All language subtitles for The.Missing.Evidence.Series.1.1of2.911.Secret.Explosions.in.the.Towers.1080p.HDTV.x264.AAC.MVGroup.org Smithsonian Ch 2014.Eng
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where 16 people were killed, 61 people were injured,
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you can have a severe explosion.
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narrator: in 2007, this aluminum factory in manchester, georgia,
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was partly demolished when water seeped into the casting process.
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that moisture got, got in. man: it』s very, very apparent
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man: heard just a loud boom, and we had no idea what it was.
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man: i mean, i』ve never heard anything
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like it in my life and hope i never hear it again.
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narrator: explosions like these are far from isolated.
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simensen: if you are a metallurgist
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who is dealing with aluminum,
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you know that they are taking place
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250 explosions in aluminum casthouse since 1980.
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the worst explosion is probably the one in shandong in 2007,
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coming together with liquid aluminum in your furnace,
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and there was nothing left of the factory.
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narrator: pound for pound,
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molten aluminum is three times more powerful than tnt.
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each one of these ingots
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contains the same potential explosive energy
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as 50 pounds of dynamite.
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frank and christian believe
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that the explosive properties of molten aluminum
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are directly responsible
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for the rapid collapse of the twin towers.
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simensen: the weight of the aircrafts
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were about hundred tons.
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30 tons of that were of aluminum,
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and workers at this plant know the dangers first-hand.
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narrator: under normal conditions,
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this incredibly flexible and versatile metal
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is entirely safe, but in extreme circumstances,
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aluminum can become incredibly volatile.
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christian is on his way
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to an aluminum recycling plant near oslo.
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the aluminum plants have long been aware
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of the extreme dangers of the metal.
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simensen: after the early 1970s,
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with a few accidents with aluminum, people became aware
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of how dangerous aluminum can be under certain circumstances.
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narrator: one of those circumstances
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is when the metal is molten,
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and those were situated all over the aircraft.
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terje lofthus: we have had one explosion 15 years ago,
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which was quite severe.
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luckily nobody was hurt or injured.
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narrator: molten aluminum is safe until it comes into contact
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with one of most common molecules on the planet,
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causing a highly explosive exothermic reaction.
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that abundant substance is water.
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when water comes into contact with molten aluminum,
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the water molecules recombine,
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producing aluminum oxide and hydrogen,
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releasing an explosive amount of energy.
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lofthus: if you have a closed container containing water
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greening: so i started to question,
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sufficiently to weaken them with or without fireproofing.
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the fires in the building
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were certainly hot enough to melt the aluminum.
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according to the official report, 15 minutes after impact,
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around 40 percent of the fire
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had reached temperatures of over 700 degrees.
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gratton: the main alloy used in the boeing 767 was 2024.
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around 550 degrees centigrade, it』s got a melting point
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slightly lower than pure aluminum.
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narrator: but the showering metal in the footage
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is glowing bright yellow,
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and aluminum only reaches that color
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over 1,000 degrees centigrade. if it』s heated to well
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it would provide enough force to damage the steel supports
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"well, could it get hot enough to glow yellow?"
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we need really hot aluminum
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to be convinced that this really is aluminum.
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narrator: the question is critical.
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unless the temperature inside the towers were high enough,
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frank』s theory could fall apart.
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metallurgist christian believes
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that the temperature inside the tower
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could have reached those inside this smelter.
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simensen: my experience with aluminum smelters,
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with molten metal and burners, that that is very close
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in the twin towers. to what』s happened
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narrator: inside this smelter,
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narrator: if they』re right,
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they were on the outside. they were inside the wings.
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they were everywhere.
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you had some parts which were made of aluminum.
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narrator: their new theory states that after the impacts,
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anything up to 30 tons of aluminum
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lay in the middle of the burning floors of the towers,
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and once it became molten,
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it had the potential explosive force of 90 tons of tnt.
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greening: behind that wall there
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is the fuselage of a large boeing 767
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which contains about 30 tons of aluminum,
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and i believe it started to melt,
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out of the building. and it』s pouring
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and the basic load of all of this structure that』s in here.
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the molten aluminum inside the building
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provided the explosive force that brought down the towers.
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greening: there was a bomb in the building,
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but it was not manmade.
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it was made by the combination
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of all the ingredients that were being cooked up,
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and it was just a matter of time
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before the whole thing blew up and down come the towers.
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narrator: the theory could explain several of the questions
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unanswered by the official report,
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including the explosions heard by 118 firemen.
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if enough aluminum reacted in a single event,
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across several floors,
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and how the building overheated, and that it started to crumple.
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for one minute i didn』t believe that
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because one hour is not long enough for the steel to heat up.
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it take much longer time.
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narrator: working independently,
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both scientists arrive at the same conclusion.
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simensen: the official report was concentrating
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on the steel bars, but the missing element is the aircraft.
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greening: the missing evidence quite simply
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is there was a huge aircraft sitting inside the building.
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narrator: the official report
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assumes the aircraft disintegrated on impact
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and the debris scattered harmlessly
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it only had, uh, theory about the building,
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so the aircraft wreckage was not included in any fire tests.
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this omission is also questioned
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by experts from the aviation industry.
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guy gratton: i think it is a little surprising
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that they did not include anything from the aircraft
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in their estimates of the fire behavior.
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narrator: dr. guy gratton is an aeronautical engineer.
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having studied the official report,
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he rejects the idea that the planes disintegrated.
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gratton: when the airplane flew into the tower,
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it would have hit
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the metal and concrete structure of the tower,
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would have broken up into smaller pieces
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to the initial collapse of the buildings?
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and a metal extensively used
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in the manufacture of aircraft--
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aluminum.
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and to frank』s disbelief,
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he finds that aluminum aircraft parts formed no part
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extensive fire tests. of the official investigation』s
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greening: they did great tests for an office fire,
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in their work, and that』s a huge omission
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and i feel until those tests are repeated with an aircraft
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included in the office,
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uh, their results are essentially meaningless.
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narrator: could the presence of aluminum
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have provided the trigger that led
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which would have come in to rest.
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frank shares his concerns in a research paper online.
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meanwhile, across the atlantic, another scientist
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spots the same oversight in the official report.
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christian simensen is a senior metallurgist at sintef,
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one of europe』s
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largest independent research laboratories
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specializing in materials science.
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foremost experts in metals he』s one of the world』s
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and also published a paper in the journal of engineering
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over the short time that mirrored frank』s concern
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it took for the steel structures to give way.
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christian simensen: when i read that 300 pages,
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wood just wasn』t up to it,
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simensen: when i read about the aircraft,
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it was made by 30-ton aluminum,
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something of the same order with steel,
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and then some carbonite and so on,
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all kinds of materials,
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and the most important part of these materials were aluminum.
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narrator: aluminum is the most abundant metal on the planet.
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softer, lighter, and more flexible than iron and steel,
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it is the ideal material for building aircraft.
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gratton: back in the early days of commercial aviation,
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aircraft were manufactured from wood.
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by world war ii, they started to pressurize aircraft
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and also carry a lot more payload.
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heard explosions prior to the collapse.
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and aluminum and steel, particularly aluminum alloys,
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became the main materials that we used.
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for the larger aircraft structures,
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the fuselage, the wings,
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what you need is the ability
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to make very large, very lightweight complex shapes,
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are primarily used so that』s why aluminum alloys
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for those parts of an airplane.
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this is a typical aluminum aircraft structure,
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a few millimeters thick. so you』ve got this skin
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that takes the pressure difference at altitude.
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it also takes the bending
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of the most explosive substances in the world.
