20
00:01:29,423 --> 00:01:33,892
STEPPING STONES ON THE ROAD
TO CIVILIZATION.
21
00:01:36,997 --> 00:01:42,034
IT'S A STORY SET ACROSS
THE GLOBE, IN THE MIDDLE EAST,
22
00:01:42,036 --> 00:01:47,739
CENTRAL AMERICA,
SOUTHERN ASIA...
23
00:01:47,741 --> 00:01:51,210
ALL SEABEDS OF CIVILIZATION.
24
00:01:51,212 --> 00:01:54,413
HERE OUR ANCESTORS
SHAPED THE IDEAS
25
00:01:54,415 --> 00:01:59,418
BY WHICH WE STILL
LIVE OUR LIVES.
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00:01:59,420 --> 00:02:03,088
THIS IS WHERE
THE MODERN WORLD BEGAN.
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00:02:16,540 --> 00:02:19,842
NARRATOR: MESOAMERICA,
28
00:02:19,844 --> 00:02:23,679
STRETCHING FROM NICARAGUA
TO MEXICO,
29
00:02:23,681 --> 00:02:26,949
ONE OF THE CRADLES
OF CIVILIZATION.
30
00:02:28,686 --> 00:02:33,822
BUT NOWHERE WAS CIVILIZATION
BORN WITH SO MUCH BLOOD.
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00:02:37,228 --> 00:02:39,228
[THUNDER]
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00:02:41,332 --> 00:02:44,366
THE RAINFORESTS OF GUATEMALA.
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00:02:44,368 --> 00:02:49,004
HERE IN 2010,
ARCHAEOLOGIST TOM GARRISON
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00:02:49,006 --> 00:02:52,007
MADE THE DISCOVERY OF HIS LIFE.
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00:03:01,018 --> 00:03:02,951
TOM: WHEN YOU
GET INTO ARCHAEOLOGY,
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00:03:02,953 --> 00:03:05,854
YOU DREAM ABOUT HAVING ONE OF
THOSE KING TUTANKHAMEN MOMENTS,
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00:03:05,856 --> 00:03:07,956
AND FOR ME, THIS WAS IT.
38
00:03:07,958 --> 00:03:11,393
NARRATOR: WHILE EXPLORING
THE RUINS OF A TEMPLE,
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GARRISON AND HIS TEAM
UNCOVERED A DAZZLING ARRAY
40
00:03:14,331 --> 00:03:17,332
OF ANCIENT MESOAMERICAN ART.
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00:03:20,204 --> 00:03:25,407
THEY THEN STARTED DIGGING DEEPER
TO SEE WHAT LAY BENEATH.
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00:03:27,111 --> 00:03:29,611
TOM: IT WAS THE TAIL END
43
00:03:29,613 --> 00:03:31,413
OF A VERY PRODUCTIVE SEASON
FOR US.
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00:03:31,415 --> 00:03:35,117
AND WE REALLY STARTED TO WONDER
WHAT WAS THIS TEMPLE ALL ABOUT.
45
00:03:35,119 --> 00:03:38,720
SO WE DECIDED TO EXCAVATE DOWN
RIGHT ON THIS SPOT.
46
00:03:38,722 --> 00:03:42,191
WE EXCAVATED DOWN
FOR ABOUT A METER AND A HALF,
47
00:03:42,193 --> 00:03:44,827
AND THEN THE GROUND GAVE WAY
48
00:03:44,829 --> 00:03:48,997
INTO AN OPEN VOID.
49
00:03:48,999 --> 00:03:52,935
AND THE FIRST SENSE THAT WE GET
IS THIS WAFT, THIS SMELL.
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00:03:52,937 --> 00:03:54,603
IT SMELLED LIKE DEATH.
51
00:03:56,941 --> 00:04:00,008
NARRATOR: THEY HAD DISCOVERED
A HIDDEN CHAMBER
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00:04:00,010 --> 00:04:04,980
THAT HAD BEEN SEALED SHUT
FOR 1,600 YEARS.
53
00:04:06,984 --> 00:04:09,751
TOM: WE SHINED A LIGHT
DOWN INTO THE HOLE,
54
00:04:09,753 --> 00:04:12,488
AND WE START SEEING
MARVELOUS THINGS:
55
00:04:12,490 --> 00:04:15,424
TEXTILES,
CERAMIC VESSELS, JADE,
56
00:04:15,426 --> 00:04:17,426
ALL OF THESE WONDERFUL OBJECTS,
57
00:04:17,428 --> 00:04:19,862
AND WE KNEW THAT WE HAD FOUND
A ROYAL TOMB.
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00:04:25,870 --> 00:04:30,205
NARRATOR: IT WAS THE LAST
RESTING PLACE OF A KING.
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00:04:32,843 --> 00:04:38,514
HE HAD BEEN LAID OUT
AND BURIED IN SPLENDOR...
60
00:04:38,516 --> 00:04:44,019
HIS TOMB DECORATED WITH
THE FINEST ARTIFACTS.
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00:04:57,701 --> 00:05:02,004
BUT ALONGSIDE HIS BODY
WERE CERAMIC ORNAMENTS
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CONTAINING A SHOCKING SECRET.
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00:05:07,077 --> 00:05:09,545
TOM: THERE WAS A LINE
OF CERAMIC VESSELS
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00:05:09,547 --> 00:05:12,781
THAT RAN THE LENGTH
OF THE CHAMBER.
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00:05:12,783 --> 00:05:16,118
AS WE REMOVED THE LID
FROM THE FIRST ONE...
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00:05:17,821 --> 00:05:20,088
WE SEE BURNED BONE,
67
00:05:20,090 --> 00:05:22,224
AND AS WE LOOK CLOSER,
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00:05:22,226 --> 00:05:25,227
IT'S LITTLE RIBS
AND LITTLE TEETH
THAT WE'RE SEEING.
69
00:05:25,229 --> 00:05:29,631
AND WE REALIZED THESE ARE
THE UNMISTAKABLE REMAINS
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00:05:29,633 --> 00:05:31,800
OF A HUMAN CHILD.
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00:05:34,004 --> 00:05:35,737
IT TURNS OUT
THERE ARE 6 CHILDREN
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00:05:35,739 --> 00:05:38,473
THAT HAVE BEEN SACRIFICED
AS AN OFFERING TO THIS KING.
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00:05:38,475 --> 00:05:42,844
TWO OF THE CHILDREN
HAD CLEARLY BEEN DECAPITATED.
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00:05:42,846 --> 00:05:45,247
THIS WAS A SHOCKINGLY GRUESOME
DISCOVERY.
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00:05:52,389 --> 00:05:55,224
NARRATOR: SINCE UNEARTHING
THIS SCENE OF DEPRAVITY,
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00:05:55,226 --> 00:05:59,261
GARRISON HAS BEEN EXPLORING
THE SURROUNDING JUNGLE.
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00:05:59,263 --> 00:06:02,130
HIDDEN AMONG
THE ROOTS AND VINES,
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00:06:02,132 --> 00:06:05,867
HE'S FOUND A HUGE
DEFENSIVE STRUCTURE.
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00:06:09,173 --> 00:06:13,942
WE CAME UPON THIS MASSIVE
DITCH AND RAMPART SYSTEM
ABOUT TWO DAYS AGO.
80
00:06:13,944 --> 00:06:17,613
IT'S PROBABLY THE LARGEST SUCH
FEATURE THAT WE'VE EVER SEEN.
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00:06:21,752 --> 00:06:24,086
THIS IS A 9-METER-HIGH RAMPART.
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00:06:24,088 --> 00:06:27,122
IT'S A SERIOUS PIECE
OF MILITARY ENGINEERING.
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00:06:27,124 --> 00:06:32,794
IT REMINDS ME OF THE WAY
THAT ONE MIGHT FORTIFY
A MEDIEVAL CASTLE.
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00:06:32,796 --> 00:06:34,429
IT'S AS IF THE LOWLANDS
ARE LOCKED
85
00:06:34,431 --> 00:06:37,232
IN THIS ENDLESS CYCLE
OF VIOLENCE AND SACRIFICE.
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00:06:37,234 --> 00:06:39,801
CONFLICT IS ENDEMIC.
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00:06:44,341 --> 00:06:49,778
NARRATOR: WAR HAS ALWAYS BEEN
THE BEDFELLOW OF CIVILIZATION.
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00:06:49,780 --> 00:06:55,017
BUT HOW AND WHY DOES ONE LEAD
TO THE OTHER?
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00:07:01,025 --> 00:07:04,826
THE FIRST SEEDS OF CIVILIZATION
IN MESOAMERICA
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00:07:04,828 --> 00:07:09,698
WERE SOWN IN THE OAXACA VALLEY
OF SOUTHERN MEXICO.
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00:07:13,003 --> 00:07:19,374
ARCHAEOLOGIST JEFF ROSE
HAS COME TO WHERE IT ALL BEGAN:
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00:07:19,376 --> 00:07:24,613
THE CAVE OF GUILÁ NAQUITZ.
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00:07:24,615 --> 00:07:27,516
HERE, 6,000 YEARS AGO,
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00:07:27,518 --> 00:07:31,320
PEOPLE MADE THE TRANSITION
FROM HUNTING AND GATHERING
95
00:07:31,322 --> 00:07:34,523
TO FARMING.
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00:07:34,525 --> 00:07:37,426
THEY STOPPED FORAGING
FOR WILD FOOD
97
00:07:37,428 --> 00:07:41,530
AND STARTED GROWING
DOMESTICATED CROPS.
98
00:07:46,203 --> 00:07:51,506
JEFF: ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
FOODS FROM THIS VALLEY IS THIS.
99
00:07:51,508 --> 00:07:54,276
SO THIS IS CALLED TEOSINTE.
100
00:07:54,278 --> 00:07:57,846
NOW, TEOSINTE IS A WILD GRASS.
101
00:07:57,848 --> 00:07:59,581
IT'S NOT VERY BIG,
102
00:07:59,583 --> 00:08:02,517
BUT IT'S GOT THESE KERNELS THAT
ARE LOADED WITH CARBOHYDRATES,
103
00:08:02,519 --> 00:08:04,286
WITH FIBER, WITH PROTEINS.
104
00:08:04,288 --> 00:08:06,054
IT'S INCREDIBLY NUTRITIOUS.
105
00:08:06,056 --> 00:08:08,957
HOWEVER, WHAT THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS
DIGGING IN THIS CAVE FOUND
106
00:08:08,959 --> 00:08:12,027
WASN'T PURE WILD TEOSINTE.
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00:08:12,029 --> 00:08:16,331
IT HAD SLIGHTLY BIGGER KERNELS
THAT HELD ONTO THE COB
A LITTLE BIT BETTER,
108
00:08:16,333 --> 00:08:20,769
AND WHAT THIS TELLS US IS
THE PROCESS OF DOMESTICATION
HAD BEGUN.
