All language subtitles for chernobyl.48.hours.to.escape.2026.1080p.web.h264-cbfm English

SIRENS BLARE

1:23 am...

...the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
is rocked by an explosion.

The nuclear reactor itself
is physically destroyed.

There is complete shock
in the control room.

Radiation shoots upwards,

creating a purple column of light.

The greatest-ever nuclear accident,

it will have far-reaching
consequences that will change

the course of history.

But for 48 hours,
the world knows nothing.

The Soviet government
covers it up...

...and the locals are locked
in a contaminated city.

This is a police state.

The KGB swings into action.

The phone lines are cut
and roadblocks erected.

No-one's allowed in or out.

By the time the radioactive
winds reach Sweden,

the people in Pripyat still
don't know anything about

the danger they're in.

This is the untold story
of the people living

in the shadow of Chernobyl...

...the first responders
battling the blaze...

...and the forgotten heroes
who risked everything

to prevent an even bigger
global catastrophe.

Over 48 hours leading up
to the evacuation of Pripyat,

an unprecedented disaster unfolds,

exposing one of the deadliest
cover-ups in history.

They don't know that nothing will
be the same ever again.

Their world has changed forever.

The survivors of
the Chernobyl disaster

have returned to their former
hometown of Pripyat.

Some of them for the first time
in 40 years.

Atomgrad comes from the Russian
word for 'atomic city'.

It is literally that, a city built
next or near

a nuclear power station.

Pripyat is a town built to house
the employees

and the construction workers
who work at the plant.

It's a city that owes its life

and death to the Chernobyl
nuclear power station.

This ghost town lies at the heart
of a vast

radioactive exclusion zone

that covers more
than 2,500 square kilometres.

It was once a thriving
community of 50,000 people.

But they left under a cloud
of deception.

They've returned
to tell their own stories

and relive the city's final days

in the wake of the worst
nuclear disaster in history...

...a 48-hour period that truly
changed the world.

By late afternoon, people
are clocking off for work,

getting ready for the weekend.

And it's a big one, it's the weekend
before the May Day holiday,

which is a huge deal
in the Soviet Union.

Pripyat, it's a kind of exemplary
socialist city.

Very modern.

Very nicely laid out,
with lots of open spaces,

green spaces, parks, playgrounds.

It's surrounded by a very
nice countryside,

there are lovely woods.

There is the River Pripyat.

So the nice surroundings also match

nice facilities in the city.

There are two stadiums.

There are two swimming pools.

So its population can enjoy these
kind of gifts of the state.

They are rewarded for the important
work that they do

for the nuclear industry.

Chernobyl's construction is part
of a Soviet drive

to harness nuclear energy...

...to both meet surging
electricity demand

and catch up with the West.

Science is the front line
of the Cold War

ideological battle between the
Soviet Union and the United States.

And nuclear science is the absolute

darling of the Soviet government
and Soviet leadership.

Section by section, it was going
to be brought online,

reactor by reactor,

to start powering Kyiv

and the entire region.

Each reactor can generate 1,000MW
of electricity,

which is enough to power more than
a million modern homes.

By 1986, Reactor 4 is online,
and work

is already under way
on Reactors 5 and 6.

If the plans are realised,
this will become the biggest

nuclear complex in the world.

People thought of atomic science

as related to atomic weapons.

And once the Soviet Union

had its atomic weapons,
there was a need for a rebranding.

So the Soviet Union starts
to use the term...

..."the peaceful atom".

You can see the dichotomy

in nuclear technology

when you look at one of the tallest
buildings in Pripyat,

which talks about, "May the atom be
a worker and not a soldier,"

and it reflects the enthusiasm

for the peaceful applications

of atomic energy.

One of the great cities
of the Soviet empire

would soon be fuelled entirely

by peaceful nuclear power.

Senior operator of Reactor 4

Aleksandr Zelentsov
is at home preparing for work.

But at 9.00pm, he receives
a phone call from his colleague

Valery Khodemchuk, asking to take
the night shift.

So Aleksandr will now clock on
in the morning.

Piotr, who also had a late
shift change,

is enjoying his unexpected
night off.

He invites friends back
to his apartment

opposite the fire station,
where they continue

drinking vodka and Soviet champagne.

As Aleksandr's opposite number,

Valery Khodemchuk, prepares
for the midnight shift...

