Original subtitles

Ati'en borough: One hundred and fifty million years ago,

as dinosaurs approached their golden age,

one group evolved along new and revolutionary lines.

Although they retained many of their reptilian characteristics,

they acquired extraordinary new ones.

Feathers.

Feathers helped with insulation and display.

But they offered something far more valuable,

the power of flight.

And for birds, that changed everything.

Birds have the freedom of the skies

to tra vel further and faster than any other group of animals

and to seize opportunities in all corners of the planet.

But this freedom brings many survival challenges,

which birds must tackle at pivotal moments in their lives.

Flying demands enormous skill and effort.

And nowhere is that more evident than here

in the foothills of the Peruvian andes.

This female hummingbird hovers with precision

in her quest for nectar.

Her wing and tail design allow her to fly in any direction.

But the male has a real problem flying.

And this is why.

He's weighed down with two super-long tail feathers

tipped with cumbersome discs.

This is the marvellous spatuletail hummingbird

and these are his flags, with which to seduce a mate.

Waving them back and forth takes a lot of effort,

even from the comfort of his perch.

But to win her heart, he's got to go up a gear.

He must show her how well he can fly,

but it's exhausting work.

It's so demanding,

he can only stay airborne for a matter of seconds

before he needs a rest.

He's struggling to impress her, so one last try.

The extreme effort and energy needed to hover

means hummingbirds can only fly in short sharp bursts.

But most birds need to stay airborne for considerably longer

and must find far more energy-efficient ways to get around.

Here in the simien mountains of Ethiopia,

at a breathtaking altitude of 75, 000 feet,

lives a supreme aerial maestro.

The lammergeier.

This youngster glides on air currents rising from the mountain slopes below.

His nine-foot wingspan can carry him hundreds of miles a day

in search of animal carcasses with precious little effort.

He watches out for other airborne sca vengers

like these griffon vultures.

They lead him to some commotion on the cliffs

and maybe the chance to feed.

But this youngster is not the only lammergeier to spot the opportunity.

So too has this adult.

The vultures quickly strip the carcass clean.

It seems he's too late.

But in fact, he's timed his arrival perfectly.

There's no meat left.

And that's exactly the moment that the lammergeier has been waiting for.

It's bones he's after.

The young lammergeier too homes in on the carcass.

Bones contain rich marrow fat.

But extracting it is not easy,

especially when the bone is a solid four kilos and too big to swallow.

But lammergeiers have an extraordinary solution,

thanks to their flying skills.

Soaring up on thermal air currents

and positioning the bone parallel to his body to minimise drag,

he soon reaches the perfect height.

From here, he glides to a place he knows

where he can deal with the bone,

where there are giant rock slabs on the lip of an escarpment.

The bone is smashed.

T he juices in his stomach

are more corrosive than battery acid.

They dissolve the bone so that he can now digest the marrow.

Others come looking for leftovers.

But their timing isn't ideal

because now the young lammergeier has his turn.

T he y'd better mind their heads.

Proficient bone smashing takes endless practice,

to find just the right height, speed and moment of release.

Lammergeiers have long, broad wings,

ideal for gliding great distances with maximum efficiency.

But on the island of little Tobago in the Caribbean

lives a bird for whom aerial agility is of Paramount importance.

The red-billed tropicbiro'.

Short, pointed wings give it great manoeuvrability and speed.

During the breeding season,

these flying skills are tested to the limit.

While one parent looks after the chick,

the other must journey far offshore

to gather small fish and squid from the surface waters.

But the hardest part is getting food back to the island,

because they share this airspace with thieves.

Magnificent friga tebirds,

known as man-of-war birds, patrol high above.

These pirates are not trying to kill the tropicbird

but force it to give up its catch.

It's an aerial dogfight.

T ropicbirds are quicker on the turn.

Frigates have exceptionally lightweight bodies

and their extremely long wings give them great power.

Success!

A favourite attack is from behind and at height.

There goes the fish.

Another victory.

This tropicbird chick still awaits the return of its parent,

who has yet to run the gauntlet of the pirates.

Keeping close to the waves is his best chance.

Frigatebirds have so little oil in their feathers

they can't risk ditching.

If he can just reach the cliffs, he'll be safe.

He has made it, with his crop still full of fish.

Red-billed tropicbirds rely an extreme aerial agility

to overcome the many challenges of their life.