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00:08:20,771 --> 00:08:25,107
NOW, WITH DOMESTICATION
YOU CHOOSE CERTAIN PLANTS,
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00:08:25,109 --> 00:08:27,476
CERTAIN ANIMALS
WITH DESIRABLE TRAITS,
111
00:08:27,478 --> 00:08:30,045
SO IN THIS CASE,
THEY WANTED BIGGER KERNELS,
112
00:08:30,047 --> 00:08:31,346
THEY WANTED MORE FOOD
OUT OF IT.
113
00:08:31,348 --> 00:08:33,615
AND THIS PROCESS TOOK
THOUSANDS OF YEARS,
114
00:08:33,617 --> 00:08:37,819
BUT EVENTUALLY YOU END UP
WITH GIANT CORN ON THE COB.
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00:08:39,390 --> 00:08:42,624
THIS IS THE SAME PROCESS
THE WORLD OVER
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00:08:42,626 --> 00:08:44,993
IN EVERY EARLY CIVILIZATION.
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00:08:44,995 --> 00:08:50,932
IN MESOPOTAMIA, IT'S CEREAL
GRAINS LIKE WHEAT AND BARLEY
AND RYE.
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00:08:50,934 --> 00:08:53,802
IN THE NILE VALLEY,
IT'S SORGHUM AND MILLET.
119
00:08:53,804 --> 00:08:55,637
AND THEY ALL DO THE SAME THING.
120
00:08:55,639 --> 00:08:58,240
THEY ALL PROVIDE ENOUGH
EASY FOOD
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00:08:58,242 --> 00:09:01,610
TO FUEL THE ENTIRE CIVILIZATION.
122
00:09:04,515 --> 00:09:10,519
NARRATOR: BUT WITH DOMESTICATION
COMES A NEW RELATIONSHIP
TO THE LAND.
123
00:09:10,521 --> 00:09:13,955
JEFF: ONCE PEOPLE HERE
STARTED GROWING CROPS,
124
00:09:13,957 --> 00:09:15,457
THERE'S NO GOING BACK.
125
00:09:15,459 --> 00:09:18,360
I MEAN, THIS WAS
A ONE-WAY TICKET FORWARD.
126
00:09:18,362 --> 00:09:22,264
THEY COULD NO LONGER BE
THESE FREE NOMADS
127
00:09:22,266 --> 00:09:24,499
WANDERING THE LANDSCAPE
LOOKING FOR FOOD.
128
00:09:24,501 --> 00:09:27,669
THEY HAVE TO SOW THE CROPS,
THEY HAVE TO HARVEST THE CROPS,
129
00:09:27,671 --> 00:09:29,604
STORE THEM AWAY
FOR THE SEASON.
130
00:09:29,606 --> 00:09:32,741
SO THEY ARE NOW
TIED TO THE LAND,
131
00:09:32,743 --> 00:09:34,676
TIED TO THIS PLACE.
132
00:09:34,678 --> 00:09:38,246
THIS BECOMES THEIR LAND.
THEY OWN IT.
133
00:09:48,892 --> 00:09:52,761
NARRATOR: GOOD FARMLAND
IS ALWAYS AT A PREMIUM
134
00:09:52,763 --> 00:09:56,531
AND NEEDS TO BE DEFENDED
AT ANY COST.
135
00:09:59,603 --> 00:10:02,437
THIS WAS TRUE
THROUGHOUT THE ANCIENT WORLD,
136
00:10:02,439 --> 00:10:03,905
BUT HERE IN OAXACA,
137
00:10:03,907 --> 00:10:07,309
THE EFFECTS WERE EXAGGERATED
BY GEOGRAPHY.
138
00:10:12,583 --> 00:10:14,583
JEFF: WOW!
139
00:10:15,752 --> 00:10:18,019
THIS IS INCREDIBLE.
140
00:10:28,765 --> 00:10:30,665
LOOKING DOWN HERE,
THERE'S NO WONDER
141
00:10:30,667 --> 00:10:33,869
THIS WAS THE BIRTHPLACE
OF AGRICULTURE IN MESOAMERICA.
142
00:10:33,871 --> 00:10:36,204
I MEAN,
THIS GREEN, LUSH VALLEY
143
00:10:36,206 --> 00:10:38,573
FILLED WITH RIVERS
RUNNING THROUGH IT.
144
00:10:38,575 --> 00:10:41,409
BUT ON THE OTHER HAND,
IT'S HEMMED IN ON BOTH SIDES
145
00:10:41,411 --> 00:10:43,478
BY THESE STEEP MOUNTAINS.
146
00:10:43,480 --> 00:10:46,715
AS THESE POPULATIONS
ARE GROWING
147
00:10:46,717 --> 00:10:49,351
AND THEY'RE DEVELOPING
SETTLEMENTS ALONG THESE RIVERS
148
00:10:49,353 --> 00:10:52,921
AND ADOPTING
THIS NEW FARMING WAY OF LIFE,
149
00:10:52,923 --> 00:10:56,958
SUDDENLY REAL ESTATE
IS A BIG ISSUE
150
00:10:56,960 --> 00:10:59,928
BECAUSE SPACE IS LIMITED.
151
00:10:59,930 --> 00:11:03,098
SO THIS POSES A MAJOR PROBLEM.
152
00:11:03,100 --> 00:11:06,334
WHAT HAPPENS IF ONE YEAR
YOU HAVE CROP FAILURE?
153
00:11:06,336 --> 00:11:08,937
WELL, YOUR WHOLE VILLAGE
IS GONNA STARVE.
154
00:11:08,939 --> 00:11:11,540
ONE WAY OF GETTING AROUND THIS
155
00:11:11,542 --> 00:11:13,842
IS BY GOING OVER
TO YOUR NEIGHBOR'S VILLAGE
156
00:11:13,844 --> 00:11:16,811
AND RAIDING THEM
AND TAKING THEIR LAND.
157
00:11:16,813 --> 00:11:21,616
AND THIS TREND TOWARD CONFLICT
DOESN'T JUST HAPPEN HERE
IN MESOAMERICA,
158
00:11:21,618 --> 00:11:23,952
BUT THIS IS SOMETHING
THAT GOES HAND IN HAND
159
00:11:23,954 --> 00:11:27,088
WITH THE SHIFT TO AGRICULTURE
ALL OVER THE WORLD.
160
00:11:27,090 --> 00:11:30,225
THIS IS A UNIVERSAL PHENOMENON.
161
00:11:40,871 --> 00:11:46,675
NARRATOR: FARMING CREATES
A WORLD OF HAVES AND HAVE-NOTS.
162
00:11:46,677 --> 00:11:51,813
THE RESOURCES OF SOME
BECOME A TARGET FOR OTHERS.
163
00:11:58,956 --> 00:12:02,357
JEFF: YOU REALLY GET A SENSE
FROM UP HERE
164
00:12:02,359 --> 00:12:04,826
THAT OAXACA ISN'T JUST
A SINGLE VALLEY;
165
00:12:04,828 --> 00:12:07,095
IT'S ACTUALLY 3 VALLEYS
SHAPED LIKE A "Y"
166
00:12:07,097 --> 00:12:09,164
THAT MEET IN THE MIDDLE.
167
00:12:09,166 --> 00:12:13,468
SO THIS MEANS POTENTIALLY
THERE'S NOT JUST RAIDING
BETWEEN VILLAGES,
168
00:12:13,470 --> 00:12:17,272
BUT THERE'S THE POSSIBILITY
OF CONFLICT BETWEEN VALLEYS.
169
00:12:17,274 --> 00:12:21,009
SO IT'S ALMOST LIKE
THE GEOGRAPHY OF THIS AREA
170
00:12:21,011 --> 00:12:24,379
SET THESE PEOPLE ON
A ONE-WAY PATH TO WARFARE.
171
00:12:27,351 --> 00:12:28,383
[YELLING]
172
00:12:28,385 --> 00:12:29,517
AAH!
173
00:12:32,856 --> 00:12:35,624
[SCREAMING AND YELLING]
174
00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:45,667
[SIREN]
175
00:12:47,437 --> 00:12:51,206
NARRATOR: PETER TURCHIN
IS AN EVOLUTIONARY SCIENTIST
176
00:12:51,208 --> 00:12:52,907
WITH A DIFFERENCE.
177
00:12:52,909 --> 00:12:59,981
HE APPLIES THE THEORY
OF EVOLUTION TO THE STUDY
OF HUMAN CULTURE
178
00:12:59,983 --> 00:13:05,520
AND BELIEVES THE VIOLENT
BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION
IN MESOAMERICA
179
00:13:05,522 --> 00:13:10,625
ARE ECHOED ACROSS THE WORLD
AND THROUGHOUT TIME.
180
00:13:10,627 --> 00:13:14,396
PETER: THINK ABOUT THE ROMANS,
IMPERIAL CHINA--
181
00:13:14,398 --> 00:13:16,231
ALL GREAT CIVILIZATIONS
182
00:13:16,233 --> 00:13:20,835
AND ALL ALL LEFT MOUNTAINS
OF DEAD BODIES BEHIND THEM.
183
00:13:20,837 --> 00:13:22,404
IT'S NOT AN ACCIDENT.
184
00:13:22,406 --> 00:13:25,240
WAR AND CIVILIZATION
ARE INTERTWINED.
185
00:13:25,242 --> 00:13:28,710
WAR IS NOT SIMPLY
AN UNFORTUNATE BYPRODUCT;
186
00:13:28,712 --> 00:13:33,515
IT'S THE DRIVING FORCE
IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF CIVILIZATION.
187
00:13:33,517 --> 00:13:39,688
I CALL THIS FORCE
DESTRUCTIVE CREATION.
188
00:13:39,690 --> 00:13:42,057
THE HINDUS GOT IT RIGHT.
189
00:13:42,059 --> 00:13:47,429
THE GOD SHIVA IS BOTH
A DESTROYER AND A CREATOR.
190
00:13:47,431 --> 00:13:51,066
THAT'S DESTRUCTIVE CREATION.
191
00:13:58,241 --> 00:14:03,578
NARRATOR: FOR TURCHIN,
CIVILIZATION IS A STRUGGLE
FOR EXISTENCE.
192
00:14:05,115 --> 00:14:09,451
SOCIETIES THAT FLOURISH
ARE THOSE THAT COME OUT ON TOP
193
00:14:09,453 --> 00:14:11,720
IN THE THEATER OF WAR.
194
00:14:13,790 --> 00:14:15,356
WHEN YOU LOOK BACK AT HISTORY,
195
00:14:15,358 --> 00:14:18,426
ALMOST ANY KIND OF SITUATION
THAT INVOLVES COMPETITION
196
00:14:18,428 --> 00:14:20,128
LEAD TO CONFLICT.
197
00:14:21,598 --> 00:14:25,900
IF YOU SETTLED DOWN
IN A FARMING VILLAGE,
198
00:14:25,902 --> 00:14:29,003
YOU MUST BE PREPARED
TO DEFEND YOURSELVES.
199
00:14:30,774 --> 00:14:36,144
WINNING OR LOSING DEPENDS ON
WHO CAN BRING THE MOST WARRIORS
200
00:14:36,146 --> 00:14:38,179
TO THE BATTLEFIELD.