...a call comes into the plant.

A delayed safety test
is finally given the go-ahead.

It's now nine hours overdue.

The question that this test
was supposed to check

or to give answers to was

what if there is an electricity cut,
a power failure?

With regard to this specific
safety test,

to see if the turbine
could freewheel

and provide enough power
to the reactor

that it would keep the cooling water
circulating

for long enough for the emergency
generators to start,

that's a perfectly reasonable
test to do.

They had, however, made
three previous attempts

to do this test, which had been
either unsuccessful

or inconclusive.

So, this was their fourth bite
at the cherry.

In charge is a senior manager
desperate to finally

get the test signed off.

Anatoly Stepanovich Dyatlov

sees the promise of promotion ahead.

All he's got to do
is run this experiment.

The reactor has now been running
at reduced power

for most of the day,
and a shift change is imminent.

Dyatlov decides he will press ahead
once the night shift arrives.

The day shift, the A team,

they clock off at the end
of the workday on Friday.

The next team that comes on
at midnight

has not been prepared at all
for what's in store for them.

They had not been briefed.

Piloting the reactor
is a 25-year-old engineer.

He's been in the job
for just two months.

Dyatlov is a bully, he's unpleasant.

He's putting these inexperienced
staff under pressure.

Without realising,
the young engineer mistakenly allows

the computer to bring reactor power
down to near zero.

WARNING SIRENS WAIL

At 12.30, the power output

from number 4 Reactor is dropping.

There are alarms going off...

...there are lights flashing.

If you run a reactor like that
at low power,

then some of the product of

the nuclear reaction will build up
in it,

in particular, a thing called Xenon,

which will, in the jargon,
poison the reactor.

Dyatlov insists they pull out
the graphite control rods

to help speed up the reaction
and increase power.

Two of the operators
initially refuse,

concerned that the reactor
is dangerously unstable.

But when Dyatlov threatens them,
they back down.

Control rods essentially
are the throttle

that try and keep the power steady.

So, you need more power,
you pull the control rods out.

And they reach the point where
a lot of the control rods

are fully out of the reactor,

and they're still not seeing
the power going up.

Eventually, by 1am,

they managed to raise
the power to 200MW.

It's nowhere near the minimum
720MW stipulated for the test,

but Dyatlov is adamant
it's good enough.

They cut the power and let the
turbines freewheel for 36 seconds.

When they think
they've concluded the test,

they press this AZ5 button,
which shuts the reactor down.

But the readings begin to confuse
the scientists.

SIRENS WAIL

The reactor starts heating up,

and the reaction starts speeding up.

The men hear a deep thud and are
nearly thrown off their feet

as an explosion rocks the building.

Outside the complex,
Sergei is still fishing

in the power plant's cooling pond.

He's one of the very few
to witness the immediate aftermath.

EXPLOSION

A strange purple beam of light
illuminates the night sky.

SIRENS AND ALARMS BLARE

The scientists in
the control room are baffled.

They've hit the emergency
shutdown button -

in their minds,
the ultimate fail-safe.

Sergei and his colleagues cycle over
to take a closer look.

What they see sends shivers
down their spines.

CLOCK TICKS

THUNDER RUMBLES

At 1.23am on Saturday,
the 26th of April 1986...

...engineers at the Chernobyl
nuclear power plant in Ukraine

feel the shudder of two explosions.

There is complete shock
in the control room.

They don't understand -
what has just happened?

Is it an earthquake
or an enemy attack?

A nuclear war may have started.

They're constantly working

on the premise that a reactor

cannot explode.

Soviet propaganda, supported by
the USSR's top atomic scientists,

has long reinforced the idea
that these reactors

are the most reliable in the world.

But the unthinkable has happened.

The nuclear reactor itself
is physically destroyed,

so it's broken up.

The lid has been blown off.

The temperature in the core
approaches a level

similar to the surface of the sun

before blowing the 1,000-tonne lid
and the roof clean off.

You've got some extremely
radioactive material

which is completely uncontained

and on fire.

The fire station in Pripyat
is immediately alerted.

At 1.28am, the phones start ringing
off the hook.

PHONE RINGS

Men of the third watch
look over to see

a mushroom-shaped cloud
filling the moonlit sky.