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narrator: gratton believes that during the impact,
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as the planes sliced through the steel columns,
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substantial chunks of metal would have come to rest
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in the very center of the building.
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by excluding the aircraft from its calculations,
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the official report has overlooked
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potentially crucial evidence.
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if the temperature inside the burning buildings
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got hot enough to melt the wreckage,
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the results would almost certainly
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have been catastrophic,
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under the right conditions, and that』s because,
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molten aluminum can be one
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it takes 30 minutes to melt 50 tons of aluminum.
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working on either side of the atlantic,
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two renowned scientists,
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frank greening and christian simensen,
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are challenging the official 9/11 report
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into the collapse of the twin towers.
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they believe that by ignoring
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the presence of aircraft wreckage
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in the fires, the report is incomplete.
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the presence of aircraft debris in the fires
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could provide a solution
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to the many outstanding questions over the disaster...
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like why so many people
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but the authority refused access to any material from the site.
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you had iron oxide. you had gypsum.
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you had crushed concrete.
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those are the key ingredients for a terrible explosion.
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narrator: proof for their claims can only lie
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in the remaining rubble of the collapsed towers,
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but the majority of the debris was put into landfill.
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what remains is now in the possession
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of the new york port authority.
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if there was an aluminum explosion,
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then the debris will contain
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the tell-tale droplets of exploded aluminum oxide.
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"missing evidence" approached the port authority
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with a request to search for the alloy,
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you had water, and then you had the catalysts.
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someday frank and christian hope to fully test their theory,
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but until the port authority
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gives access to the remaining debris,
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the truth may never be known.
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"missing evidence" also approached nist,
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the body responsible for the official report,
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to comment on frank and christian』s theory.
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nist stood by their claims
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that the aircraft had disintegrated on impact.
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any molten aluminum, they said,
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would have flowed downward and quickly re-solidified.
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at the time of the collapse, no liquid aluminum
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would have been available to react with water.
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they meet for the first time.
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at that point, the collapse is inevitable.
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narrator: did the firefighters actually hear a series
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of aluminum explosions inside the towers?
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were those explosions large enough
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to cause the building to collapse so unexpectedly?
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frank and christian need physical evidence
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if they are to prove their theory,
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and that is lying in the remaining rubble
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of the twin towers.
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up until now,
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frank and christian have collaborated long distance.
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now at a memorial
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for the firefighters who lost their lives on 9/11,
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frank is disappointed with nist』s response.
263
00:40:36,080 --> 00:40:37,280
simensen: the view is beautiful.
264
00:40:37,320 --> 00:40:40,860
greening: it sure is.
265
00:40:40,890 --> 00:40:44,430
who would be about my age. that』s someone
266
00:40:44,460 --> 00:40:46,690
i was born in 1947.
267
00:40:46,730 --> 00:40:48,460
simensen: marianne simone.
268
00:40:48,500 --> 00:40:49,760
jennifer lynn.
269
00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:52,630
stephen gerard siller.
270
00:40:52,670 --> 00:40:54,500
greening: to me, the amazing thing about what happened
271
00:40:54,540 --> 00:40:56,500
in the collapse of the twin towers
272
00:40:56,540 --> 00:40:59,640
was you had all these ingredients
273
00:40:59,670 --> 00:41:03,440
that were thrown together, that had a terrible consequence.
274
00:41:03,480 --> 00:41:06,210
you had aluminum that was-- became molten.
275
00:45:05,520 --> 00:45:07,290
i think it would be great,
276
00:44:24,550 --> 00:44:26,450
narrator: until samples of the aircraft
277
00:44:26,480 --> 00:44:29,720
are identified and analyzed, frank and christian believe
278
00:44:29,750 --> 00:44:35,460
that the conspiracy theorists will never go away.
279
00:44:35,490 --> 00:44:38,560
greening: there was 60 tons of aircraft missing.
280
00:44:38,590 --> 00:44:40,930
without that, you』re never gonna,
281
00:44:40,960 --> 00:44:43,930
uh, reach, uh, a definitive answer
282
00:44:43,960 --> 00:44:46,600
as to what caused those towers to collapse.
283
00:44:46,630 --> 00:44:49,270
narrator: those who lost friends and family
284
00:44:49,300 --> 00:44:51,670
deserve to know what really happened.
285
00:44:51,710 --> 00:44:54,170
mcguire: out of the 343 firefighters we lost,
286
00:44:54,210 --> 00:44:57,650
over 40 of them were personal friends, and one was my nephew.
287
00:44:59,750 --> 00:45:02,380
i think if they did have an inquiry, um,
288
00:45:02,420 --> 00:45:05,490
regarding what really happened and what caused the collapse,
289
00:44:16,100 --> 00:44:17,400
we couldn』t get to him.
290
00:45:07,320 --> 00:45:08,860
especially if it would shut up these imbeciles
291
00:45:08,890 --> 00:45:11,890
that believe in a conspiracy theory.
292
00:45:20,900 --> 00:45:23,140
greening: in science, there』s a very useful principle
293
00:45:23,170 --> 00:45:25,970
called occam』s razor, which says
294
00:45:26,010 --> 00:45:30,110
that in developing a theory, keep it simple.
295
00:45:30,140 --> 00:45:33,750
i believe that in the case of the world trade center,
296
00:45:33,780 --> 00:45:36,750
we had molten aluminum, we had a fire,
297
00:45:36,780 --> 00:45:40,420
we had everything you need to create a terrible explosion
298
00:45:40,450 --> 00:45:42,220
and bring down the buildings.
299
00:45:42,260 --> 00:45:43,760
that』s the simplest solution,
300
00:45:43,790 --> 00:45:47,390
and i believe it』s the correct solution.
301
00:45:47,430 --> 00:45:49,500
you will never sort out what happened
302
00:45:49,530 --> 00:46:00,140
until you include molten aluminum in your analysis.
303
00:43:32,390 --> 00:43:35,600
that this is most probably molten aluminum.
304
00:42:44,680 --> 00:42:47,380
video evidence clearly shows a molten metal
305
00:42:47,410 --> 00:42:53,050
pouring from the south tower moments before the collapse.
306
00:42:53,090 --> 00:42:57,790
greening: just behind this stream in the building
307
00:42:57,830 --> 00:43:00,030
is, is the aircraft,
308
00:43:00,060 --> 00:43:04,230
fire, which is extremely hot, and it』s sitting right in the
309
00:43:04,260 --> 00:43:09,840
heat to melt the aluminum. and there』s certainly enough
310
00:43:09,870 --> 00:43:12,470
contradicts the visual evidence narrator: nist』s response
311
00:43:12,510 --> 00:43:17,950
and the conclusions of their own report.
312
00:43:17,980 --> 00:43:19,580
in a crucial paragraph,
313
00:43:19,610 --> 00:43:22,450
they state that the likely source of the molten metal
314
00:43:22,480 --> 00:43:25,290
seen in the seven minutes before the collapse
315
00:43:25,320 --> 00:43:27,490
was aluminum from the aircraft.
316
00:43:30,090 --> 00:43:32,360
greening: i agree with nist
317
00:39:54,780 --> 00:39:57,240
greening: like a bomb going off.
318
00:43:35,630 --> 00:43:39,230
just say, "there it is," what』s interesting is that nist
319
00:43:39,270 --> 00:43:41,200
and see no further significance.
320
00:43:41,240 --> 00:43:43,370
i say this is extremely significant.
321
00:43:43,400 --> 00:43:46,410
narrator: frank believes that the failure to investigate
322
00:43:46,440 --> 00:43:50,110
the role of molten aluminum in the collapse of both towers
323
00:43:50,140 --> 00:43:52,850
is a critical failure of the report,
324
00:43:52,880 --> 00:43:57,020
one which has opened the door to outlandish conspiracy theories.
