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Imagine that we are travelers
from the stars...
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...bound for the sun.
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We would discover it surrounded by
four giant, cloudy, gas worlds:
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00:01:07,742 --> 00:01:11,269
Blue Neptune and its
frozen moon, Triton.
5
00:01:14,148 --> 00:01:18,346
And then farther in, Uranus
and its dark rings...
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...made perhaps of organic matter.
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Saturn, the jewel
of the solar system...
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00:01:42,209 --> 00:01:46,111
...set within concentric rings...
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...composed of a billion icy moons.
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00:02:02,797 --> 00:02:07,496
And finally, flanked by massive
satellites...
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00:02:07,702 --> 00:02:11,001
...the largest planet, Jupiter.
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00:02:11,472 --> 00:02:13,337
Its multicolored clouds...
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00:02:13,541 --> 00:02:16,806
...studded with flashes of lightning.
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00:02:21,782 --> 00:02:23,613
Still farther in...
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00:02:23,985 --> 00:02:26,249
...closer to the sun...
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00:02:26,621 --> 00:02:29,215
...there are no more
giant planets...
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00:02:29,590 --> 00:02:32,957
...only a host of lesser worlds...
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...made of rock and metal...
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00:02:35,696 --> 00:02:39,291
...some with a thin envelope of air.
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00:02:39,500 --> 00:02:41,127
They huddle about the sun...
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00:02:41,335 --> 00:02:44,600
...with almost no internal heat of
their own...
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00:02:45,172 --> 00:02:48,471
...tiny places with solid surfaces...
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00:02:48,676 --> 00:02:52,544
...one of which is a blue
and pretty world...
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00:02:52,747 --> 00:02:54,305
...called Earth.
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00:02:55,383 --> 00:02:57,010
Half-covered with clouds...
26
00:02:57,218 --> 00:02:59,277
...it is the home planet
of travelers...
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00:02:59,487 --> 00:03:02,820
...who have just learned to sail
the sea of space...
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00:03:03,157 --> 00:03:05,455
...to investigate close-up...
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00:03:05,660 --> 00:03:08,356
...Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune...
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00:03:08,562 --> 00:03:13,329
...its brothers and sisters
in the family of the sun.
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00:03:20,241 --> 00:03:23,733
Human voyages of exploration
to the outer solar system...
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00:03:23,944 --> 00:03:28,210
...are controlled, so far, from a
single place on the planet Earth...
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00:03:28,783 --> 00:03:30,444
...the Jet Propulsion Laboratory...
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00:03:30,651 --> 00:03:33,211
...of the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration...
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00:03:33,421 --> 00:03:35,981
...in Pasadena, California.
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00:03:41,162 --> 00:03:45,121
Here on Sunday, July 8th, 1979...
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00:03:45,332 --> 00:03:47,266
...the Voyager 2 spacecraft...
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00:03:47,468 --> 00:03:50,926
...began its close passage
by Jupiter and its moons.
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00:03:57,478 --> 00:03:58,968
General science systems...
40
00:03:59,180 --> 00:04:00,943
...are you ready with status check?
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00:04:01,148 --> 00:04:02,206
Yes, I am.
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00:04:02,583 --> 00:04:04,483
The spacecraft had been instructed...
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00:04:04,685 --> 00:04:06,448
...how to explore
the Jupiter system...
44
00:04:06,654 --> 00:04:08,622
...by a sequence of commands
radioed earlier...
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00:04:08,823 --> 00:04:10,484
...to its on board computers.
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Power, 450 watts.
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Power is go at this time.
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DSE systems.
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00:04:19,767 --> 00:04:21,860
LACP mode is far and counter.
50
00:04:22,136 --> 00:04:23,967
We are at take 210.
51
00:04:24,171 --> 00:04:27,572
Direction last recorded was reversed,
and the track is track one.
52
00:04:27,775 --> 00:04:31,142
Here we check how faithful
an emissary Voyager is.
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00:04:32,012 --> 00:04:33,946
Does it understand the commands?
54
00:04:34,148 --> 00:04:36,309
How is its health, its temperature...
55
00:04:36,584 --> 00:04:37,983
...its brains...
56
00:04:38,185 --> 00:04:39,174
...its heart?
57
00:04:40,087 --> 00:04:42,180
Yes, detailed science is coming up...
58
00:04:42,957 --> 00:04:44,822
"A" systems...
59
00:04:45,226 --> 00:04:47,160
...completed the status check...
60
00:04:47,361 --> 00:04:49,386
...and the spacecraft is go.