201
00:14:38,181 --> 00:14:40,815
[MEN YELLING
IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE]
202
00:14:40,817 --> 00:14:44,419
NARRATOR:
BUT THE WAGING OF WAR
203
00:14:44,421 --> 00:14:48,623
REQUIRES US TO PUT ASIDE OUR
INSTINCT FOR SELF-PRESERVATION
204
00:14:48,625 --> 00:14:52,026
AND THINK ABOUT WHAT'S BEST
FOR THE GROUP.
205
00:14:53,330 --> 00:14:55,296
MAINSTREAM
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
206
00:14:55,298 --> 00:14:58,800
SUGGESTS THAT
WE ALL SHOULD BE SELFISH.
207
00:14:58,802 --> 00:15:03,805
WE HAVE BEEN PROGRAMMED
TO LOOK OUT FOR NUMBER ONE.
208
00:15:06,042 --> 00:15:07,909
AND FROM THIS SELFISH
POINT OF VIEW,
209
00:15:07,911 --> 00:15:10,345
WAR DOES NOT MAKE ANY SENSE.
210
00:15:10,347 --> 00:15:13,248
YOU ARE MUCH BETTER OFF
SKIPPING THE BATTLE
211
00:15:13,250 --> 00:15:16,251
BECAUSE GETTING KILLED
MEANS YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE
212
00:15:16,253 --> 00:15:19,087
TO PASS ON YOUR GENES
TO THE FUTURE.
213
00:15:19,089 --> 00:15:21,990
PETER: SO THE CHALLENGE
FOR THE VILLAGE
214
00:15:21,992 --> 00:15:25,293
IS TO PERSUADE
ITS POTENTIAL WARRIORS
215
00:15:25,295 --> 00:15:26,961
TO FORSAKE
THEIR INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS
216
00:15:26,963 --> 00:15:30,331
FOR THE GOOD OF THE GROUP.
217
00:15:30,333 --> 00:15:34,536
ALL OF THEM MUST COOPERATE
AND JOIN THE FIGHT.
218
00:15:34,538 --> 00:15:35,637
[YELLS]
219
00:15:38,074 --> 00:15:40,141
PETER: FOR SURE
SOME OF THEM WILL DIE,
220
00:15:40,143 --> 00:15:44,579
BUT THEIR SACRIFICE WILL MEAN
THE SURVIVAL OF THEIR VILLAGE,
221
00:15:44,581 --> 00:15:48,216
THEIR WAY OF LIFE,
THEIR CULTURE.
222
00:15:53,290 --> 00:15:56,991
NARRATOR: ACCORDING
TO TURCHIN'S THEORY,
223
00:15:56,993 --> 00:16:00,395
NOTHING BINDS A GROUP TOGETHER
MORE STRONGLY
224
00:16:00,397 --> 00:16:03,398
THAN THE CYCLE OF VIOLENCE.
225
00:16:12,309 --> 00:16:14,142
[YELLING AND SCREAMING]
226
00:16:23,486 --> 00:16:27,021
JEFF: THERE'S ALMOST
THIS SNOWBALL EFFECT.
227
00:16:27,023 --> 00:16:31,492
AS FARMSTEADS BAND TOGETHER
TO PROTECT THEMSELVES
228
00:16:31,494 --> 00:16:35,096
FROM OTHER FARMSTEADS NEXT DOOR
RAIDING EACH OTHER.
229
00:16:35,098 --> 00:16:40,668
SO A FARMSTEAD TURNS INTO
A HAMLET, TURNS INTO A VILLAGE,
230
00:16:40,670 --> 00:16:43,905
AND BEFORE YOU KNOW IT,
YOU'VE GOT FORTIFIED TOWNS
231
00:16:43,907 --> 00:16:48,409
HAVING TO PROTECT THEMSELVES
FROM THEIR MARAUDING NEIGHBORS.
232
00:16:52,148 --> 00:16:56,217
NARRATOR: THE OAXACA VALLEY
HAS 3 RIVAL BRANCHES
233
00:16:56,219 --> 00:16:58,586
ARRANGED IN A "Y" SHAPE.
234
00:16:58,588 --> 00:17:02,757
3,000 YEARS AGO,
ALL 3 WERE INHABITED,
235
00:17:02,759 --> 00:17:06,160
BUT ONE SETTLEMENT
IN THE NORTH OF THE VALLEY
236
00:17:06,162 --> 00:17:08,196
CAME TO DOMINATE.
237
00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:13,234
SAN JOSÉ MOGOTE.
238
00:17:13,236 --> 00:17:17,538
FORTIFIED TOWNS ARE EASIER
TO DEFEND THAN VILLAGES
239
00:17:17,540 --> 00:17:19,407
AND BETTER AT WAGING WAR.
240
00:17:19,409 --> 00:17:20,808
YUKI: [SPEAKING SPANISH]
241
00:17:20,810 --> 00:17:23,011
TRANSLATOR FOR YUKI:
AROUND 700 B.C.,
242
00:17:23,013 --> 00:17:27,015
THERE WERE 4,000 PEOPLE
LIVING IN OAXACA VALLEY.
243
00:17:27,017 --> 00:17:31,719
UP TO 1,000 OF THEM
WERE IN SAN JOSÉ MOGOTE,
244
00:17:31,721 --> 00:17:35,690
WHICH WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT
PLACE IN THE VALLEY.
245
00:17:35,692 --> 00:17:43,031
THERE WERE PUBLIC BUILDINGS
IN THE CENTER OF THE SETTLEMENT
246
00:17:43,033 --> 00:17:48,202
WITH ELITE FAMILY HOUSES
AND SIMPLER HOMES FURTHER AWAY.
247
00:17:51,841 --> 00:17:54,776
THERE WERE
20 SATELLITE SETTLEMENTS
248
00:17:54,778 --> 00:17:58,613
UNDER THE PROTECTION OF
SAN JOSE MOGOTE,
249
00:17:58,615 --> 00:18:05,019
PROVIDING A WORKFORCE FOR
AGRICULTURE AND CONSTRUCTION.
250
00:18:07,657 --> 00:18:13,027
NARRATOR:
ARCHAEOLOGIST YUKI HUEDA
HAS EXCAVATED THE SITE
251
00:18:13,029 --> 00:18:16,998
AND THINKS THIS WAS
A COMMUNITY BENT ON DOMINATION.
252
00:18:20,737 --> 00:18:22,303
TRANSLATOR FOR YUKI:
IN THIS CORRIDOR
253
00:18:22,305 --> 00:18:25,039
FORMED BETWEEN
TWO PUBLIC BUILDINGS,
254
00:18:25,041 --> 00:18:30,411
WE FOUND A CARVED STONE
KNOWN AS MONUMENT 3.
255
00:18:32,482 --> 00:18:35,216
NARRATOR: THIS MONUMENT
FORMED A STEP
256
00:18:35,218 --> 00:18:38,653
AT THE ENTRANCE
TO THE PASSAGE.
257
00:18:38,655 --> 00:18:42,623
HUEDA BELIEVES
IT CONVEYED A WARNING:
258
00:18:42,625 --> 00:18:47,662
THE WARRIORS OF SAN JOSÉ MOGOTE
WOULD SHOW NO MERCY.
259
00:19:00,010 --> 00:19:04,946
TRANSLATOR FOR YUKI: MONUMENT 3
SHOWS A MAN WITH HIS EYES SHUT.
260
00:19:04,948 --> 00:19:09,484
IN THE CENTER OF HIS CHEST IS
A CIRCULAR SYMBOL WITH 3 LOAVES,
261
00:19:09,486 --> 00:19:12,754
WHICH REPRESENTS HIS HEART,
262
00:19:12,756 --> 00:19:17,525
AND THERE IS ALL THIS BLOOD,
WHICH IS GUSHING OUT.
263
00:19:19,896 --> 00:19:24,499
IT IS VERY LIKELY THAT
THIS CHARACTER WAS A PRISONER,
264
00:19:24,501 --> 00:19:27,802
A CHIEFTAIN
FROM ANOTHER VILLAGE,
265
00:19:27,804 --> 00:19:30,972
AND THAT HE WAS SACRIFICED.
266
00:19:38,048 --> 00:19:40,548
[CROWD CHEERING]
267
00:19:48,625 --> 00:19:51,659
TRANSLATOR FOR YUKI:
THE MONUMENT WAS PLACED
IN THE CORRIDOR
268
00:19:51,661 --> 00:19:57,365
SO ANYBODY WHO PASSED THROUGH
WOULD LITERALLY WALK OVER
THE PRISONER.
269
00:19:57,367 --> 00:20:01,069
IT REPRESENTED THE POWER
OF SAN JOSÉ MOGOTE.
270
00:20:01,071 --> 00:20:06,674
BETWEEN HIS FEET
THERE ARE TWO SYMBOLS
REPRESENTING HIS NAME:
271
00:20:06,676 --> 00:20:09,410
ONE EARTHQUAKE.
272
00:20:11,481 --> 00:20:16,551
NARRATOR: THE SYMBOLS ARE
2 1/2 THOUSAND YEARS OLD,
273
00:20:16,553 --> 00:20:21,622
SOME OF THE OLDEST WRITING
DISCOVERED ANYWHERE
IN THE AMERICAS.
274
00:20:24,961 --> 00:20:29,597
HERE RECORDED HISTORY
BEGAN WITH AN ACT OF WAR.
275
00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:35,002
IT'S THE SAME
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.
276
00:20:35,004 --> 00:20:37,138
TALES OF WAR AND CONQUEST
277
00:20:37,140 --> 00:20:40,308
FILL THE TEXTS OF
THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS
278
00:20:40,310 --> 00:20:42,710
IN THE NEAR EAST,
279
00:20:42,712 --> 00:20:45,313
ANCIENT EGYPT,
280
00:20:45,315 --> 00:20:48,116
CHINA.
281
00:20:48,118 --> 00:20:50,885
HISTORY IS WRITTEN
BY THE VICTORS.
282
00:20:50,887 --> 00:20:54,422
TO THEM GO THE SPOILS OF WAR.
283
00:20:59,896 --> 00:21:02,263
HISTORIANS OFTEN ASK,
284
00:21:02,265 --> 00:21:07,468
WHEN WAS THE MOST VIOLENT TIME
IN HUMAN HISTORY?
285
00:21:07,470 --> 00:21:12,106
THE 20th CENTURY
WITH ITS TWO WORLD WARS?
286
00:21:12,108 --> 00:21:17,678
OR PERHAPS THE MIDDLE AGES
WITH THE CRUSADES
AND MONGOL CONQUESTS.
287
00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:23,084
PETER TURCHIN WANTS TO SETTLE
THE DEBATE ONCE AND FOR ALL.
288
00:21:23,086 --> 00:21:26,053
HE'S PUT TOGETHER
A NETWORK OF EXPERTS
289
00:21:26,055 --> 00:21:31,592
TO COLLECT AND ANALYZE CENTURIES
OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE.