325
00:44:00,350 --> 00:44:02,720
only the presence of aluminum explains
326
00:44:02,760 --> 00:44:06,890
the multiple explosions heard before the towers collapsed.
327
00:44:08,860 --> 00:44:12,000
grillo: there was a heavy-duty explosion.
328
00:44:12,030 --> 00:44:14,740
johnston: the third explosion, the whole lobby collapsed on us.
329
00:44:14,770 --> 00:44:16,070
grillo: this guy』s still trapped.
330
00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:28,770
believe they have found the answer to some of the questions
331
00:35:42,190 --> 00:35:44,160
heating the aluminum sufficiently
332
00:35:44,190 --> 00:35:47,090
to create the bright yellow molten metal
333
00:35:47,130 --> 00:35:49,230
seen pouring down the building.
334
00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:53,370
and if the molten aluminum
335
00:35:53,400 --> 00:35:55,970
was cascading down the side of the building,
336
00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:58,240
it would also be seeping through the fractures
337
00:35:58,270 --> 00:36:01,380
in the damaged floor below.
338
00:36:01,410 --> 00:36:08,720
the only ingredient needed now was water.
339
00:36:08,750 --> 00:36:11,820
but was there enough water in the twin towers
340
00:36:11,850 --> 00:36:14,520
to react with the molten aluminum
341
00:36:14,560 --> 00:36:18,030
to cause two catastrophic explosions?
342
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:24,030
nuclear chemist frank greening
343
00:36:24,070 --> 00:36:26,370
and metallurgist christian simensen
344
00:35:39,220 --> 00:35:42,160
like the insulating walls in the industrial smelter,
345
00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:31,370
left unexplained by the official report
346
00:36:31,410 --> 00:36:34,040
into the collapse of the twin towers.
347
00:36:34,080 --> 00:36:35,880
they suspect nist may have missed
348
00:36:35,910 --> 00:36:37,550
the true cause of the collapse--
349
00:36:37,580 --> 00:36:40,450
one of the most potentially explosive metals on earth,
350
00:36:40,480 --> 00:36:42,480
aluminum.
351
00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:45,420
but molten aluminum won』t explode without water,
352
00:36:45,450 --> 00:36:48,220
and christian believes that in the floors below the fires,
353
00:36:48,260 --> 00:36:51,130
there was water in abundance.
354
00:36:51,160 --> 00:36:53,430
simensen: they had sprinkler device in every room,
355
00:36:53,460 --> 00:36:55,930
so the sprinkler device will come into action
356
00:36:55,960 --> 00:37:01,070
because there has been nothing wrong in those rooms.
357
00:37:01,100 --> 00:37:02,600
narrator: spread throughout each tower
358
00:35:02,980 --> 00:35:04,190
and around it
359
00:34:24,250 --> 00:34:25,510
that』s because the furnace
360
00:34:25,550 --> 00:34:30,050
is perfectly engineered to intensify the temperature.
361
00:34:30,080 --> 00:34:33,520
simensen: in this furnace here is one burner
362
00:34:33,550 --> 00:34:35,560
which is heating up the aluminum,
363
00:34:35,590 --> 00:34:38,560
by insulation material. and it』s surrounded
364
00:34:38,590 --> 00:34:39,790
narrator: christian believes
365
00:34:39,830 --> 00:34:42,260
that the building rubble inside the towers
366
00:34:42,300 --> 00:34:44,060
acted as insulation,
367
00:34:44,100 --> 00:34:48,000
recreating similar conditions to this furnace,
368
00:34:48,040 --> 00:34:51,840
accelerating temperatures to 1,000 degrees.
369
00:34:53,870 --> 00:34:57,180
to the situation in new york. simensen: it』s very similar
370
00:34:57,210 --> 00:34:59,950
you have the burners in the center
371
00:34:59,980 --> 00:35:02,950
with all the aluminum from the aircraft,
372
00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:06,410
were 30,000 gallons of water.
373
00:35:04,220 --> 00:35:07,020
is about ten centimeters insulation material,
374
00:35:07,050 --> 00:35:09,160
which is the building material.
375
00:35:11,390 --> 00:35:14,930
narrator: the official report appears to support his theory,
376
00:35:14,960 --> 00:35:16,900
showing that in specific areas,
377
00:35:16,930 --> 00:35:21,140
the temperature reached a surprising 900 degrees.
378
00:35:21,170 --> 00:35:24,540
after crashing into the tower, christian』s theory is that
379
00:35:24,570 --> 00:35:26,410
the aircraft wreckage came to rest
380
00:35:26,440 --> 00:35:28,310
in the center of the building.
381
00:35:28,340 --> 00:35:31,510
on the way, the plane collected building rubble,
382
00:35:31,550 --> 00:35:33,910
in particular the gypsum plasterboard
383
00:35:33,950 --> 00:35:37,320
that formed the internal walls and paneling.
384
00:35:37,350 --> 00:35:39,190
the plasterboard rubble acted
385
00:39:08,630 --> 00:39:11,130
on impact, the steel frame of the towers
386
00:38:27,720 --> 00:38:31,160
on the steel beams. there』s iron oxide
387
00:38:31,190 --> 00:38:34,360
then you have concrete in abundance.
388
00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:37,730
[siren]
389
00:38:37,770 --> 00:38:41,470
narrator: both towers were packed with multiple reactants,
390
00:38:41,500 --> 00:38:44,170
all or any one of which could potentially trigger
391
00:38:44,210 --> 00:38:49,210
the largest molten aluminum explosion in history.
392
00:38:49,240 --> 00:38:51,510
christian and frank believe this answers
393
00:38:51,550 --> 00:38:54,950
why and how the towers collapsed.
394
00:38:54,980 --> 00:38:56,050
their theory could explain
395
00:38:56,080 --> 00:38:58,350
the molten metal pouring from the building,
396
00:38:58,390 --> 00:39:01,120
as well as the explosions heard by witnesses
397
00:39:01,160 --> 00:39:06,530
in the moments before the towers collapsed.
398
00:39:06,560 --> 00:39:08,600
the theory goes like this--
399
00:38:25,350 --> 00:38:27,690
that was all over the building.
400
00:39:11,170 --> 00:39:14,400
cut the aircraft into large sections.
401
00:39:14,440 --> 00:39:16,140
inside the burning floors,
402
00:39:16,170 --> 00:39:19,440
the building debris collects to form an insulating wall
403
00:39:19,470 --> 00:39:24,140
around the aircraft wreckage, creating a furnace.
404
00:39:24,180 --> 00:39:28,520
inside, the aluminum reaches 1,000 degrees.
405
00:39:30,550 --> 00:39:33,490
at 700 degrees above its melting point,
406
00:39:33,520 --> 00:39:38,060
the aluminum now flows like water.
407
00:39:38,090 --> 00:39:40,860
finding cracks and holes in the damaged floor,
408
00:39:40,900 --> 00:39:43,700
the molten metal lands in pools of water
409
00:39:43,730 --> 00:39:48,070
from the sprinkler system on the floor below.
410
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:51,410
simensen: molten aluminum will react with the water underneath,
411
00:39:51,440 --> 00:39:54,740
and you get a huge explosion.
412
00:37:47,920 --> 00:37:49,480
there』s water bottles.
413
00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:09,280
in the event of fire, the sprinkler system was designed
414
00:37:09,310 --> 00:37:14,380
to pump hundreds of gallons onto the burning floors.
415
00:37:14,420 --> 00:37:17,350
could it be that the system designed to prevent disaster
416
00:37:17,380 --> 00:37:22,720
was the very thing that destroyed the towers?