With Piotr off duty, his friend
Volodymyr Pravik is in charge.

SIRENS WAIL

They scramble into the fire trucks
and head out.

It's only two minutes by road.

Lieutenant Pravik immediately

radios signal number three,
which is the highest alert

which will bring
all the fire brigades

in the entire Kyiv region
to the power plant.

But he doesn't wait
for them to arrive.

He and his crew go into this burning
inferno without waiting.

And they find soon
that they're battling

against something
that is quite different.

Their bodies begin to tell them
that this is no ordinary fire.

Men begin vomiting,
a symptom of radiation sickness.

One of the team goes blind.

Their hands and feet begin to scald

and burn from touching chunks
of graphite spat out of the core.

Back in Pripyat, Piotr turns in

after a night of drinking
with friends.

Piotr arrives around 2.30am.

He's ordered straight up
onto the roof of the complex.

And he goes onto the roof
of the Turbine Hall

to stop the spread of the fire
to another reactor

in unit number three.

Piotr's colleagues on the roof
start feeling seriously ill.

Not yet suffering symptoms himself,

he stays behind and is soon one
of the last on the roof.

Senior operator of Reactor 4,
Aleksandr Zelentsov

is suddenly awoken by his phone.

He's called to the plant
immediately.

His first job is to help
fully disconnect

Reactor 4 from Reactor 3.

They share some of the same systems
and infrastructure,

so it needs to be isolated.

Then, he goes in search
of Valery Khodemchuk,

his colleague who had earlier
taken his night shift.

But the inside of Unit 4
is a tangled web of destruction.

Unlike the firefighters,
Aleksandr is fully aware

that he's potentially receiving
a fatal dose of radiation.

There's no sign
of Valery Khodemchuk.

His body is never found.

At 4am, senior management gathers
in the underground bunker

designed to withstand
nuclear attack.

Anatoly Dyatlov, the man in charge
of the ill-fated safety test,

joins them, weak and retching,

yet still downplaying the incident.

Dyatlov tells the senior management
that it's all contained -

it's just a hydrogen explosion.

There is no breach
in Reactor Number 4.

The bosses are more than happy
to pass this on to their superiors.

The Soviet Union has got layers
and layers of bureaucracy,

but there's no real accountability.

Truth isn't important
in the Soviet Union.

And the entire Soviet system
is designed

so that the Dyatlov's lie

is replicated right up
the chain of command, all the way

to the first secretary of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union,

Mikhail Gorbachev.

By the time Gorbachev receives
the message,

Piotr is one of nearly 200 men
bringing the fires under control...

...but the reactor core
continues to burn.

Eventually, Piotr is called down
from the roof

and heads to the
decontamination showers,

where he sees his father,
also a firefighter.

He's waiting for his boy
to come out,

but it is in the shower
that Petrov feels really sick,

and when he comes out,
he can barely hear or see.

He only hears his father say to him,
"Hold on."

And then he's taken to the hospital.

The hospital
has invoked its crisis plan.

They've moved out
all the routine patients,

they've opened up as many beds
as they can,

and they're waiting.

They're waiting for the wave

that is about to hit them.

Radiation destroys cells,

it disrupts connective tissues,

and eventually, if doses are
really, really acute, in fact,

it damages the
central nervous system

and essentially renders you
unconscious very rapidly.

But at first, it looks like
a bad case of sunburn.

With no radiology departments
and minimal training,

the hospital staff
are initially confounded.

Here in an atomgrad - an atom city -

you'd think they would be prepared
to deal with radiation accidents.

But, of course, nobody would admit

that anything could go wrong
in a Soviet nuclear power station,

so nobody was prepared for the
radiation effects on the human body

that came when something
did go wrong.

They're treating patients with milk

before they realise
these are no ordinary burns

and that their clothes
are contaminated.

And that's when the nurses realise
that this isn't gas poisoning

and they have
to treat their patients differently.

They make them strip.

They take their clothes away

and lock it in a basement.

And they begin
to administer IV drips,

and this is really the first thing

that begins to help
alleviate their symptoms.

More and more patients
are flooding in,

straining the hospital's
limited resources.

By daybreak, the hospital
records its first fatality.

The reactor is still freely spewing
radiation into the atmosphere...

WHIRRING

...as daylight lays bare
the true extent of the damage.