290
00:21:31,594 --> 00:21:35,196
PETER: WE ARE BUILDING
A GLOBAL DATA BANK
291
00:21:35,198 --> 00:21:38,032
THAT WE CAN SEARCH
THROUGH TIME AND GEOGRAPHY.
292
00:21:38,034 --> 00:21:40,801
THE GOAL IS TO TEST THEORIES
293
00:21:40,803 --> 00:21:43,638
ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT
OF CIVILIZATIONS.
294
00:21:43,640 --> 00:21:48,309
WE HAVE COLLECTED DATA
ON ALL KINDS OF INDICATORS,
295
00:21:48,311 --> 00:21:50,411
FROM THE RISE OF FORTIFICATIONS
296
00:21:50,413 --> 00:21:53,247
TO TRAUMA ON ANCIENT BONES.
297
00:21:53,249 --> 00:21:58,286
AND THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS
THAT THE MOST VIOLENT PERIOD
IN HUMAN HISTORY
298
00:21:58,288 --> 00:22:01,622
WAS ONCE PEOPLE
HAVE SETTLED DOWN TO FARM.
299
00:22:01,624 --> 00:22:06,727
IT WAS A KIND OF WAR
OF ALL AGAINST ALL
300
00:22:06,729 --> 00:22:10,698
AND IDEAL CONDITIONS
FOR DESTRUCTIVE CREATION.
301
00:22:10,700 --> 00:22:14,602
TURCHIN'S ARGUMENT
IS THAT ALL OVER THE WORLD,
302
00:22:14,604 --> 00:22:16,604
THE ONSET OF AGRICULTURE
303
00:22:16,606 --> 00:22:20,408
AND THE EMERGENCE OF
VILLAGE LIFE BROUGHT VIOLENCE.
304
00:22:20,410 --> 00:22:24,445
BUT THE PRIZE...
305
00:22:24,447 --> 00:22:28,716
WAS CIVILIZATION ITSELF.
306
00:22:28,718 --> 00:22:31,819
THAT'S THE LOGIC
OF DESTRUCTIVE CREATION.
307
00:22:31,821 --> 00:22:33,788
[CHEERING]
308
00:22:36,159 --> 00:22:41,295
IN OAXACA, CIVILIZATION ARRIVED
2 1/2 THOUSAND YEARS AGO
309
00:22:41,297 --> 00:22:44,565
WITH THE FOUNDING
OF A NEW CITY...
310
00:22:46,536 --> 00:22:49,971
ONE OF THE FIRST CITIES
IN MESOAMERICA.
311
00:22:51,975 --> 00:22:54,408
MONTE ALBÁN.
312
00:23:09,559 --> 00:23:14,195
ARCHAEOLOGIST MARK LEVINE
WANTS TO UNDERSTAND HOW AND WHY
313
00:23:14,197 --> 00:23:17,331
THIS CITY EMERGED
NOT ON THE FLOOR OF THE VALLEY,
314
00:23:17,333 --> 00:23:22,036
BUT AT THE HIGHEST POINT
ON TOP OF THE HILLS.
315
00:23:22,038 --> 00:23:25,806
MARK: MONTE ALBÁN
IS THIS ENIGMATIC SITE.
316
00:23:25,808 --> 00:23:28,075
WE STILL HAVE
SO MANY QUESTIONS ABOUT IT,
317
00:23:28,077 --> 00:23:31,412
PARTICULARLY ABOUT ITS ORIGIN.
318
00:23:33,349 --> 00:23:37,752
NICOLE: HIS TEAM IS USING
AN ARRAY OF SENSING TECHNIQUES
319
00:23:37,754 --> 00:23:40,087
ON THE COMPLEX.
320
00:23:40,089 --> 00:23:43,257
THIS IS A VIRTUAL EXCAVATION,
321
00:23:43,259 --> 00:23:45,559
EXPLORING THE FOUNDATIONS
OF THE SITE
322
00:23:45,561 --> 00:23:47,261
WITHOUT BREAKING GROUND.
323
00:23:48,965 --> 00:23:52,266
MARK: THE GEOPHYSICAL
PERSPECTION THAT WE HAVE TODAY
324
00:23:52,268 --> 00:23:54,235
ALLOWS US
TO LOOK BENEATH THE GROUND
325
00:23:54,237 --> 00:23:57,004
AND REALLY TARGET FEATURES
AND AREAS
326
00:23:57,006 --> 00:23:58,572
THAT WE THINK ARE INTERESTING
327
00:23:58,574 --> 00:24:01,342
RATHER THAN OPENING UP
REALLY BROAD AREAS.
328
00:24:01,344 --> 00:24:04,545
IT'S AKIN TO DOING
KEYHOLE SURGERY
329
00:24:04,547 --> 00:24:08,249
AS OPPOSED TO TEARING OPEN
THE RIBCAGE.
330
00:24:08,251 --> 00:24:13,621
NARRATOR: LEVINE'S TEAM
HAS DISCOVERED A LARGE
SUBTERRANEAN STRUCTURE
331
00:24:13,623 --> 00:24:19,593
UNDER THE MAIN PLAZA
AS OLD AS THE CITY ITSELF.
332
00:24:19,595 --> 00:24:22,630
MARK: WHAT WE KNOW IS THAT
THERE WASN'T ANY SETTLEMENT
333
00:24:22,632 --> 00:24:24,832
UP HERE ON THE TOP
OF MONTE ALBÁN
334
00:24:24,834 --> 00:24:27,368
PRIOR TO 500 B.C.
335
00:24:27,370 --> 00:24:31,038
WE KNOW THERE WAS BEDROCK
ON TOP OF THIS MOUNTAIN,
336
00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:32,707
AND THAT IT WAS UNEVEN,
337
00:24:32,709 --> 00:24:34,775
AND THEN IN SOME AREAS,
THEY CUT THE BEDROCK
338
00:24:34,777 --> 00:24:36,811
TO MAKE THE STONES
TO MAKE THE BUILDINGS
339
00:24:36,813 --> 00:24:38,579
THAT YOU SEE AROUND YOU,
340
00:24:38,581 --> 00:24:42,450
AND IN OTHER PLACES, THEY WOULD
HAVE HAD TO FILL IN LOW AREAS.
341
00:24:42,452 --> 00:24:45,653
THAT EARTH WOULD HAVE BEEN
BROUGHT BASKET BY BASKET
BY PEOPLE
342
00:24:45,655 --> 00:24:48,089
BECAUSE THERE WERE
NO BEASTS OF BURDEN HERE.
343
00:24:48,091 --> 00:24:51,392
PEOPLE BORE THE BURDEN.
344
00:24:51,394 --> 00:24:53,994
WE NO LONGER THINK
THAT THERE WERE DESPOTIC RULERS
345
00:24:53,996 --> 00:24:56,297
WHO WERE, YOU KNOW,
WHIPPING COMMONERS
346
00:24:56,299 --> 00:24:58,332
AND MAKING THEM BUILD
THESE PYRAMIDS.
347
00:24:58,334 --> 00:25:03,137
WE NOW UNDERSTAND
THAT THESE WOULD HAVE
HAD TO BE COLLABORATIONS
348
00:25:03,139 --> 00:25:08,142
AND THAT COMMONERS AND ELITES
MUST HAVE WORKED TOGETHER.
349
00:25:08,144 --> 00:25:12,346
NOT ONLY WOULD IT BE
MEN CARRYING EARTH
AND CUTTING STONES,
350
00:25:12,348 --> 00:25:14,949
BUT WE WOULD HAVE HAD
ARCHITECTS INVOLVED AS WELL.
351
00:25:14,951 --> 00:25:17,218
IT MUST HAVE BEEN
A MASSIVE EFFORT.
352
00:25:18,955 --> 00:25:21,989
NARRATOR: BUT WHY DID
THE ANCIENT PEOPLE OF OAXACA
353
00:25:21,991 --> 00:25:24,859
TAKE ON SUCH AN ENDEAVOR?
354
00:25:24,861 --> 00:25:28,529
ABANDONING THEIR VILLAGES
TO BUILD A CITY UP HIGH,
355
00:25:28,531 --> 00:25:31,999
AWAY FROM FARMLAND AND WATER?
356
00:25:34,470 --> 00:25:37,705
MARK:
AT THE TOP OF MONTE ALBÁN,
357
00:25:37,707 --> 00:25:40,574
YOU CAN SEE
THE ENTIRE VALLEY BELOW.
358
00:25:40,576 --> 00:25:43,944
IN FACT, YOU CAN SEE
ALL THE 3 SUB VALLEYS
359
00:25:43,946 --> 00:25:46,247
360 DEGREES AROUND.
360
00:25:46,249 --> 00:25:48,716
PRIOR TO MONTE ALBÁN'S FINDING,
361
00:25:48,718 --> 00:25:51,952
WE HAVE EVIDENCE OF RAIDING,
WARFARE, VIOLENCE,
362
00:25:51,954 --> 00:25:56,724
SO WE THINK THAT THE PEOPLE
THAT CAME AND EVENTUALLY FOUNDED
MONTE ALBÁN
363
00:25:56,726 --> 00:25:59,226
MUST HAVE HAD DEFENSE IN MIND.
364
00:25:59,228 --> 00:26:01,929
MILITARILY THEY WOULD HAVE HAD
A GREAT ADVANTAGE
365
00:26:01,931 --> 00:26:04,799
OVER ANYBODY ELSE
IN THE VALLEY.
366
00:26:07,336 --> 00:26:08,969
NARRATOR:
THE PEOPLE OF OAXACA
367
00:26:08,971 --> 00:26:14,275
HAD TURNED THEIR NEW HOME
INTO A CITADEL.
368
00:26:14,277 --> 00:26:19,547
MONTE ALBÁN BECAME THE DOMINANT
CITY STATE IN THE VALLEY,
369
00:26:19,549 --> 00:26:22,483
THE FIRST SOCIETY
IN MESOAMERICA
370
00:26:22,485 --> 00:26:26,020
TO BECOME
A FULLY FLEDGED CIVILIZATION.
371
00:26:29,425 --> 00:26:32,193
MARK: AFTER THE INITIAL FOUNDING
OF MONTE ALBÁN,
372
00:26:32,195 --> 00:26:35,763
THIS CAPITAL GROWS
TO BECOME SOMETHING SPECIAL.
373
00:26:42,538 --> 00:26:49,443
IT'S AN URBAN CENTER WITH RULERS
AND NOBLES AND COMMONERS.
374
00:26:49,445 --> 00:26:53,747
IT'S REALLY SOMETHING
THAT IS OF A DIFFERENT TYPE
375
00:26:53,749 --> 00:26:57,051
THAN THE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
THAT PRECEDED IT.
376
00:26:59,555 --> 00:27:05,259
IT BECOMES ONE OF THE FIRST
STATE-LEVEL SOCIETIES
IN MESOAMERICA.
377
00:27:05,261 --> 00:27:11,999
AND IT'S ONE THAT WE REFER TO
AS ZAPOTEC CIVILIZATION.