417
00:37:22,760 --> 00:37:24,560
according to the official report,
418
00:37:24,590 --> 00:37:26,290
the sprinkler systems on the crashed floors
419
00:37:26,330 --> 00:37:29,460
were damaged by the aircraft impacts.
420
00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:31,830
however, eyewitness reports confirm
421
00:37:31,870 --> 00:37:33,700
that on the floors below,
422
00:37:33,730 --> 00:37:38,170
the system was pumping out gallons of water,
423
00:37:38,210 --> 00:37:40,770
and as frank points out, the sprinkler system
424
00:37:40,810 --> 00:37:44,180
source of water. wasn』t the only available
425
00:37:44,210 --> 00:37:47,880
to washrooms, kitchenettes. greening: there』s the water
426
00:22:39,540 --> 00:22:42,810
a metal present in huge quantities on the burning floor
427
00:37:49,520 --> 00:37:52,990
coke machines all being smashed. there』s, uh,
428
00:37:53,020 --> 00:37:54,620
there was plenty of water.
429
00:37:54,660 --> 00:37:57,730
narrator: but water isn』t the only danger.
430
00:37:57,760 --> 00:38:01,200
there are other substances that contain the components of water,
431
00:38:01,230 --> 00:38:03,430
oxygen and hydrogen, that will also react
432
00:38:03,460 --> 00:38:05,770
with molten aluminum.
433
00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:09,800
among them are lime, iron oxide, and gypsum.
434
00:38:09,840 --> 00:38:12,040
all were present in substantial quantities
435
00:38:12,070 --> 00:38:16,180
inside the towers.
436
00:38:16,210 --> 00:38:18,410
greening: those are precisely the elements
437
00:38:18,450 --> 00:38:21,210
that are present in the world trade center.
438
00:38:21,250 --> 00:38:25,320
the gypsum is gyprock, wallboard, plasterboard.
439
00:08:11,340 --> 00:08:14,680
completely destroying the structural steel frame
440
00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:39,140
that before the airplanes were flown into the towers,
441
00:07:39,180 --> 00:07:43,510
bombs were planted inside, guaranteeing their collapse.
442
00:07:43,550 --> 00:07:45,580
gage: so many architects and engineers,
443
00:07:45,610 --> 00:07:47,450
technical and building professionals,
444
00:07:47,480 --> 00:07:48,820
have found evidence
445
00:07:48,850 --> 00:07:51,990
for explosive, controlled demolition.
446
00:07:52,020 --> 00:07:55,190
narrator: for these conspiracy theorists,
447
00:07:55,220 --> 00:07:56,730
only controlled demolitions
448
00:07:56,760 --> 00:08:00,260
could have brought down the towers in the manner we see.
449
00:08:00,300 --> 00:08:02,800
gage: what we have in the world trade centers
450
00:08:02,830 --> 00:08:05,600
is massive explosions,
451
00:08:05,630 --> 00:08:08,770
recorded by first responders,
452
00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:11,310
traveling down the sides of the building,
453
00:07:33,370 --> 00:07:35,610
he claims that the explosions are evidence
454
00:08:14,710 --> 00:08:17,580
in 12 seconds.
455
00:08:19,350 --> 00:08:22,620
are highly implausible. narrator: gage』s claims
456
00:08:22,650 --> 00:08:25,920
after the terrorist attack in 1993,
457
00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:27,060
the world trade center towers
458
00:08:27,090 --> 00:08:31,390
were among the most secure in new york.
459
00:08:31,430 --> 00:08:33,360
if gage was right,
460
00:08:33,400 --> 00:08:36,830
explosives would have had to be smuggled into both towers
461
00:08:36,870 --> 00:08:41,100
and their detonation precisely coordinated.
462
00:08:41,140 --> 00:08:44,270
for many of those directly affected by the disaster,
463
00:08:44,310 --> 00:08:48,280
claims of government involvement are deeply offensive.
464
00:08:50,250 --> 00:08:52,320
the conspiracy theories, mcguire: we』ve all heard
465
00:08:52,350 --> 00:08:53,950
and to be honest with you,
466
00:08:53,980 --> 00:08:55,750
of one single firefighter i don』t know
467
00:07:00,270 --> 00:07:01,670
tyrone johnston: the third explosion,
468
00:06:19,960 --> 00:06:23,000
its founder is richard gage.
469
00:06:23,030 --> 00:06:27,000
richard gage: we now have 2,200 architects and engineers
470
00:06:27,040 --> 00:06:28,910
demanding a new investigation
471
00:06:28,940 --> 00:06:32,070
of what happened at the world trade center complex
472
00:06:32,110 --> 00:06:33,440
on 9/11.
473
00:06:35,040 --> 00:06:38,110
narrator: being offensive to many, despite gage』s opinions
474
00:06:38,150 --> 00:06:40,720
to gain mainstream acceptability he』s attempting
475
00:06:40,750 --> 00:06:44,220
with a combination of pseudoscience and conjecture
476
00:06:44,250 --> 00:06:45,690
to exploit what many see
477
00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:50,460
as a major shortcoming in the official report.
478
00:06:50,490 --> 00:06:53,230
gage: the official report does not account
479
00:06:53,260 --> 00:06:57,830
for the hundreds of eyewitness testimony of explosions.
480
00:06:57,870 --> 00:07:00,240
jimmy grillo: there was a heavy-duty explosion.
481
00:08:55,790 --> 00:08:58,150
that puts any, you know, heed into that.
482
00:07:01,700 --> 00:07:03,340
the whole lobby collapsed on us.
483
00:07:03,370 --> 00:07:07,280
narrator: in all, over 118 new york firefighters
484
00:07:07,310 --> 00:07:09,210
claim they heard explosions
485
00:07:09,250 --> 00:07:12,050
just before the collapse of both towers,
486
00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:13,780
yet their testimony is not addressed
487
00:07:13,820 --> 00:07:16,350
in the official report.
488
00:07:16,390 --> 00:07:18,420
gage: this explosive testimony
489
00:07:18,450 --> 00:07:22,560
that was not released until august of 2005,
490
00:07:22,590 --> 00:07:24,290
it was being held by the city,
491
00:07:24,330 --> 00:07:27,800
but the new york court state of appeals forced the overturning.
492
00:07:27,830 --> 00:07:30,130
narrator: for gage, the withholding of this testimony
493
00:07:30,170 --> 00:07:33,340
is no oversight, it』s part of a cover-up.
494
00:11:09,420 --> 00:11:12,090
from explosives, as some people were suggesting.
495
00:10:21,570 --> 00:10:26,640
and then, of course, the south tower collapses,
496
00:10:26,680 --> 00:10:30,110
the top section just crushes the lower section.
497
00:10:30,150 --> 00:10:32,880
a little later the north tower does the same thing,
498
00:10:32,920 --> 00:10:36,150
and i』m just shocked, horrified,
499
00:10:36,190 --> 00:10:38,490
and i say to myself, "how could this happen?"
500
00:10:42,560 --> 00:10:44,360
narrator: greening felt that until the mechanics
501
00:10:44,390 --> 00:10:46,900
of the collapse were properly understood,
502
00:10:46,930 --> 00:10:50,430
the fanatical rumors would simply not go away.
503
00:10:53,500 --> 00:10:56,070
he decided to calculate whether the towers would collapse
504
00:10:56,110 --> 00:11:00,010
under their own weight, without the need for explosives.