For others, survival demands endurance.

Every spring, red knots fly 70, 000 miles

from their wintering grounds in Argentina

to their nesting sites in Canada.

The only way they complete this marathon journey

is by making a crucial fuel stop

here in Delaware bay, on the east coast of america.

What is most extraordinary is that

as well as having to find their way to this one location,

they must also time their arrival to perfection.

They have a rendezvous with prehistoric creatures emerging from the deep,

which have hardly changed in 250 million years.

They come ashore in greatest numbers on the highest spring tides.

Horseshoe crabs.

The crabs are here to lay their eggs.

That's what the knots are after.

Most eggs are buried out of reach,

but some are accidentally dug up by other crabs.

Most of the west Atlantic red knot population

join this feeding frenzy.

In a matter of weeks,

the knots need to rebuild their fat reserves and double in weight.

To achieve this, each knot must eat as many as 400, 000 eggs,

a tall order, given the skill and effort needed to swallow just one.

Head down, feeding nonstop, means it's hard to be alert to predators.

A peregrine falcon.

With egg-laying complete,

the horseshoe crabs now leave these shares,

while the knots gather every last egg they can find.

It's time for the birds to move on.

The knots still have a further 2, 000 mile nonstop flight

to reach their breeding grounds in Canada.

Flight gives birds many advantages.

But there's a period in their lives

when the y're forced back down to earth.

The nesting season.

This is the time when they are at most risk,

so they must find the safest possible location.

Few go to greater extremes than lesser flamingos.

They nest in the remotest corners of a frica's caustic soda lakes.

Like their reptilian ancestors, birds lay waterproof eggs.

Despite this, flamingos still protect theirs

on special mud-stacked nests,

as the lake is prone to flooding.

It's also just a little cooler up here.

Temperatures at ground level

can reach a blistering 50 degrees centigrade.

Once a chick hatches,

it spends the first six days in the nest.

This is when it's at its most vulnerable,

totally reliant on its parents.

The caustic mud deters predators.

But the adult flamingos can cope in this quagmire

because of their long, scaly legs.

Any chick that slips from the nest, however,

is treading on very dangerous ground.

This parent encourages her chick to climb back to safety.

Raising chicks requires huge parental investment

in both time and labour, where ver you are.

Few places are tougher than the antarctic.

Chinstrap penguins.

Every day, they travel up to 50 miles out at sea, hunting for krill.

But the hard part is getting this food back to the colony,

because it sits on the ice-free rim at the top of this giant volcano,

deception island

For the returning fishing party, the first challenge is getting ashore.

The beach is steep, with a powerful undertow.

This female lands safely.

But she now begins a long journey on foot.

For a flightless bird

getting to the top of the volcano means a gruelling climb,

especially when glaciers covered with muddy volcanic ash stand in your way.

It's like a game of snakes and ladders.

A combination of beak, wingtip and feet,

and she wins through.

Now she joins penguin rush hour.

Almost home.

She's reached the crater rim,

but her trials are still not over.

She must now try and find her family

among more than 750, 000 birds.

Her hearing is so acute

she can identify the individual cry of her own chick in the din.

She's made it and the family welcomes her return.

The result of all this parental effort, a mouthful of krill.

Now it's her partner's turn.

A chick's demands are endless.

Sometimes they can push parents to desperate lengths.

But birds are masters of impro visa tion.

Dassen island off the coast of South Africa

is home to a nesting colony of great white pelicans.

There are chicks of all ages, all with a hefty appetite.

The parents have a formidable task.

These pelicans are among the heaviest flying birds in the world,

weighing up to 70 kilos.

A I/-formation is the most energy-efficient means of flying.

It significantly reduces drag for the bird behind.

Pelicans normally fish along the coast,

but a shortage of food supplies has forced them to look elsewhere.

Cape gannets plunge deep, hunting fish beyond the reach of the pelicans.

But the pelicans aren't after fish.

Their sights are set on a bigger catch.

Malgas island is the nesting ground for some 60, 000 cape gannets.

Normally, one gannet parent goes off fishing

while the other looks after the chick.

But declining fish stocks means

both parents are often away hunting at the same time,

leaving their chicks unguarded.

Something which hasn't gone unnoticed by the pelicans.

Only chicks with parents at their side or those too large to swallow

have a chance.

Back at the pelican colony, the parents regurgitate

partially digested gannet chicks for their brood.