378
00:27:12,001 --> 00:27:16,270
AND THERE IS A DIRECT CONNECTION
WITH PEOPLE TODAY
379
00:27:16,272 --> 00:27:18,005
IN THE VALLEY OF OAXACA
380
00:27:18,007 --> 00:27:21,408
WITH THIS IMPORTANT
ANCESTRAL CAPITAL.
381
00:27:21,410 --> 00:27:25,346
NARRATOR: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
OF THE REGION
382
00:27:25,348 --> 00:27:28,382
ARE STILL KNOWN AS ZAPOTECS,
383
00:27:28,384 --> 00:27:33,487
DESCENDANTS OF THE ANCIENT
INHABITANTS OF MONTE ALBÁN.
384
00:27:35,558 --> 00:27:41,295
BUT THE ZAPOTEC CITADEL WAS MORE
THAN A DEFENSIVE FORTRESS.
385
00:27:41,297 --> 00:27:46,467
ITS WARRIORS WEREN'T CONTENT
TO STAY BEHIND CITY WALLS.
386
00:27:49,972 --> 00:27:55,609
A MONUMENT IN THE CENTRAL PLAZA
SUGGESTS THIS NEW CIVILIZATION
387
00:27:55,611 --> 00:27:59,246
WAS EXPERT
IN THE ART OF CONQUEST.
388
00:28:01,217 --> 00:28:02,750
PATRICIA: [SPEAKING SPANISH]
389
00:28:02,752 --> 00:28:04,852
TRANSLATOR FOR PATRICIA:
THIS MONUMENT CORRESPONDS
390
00:28:04,854 --> 00:28:07,755
TO THE EXPANSION
OF MONTE ALBÁN.
391
00:28:07,757 --> 00:28:12,626
SEE THESE SLABS?
THEY ARE COVERING THE WALLS.
392
00:28:15,798 --> 00:28:19,333
THEY CONTAIN 3 ELEMENTS:
393
00:28:19,335 --> 00:28:24,905
THE ZAPOTEC SYMBOL,
MEANING PLACE;
394
00:28:24,907 --> 00:28:31,612
ABOVE IT, ANOTHER SYMBOL
FOR THE NAME OF THE PLACE;
395
00:28:31,614 --> 00:28:35,382
AND BELOW IT,
AN UPSIDE DOWN HEAD
396
00:28:35,384 --> 00:28:37,184
WITH ITS EYES SHUT.
397
00:28:37,186 --> 00:28:39,587
THIS IS PROBABLY
THE CHIEF OF THE PLACE
398
00:28:39,589 --> 00:28:41,622
THAT WAS CONQUERED.
399
00:28:45,194 --> 00:28:48,395
NARRATOR: EACH OF THE SLABS
BEARING THESE SYMBOLS
400
00:28:48,397 --> 00:28:52,600
SEEMS TO RELATE TO A PLACE
CONQUERED BY MONTE ALBÁN.
401
00:28:55,605 --> 00:28:59,006
A CELEBRATION
OF ZAPOTEC DOMINANCE.
402
00:29:06,916 --> 00:29:09,817
BUT THE SPREAD
OF ANY CIVILIZATION
403
00:29:09,819 --> 00:29:12,753
IS ABOUT MORE
THAN MILITARY MIGHT.
404
00:29:12,755 --> 00:29:18,258
CONQUEST BRINGS WITH IT
NEW WAYS, NEW IDEAS,
405
00:29:18,260 --> 00:29:20,561
A NEW CULTURE.
406
00:29:22,765 --> 00:29:26,100
ALEX BADILLO IS SCOURING
THE OAXACA VALLEY,
407
00:29:26,102 --> 00:29:30,371
TRACKING THE SPREAD
OF ZAPOTEC CIVILIZATION.
408
00:29:30,373 --> 00:29:33,007
ALEX: HERE IN THE SOUTHERN
MOUNTAINS OF OAXACA,
409
00:29:33,009 --> 00:29:36,076
ARCHAEOLOGICALLY WE JUST
DON'T HAVE A LOT OF DATA,
410
00:29:36,078 --> 00:29:37,845
AND THE QUESTION IS, YOU KNOW,
411
00:29:37,847 --> 00:29:41,248
HOW CAN WE TELL THE STORY
ABOUT MONTE ALBÁN
412
00:29:41,250 --> 00:29:42,816
AND THE RISE AND GROWTH
OF CIVILIZATIONS
413
00:29:42,818 --> 00:29:44,685
WITHOUT KNOWING MORE ABOUT
414
00:29:44,687 --> 00:29:47,054
THE PEOPLE THAT MAY HAVE
COME IN CONTACT WITH THEM?
415
00:29:56,432 --> 00:30:01,335
NARRATOR:
WORKING IN WILD TERRAIN
50 MILES FROM MONTE ALBÁN,
416
00:30:01,337 --> 00:30:06,440
BADILLO BEGINS EACH EXPEDITION
WITH A RECONNAISSANCE FLIGHT.
417
00:30:06,442 --> 00:30:08,575
ALEX:
EVERY TIME I COME OUT HERE,
418
00:30:08,577 --> 00:30:11,779
I SEE SO MANY UNEXPLORED
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES.
419
00:30:11,781 --> 00:30:15,049
IT'S JUST AMAZING HOW MUCH
MATERIAL IS OUT HERE TO STUDY.
420
00:30:16,619 --> 00:30:18,786
LIKE, FOR INSTANCE, RIGHT HERE,
YOU CAN SEE A TERRACE,
421
00:30:18,788 --> 00:30:22,623
THE TERRACE JUST KIND
OF LOOKS LIKE A STAIRSTEP
RIGHT IN THE SIDE OF A MOUNTAIN.
422
00:30:22,625 --> 00:30:26,627
TERRACES ARE STRUCTURES
THAT ARE MADE BY PEOPLE
IN THE PAST.
423
00:30:26,629 --> 00:30:29,329
DEFINITELY SOMETHING WE WANT
TO TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT.
424
00:30:31,500 --> 00:30:37,071
NARRATOR: SO FAR, BADILLO HAS
FOUND 91 NEW SITES TO EXPLORE.
425
00:30:37,073 --> 00:30:42,443
MOST HAVE TURNED UP EVIDENCE
OF ZAPOTEC CULTURE.
426
00:30:42,445 --> 00:30:45,079
ALEX: ALL OVER THESE MOUNTAINS,
427
00:30:45,081 --> 00:30:47,915
WE FIND CERAMICS,
SERVING VESSELS SOMETIMES,
428
00:30:47,917 --> 00:30:49,850
RITUAL VESSELS.
429
00:30:49,852 --> 00:30:53,921
THESE FEATURES RIGHT IN HERE,
THESE BEAUTIFUL DESIGNS,
430
00:30:53,923 --> 00:30:57,191
CAN ALLOW US TO LINK THIS PLACE
TO MONTE ALBÁN
431
00:30:57,193 --> 00:30:59,460
BASED ON CERAMIC SIMILARITIES.
432
00:30:59,462 --> 00:31:02,096
WE REALLY WOULDN'T EXPECT
TO FIND IT HERE
433
00:31:02,098 --> 00:31:03,964
WHERE WE ARE IN THE MOUNTAINS.
434
00:31:03,966 --> 00:31:05,499
WE'RE UP IN KIND OF
THE MIDDLE OF NOWHERE,
435
00:31:05,501 --> 00:31:07,668
BUT THE PEOPLE HERE
WERE PRODUCING THESE CERAMICS
436
00:31:07,670 --> 00:31:09,937
OR AT LEAST BRINGING
THE CERAMICS IN,
437
00:31:09,939 --> 00:31:11,638
WHICH JUST SHOWS THAT
THEY WERE INTERACTING
438
00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:13,006
WITH PEOPLE IN MONTE ALBÁN,
439
00:31:13,008 --> 00:31:14,408
THAT THERE WAS
A CONNECTION THERE.
440
00:31:17,113 --> 00:31:20,614
NARRATOR: BADILLO'S RESEARCH
SHOWS HOW CIVILIZATION
441
00:31:20,616 --> 00:31:24,017
IS REINFORCED BY SOFT POWER.
442
00:31:25,955 --> 00:31:30,424
AROUND THE ANCIENT WORLD,
IT WAS ALWAYS THIS WAY.
443
00:31:30,426 --> 00:31:34,895
CULTURE, TRADE, IDEAS.
444
00:31:37,032 --> 00:31:40,868
THESE CAN BE AS EFFECTIVE
AS ANY ARMY.
445
00:31:45,274 --> 00:31:48,408
ALONGSIDE THE POTTERY
IN THE HILLS OF OAXACA,
446
00:31:48,410 --> 00:31:54,314
BADILLO HAS FOUND MORE EVIDENCE
FOR THE SPREAD OF
ZAPOTEC CULTURE.
447
00:31:54,316 --> 00:31:58,418
ALEX: ONE TIME WHEN I WAS
OUT LOOKING AND EXPLORING
ONE OF THE SITES,
448
00:31:58,420 --> 00:32:01,855
THE LOCALS IN TOWN HAD TOLD US
ABOUT THESE ROCK CARVINGS
TO CHECK OUT.
449
00:32:01,857 --> 00:32:04,792
AND SO OF COURSE WE CHECK OUT
THE ROCK CARVINGS,
450
00:32:04,794 --> 00:32:06,894
AND WE SEE A SHAPE
THAT KIND OF LOOKS LIKE THIS.
451
00:32:13,369 --> 00:32:17,304
THIS LOOKS JUST LIKE
A CAPITAL "I" FROM ABOVE, RIGHT?
452
00:32:17,306 --> 00:32:19,573
AND IT'S
A VERY DISTINCTIVE FEATURE
453
00:32:19,575 --> 00:32:23,443
THAT SCREAMED TO ME,
"THIS IS ZAPOTEC CIVILIZATION."
454
00:32:23,445 --> 00:32:25,045
BECAUSE TO ME,
455
00:32:25,047 --> 00:32:28,015
THIS LOOKS JUST LIKE
THE BALL COURT AT MONTE ALBÁN.
456
00:32:31,587 --> 00:32:34,021
NARRATOR: BADILLO BELIEVES
THE BALL COURT
457
00:32:34,023 --> 00:32:37,124
WAS USED
AS A BRAND BY THE ZAPOTECS--
458
00:32:37,126 --> 00:32:39,226
LIKE THE ROMAN AMPHITHEATER,
459
00:32:39,228 --> 00:32:42,329
AN ICONIC SYMBOL
OF THEIR CIVILIZATION
460
00:32:42,331 --> 00:32:44,531
AND POWER.
461
00:32:46,135 --> 00:32:51,705
THE COURTS WERE BUILT FOR A GAME
CENTRAL TO ZAPOTEC CULTURE.
462
00:32:51,707 --> 00:32:53,740
PATRICIA: [SPEAKING SPANISH]
463
00:32:53,742 --> 00:32:57,444
TRANSLATOR FOR PATRICIA:
WE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY
WHAT THE RULES WERE,
464
00:32:57,446 --> 00:33:01,014
BUT WE KNOW THERE WERE
TWO OPPOSING TEAMS.