505
00:11:01,480 --> 00:11:03,450
greening : the first thing i felt needed to be cleared up
506
00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:06,620
was could the building collapse the way that we saw it,
507
00:11:06,650 --> 00:11:09,390
or did it actually need help
508
00:10:19,240 --> 00:10:21,540
unfold like everybody did,
509
00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:16,390
i really threw myself into 9/11 research,
510
00:11:16,430 --> 00:11:21,030
and i decided i wanted to apply science, physics,
511
00:11:21,060 --> 00:11:23,630
to studying this problem.
512
00:11:23,670 --> 00:11:28,100
i set up a computer program, based on momentum transfer,
513
00:11:28,140 --> 00:11:32,840
to look at each impact of each floor.
514
00:11:32,880 --> 00:11:35,180
momentum transfer program narrator: greening』s
515
00:11:35,210 --> 00:11:36,910
calculated the weight of the buildings
516
00:11:36,950 --> 00:11:39,050
above the impact floors.
517
00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:41,420
he discovered that if one floor failed,
518
00:11:41,450 --> 00:11:42,820
the weight of the higher floors
519
00:11:42,850 --> 00:11:47,020
would cause each floor below to give way exactly as seen.
520
00:11:47,060 --> 00:11:49,760
as the impacts were on different floors,
521
00:11:49,790 --> 00:11:51,490
the simulation would need to account
522
00:09:40,830 --> 00:09:41,960
it not only answered
523
00:08:58,190 --> 00:08:59,360
i kinda think anyone
524
00:08:59,390 --> 00:09:01,360
that thinks our own government would do that
525
00:09:01,390 --> 00:09:03,660
is kind of out there somewhere.
526
00:09:03,690 --> 00:09:05,460
i certainly don』t believe it.
527
00:09:05,490 --> 00:09:08,700
i think we all know who did this and why.
528
00:09:17,170 --> 00:09:18,840
narrator: for dr. frank greening,
529
00:09:18,870 --> 00:09:21,810
a nuclear research chemist of over 20 years,
530
00:09:21,840 --> 00:09:26,550
the question of government conspiracy was never an option,
531
00:09:26,580 --> 00:09:29,720
but there were still many aspects of the official inquiry
532
00:09:29,750 --> 00:09:31,090
that troubled him,
533
00:09:31,120 --> 00:09:33,620
and until they were explained completely,
534
00:09:33,660 --> 00:09:38,160
there would always be fertile ground for conspiracy theories.
535
00:09:38,190 --> 00:09:40,800
what greening discovered was so remarkable,
536
00:06:16,330 --> 00:06:19,930
is architects & engineers for 9/11 truth.
537
00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:44,470
the outlandish claims of the theorists,
538
00:09:44,500 --> 00:09:46,170
it would change our understanding
539
00:09:46,200 --> 00:09:48,500
of the disaster forever.
540
00:09:52,540 --> 00:09:56,050
the official government report into the twin towers tragedy
541
00:09:56,080 --> 00:09:59,820
only tackled events on the initial impact floors,
542
00:09:59,850 --> 00:10:03,420
not the physics behind the subsequent collapse.
543
00:10:03,450 --> 00:10:06,760
it left the field wide open for conspiracy theorists
544
00:10:06,790 --> 00:10:09,760
who point to the unexpectedly rapid collapse,
545
00:10:09,790 --> 00:10:12,500
amid reports of explosions.
546
00:10:12,530 --> 00:10:14,660
nuclear chemist dr. frank greening
547
00:10:14,700 --> 00:10:17,830
was also surprised that the towers collapsed so quickly.
548
00:10:17,870 --> 00:10:19,200
frank greening: i watched this whole thing
549
00:02:13,780 --> 00:02:17,020
constructed from 200,000 tons of reinforced steel,
550
00:01:18,660 --> 00:01:23,100
an explanation found not in the fabric of the towers,
551
00:01:23,130 --> 00:01:26,040
but in the airplanes themselves.
552
00:01:26,070 --> 00:01:28,310
man: there was a bomb in the building,
553
00:01:28,340 --> 00:01:29,710
and it was just a matter of time
554
00:01:29,740 --> 00:01:33,340
before the whole thing blew up and down come the towers.
555
00:01:49,290 --> 00:01:51,330
narrator: built in the early 1970s,
556
00:01:51,360 --> 00:01:52,800
at the time, the twin towers
557
00:01:52,830 --> 00:01:55,800
were the tallest buildings in the world.
558
00:01:55,830 --> 00:01:58,200
brash, bold, and iconic,
559
00:01:58,230 --> 00:02:01,170
they were a marvel of design and architecture,
560
00:02:01,200 --> 00:02:03,710
a symbol of america』s global power.
561
00:02:08,180 --> 00:02:10,610
but the revolutionary structures
562
00:02:10,650 --> 00:02:13,750
were about more than just their looks.
563
00:01:15,220 --> 00:01:18,630
that could signal the end to the conspiracy theories,
564
00:02:17,050 --> 00:02:19,020
they were built to withstand hurricanes,
565
00:02:19,060 --> 00:02:24,430
and even a collision from a 707 jet.
566
00:02:24,460 --> 00:02:27,330
yet within two hours of the terrorist attack,
567
00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:29,330
both had collapsed.
568
00:02:39,610 --> 00:02:42,510
today all that remains of the twin towers,
569
00:02:42,550 --> 00:02:46,520
the most famous buildings that once stood in new york,
570
00:02:46,550 --> 00:02:49,350
are two giant footprints.
571
00:02:49,390 --> 00:02:52,790
of the 2,700 victims named here,
572
00:02:52,820 --> 00:02:55,830
most died not when the planes hit the building,
573
00:02:55,860 --> 00:03:00,160
but as the towers collapsed.
574
00:03:00,200 --> 00:03:01,660
for many new yorkers,
575
00:03:01,700 --> 00:03:04,430
the freedom tower acts as a symbol of resilience
576
00:03:04,470 --> 00:03:07,240
for a city that lost so much,
577
00:00:43,460 --> 00:00:45,060
to collapse?
578
00:00:03,250 --> 00:00:06,060
a day remembered for the worst terrorist atrocity
579
00:00:06,090 --> 00:00:07,920
in living memory.
580
00:00:07,960 --> 00:00:12,700
hijackers fly planes into the world trade center towers.
581
00:00:12,730 --> 00:00:14,970
before the day is over,
582
00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:18,240
two questions ring out around the world--
583
00:00:18,270 --> 00:00:19,700
who was responsible,
584
00:00:19,740 --> 00:00:21,870
and why did these two huge buildings
585
00:00:21,910 --> 00:00:24,140
collapse the way they did?
586
00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:31,150
the first question has long been solved,
587
00:00:31,180 --> 00:00:35,120
but the second refuses to go away.
588
00:00:35,150 --> 00:00:38,490
built to survive a direct impact by an airliner,
589
00:00:38,520 --> 00:00:40,890
could office fires really cause
590
00:00:40,920 --> 00:00:43,430
most sophisticated buildings two of the world』s
591
00:03:12,780 --> 00:03:16,950
and for bobby mcguire, a firefighter from long island,
592
00:00:45,090 --> 00:00:47,500
horrified. man: i』m just shocked,
593
00:00:47,530 --> 00:00:50,330
i say to myself, "how could this happen?"
594
00:00:50,370 --> 00:00:52,440
narrator: the official report into the collapse
595
00:00:52,470 --> 00:00:54,900
leaves many unsatisfied.
596
00:00:54,940 --> 00:00:59,580
the question has spawned a thousand conspiracy theories.
597
00:00:59,610 --> 00:01:01,380
man: many architects and engineers,
598
00:01:01,410 --> 00:01:03,180
technical and building professionals,
599
00:01:03,210 --> 00:01:04,250
have found evidence
600
00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:07,550
for explosive, controlled demolition.