Although most sea bird colonies on the African cape are in decline,

the population of white pelicans nesting on dassen is growing.

When birds come together to breed, and before they commit to one another,

they will often perform the most remarkable displays.

One of the most enchanting happens here on the lakes of Oregon.

Clark's grebes mate for life,

but the female must test her partner's continuing commitment

and she does this by inviting him to join her in a ritualised dance.

To strengthen their band he offers her a gift.

Now, with eyes only for one another,

the faithful pair reach the climax of their dance.

Other birds don't form pairs.

Instead, a male tries to mate with as many females as he can.

Male sage grouse gather in the grasslands of Wyoming

to advertise their virility with a finery of feathers and proud posturing.

Females are much drabber looking

but extremely choosy.

They will only mate with the most impressive male

and the y judge a male's worthiness by the sounds he makes.

Birds go to great lengths to impress their partners.

In the forests of new Guinea,

they famously use colourful feathers and song to maximum effect.

Birds of paradise.

But in the western part of the island, these flamboyant birds share the forests

with a rather unassuming looking character,

the I/ogelkop bowerbird.

He might lack the plumage,

but he's got an extraordinary repertoire of song.

And he's a wonderful mimic.

Those are pigeon wing beats.

T hat's a modest tiger-parrot.

And that, a sulphur-crested cockatoo.

Even more surprising, he's an avid collector

with a very appreciative eye for colour.

This male favours red and orange flowers.

And he's very fond of fungus.

Not everything he collects stays where it should.

He puts these treasures on display

within and around a construction that has taken him years to build.

A giant bower, woven around a central sapling,

carpeted with mass.

This grand design is no nest, it's the ultimate seduction parlour.

But he's not alone on this hillside.

He's got six rivals within earshot.

This one prefers darker colours, decorating his bower with deer dung...

And charcoal.

I/isual effect is of crucial importance.

Clearly he hadn't planned on all this sprouting fungus.

He and his nearest rival live a stone's throw apart.

Competition is intense.

It's the dung ball bower

that is the first to catch the female's attention.

He withdraws while she inspects his workmanship.

She's back again and seems impressed.

But on closer inspection, she's less convinced.

Perhaps it was that sprouting fungus.

Back at the flower bower, the male performs a dress rehearsal.

He senses she's watching.

This is the moment he's been working towards.

His bower channels his song in her direction.

A final check.

All is to her liking.

Few birds devote such craft, effort, and ingenuity

to achieve this life-defining moment.

But here on I(En ya's lake bogoria, these massive pink slicks

signal the start of perhaps the grandest courtship event in nature.

In certain years, when the lake is at its richest,

more than a million lesser flamingos congregate to feed.

It's now, when they're in their prime,

that they must find their preferred partner.

To do that, they perform a remarkable promenade.

With heads held high and neck feathers ruffled

making them look as pink as possible,

more and more birds join in the courtship march

and pairs begin to bond.

Small groups merge with larger ones

until almost a thousand flamingos are on the move.

From the equator to the Poles,

birds have found the most ingenious ways

of overcoming the many challenges of life.

And everything revolves around their unique attribute, feathers.

For the past three years, the life team has filmed birds

in every part of the world imaginable.

Nowhere was the filming trickier than in the jungles of west Papua.

Here is found, for me,

one of the greatest wonders of the bird world,

the display arena of the I/ogelkop bowerbird.

Thirteen years ago,

I was lucky enough to witness these spectacular builders.

But filming the timid female and courtship behaviour

was a different matter.

And this was what the life team set out to film.

Barrie britton was the principle cameraman for this programme.

With over 20 years in the business,

not only is he an accomplished photographer,

but he has developed a deep understanding of

and empathy for his subjects.

Although each one posed its own unique challenges,

Barrie did seem to spend an inordinate amount of time

cooped up in his trusty old hide.

I think I may have misjudged the hide position,

'cause the sea is coming in the bottom of the hide.

Wow, well, that was 11 hours in my little box.

Ati'en borough: Barrie saved his most ambitious trip of the series

until last.

It took a team of 40 people

three days of tough uphill trekking to get to the filming camp.

I could complain about leeches, biting insects,

the tough going

but I really don't want to, this is great.

I seem to have lost everyone else. I hope I'm going the right way.

Ah, made it.

Briti'on: I'm completely shattered.