465
00:33:02,718 --> 00:33:07,421
THEY PLAYED WITH
THEIR ELBOWS, HIPS, OR FEET
466
00:33:07,423 --> 00:33:10,257
TO GET THE BALL
FROM ONE END OF THE COURT
467
00:33:10,259 --> 00:33:12,125
TO THE OTHER.
468
00:33:17,533 --> 00:33:19,366
NARRATOR: A VERSION
OF THE BALL GAME
469
00:33:19,368 --> 00:33:25,105
IS STILL PLAYED IN OAXACA
AS A COMPETITIVE SPORT.
470
00:33:25,107 --> 00:33:31,378
BUT FOR THE ANCIENT ZAPOTECS,
IT HAD A RITUAL SIGNIFICANCE.
471
00:33:34,917 --> 00:33:39,386
THE GAME WAS AN OUTLET FOR
THE COMPETITIVE INSTINCTS...
472
00:33:39,388 --> 00:33:41,388
WHILE STRENGTHENING THE BONDS
BETWEEN THEM.
473
00:33:41,390 --> 00:33:43,957
PATRICIA: [SPEAKING SPANISH]
474
00:33:43,959 --> 00:33:46,326
TRANSLATOR FOR PATRICIA:
THE GAME WOULD HAVE BEEN PLAYED
475
00:33:46,328 --> 00:33:48,996
MOSTLY BY CHIEFS.
476
00:33:52,801 --> 00:33:54,835
IT WOULD HAVE BROUGHT TOGETHER
477
00:33:54,837 --> 00:33:57,704
COMMUNITIES
FROM DIFFERENT PLACES
478
00:33:57,706 --> 00:34:03,610
TO RESOLVE POLITICAL ARGUMENTS
AND CONFLICTS.
479
00:34:07,149 --> 00:34:10,150
NARRATOR: GEORGE ORWELL
ONCE DESCRIBED SPORT
480
00:34:10,152 --> 00:34:13,887
AS WAR MINUS THE SHOOTING.
481
00:34:13,889 --> 00:34:19,660
JUST AS IN WAR, VICTORY DEPENDS
ON STRIKING THE RIGHT BALANCE
482
00:34:19,662 --> 00:34:23,397
BETWEEN COMPLETION
AND COOPERATION.
483
00:34:26,468 --> 00:34:28,101
[WHISTLE BLOWS]
484
00:34:31,240 --> 00:34:34,374
PETER: THE FUNDAMENTAL POINT
ABOUT THE GAME OF SOCCER
485
00:34:34,376 --> 00:34:38,011
IS THAT ONE TEAM WINS
AND ANOTHER LOSES.
486
00:34:38,013 --> 00:34:40,213
THIS IS THE ESSENCE
OF COMPETITION.
487
00:34:40,215 --> 00:34:45,385
IN EACH TEAM, THERE IS
A KIND OF INTENSE LOYALTY,
488
00:34:45,387 --> 00:34:48,622
THE TEAM SPIRIT THAT DRIVES THEM
TO COMPETE.
489
00:34:50,559 --> 00:34:55,395
BUT THESE COMPETITIVE INSTINCTS
MUST BE CHANNELED TOWARDS
COOPERATION.
490
00:34:58,467 --> 00:35:01,468
CONSIDER A PLAYER
IN A SITUATION
491
00:35:01,470 --> 00:35:04,638
WHERE HE MUST EITHER
SHOOT FOR THE GOAL
492
00:35:04,640 --> 00:35:10,010
OR PASS THE BALL TO A TEAMMATE
WHO HAS A BETTER CHANCE
OF SCORING.
493
00:35:10,012 --> 00:35:15,215
SHOOTING BRINGS THE PROSPECT
OF INDIVIDUAL GLORY.
494
00:35:19,021 --> 00:35:21,355
BUT PASSING IS BETTER
FOR THE COLLECTIVE GOOD.
495
00:35:25,761 --> 00:35:27,627
[WHISTLE BLOWS]
496
00:35:29,031 --> 00:35:30,664
IF YOU LOOK
AT SOCCER STATISTICS,
497
00:35:30,666 --> 00:35:34,735
YOU WILL FIND THAT TEAMS
THAT PASS THE BALL MORE OFTEN
498
00:35:34,737 --> 00:35:36,470
WIN MORE GAMES.
499
00:35:36,472 --> 00:35:38,605
THEY'RE BETTER COOPERATORS,
500
00:35:38,607 --> 00:35:41,842
WHICH MAKES THEM
BETTER COMPETITORS.
501
00:35:41,844 --> 00:35:43,643
[WHISTLE BLOWS]
502
00:35:43,645 --> 00:35:46,580
BUT IN SPORT OR WAR
OR CIVILIZATION,
503
00:35:46,582 --> 00:35:49,383
NOTHING LASTS FOREVER.
504
00:35:49,385 --> 00:35:52,019
WHEN THE GROUP BECOMES
TOO DOMINANT,
505
00:35:52,021 --> 00:35:55,722
IT GROWS COMPLACENT.
506
00:35:55,724 --> 00:36:01,228
THE ROT SETS IN AND UNDERMINES
ITS INTERNAL COHESION.
507
00:36:01,230 --> 00:36:04,364
THEY MAY NOT REALIZE IT
UNTIL IT'S TOO LATE,
508
00:36:04,366 --> 00:36:07,667
BUT THEY'RE READY TO BE OVERRUN
BY A MORE EFFECTIVE,
509
00:36:07,669 --> 00:36:10,404
BETTER ORGANIZED OUTFIT.
510
00:36:12,241 --> 00:36:17,010
AND THEN A NEW CYCLE
OF DESTRUCTIVE CREATION
CAN BEGIN.
511
00:36:22,351 --> 00:36:27,854
NARRATOR: 2,000 YEARS AGO,
MONTE ALBÁN HAD IT ALL:
512
00:36:27,856 --> 00:36:31,691
LOCATION, POWER, COHESION.
513
00:36:33,529 --> 00:36:38,698
BUT ZAPOTEC CIVILIZATION
WAS ABOUT TO FALL.
514
00:36:38,700 --> 00:36:39,766
[YELLING]
515
00:36:45,541 --> 00:36:49,943
ARCHAEOLOGIST MARCUS WINTER
IS TRYING TO PIECE TOGETHER
516
00:36:49,945 --> 00:36:54,681
THE EVENTS THAT LED TO THE END
OF MONTE ALBÁN'S DOMINANCE.
517
00:36:54,683 --> 00:36:58,585
MARCUS: THE STRUCTURE
WHERE WE ARE NOW
518
00:36:58,587 --> 00:37:01,088
LOOKS RIGHT OUT ONTO THE PLAZA,
519
00:37:01,090 --> 00:37:06,326
WHICH WAS THE MAIN RITUAL
AND MARKET AREA FOR MONTE ALBÁN.
520
00:37:06,328 --> 00:37:08,061
WE THINK THAT THIS
WAS A GATEHOUSE
521
00:37:08,063 --> 00:37:12,099
THAT WAS OCCUPIED
BY ZAPOTEC GUARDS AND SOLDIERS
522
00:37:12,101 --> 00:37:15,802
WHO GUARDED THE ACCESS
TO THE MAIN PLAZA.
523
00:37:21,310 --> 00:37:23,743
[CHEERING]
524
00:37:23,745 --> 00:37:28,315
WE DID A LOT OF EXCAVATION
IN THIS AREA,
525
00:37:28,317 --> 00:37:32,152
AND WE FOUND ABOUT 70
PROJECTILE POINTS.
526
00:37:32,154 --> 00:37:34,020
THIS ONE IS ALMOST COMPLETE.
527
00:37:34,022 --> 00:37:36,423
IT'S BROKEN A LITTLE BIT
ON THE SIDES.
528
00:37:36,425 --> 00:37:39,693
THESE ARE SNAPPED OFF.
THE TIPS ARE MISSING.
529
00:37:39,695 --> 00:37:41,962
SO THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN THROWN
AT THE ENEMY
530
00:37:41,964 --> 00:37:44,531
AND EITHER ENTERED
THE ENEMY'S BODY
531
00:37:44,533 --> 00:37:49,269
OR, IF THEY MISSED, HIT A WALL,
AND THEY BROKE OFF.
532
00:37:49,271 --> 00:37:51,037
THE INTERESTING THING
ABOUT THE POINTS
533
00:37:51,039 --> 00:37:53,140
IS THAT THEY'RE MADE
OF OBSIDIAN.
534
00:37:53,142 --> 00:37:57,210
NO OBSIDIAN OCCURS NATURALLY
IN OAXACA.
535
00:37:57,212 --> 00:38:01,915
SO THAT MEANS THAT THIS MATERIAL
COMES FROM SOME OTHER PLACE
IN MEXICO.
536
00:38:01,917 --> 00:38:05,218
AND THE FACT THAT
WE FOUND SO MANY POINTS HERE
537
00:38:05,220 --> 00:38:09,389
SUGGESTS THAT IT WASN'T JUST
A SNEAKY RAID BY A FEW PEOPLE,
538
00:38:09,391 --> 00:38:13,293
BUT A MILITARY ATTACK
AGAINST THE ZAPOTECS
539
00:38:13,295 --> 00:38:17,564
BY A LARGE GROUP OF PEOPLE
THAT WANTED TO TAKE OVER
MONTE ALBÁN.
540
00:38:17,566 --> 00:38:19,599
[YELLING]
541
00:38:24,606 --> 00:38:30,744
NARRATOR:
OBSIDIAN IS VOLCANIC GLASS
FORMED AS LAVA COOLS.
542
00:38:30,746 --> 00:38:35,882
IT IS ONLY FOUND NEAR VOLCANOES.
543
00:38:35,884 --> 00:38:37,751
[THUNDER]
544
00:38:37,753 --> 00:38:43,823
AND THE MOST ACTIVE VOLCANO
IN MEXICO IS POPOCATÉPETL,
545
00:38:43,825 --> 00:38:46,426
180 MILES FROM OAXACA.
546
00:38:51,033 --> 00:38:56,002
ALEJANDRO PASTRANA IS
A SPECIALIST IN OBSIDIAN
547
00:38:56,004 --> 00:38:58,838
AND ITS USE
IN ANCIENT MESOAMERICA.
548
00:39:07,849 --> 00:39:09,549
ALEJANDRO: [SPEAKING SPANISH]
549
00:39:09,551 --> 00:39:11,351
TRANSLATOR FOR ALEJANDRO:
WE'RE 30-40 METERS DEEP
550
00:39:11,353 --> 00:39:13,286
ON DANGEROUS GROUND.
551
00:39:13,288 --> 00:39:16,223
THESE MINES ARE PRONE
TO COLLAPSE.
552
00:39:22,364 --> 00:39:26,333
TRADITIONAL MINERS
MADE IT ALL THE WAY DOWN HERE
553
00:39:26,335 --> 00:39:29,035
IN SEARCH OF
HIGH-GRADE OBSIDIAN,
554
00:39:29,037 --> 00:39:32,205
GREEN OBSIDIAN.
555
00:39:32,207 --> 00:39:34,374
CHEMICALLY THIS ROCK
IS UNIQUE.