The people of Pripyat
are only just waking up...

...to a city that has been completely
sealed off from the outside world.

The truth about the enormity of the
disaster that has just happened

will slowly start to dawn
on the Soviet scientists.

But instead of alerting the world
to the danger,

the Soviet officials
will remain silent.

The authorities' first instinct
is to try and cover it up.

The KGB swings into action.

They cut off all the phone lines
to Pripyat and Chernobyl.

They close the roads.
They don't let anybody leave.

They're worried
about spreading panic.

They want to control the flow
of information.

Just a few kilometres
from the reactor,

the town's 50,000 residents
are kept in the dark,

completely oblivious
to the radiation

filling the air around them.

It's a lovely weekend -
they go on picnics,

there are children playing
in the playground.

There are even weddings going on
in the city...

CHURCH BELLS PEAL

...and no-one tells them anything.

Radiation on the streets of Pripyat

is recorded at 25,000 times
the normal levels.

By nightfall, it will be 90,000.

It's so high,

radiation particles strike
the camera sensors,

causing bursts of light
and flashes on the film footage.

Those measures are being observed
by people,

and that tells people that something
very dangerous is going on.

While the authorities keep Pripyat
in lockdown,

they're preparing to save Moscow

from Chernobyl's
radioactive fallout.

At 4pm, on the 26th of April 1986,

officials gather at the headquarters
of the Pripyat Communist Party.

Senior management
of the plant finally admits

that Reactor 4 has in fact
exploded...

...and that pumping cooling water
through the core is pointless.

Their efforts
over the last 12 hours,

which have included
several suicide missions,

were totally in vain.

Government officials
are still pondering

whether to evacuate the city,

when the head of the military
radiation reconnaissance team

bursts in.

He's taken readings outside
the power plant

100 million times normal levels...

...enough to kill someone in close
proximity within 15 minutes.

Engineers have also picked up
another problem -

a significant amount of nuclear fuel

is still burning within
the damaged reactor vessel.

Once there is a realisation that

the reactor can and has exploded,

there are new dangers that are

coming to minds of the scientists

working on the clean-up.

And one danger that
becomes very real is

that it will continue to heat up
in its core,

and that it will explode...

...and it could be a kind of
explosion that will set off

the neighbouring reactor,
in the Unit Number 3,

and then possibly the other two.

This could leave large swathes
of Europe uninhabitable

for thousands of years.

The second problem
that they're worried about

is kind of
in the opposite direction -

that the reactor will melt,
literally...

...and the radioactive fuel

and all the debris
will get into the water supply.

From there, they will poison
the Black Sea, the Mediterranean,

and finally the oceans.

That, again, would be potentially
a global catastrophe.

The government commission into
the accident finally concedes

that evacuation of the town
is necessary.

But it's still 19 hours

until the population is relocated.

At the hospital, authorities
prepare to spirit

the worst-affected patients
away to Moscow.

Piotr is told to get ready.

But of course,
the relatives are there -

they're besieging the hospital,

they want to see their husbands,
their sons.

And this is where the
authorities try a trick.

They're told by the people
in charge,

"Go home and start packing a bag,"

to get them out of the way.

But the time they come back
to the hospital,

their loved ones have gone.

In total, 26 firefighters
and plant workers

are transported to the capital.

But when Piotr is assessed,

one of the doctors is amazed
at his condition...

...and puts it down to the amount
of vodka in his system.

Piotr and Pravik are in good
spirits, even joking with staff.

There's an apparent recovery
where people seem to get better,

but, actually, what's happened is

there has been long-term damage
to key systems in the body,

and, actually, your ability
just to do the normal

replacing cells has gone.

So people will then
deteriorate again

after this so-called latent period.

At that point,
you will either recover

or you will die.

It's the last time
Piotr will see Pravik alive.

100km north of Chernobyl,

residents in the countryside
of Belarus

witness a strange weather
phenomenon.

They're looking up at the sky...

THUNDER RUMBLES

...they're seeing a strange
colouration.

It's very dirty, it's black -
this is the famous black rains.

People say they saw reddish,
purple colours.

And they're also seeing
aeroplanes flying in the sky.

They're seeing colours coming out
from the rear of the aeroplanes.

Some have also even reported
rockets being fired into the skies.

What they are seeing is
the Kremlin's desperate response

to a growing threat
against the capital city.