601
00:01:07,580 --> 00:01:10,050
narrator: now a new theory developed independently
602
00:01:10,090 --> 00:01:13,620
by two scientists on either side of the atlantic
603
00:01:13,660 --> 00:01:15,190
discovers missing evidence
604
00:05:37,790 --> 00:05:41,390
under the effects of the airplane impact and the fuel,
605
00:04:57,210 --> 00:04:58,510
in an attempt to explain
606
00:04:58,550 --> 00:05:02,420
the structural failures of the towers.
607
00:05:02,450 --> 00:05:04,820
they examine the debris from the disaster,
608
00:05:04,850 --> 00:05:06,720
run hundreds of computer simulations,
609
00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:09,590
and conduct extensive lab tests.
610
00:05:12,060 --> 00:05:17,000
in october of 2005, they publish their conclusions.
611
00:05:19,340 --> 00:05:20,800
according to the report,
612
00:05:20,840 --> 00:05:23,870
the buildings collapsed because when the aircrafts hit,
613
00:05:23,910 --> 00:05:25,880
the impact dislodged the fireproofing
614
00:05:25,910 --> 00:05:29,210
structural steel skeleton. around the building』s
615
00:05:29,250 --> 00:05:30,950
unprotected from the fires,
616
00:05:30,980 --> 00:05:35,250
the steel frame weakened, and the towers collapsed.
617
00:05:35,280 --> 00:05:37,750
man: we say here the buildings would not have collapsed
618
00:04:54,010 --> 00:04:57,180
from the national institute of standards and technology
619
00:05:41,420 --> 00:05:43,990
jet fuel ignited multi-floor fires.
620
00:05:44,030 --> 00:05:45,190
the reason it collapsed
621
00:05:45,230 --> 00:05:47,900
is because the fireproofing was dislodged.
622
00:05:47,930 --> 00:05:50,670
narrator: but the nist report
623
00:05:50,700 --> 00:05:52,940
is restricted to finding an explanation
624
00:05:52,970 --> 00:05:55,870
for the collapse of the steel supports
625
00:05:55,910 --> 00:05:57,940
on the impact floors alone.
626
00:05:57,970 --> 00:05:59,210
it does not deal with
627
00:05:59,240 --> 00:06:03,550
the subsequent disintegration of the towers,
628
00:06:03,580 --> 00:06:06,250
and the dramatic nature of their collapse
629
00:06:06,280 --> 00:06:09,990
becomes an obsession for online conspiracy websites.
630
00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:16,290
one of the most prominent and controversial conspiracy sites
631
00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:02,760
not really knowing where to go.
632
00:03:16,980 --> 00:03:18,880
it has a very special significance.
633
00:03:21,920 --> 00:03:25,050
bobby mcguire: you know, out of the 343 firefighters we lost,
634
00:03:25,090 --> 00:03:28,460
i lost many, many friends, and i lost my nephew.
635
00:03:28,490 --> 00:03:31,860
he was a proby, which means less than a year on the job,
636
00:03:31,890 --> 00:03:34,300
and it was his very first fire.
637
00:03:35,600 --> 00:03:38,530
his unit was one of the first to respond,
638
00:03:38,570 --> 00:03:42,310
and he was in the north tower when it collapsed.
639
00:03:42,340 --> 00:03:44,440
i gotta think he was pretty high up.
640
00:03:48,540 --> 00:03:50,150
narrator: bobby arrived on the scene
641
00:03:50,180 --> 00:03:54,080
just as the second tower was coming down.
642
00:03:54,120 --> 00:03:55,520
mcguire: it was complete chaos,
643
00:03:55,550 --> 00:03:58,590
and then you had thousands and thousands of people
644
00:03:58,620 --> 00:04:00,690
running for their lives in every direction,
645
00:11:51,530 --> 00:11:56,470
for the differing mass above each
646
00:04:02,790 --> 00:04:05,960
reports of more planes coming in added to the confusion.
647
00:04:08,770 --> 00:04:13,040
collapse like that before, no. i』ve never seen a building
648
00:04:13,070 --> 00:04:15,340
it was like a pancake effect.
649
00:04:15,370 --> 00:04:17,840
any type of building, i don』t remember having
650
00:04:17,870 --> 00:04:20,310
certainly nothing that size, collapse.
651
00:04:25,450 --> 00:04:28,380
narrator: the 110-story world trade center towers
652
00:04:28,420 --> 00:04:29,690
were designed to withstand
653
00:04:29,720 --> 00:04:32,460
the impact of a commercial jetliner,
654
00:04:32,490 --> 00:04:37,490
yet within two hours of the attacks, both collapse,
655
00:04:37,530 --> 00:04:42,830
so why did the twin towers fail so disastrously and so quickly?
656
00:04:48,340 --> 00:04:50,040
under public pressure,
657
00:04:50,070 --> 00:04:53,980
the u.s. government commissions a $16 million investigation
658
00:19:13,100 --> 00:19:15,340
where it loses a lot of its strength,
659
00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:42,040
there is on the steel.
660
00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:46,210
narrator: the important steel girders inside the towers
661
00:18:46,240 --> 00:18:49,340
were treated with a spray-on heat-retardant concrete
662
00:18:49,380 --> 00:18:51,110
that would certainly have protected the steel
663
00:18:51,150 --> 00:18:52,810
from the fires.
664
00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:56,550
nist, the organization carrying out the official investigation,
665
00:18:56,590 --> 00:19:00,090
recreated the conditions inside the burning buildings
666
00:19:00,120 --> 00:19:02,420
to check what impact the fires would have had
667
00:19:02,460 --> 00:19:03,890
on the protected steel.
668
00:19:03,930 --> 00:19:06,160
the results were surprising.
669
00:19:06,190 --> 00:19:07,900
agrawal: as part of the official investigation,
670
00:19:07,930 --> 00:19:09,830
a number of experiments were done to understand
671
00:19:09,870 --> 00:19:13,070
how quickly steel gets to that critical temperature,
672
00:18:37,430 --> 00:18:39,970
that time lag depends on how much protection
673
00:19:15,370 --> 00:19:17,970
and this was done when the steel was protected
674
00:19:18,010 --> 00:19:23,040
with this sprayed-on insulation, and it took over ten hours.
675
00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:25,150
narrator: yet within two hours,
676
00:19:25,180 --> 00:19:29,690
both towers had collapsed, long before they should have.
677
00:19:29,720 --> 00:19:31,420
to explain the discrepancy,
678
00:19:31,450 --> 00:19:35,520
nist removed the fire protection and repeated the tests.
679
00:19:37,460 --> 00:19:38,760
agrawal: when the same experiment was done
680
00:19:38,790 --> 00:19:41,130
without any protection on the steel at all,
681
00:19:41,160 --> 00:19:43,370
it took a mere 13 minutes.
682
00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:46,200
narrator: the conclusion drawn by the nist report
683
00:19:46,230 --> 00:19:48,440
lies at the heart of the debate.
684
00:19:48,470 --> 00:19:52,240
they concluded that because the steel girders gave way,
685
00:19:52,270 --> 00:19:55,410
substantial numbers must have lost their fireproofing.
686
00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:08,300
to significantly weaken the steel
687
00:17:33,970 --> 00:17:36,740
yet most of the fuel burned off within seconds
688
00:17:36,770 --> 00:17:39,540
and all within a few minutes.
689
00:17:39,580 --> 00:17:42,980
after that, the fires that spread over several floors
690
00:17:43,010 --> 00:17:46,250
were sustained by the contents of the offices.