556
00:39:34,376 --> 00:39:38,612
ITS COLOR IS UNIQUE.
557
00:39:38,614 --> 00:39:42,849
IT'S ONLY FOUND HERE IN
THIS PART OF THE VOLCANIC BELT.
558
00:39:45,187 --> 00:39:48,088
THIS OBSIDIAN IS UNMISTAKABLE.
559
00:39:48,090 --> 00:39:51,024
IT'S THE OBSIDIAN OF POWER.
560
00:39:53,495 --> 00:39:55,795
NARRATOR: OBSIDIAN
IS ONE OF THE HARDEST
561
00:39:55,797 --> 00:39:59,699
AND MOST BRITTLE MATERIALS
IN THE NATURAL WORLD.
562
00:39:59,701 --> 00:40:04,571
SHARPER THAN
A SURGEON'S SCALPEL.
563
00:40:04,573 --> 00:40:07,073
TRANSLATOR FOR ALEJANDRO:
IT'S A UNIQUE ROCK.
564
00:40:07,075 --> 00:40:08,608
VERY BEAUTIFUL.
565
00:40:08,610 --> 00:40:11,945
IT PRODUCES A PERFECT FRACTURE.
566
00:40:13,715 --> 00:40:19,519
IT HAS A VERY FINE EDGE,
A VERY SHARP EDGE.
567
00:40:21,723 --> 00:40:25,525
IN MESOAMERICA,
THEY DIDN'T HAVE STEEL.
568
00:40:25,527 --> 00:40:31,398
THEY HAD SOFT METALS LIKE
COPPER, TIN, LEAD, GOLD, SILVER.
569
00:40:33,969 --> 00:40:38,738
SO OBSIDIAN WAS EXCELLENT
FOR MAKING WEAPONS.
570
00:40:42,077 --> 00:40:44,577
NARRATOR:
OBSIDIAN WAS THE HALLMARK
571
00:40:44,579 --> 00:40:47,614
OF ONE PARTICULAR CIVILIZATION.
572
00:40:51,920 --> 00:40:54,487
TEOTIHUACAN.
573
00:40:59,895 --> 00:41:05,465
THIS CITY OF TEMPLES
WAS 10 TIMES LARGER
THAN MONTE ALBÁN.
574
00:41:07,869 --> 00:41:13,306
ITS ARMIES ENJOYED
AN OVERWHELMING ADVANTAGE
575
00:41:13,308 --> 00:41:16,209
THANKS TO THEIR
OBSIDIAN-TIPPED WEAPONS.
576
00:41:20,649 --> 00:41:25,051
THEY WORKED OUT
HOW TO PROPEL THEIR SPEARHEADS
577
00:41:25,053 --> 00:41:29,989
USING A WOODEN THROWING DEVICE
KNOWN AS AN ATLATL.
578
00:41:29,991 --> 00:41:33,259
TRANSLATOR FOR ALEJANDRO:
IT'S A GREAT WEAPON.
579
00:41:33,261 --> 00:41:37,797
IT'S EASY TO CARRY,
RELATIVELY EASY TO MAKE,
580
00:41:37,799 --> 00:41:42,102
AND DEADLY TO USE
AGAINST YOUR ENEMIES.
581
00:41:44,506 --> 00:41:46,840
IT CAN BE THROWN A LONG WAY,
582
00:41:46,842 --> 00:41:49,609
AND WITH PRACTICE,
IT'S VERY ACCURATE.
583
00:41:57,386 --> 00:42:00,153
YOU CAN IMAGINE
AN ARMY OF WARRIORS
584
00:42:00,155 --> 00:42:04,791
THROWING A HUGE NUMBER OF SPEARS
WITH GREAT SPEED AND FORCE.
585
00:42:04,793 --> 00:42:09,462
IT WOULD INFLICT TERRIBLE DAMAGE
ON THE ENEMY.
586
00:42:09,464 --> 00:42:11,931
NARRATOR:
AS A PROJECTILE WEAPON,
587
00:42:11,933 --> 00:42:16,870
THE ATLATL AND SPEAR
COULD DELIVER A LETHAL FORCE
588
00:42:16,872 --> 00:42:20,407
WITHOUT THE NEED
FOR HAND-TO-HAND COMBAT.
589
00:42:27,716 --> 00:42:29,716
TRANSLATOR FOR ALEJANDRO:
AH, THE TIP IS BROKEN.
590
00:42:29,718 --> 00:42:31,918
IT'S LODGED IN THE BONE.
591
00:42:31,920 --> 00:42:37,390
IMAGINE THE BLEEDING
AND ALL THE BLOOD THAT
WOULD HAVE BEEN PRODUCED.
592
00:42:37,392 --> 00:42:40,260
IT REALLY IS A GREAT WEAPON.
593
00:42:40,262 --> 00:42:44,798
THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN LETHAL
WITH THEIR ATLATL ARMIES.
594
00:42:57,212 --> 00:42:58,945
AAH!
595
00:43:01,049 --> 00:43:03,016
[SCREAMING]
596
00:43:22,904 --> 00:43:25,605
NARRATOR: AND SO IT SEEMS
THE CONQUERORS
597
00:43:25,607 --> 00:43:28,441
WERE THEMSELVES CONQUERED,
598
00:43:28,443 --> 00:43:32,846
OUTCOMPETED
BY A STRONGER CIVILIZATION
599
00:43:32,848 --> 00:43:38,618
WITH A GREATER LUST FOR POWER
AND A TECHNOLOGY TO MATCH.
600
00:43:44,893 --> 00:43:48,828
THIS PATTERN IS REPEATED
CENTURY AFTER CENTURY
601
00:43:48,830 --> 00:43:50,830
ALL OVER THE WORLD.
602
00:43:50,832 --> 00:43:53,833
THE HORSE, THE BOW...
603
00:43:53,835 --> 00:43:59,239
THE GUN, THE BOMB.
604
00:43:59,241 --> 00:44:03,109
AS WAR DRIVES
TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS,
605
00:44:03,111 --> 00:44:06,346
CIVILIZATION SPREADS.
606
00:44:17,158 --> 00:44:23,563
PETER: MESOAMERICA IS A PERFECT
EXAMPLE OF DESTRUCTIVE CREATION.
607
00:44:23,565 --> 00:44:27,467
IT'S JUST ONE EXAMPLE
OF A MUCH MORE GENERAL PROCESS
608
00:44:27,469 --> 00:44:31,838
THAT GOES ON IN HUMAN HISTORY
IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
609
00:44:31,840 --> 00:44:35,675
SOCIETIES THAT ARE BETTER
AT PLAYING THE GAME
610
00:44:35,677 --> 00:44:38,044
SWALLOW OTHER SOCIETIES
611
00:44:38,046 --> 00:44:41,080
AND THEREBY BECOME LARGER.
612
00:44:41,082 --> 00:44:45,418
AND THIS PROCESS
GOES ON AND ON AND ON.
613
00:44:47,022 --> 00:44:49,822
NARRATOR:
BUT AS CIVILIZATIONS GROW,
614
00:44:49,824 --> 00:44:54,861
THEY REACH A POINT
WHERE THEY CAN'T EXPAND
BY BRUTE FORCE ALONE.
615
00:44:54,863 --> 00:44:57,297
THEY NEED ALLIES.
616
00:44:59,701 --> 00:45:03,970
THIS IS EXACTLY WHAT HAPPENED
IN MESOAMERICA.
617
00:45:03,972 --> 00:45:05,972
HAVING CONQUERED MONTE ALBÁN,
618
00:45:05,974 --> 00:45:10,243
THE TEOTIHUACANOS
SET THEIR SIGHTS TO THE EAST,
619
00:45:10,245 --> 00:45:15,515
TO THE RAINFORESTS
OF MODERN-DAY GUATEMALA...
620
00:45:15,517 --> 00:45:19,052
HOME TO THE MAYA PEOPLE.
621
00:45:26,027 --> 00:45:32,165
1,700 YEARS AGO, THE MAYA WERE
FORMING THEIR OWN CITY STATES,
622
00:45:32,167 --> 00:45:35,368
DIVIDED AGAINST EACH OTHER.
623
00:45:37,739 --> 00:45:41,107
THE TEOTIHUACANOS
WOULD USE THIS DIVISION
624
00:45:41,109 --> 00:45:43,576
TO THEIR OWN ADVANTAGE.
625
00:45:47,148 --> 00:45:51,050
TOM GARRISON HAS CONTINUED
EXCAVATING AT THE HILLTOP SITE
626
00:45:51,052 --> 00:45:52,952
OF EL ZOTZ,
627
00:45:52,954 --> 00:45:57,457
WHERE HE UNCOVERED
A ROYAL BURIAL IN 2010.
628
00:45:59,594 --> 00:46:02,228
TOM: WE'VE BEEN USING
AERIAL LIDAR TECHNOLOGY,
629
00:46:02,230 --> 00:46:04,664
WHICH ALLOWS US TO DIGITALLY
PEEL BACK THE JUNGLE
630
00:46:04,666 --> 00:46:07,166
AND SEE THE MAYA RUINS
UNDERNEATH.
631
00:46:07,168 --> 00:46:09,569
IN THIS AREA,
THE NORTHERN PART OF THE VALLEY
632
00:46:09,571 --> 00:46:12,839
IS JUST COVERED WITH STRUCTURES
THAT WE'VE NEVER SEEN BEFORE.
633
00:46:12,841 --> 00:46:16,142
THE GOAL OF THIS SEASON
IS TO GO CHECK OUT
SOME OF THESE.
634
00:46:19,314 --> 00:46:22,315
WE'VE COME ACROSS THIS TEMPLE
HERE IN THE JUNGLE,
635
00:46:22,317 --> 00:46:27,720
AND UNFORTUNATELY AS YOU CAN SEE
BY THIS GAPING CUT AND HOLES,
636
00:46:27,722 --> 00:46:29,555
LOOTERS HAVE BEEN HERE FIRST.
637
00:46:29,557 --> 00:46:31,391
BUT WHAT THIS DESTRUCTION ALLOWS
638
00:46:31,393 --> 00:46:34,293
IS FOR US TO SEE THE PROFILE
OF THE BUILDING
639
00:46:34,295 --> 00:46:36,729
AS IT WOULD HAVE BEEN
IN MAYA TIME.
640
00:46:36,731 --> 00:46:38,197
SO HERE IN OUR DRAWING
641
00:46:38,199 --> 00:46:40,233
WE CAN SEE THIS VERY INTERESTING
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURE
642
00:46:40,235 --> 00:46:42,568
THAT WE CALL TALUD
AND TABLERO,
643
00:46:42,570 --> 00:46:44,537
OR SLOPE AND TABLET.
644
00:46:44,539 --> 00:46:46,172
THIS ISN'T MAYA ARCHITECTURE.
645
00:46:46,174 --> 00:46:49,609
THIS IS THE STYLE
OF TEOTIHUACAN.