Up in the atmosphere,

there is lethal,
very concentrated radioactivity.

Overnight of the 26th of April

to the 27th, we are getting wind

coming from the west to the east,

heading in the direction of Moscow.

The authorities decide
to make it rain.

They decide that it would rain
over Belarus.

The Soviet Union had the capability
to fly through the clouds,

spread the chemicals that would
cause the droplets to form,

that would cause the rain
to fall out

before it reached Moscow.

They'll pull the radioactivity
with it, down onto the ground -

that is the process
of cloud seeding.

An army of pilots is ordered
into the skies over rural Belarus.

That rain affects hundreds
of thousands of people -

it makes Belarus
the worst-affected territory.

70% of the Chernobyl nuclear
fallout, radioactive fallout,

falls on the territory of Belarus.

Soon, people start flooding
local hospitals,

displaying the syndromes
of the radiation sickness.

So, this is the poisoning
of the entire republic

that will have enormous long-term
consequences on people's lives

for generations to come.

But the radioactive cloud

would soon become too big

for even the Soviets to control.

At midday, on Sunday
the 27th of April, 1986,

life continues as normal in Pripyat.

By the time the radioactive
clouds reach as far as Sweden,

people in Pripyat who are living
right next to the plant

still know nothing about
what has happened

or the danger in which they're in.

We have reports of one person

going up to the roof
of his apartment block

and hoping to get a bit of suntan,

and he's taken aback by how quickly
the suntan catches.

Above them is the sound
of helicopters preparing an assault

on Chernobyl's Reactor Number 4.

So, military pilots are charged
with the task

of flying over the open reactor

and dropping the bags with sand,
clay and boron into the opening.

Boron is a very good way
of suppressing a nuclear reaction.

Dolomite, clay are good
for smothering graphite fires.

And also, they put lead in because

they were trying to reduce
the radiation dose

coming out of the wrecked reactor

to people who were trying
to work in the vicinity.

The liquidation campaign
is now under way -

the beginning of a mammoth
mobilisation of Soviet resources

that will ramp up
in the coming days.

In Pripyat, fears over causing panic
are finally put aside

for the health
of the town's population.

1,200 buses and 240 trucks

are commandeered
from Kyiv and the region.

The announcement about
the evacuation comes at 1pm,

in the middle of a lovely
Sunday afternoon.

This is the last thing people
are expecting, really.

It's true,
there's been an explosion,

but for 36 hours,

people have been told nothing
about the radioactivity,

and so this order to evacuate comes
like a bolt from the blue.

The people are outside,

there are children eating ice cream
in the cafeteria,

and suddenly they're told
to leave their homes.

WOMAN OVER LOUDSPEAKER:

They've been told
that the evacuation

will only be for three days.

People are told to take only
the most-essential items with them.

Thankfully, Volodymyr's mother
is given a reprieve.

The mood is very calm, very orderly.

People get into the buses
and the buses take off -

the operation proceeds
pretty much as expected.

By 5pm, the evacuation
is officially complete.

Around 45,000 evacuees
depart the city...

...which is left an eerie ghost town.

Radioactivity knows no borders,

so the story had crossed over
the border from the Soviet Union,

and was about to break
internationally,

on Monday the 28th of April.

On the Monday morning, a worker at
the Forsmark Power Station in Sweden

actually sets the alarms off
on his way into work.

His shoe has picked up fallout
from Chernobyl.

They quickly work out
where it's coming from,

and the Soviets are forced
to admit there has been an accident.

Despite requests from various
countries for more information,

they refuse to offer up
any more detail...

...but it's soon making
headlines across the globe.

Brief and buried report of the
biggest nuclear accident in history.

Is one that was clearly addressed

of the lethal effect being
two to three miles, and then...

Exactly what caused the Chernobyl
nuclear reactor to explode,

we don't yet know.

How many lives will have been lost

as an immediate result
of the disaster

will be easier to calculate.

But how many people
are doomed eventually

to fall victim to Chernobyl,
we will never know.

Some of these children
will die young.

On the 11th of May, the first
control room operator dies,

with his skin charred black
and eyes wide open.

Lieutenant Pravik succumbs
to his injuries that same day.

It's another week
before Piotr finds out.

He's told that all of his colleagues
have died.