Ati'en borough: The hard work had only just begun.

Tomorrow, with the help of their guides,

the crew would go looking for the best bowers to film.

But not before a cautionary tale from the local chief.

So when he first was shown the bower by his father, he...

There were flowers there

and as a 12-year-old child, he wanted to grab them,

but his father immediately stopped him

and said that he could not touch anything

or take anything away from the bower

because otherwise it would start raining very heavily.

- Lyle: It's 10 to five, Barrie. - Yeah.

Ati'en borough: With the chief's warning fresh in their minds,

Barrie and the team make an early start and head for the hide.

Well, we've reached the hide just at sunrise,

so we're just going to get set up as quickly as we can.

With knowledgeable guides, finding the bowers wasn't the problem.

And who could miss such obvious structures?

It was now a waiting game for Barrie,

heavily concealed in his camouflaged hide.

Briti'on: Okay, so, 6:30.

So I'm just waiting now for the bird to come,

hoping that he doesn't suspect that anything is here

and that we can get some natural behaviour.

I've just heard the bowerbird call just at the right of the hide.

I can hear the bird outside.

It's plucking on the fabric of the hide.

I've just noticed that the bird has pulled a snickers wrapper

out of the bottom of the hide and has added it to its display.

Briti'on: It was a very strange decoration,

which I had to remove at the end of the day.

Ati'en borough: Had Barrie tempted fate by removing the wrapper

and ignoring the chief's warning?

Or was this just rainforest living up to its name?

When it pours like this, filming becomes virtually impossible.

Soon the weather improved

and Barrie returned once more to the hide.

This time his lunch box was firmly sealed.

The bird is very keen on these little tiny metallic ladybirds

and they're a bit put out being put there in this bower,

so they start crawling off.

They're very slowly making their way over the moss

and they just about get to the edge of the display

and then the bowerbird notices and goes and collects them

and puts them back again. So they're kind of

in this endless cycle of trying to escape from the bower.

They just... They can never quite get away.

Ati'en borough: However, for the male bowerbird and Barrie,

the female was still proving a problem.

The female did come down,

but she was quite nervous near the entrance to the bower

so we didn't get very much of that.

This was a real concern,

because the courtship behaviour was key to our story.

He's just done a 10-hour stint.

It's been a really nice day so we're just hoping it's gone well.

Ati'en borough: Another day's filming over and still little to show for it.

Lyle: Ten hours in the hide.

Fortunately, filming is over for the day.

We're just going to go and collect Barrie again.

- Lyle: Did you see a mate today? - No, no. No mating.

Everything else is going well but we haven't got the mating.

The fact I was getting such good footage of the male

meant he'd obviously got used to the hide.

But the visiting females were still wary of it.

The females did seem a bit nervous.

So I took the decision to push the hide back,

just to get more distance from the birds.

The other thing I've done is recess the lens

and we put this vegetation all around it,

so I'm hoping that's going to provide more female behaviour.

A'i'i'en borough: There were few filming days left.

It was crucial Barrie's adjustments paid off.

The male has just run into the bower and started calling,

so I think that means there might be a female coming.

It struck me, here we both were, waiting in the darkness,

the male trying to attract the female,

and I was just hoping that I've got it right this time,

and it was more than just a fleeting visit.

Working in a hide involves hours of prolonged inactivity

punctuated by the most intense moments of action.

This was the crucial moment the whole team had worked towards.

Ati'en borough: Everything was falling into place for Barrie,

the behaviour unfolding.

Right, that's good, I think we're in action.

Ati'en borough: T wenty-one days in a hide.

Astonishing Patience and perseverance.

This has never been filmed before.

Such effort and endeavour

for a crucial piece of beha viour that's over in a matter of seconds.

Would you like to shake my hand, Stephen?

- What does that mean? - Ah, we got the mating.

- You got the mating? - Yeah, yeah, we got the mating.

- Oh, wow! - Yeah, it's a really good day,

brilliant day, yeah. Butjust amazing. I must have...

Well, what is it, three weeks

- I've spent sitting in this hide. - Wow. Yeah.

And I just didn't think we'd ever get it. I just...

'Cause we're running out of days, only a few left now, so...

So to get that this week is just incredible.

And it was really, really good, really good behaviour.

So I'm delighted.

Ati'en borough: Success.

This was Barrie's last filming trip for the birds episode,

and what a befitting end.