646
00:46:51,046 --> 00:46:54,147
AND WHAT THIS MEANS IS
THAT THE MAYA IN THIS REGION
647
00:46:54,149 --> 00:46:57,150
ARE STARTING TO ADOPT
THE TEOTIHUACANO CULTURE.
648
00:46:57,152 --> 00:46:58,951
IT'S SHOWING THE INFLUENCE
649
00:46:58,953 --> 00:47:02,088
THAT'S COMING DOWN INTO
THE MAYA LOWLANDS FROM THE WEST.
650
00:47:04,025 --> 00:47:07,226
NARRATOR: THIS WASN'T THE FIRST
CLUE THAT THE TEOTIHUACANOS
651
00:47:07,228 --> 00:47:10,897
WERE EXERTING AN INFLUENCE
ON THE MAYA.
652
00:47:10,899 --> 00:47:15,001
THE BURIAL RITUALS
IN THE ROYAL TOMB
653
00:47:15,003 --> 00:47:19,338
INVOLVED THE SACRIFICE
AND DECAPITATION OF BABIES.
654
00:47:19,340 --> 00:47:24,143
IT WAS A SIGNATURE
OF TEOTIHUACANO CULTURE.
655
00:47:30,518 --> 00:47:38,558
PROOF THE RULERS OF EL ZOTZ
HAD ADOPTED THE WAYS OF
THE MEXICAN SUPERPOWER.
656
00:47:41,763 --> 00:47:44,530
TOM: THEY DECIDED
TO ALLY THEMSELVES
657
00:47:44,532 --> 00:47:46,632
WITH THE FORTUNES
OF TEOTIHUACAN.
658
00:47:46,634 --> 00:47:51,037
THEY TOOK A GAMBLE THAT
THIS WAS THE RIGHT DESTINY
FOR THEIR KINGDOM.
659
00:47:52,574 --> 00:47:54,507
NARRATOR: BUT WHAT WAS
THE ULTERIOR MOTIVE
660
00:47:54,509 --> 00:47:57,009
FOR THE TEOTIHUACANOS?
661
00:47:57,011 --> 00:47:59,612
WHY WERE THEY SO WILLING
TO SHARE THEIR CULTURE
662
00:47:59,614 --> 00:48:02,248
AND OFFER THEIR PROTECTION?
663
00:48:02,250 --> 00:48:08,154
THEIR REAL GOAL WAS TO ESTABLISH
A FOOTHOLD IN THE JUNGLE,
664
00:48:08,156 --> 00:48:14,594
A BASE FROM WHICH TO CONTINUE
THEIR EXPANSION.
665
00:48:14,596 --> 00:48:18,297
TOM: WE'RE LOOKING OUT HERE
ON THE BUENA VISTA VALLEY,
666
00:48:18,299 --> 00:48:20,700
THE VALLEY OF GOOD VIEWS.
667
00:48:20,702 --> 00:48:24,003
FROM UP HERE, THE EL ZOTZ KINGS
WOULD HAVE BEEN COMFORTABLY
FORTIFIED
668
00:48:24,005 --> 00:48:25,505
IN THEIR HILLTOP PALACE,
669
00:48:25,507 --> 00:48:28,107
BUT WHY THE NEED
FOR THIS PROTECTION?
670
00:48:28,109 --> 00:48:31,410
WELL, IF WE LOOK OVER HERE,
JUST 12 MILES TO THE EAST
671
00:48:31,412 --> 00:48:35,348
IS TIKAL, THE GREATEST MAYA
CITY STATE EVER BUILT
672
00:48:35,350 --> 00:48:38,918
AND A REAL THREAT
TO THE KINGDOM OF EL ZOTZ.
673
00:48:40,955 --> 00:48:43,222
[THUNDER]
674
00:48:44,826 --> 00:48:47,226
NARRATOR:
WE KNOW WHAT HAPPENED NEXT
675
00:48:47,228 --> 00:48:51,364
BECAUSE IT WAS RECORDED
IN ANCIENT MAYA TEXT.
676
00:48:51,366 --> 00:48:57,103
IN 378 THE TEOTIHUACANOS
MOVED AGAINST TIKAL.
677
00:49:01,409 --> 00:49:04,977
TOM: THE 14th KING OF TIKAL,
CHAK TOK ICH'AAK,
678
00:49:04,979 --> 00:49:06,746
GREAT MISTY CLAW,
679
00:49:06,748 --> 00:49:11,217
IS THE MOST POWERFUL MAYA KING
ANYWHERE AT THIS TIME.
680
00:49:11,219 --> 00:49:13,586
BUT HIS WORLD'S ABOUT TO CHANGE.
681
00:49:15,223 --> 00:49:17,824
A FORCE IS ARRIVING.
682
00:49:20,995 --> 00:49:24,230
THAT FORCE IS LED BY A MAN NAMED
SIYAJ K'AK',
683
00:49:24,232 --> 00:49:26,999
BORN FROM FIRE.
684
00:49:27,001 --> 00:49:30,336
HE'S A GENERAL FROM TEOTIHUACAN,
685
00:49:30,338 --> 00:49:35,274
AND HE'S BRINGING HIS FORCES TO
TIKAL TO OVERTHROW THAT DYNASTY.
686
00:49:39,013 --> 00:49:41,647
[SCREAMING AND YELLING]
687
00:50:02,503 --> 00:50:04,503
AH!
688
00:50:04,505 --> 00:50:09,675
TOM: ON THE DAY BORN FROM FIRE
ARRIVES IN TIKAL,
689
00:50:09,677 --> 00:50:13,212
CHAK TOK ICH'AAK I
ENTERS THE WATER.
690
00:50:13,214 --> 00:50:14,614
AH!
691
00:50:14,616 --> 00:50:18,351
TOM: THIS IS THE MAYA METAPHOR
FOR DEATH.
692
00:50:18,353 --> 00:50:21,487
A NEW ORDER IS IN PLACE
IN THE MAYA LOWLANDS.
693
00:50:23,992 --> 00:50:27,727
NARRATOR: THIS WAS DESTRUCTION
ON A GRAND SCALE,
694
00:50:27,729 --> 00:50:32,465
BUT ONCE AGAIN,
A CATALYST FOR CHANGE.
695
00:50:32,467 --> 00:50:36,602
FROM CONQUEST CAME PROGRESS.
696
00:50:36,604 --> 00:50:40,006
TOM: IT BRINGS CHAOS
TO THIS REGION,
697
00:50:40,008 --> 00:50:42,441
BUT IT RESULTS IN PEACE.
698
00:50:42,443 --> 00:50:45,111
IN THE END, THIS PEACE
IS A BENEFICIAL THING.
699
00:50:45,113 --> 00:50:48,281
ONE BY ONE, THESE COMMUNITIES
START TO PLEDGE THEIR LOYALTY
700
00:50:48,283 --> 00:50:50,249
TO TEOTIHUACAN,
701
00:50:50,251 --> 00:50:53,019
AND IT CREATES THIS BREATHING
ROOM FOR CULTURE TO FLOURISH.
702
00:50:56,424 --> 00:50:59,825
NARRATOR: UNDER THE RULE
OF TEOTIHUACAN,
703
00:50:59,827 --> 00:51:03,896
THE MAYA LOWLANDS ENJOYED
A GOLDEN AGE.
704
00:51:03,898 --> 00:51:07,833
ASTRONOMY, ENGINEERING,
AND TRADE ALL BENEFITED
705
00:51:07,835 --> 00:51:11,003
FROM THE PEACE IMPOSED
ON THE REGION.
706
00:51:16,878 --> 00:51:22,581
THIS IS ONE OF
THE UNIVERSAL NARRATIVES
OF CIVILIZATION:
707
00:51:22,583 --> 00:51:29,722
A REPEATING CYCLE
OF CHAOS, VIOLENCE, AND ORDER.
708
00:51:29,724 --> 00:51:34,994
THE OLD DIES
SO THE NEW CAN BE BORN.
709
00:51:36,998 --> 00:51:39,298
PETER: THE MAIN REASON
WE STUDY THE PAST
710
00:51:39,300 --> 00:51:43,970
IS SO WE CAN BETTER UNDERSTAND
THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE.
711
00:51:43,972 --> 00:51:46,973
AND ONE MESSAGE
COMES LOUD AND CLEAR
712
00:51:46,975 --> 00:51:49,608
THROUGH OUR ANALYSIS OF HISTORY.
713
00:51:49,610 --> 00:51:50,643
AAH!
714
00:51:50,645 --> 00:51:54,347
WAR AND CIVILIZATION
ARE INTERTWINED.
715
00:51:54,349 --> 00:51:57,817
YOU CANNOT HAVE CIVILIZATION
WITHOUT WAR.
716
00:51:57,819 --> 00:51:59,752
[YELLING]
717
00:51:59,754 --> 00:52:02,088
NARRATOR:
WHETHER WE LIKE IT OR NOT,
718
00:52:02,090 --> 00:52:05,725
CIVILIZATION
HAS ALWAYS NEEDED WAR.
719
00:52:05,727 --> 00:52:09,929
IT DRIVES
TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS...
720
00:52:09,931 --> 00:52:13,499
AND TIGHTENS THE BONDS
THAT HOLD US TOGETHER.
721
00:52:13,501 --> 00:52:18,371
LITTLE WONDER WE FIND IT SO HARD
TO KICK THE HABIT.
722
00:52:21,175 --> 00:52:24,310
WHERE WE HAVE
PUT DOWN OUR WEAPONS,
723
00:52:24,312 --> 00:52:26,712
WE STILL BEHAVE
AS IF WE'RE AT WAR
724
00:52:26,714 --> 00:52:32,785
THROUGH SPORT, POLITICS,
BUSINESS.
725
00:52:32,787 --> 00:52:35,588
THE SAME RULES APPLY.
726
00:52:35,590 --> 00:52:38,491
PETER: CULTURAL EVOLUTION
REQUIRES THE LOGIC
727
00:52:38,493 --> 00:52:40,326
OF DESTRUCTIVE CREATION.
728
00:52:40,328 --> 00:52:42,995
BUT WARFARE IS JUST ONE TYPE.
729
00:52:42,997 --> 00:52:49,668
PEOPLE DON'T NEED TO BE KILLED
IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE ITS RESULT.
730
00:52:49,670 --> 00:52:54,306
NARRATOR: SINCE ANCIENT TIMES,
THE BLUEPRINT HAS NOT CHANGED.
731
00:52:54,308 --> 00:53:01,547
COOPERATION, COMPETITION...
CONQUEST,
732
00:53:01,549 --> 00:53:03,516
AH!
733
00:53:03,518 --> 00:53:09,054
NARRATOR:
THIS IS CIVILIZATION.
734
00:53:09,981 --> 00:53:12,382
(gentle spacey music)
735
00:53:24,663 --> 00:53:27,564
First Civilizations
is available on
DVD.
736
00:53:27,632 --> 00:53:29,799
To order, visit
shop.pbs.org
737
00:53:29,868 --> 00:53:32,102
or call
1-800-PLAY-PBS.
738
00:53:32,170 --> 00:53:39,142
Also available for
download on iTunes.
59360
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