Their coffins are wrapped
in plastic,

welded shut inside zinc boxes,
and covered with cement.

In the weeks and months
that followed the nuclear accident

at Chernobyl...

...the clean-up effort gathers pace.

The so-called "liquidators",

which comes from the Russian word
for "eliminating",

are eliminating
the consequences of the disaster.

So, the number of these people
is quite mind-boggling really -

600,000 people and more

are drafted into these missions.

Miners tunnel under the reactor's
foundations

to add a protective concrete slab
and install a giant heat exchanger

to cool down the molten core

and prevent it melting
into the groundwater.

Men are tasked with removing
radioactive graphite from the roof,

so a sarcophagus can be built
over the wreckage.

Nearly 4,000 so-called "bio-robots",

with home-made lead armour
for protection,

shovel graphite blocks over the side
and into the core.

They have 90 seconds, estimated
to be a maximum lifetime dose.

A lot of the soldiers sent
to decontamination missions

are young boys.

They're draftees, so they're
between 18, 20 years of age.

And they have to deal not just

with the physical difficulties
of decontamination,

but also with
the psychological burdens.

They do it out of a sense of duty...

...because there is some
understanding at this point

that this is needed to save people

or to prevent an even
greater disaster.

On the 14th of May, 1986, two and
a half weeks after the explosion...

...Mikhail Gorbachev acknowledges
the accident in public

for the first time.

Mikhail Gorbachev
has only been running

the Soviet Union
for 13 months at this point.

He has been saying
that the Soviet Union

needs to have glasnost, openness.

And taking all that time

to even tell a scrap of the truth

demonstrates that there is

no openness in the Soviet Union.

As pressure mounts
at home and abroad,

Gorbachev is forced to follow
through on his promise of glasnost,

as the Iron Curtain
is gradually lifted.

So journalists begin
to gain unprecedented access,

for example, to nuclear scientists.

This was an industry shrouded
in secrecy...

...and once those floodgates
are open,

it's very difficult to kind of
keep shutting them down.

The real cause of the explosion
is eventually revealed.

There is a fatal flaw
in every Soviet reactor

that none of the scientists
at Chernobyl,

on the night of the explosion,
were aware of.

The problem is
that this SCRAM system -

this automated safety system
that is meant to shut

down the reactor very quickly
in cases of emergency -

the problem is that
it is deeply flawed.

The control rods,
which are made of boron -

the material that does
slow down the reaction -

those control rods have the tips
that are made of graphite.

So, when the graphite tips
are inserted into

the hot reactor to slow down
the reaction, they do the opposite -

they speed it up.

So, as the control rods go back
into the reactor,

they greatly increase
the reactivity,

and that causes an explosion.

Some top officials
and atomic scientists

had known about it for years,
even decades.

The nature of the Soviet Union -
the secrecy, the self-deception -

all of this is what causes
the disaster in the first place.

I got the chance to ask a question

to Mikhail Gorbachev in person,

and the question I chose was,

"What was your biggest problem
at the time of Chernobyl?"

Mikhail Gorbachev told me that

getting information
was his biggest problem.

The Chernobyl disaster
also gives a boost

to Ukrainian eco-nationalism

because it becomes a political issue
that the Ukrainian intelligentsia

and cultural figures adopt
as a national issue.

It becomes a Ukrainian tragedy.

But the refusal of Moscow,
again and again, to recognise

the damage done to the health
and environment in Ukraine

begins to kind of really strain

the relationship
between Kyiv and Moscow.

INDISTINCT CHATTER

YELLING

As Gorbachev says,
the nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl

was perhaps the real cause
of the collapse of the Soviet Union.

MUFFLED YELLING

It helped change the map
of the world in a few years.

The consequences of the disaster
for the environment are enormous,

and the effects will last
for centuries.

This makes it easy sometimes to lose
the human dimension of the tragedy.

We are talking about impact
on health, which is long-term,

the rise in cancer,
and especially cancer in children,

thyroid cancer,
all kinds of disabilities.

And I think it's really important
to remember the people

who suffered and who sacrificed
their lives, their health,

in trying to prevent
an even bigger disaster,

an even bigger catastrophe.

Every year,

Ukrainians come together
to honour the fallen -

those that died or suffered

at the hands
of an unprecedented disaster.

SIGHING

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