691
00:17:46,280 --> 00:17:47,550
agrawal: there was a lot
692
00:17:47,580 --> 00:17:50,920
of what engineers call "fire load" in the building,
693
00:17:50,950 --> 00:17:52,460
so materials like wood,
694
00:17:52,490 --> 00:17:54,520
which would-- may have been in the flooring,
695
00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:56,690
and the furniture and so on,
696
00:17:56,730 --> 00:17:58,830
provide a lot of fuel to these fires,
697
00:17:58,860 --> 00:18:01,330
so even after the jet fuel may have burnt out,
698
00:18:01,360 --> 00:18:04,700
that can cause the fire to burn. there』s lots of other stuff
699
00:18:04,730 --> 00:18:06,070
narrator: but were the fires hot enough
700
00:19:55,440 --> 00:19:58,880
but how?
701
00:18:08,340 --> 00:18:11,970
in just the short time it took the towers to collapse?
702
00:18:12,010 --> 00:18:15,140
the question is one of complex thermodynamics.
703
00:18:15,180 --> 00:18:16,380
agrawal: the official report explains
704
00:18:16,410 --> 00:18:18,280
that once the steel gets to
705
00:18:18,310 --> 00:18:20,750
above about 600 degrees centigrade,
706
00:18:20,780 --> 00:18:23,250
which is over 1,000 fahrenheit,
707
00:18:23,290 --> 00:18:24,250
that it starts to lose
708
00:18:24,290 --> 00:18:27,120
a significant proportion of its strength.
709
00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:29,420
the key question is how long does it take,
710
00:18:29,460 --> 00:18:32,360
so the fires might get there very, very quickly,
711
00:18:32,390 --> 00:18:34,300
but the steel might take a bit longer,
712
00:18:34,330 --> 00:18:37,400
from one to the other. and there』s a bit of a time lag
713
00:21:59,470 --> 00:22:02,500
pouring from one of the windows.
714
00:21:10,190 --> 00:21:13,760
when one passage catches his attention.
715
00:21:13,790 --> 00:21:15,320
according to the report,
716
00:21:15,360 --> 00:21:18,390
just seven minutes before the south tower fell,
717
00:21:18,430 --> 00:21:21,600
there were signs of explosive activity within the tower
718
00:21:21,630 --> 00:21:22,830
and a glowing liquid
719
00:21:22,860 --> 00:21:25,770
began to pour from one of the impact floors.
720
00:21:29,640 --> 00:21:33,980
the liquid can clearly be seen on this video footage.
721
00:21:34,010 --> 00:21:36,510
greening: one of the most interesting clips
722
00:21:36,550 --> 00:21:41,850
that people discuss at great length
723
00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:45,090
concerning the world trade center collapse
724
00:21:45,120 --> 00:21:49,890
is this footage of the south tower,
725
00:21:49,930 --> 00:21:53,330
and just before the collapse,
726
00:21:53,360 --> 00:21:59,430
we see a golden stream of what looks like a molten metal
727
00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:10,150
looking for clues that might suggest an alternative answer,
728
00:22:02,540 --> 00:22:05,010
narrator: the official report concluded the molten metal
729
00:22:05,040 --> 00:22:08,710
played no part in the collapse, but to frank greening,
730
00:22:08,740 --> 00:22:11,880
the cascade was extremely significant.
731
00:22:11,910 --> 00:22:16,550
it was the missing evidence he』d been searching for.
732
00:22:16,590 --> 00:22:18,920
greening: i came with a chemist』s perspective.
733
00:22:18,950 --> 00:22:22,290
i see the chemistry as the key,
734
00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:26,130
what is, is the probable reason and i think that』s
735
00:22:26,160 --> 00:22:30,970
why nist failed to consider the role of chemistry.
736
00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:32,870
basically they』re not chemists.
737
00:22:32,900 --> 00:22:34,000
narrator: frank suspects that the metal
738
00:22:34,040 --> 00:22:35,840
seen pouring from the window
739
00:22:35,870 --> 00:22:39,510
is a material with a far lower melting point than steel,
740
00:20:31,580 --> 00:20:33,350
including the structural fire group
741
00:19:58,910 --> 00:20:00,120
the report assumed
742
00:20:00,150 --> 00:20:01,250
that fireproofing had been knocked off
743
00:20:01,280 --> 00:20:04,490
by the initial impact from the aircraft.
744
00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:06,990
the conclusion of the entire official report
745
00:20:07,020 --> 00:20:09,890
hinges on this critical assumption.
746
00:20:09,930 --> 00:20:12,430
without it, there is simply no way of explaining
747
00:20:12,460 --> 00:20:16,300
how the steel structures gave way.
748
00:20:16,330 --> 00:20:17,970
agrawal: the findings of the official report
749
00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:20,300
really rest on the question
750
00:20:20,340 --> 00:20:23,070
of whether the steel was protected or not
751
00:20:23,110 --> 00:20:24,540
and whether that fire protection
752
00:20:24,570 --> 00:20:28,080
had been dislodged or not as a result of the impacts.
753
00:20:28,110 --> 00:20:31,550
narrator: there are many respected industry experts,
754
00:17:29,460 --> 00:17:33,940
were at a maximum, around 10,000 gallons,
755
00:20:33,380 --> 00:20:36,280
engineering firms in one of the world』s largest
756
00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:38,390
and professor of fire protection engineering
757
00:20:38,420 --> 00:20:40,720
at the university of maryland,
758
00:20:40,760 --> 00:20:42,560
who do not believe that the fireproofing
759
00:20:42,590 --> 00:20:44,260
could have been dislodged,
760
00:20:44,290 --> 00:20:47,760
throwing the conclusions of the report into serious doubt.
761
00:20:51,070 --> 00:20:53,540
if the fireproofing was not dislodged,
762
00:20:53,570 --> 00:20:56,370
the nist report offers no other explanation
763
00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:57,770
for the event that triggered the collapse
764
00:20:57,810 --> 00:21:02,110
and caused the deaths of so many people.
765
00:21:02,140 --> 00:21:04,350
nuclear chemist dr. frank greening
766
00:21:04,380 --> 00:21:06,880
scours the 10,000-page report
767
00:14:06,900 --> 00:14:10,330
super-tall skyscrapers dominate our skyline.
768
00:13:22,180 --> 00:13:25,520
then the fires subsided somewhat,
769
00:13:25,550 --> 00:13:28,490
and then suddenly out of the blue,
770
00:13:28,520 --> 00:13:33,660
the north tower and the south tower just collapsed.
771
00:13:33,700 --> 00:13:36,130
the question is why. what started that?
772
00:13:36,170 --> 00:13:37,670
narrator: although he has dispelled
773
00:13:37,700 --> 00:13:41,240
about controlled demolition, the conspiracy theorists』 ideas
774
00:13:41,270 --> 00:13:44,410
there is still the nagging question about the explosions
775
00:13:44,440 --> 00:13:48,210
heard by firefighters before the collapse,
776
00:13:48,240 --> 00:13:50,350
but central to his concern
777
00:13:50,380 --> 00:13:53,320
was the conclusion that the office fires
778
00:13:53,350 --> 00:13:55,620
were capable of weakening sufficient numbers
779
00:13:55,650 --> 00:13:59,090
of the structural steel girders to trigger collapse.
780
00:14:05,590 --> 00:14:06,860
around the world,
781
00:13:18,310 --> 00:13:22,150
greening: towers were burning away furiously.
782
00:14:10,370 --> 00:14:12,440
the pinnacle of design and engineering,
783
00:14:12,470 --> 00:14:16,370
these towers are built to last, and just like the twin towers,
784
00:14:16,410 --> 00:14:17,840
the key to their strength
785
00:14:17,870 --> 00:14:21,610
is that they are constructed around a strong steel skeleton.
786
00:14:23,680 --> 00:14:25,750
structural engineer roma agrawal
787
00:14:25,780 --> 00:14:30,320
helped build europe』s tallest skyscraper, london』s shard.
788
00:14:30,350 --> 00:14:32,590
roma agrawal: the twin towers had two tubes,
789
00:14:32,620 --> 00:14:35,260
one inside the other, to form the structure.
790
00:14:35,290 --> 00:14:36,730
the inner tube was called the core,
791
00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:39,560
and it had vertical steel columns in it.
792
00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:42,670
the outer tube also had vertical steel columns in it,
793
00:14:42,700 --> 00:14:45,600
and the horizontal beams going around the building
794
00:14:45,630 --> 00:14:50,870
formed a lattice with those columns, to keep it stable.
795
00:12:37,470 --> 00:12:39,940
but with a greater number of floors above the impact site
796
00:11:56,500 --> 00:12:01,040
there were 15 floors above the impact point in the north tower
797
00:12:01,070 --> 00:12:04,440
and 22 floors above the south tower.
798
00:12:07,340 --> 00:12:09,710
would also need to prove frank』s calculations
799
00:12:09,750 --> 00:12:12,380
that the floors below each impact point
800
00:12:12,410 --> 00:12:13,980
would disintegrate in a manner
801
00:12:14,020 --> 00:12:16,690
that looks similar to a controlled demolition.
802
00:12:20,090 --> 00:12:23,360
greening: i ran the program,
803
00:12:23,390 --> 00:12:25,790
and it showed that the, uh, the buildings
804
00:12:25,830 --> 00:12:27,500
would indeed come down.
805
00:12:27,530 --> 00:12:28,900
even more interesting was,
806
00:12:28,930 --> 00:12:32,540
the, the computer program predicted the collapse times.
807
00:12:32,570 --> 00:12:35,070
narrator: the north tower
808
00:12:35,100 --> 00:12:37,440
falls in 13 seconds,
809
00:14:50,910 --> 00:14:52,370
narrator: this tube lattice design
810
00:12:39,980 --> 00:12:45,550
of the south tower, it takes only 11 seconds.
811
00:12:45,580 --> 00:12:47,520
greening: once the building started to collapse,
812
00:12:47,550 --> 00:12:48,720
it was no stopping it.
813
00:12:48,750 --> 00:12:50,750
it was a juggernaut.
814
00:12:50,790 --> 00:12:53,760
the mass of the upper block in the north tower
815
00:12:53,790 --> 00:12:57,260
was equivalent to the mass of the titanic.
816
00:12:57,290 --> 00:12:59,760
it was about 38,000 tons.
817
00:13:03,430 --> 00:13:05,400
narrator: in 2008, frank』s work
818
00:13:05,430 --> 00:13:08,200
is published in the journal of engineering mechanics.
819
00:13:08,240 --> 00:13:12,640
it dismisses the idea of controlled explosions
820
00:13:12,680 --> 00:13:14,640
but his investigation leads him to question
821
00:13:14,680 --> 00:13:18,280
fundamental aspects of the official report.
822
00:16:49,830 --> 00:16:51,630
without it, high-rise buildings
823
00:16:06,180 --> 00:16:10,990
47 columns, 52 inches by 22 inches.
824
00:16:11,020 --> 00:16:14,190
it』s solid steel.
825
00:16:14,220 --> 00:16:15,490
there』s no evidence
826
00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:19,730
for temperatures reaching the structural steel
827
00:16:19,760 --> 00:16:23,200
that could even cause the weakening of that steel.
828
00:16:23,230 --> 00:16:25,000
greening: for the skeptics,
829
00:16:25,030 --> 00:16:29,140
it was the fires were not that intense.
830
00:16:29,170 --> 00:16:31,470
they were kind of patchy at best,
831
00:16:31,510 --> 00:16:33,910
and they argued that insufficient heat
832
00:16:33,940 --> 00:16:37,050
was being supplied to the columns,
833
00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:42,420
and therefore there was no way a fire could weaken the steel.
834
00:16:45,650 --> 00:16:46,920
narrator: steel has been used
835
00:16:46,960 --> 00:16:49,790
in the construction industry for over a century.
836
00:16:01,540 --> 00:16:06,150
of these towers was massive, as was the core--
837
00:16:51,660 --> 00:16:56,370
that dominate our cities would not have been possible.
838
00:16:56,400 --> 00:16:59,400
a manmade alloy of iron and carbon,
839
00:16:59,430 --> 00:17:03,270
steel offers unrivaled strength and flexibility.
840
00:17:03,310 --> 00:17:05,440
manufactured to be fire-resistant,
841
00:17:05,470 --> 00:17:06,910
steel retains its strength
842
00:17:06,940 --> 00:17:11,050
in high temperatures for extended periods of time,
843
00:17:11,080 --> 00:17:12,410
and around the world,
844
00:17:12,450 --> 00:17:14,550
high-rise steel buildings have remained standing
845
00:17:14,580 --> 00:17:17,950
despite the most intense fire damage,
846
00:17:17,990 --> 00:17:21,590
so why did the steel frame of the twin towers fail?
847
00:17:23,660 --> 00:17:26,700
the 9/11 hijackers chose long-distance flights
848
00:17:26,730 --> 00:17:29,430
because they knew the fuel loads inside the jets
849
00:15:27,510 --> 00:15:30,450
something caused the surviving structural steel columns
850
00:14:52,410 --> 00:14:55,810
meant the towers initially stood firm.
851
00:14:55,840 --> 00:14:58,110
agrawal: when the building was impacted by the plane,
852
00:14:58,150 --> 00:15:00,750
a number of the columns and the beams were severed,
853
00:15:00,780 --> 00:15:03,750
but because of this tube lattice system,
854
00:15:03,790 --> 00:15:05,990
the weight of the building could actually find a different way
855
00:15:06,020 --> 00:15:08,390
to go around the hole,
856
00:15:08,420 --> 00:15:09,860
so the impact by itself
857
00:15:09,890 --> 00:15:13,060
would not necessarily have caused the tower to collapse.
858
00:15:13,100 --> 00:15:16,170
narrator: by redistributing the loads of the higher floors
859
00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:18,330
around the damaged structures,
860
00:15:18,370 --> 00:15:21,400
the buildings survived the plane』s initial impacts,
861
00:15:21,440 --> 00:15:23,070
but they do collapse,
862
00:15:23,110 --> 00:15:27,480
one after 56 minutes, the other after 103 minutes.
863
00:00:01,420 --> 00:00:03,220
narrator: september 11, 2001,
864
00:15:30,480 --> 00:15:32,680
to fail.
865
00:15:32,710 --> 00:15:34,020
agrawal: the official report explained
866
00:15:34,050 --> 00:15:36,720
that the temperatures of the fires were high enough
867
00:15:36,750 --> 00:15:39,920
to cause the steel to lose its strength
868
00:15:39,960 --> 00:15:41,760
and to compromise its integrity,
869
00:15:41,790 --> 00:15:44,990
and this is what ultimately brought the buildings down.
870
00:15:45,030 --> 00:15:47,300
gage: no skyscraper has ever collapsed
871
00:15:47,330 --> 00:15:51,870
due to fire prior to 9/11.
872
00:15:51,900 --> 00:15:54,440
narrator: 9/11 truth movement founder richard gage
873
00:15:54,470 --> 00:15:55,840
doesn』t believe the fires
874
00:15:55,870 --> 00:15:59,680
could have weakened the steel structure.
875
00:15:59,710 --> 00:16:01,510
gage: the exterior perimeter structure
70529
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