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00:04:49,597 --> 00:04:50,586
Roger. Thank you.
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00:04:50,798 --> 00:04:55,235
The modern ships that sail to
the planets are unmanned.
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00:04:55,436 --> 00:04:57,165
They are beautifully constructed...
64
00:04:57,371 --> 00:05:00,636
...semi-intelligent robots.
65
00:05:01,242 --> 00:05:03,972
Voyager's eyes are
two television cameras...
66
00:05:04,178 --> 00:05:08,808
...designed to take many thousands
of pictures in the solar system.
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00:05:09,016 --> 00:05:12,747
Along with other instruments, they are
mounted on a scan platform...
68
00:05:12,953 --> 00:05:15,615
...which points at passing planets.
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00:05:15,990 --> 00:05:20,791
Voyager's brains are three integrated
computers set amidships.
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00:05:20,995 --> 00:05:23,896
It communicates with Earth
through a radio antenna...
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00:05:24,098 --> 00:05:26,032
...mounted like a sail.
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00:05:26,233 --> 00:05:29,100
Voyager bears a message
for any alien civilization...
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00:05:29,303 --> 00:05:32,795
...it may one day encounter
in interstellar space.
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00:05:33,641 --> 00:05:38,010
Its louvers open and shut to help
control the on board temperature.
75
00:05:39,180 --> 00:05:41,944
But Voyager cruises
so far from the sun...
76
00:05:42,149 --> 00:05:44,310
...that it cannot depend
on solar power.
77
00:05:44,518 --> 00:05:48,079
Instead, it has a small
nuclear power plant...
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00:05:48,289 --> 00:05:51,417
...quarantined from the rest
of the ship.
79
00:06:00,901 --> 00:06:03,870
Many things can go wrong
in such pioneering missions.
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00:06:04,338 --> 00:06:06,533
So people are a little uneasy...
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00:06:06,740 --> 00:06:09,072
...at Voyager mission control.
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00:06:09,476 --> 00:06:13,037
Jupiter is surrounded by a shell of
invisible but extremely dangerous...
83
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...high-energy charged particles.
84
00:06:15,950 --> 00:06:17,747
If Voyager flies too close...
85
00:06:17,952 --> 00:06:21,080
...its delicate electronics
will be fried.
86
00:06:21,288 --> 00:06:24,485
A collision with a small boulder
in the rings of Jupiter...
87
00:06:24,692 --> 00:06:27,855
...could send the spacecraft tumbling
wildly out of control...
88
00:06:28,062 --> 00:06:31,793
...its antenna unable to find
the Earth, its data lost forever.
89
00:06:37,004 --> 00:06:39,131
Voyager 1 and Voyager 2...
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00:06:39,340 --> 00:06:43,436
...were launched a month apart
in late summer of 1977.
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00:06:43,644 --> 00:06:45,942
After many alarms and close calls...
92
00:06:46,146 --> 00:06:49,877
...they successfully arrived months
apart at the Jupiter system...
93
00:06:50,084 --> 00:06:51,608
...where they worked brilliantly...
94
00:06:51,819 --> 00:06:54,686
...providing the first close-up views
of mighty Jupiter...
95
00:06:54,889 --> 00:06:57,722
...and its four large
and mysterious moons:
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00:06:57,925 --> 00:07:01,554
Io, the innermost of the four...
97
00:07:02,096 --> 00:07:03,586
...Europa...
98
00:07:03,831 --> 00:07:07,096
...and moving away from Jupiter...
99
00:07:07,301 --> 00:07:08,768
...Ganymede...
100
00:07:10,170 --> 00:07:13,571
...and the outermost big moon...
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...Callisto.
102
00:07:16,844 --> 00:07:21,144
In a mission that costs
a penny a world...
103
00:07:21,348 --> 00:07:24,681
...for every human
on the planet Earth.
104
00:07:31,091 --> 00:07:33,355
Voyager's passage by Jupiter...
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00:07:33,560 --> 00:07:36,757
...accelerated it towards
the planet Saturn.
106
00:07:36,964 --> 00:07:40,024
Saturn's gravity will
propel it on to Uranus...
107
00:07:40,234 --> 00:07:44,000
...and in this game of cosmic
billiards, after Uranus...
108
00:07:44,204 --> 00:07:48,402
...it will plunge on past Neptune,
leaving the solar system...
109
00:07:48,609 --> 00:07:51,009
...and becoming
an interstellar spacecraft...
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00:07:51,211 --> 00:07:54,009
...destined to wander forever...
111
00:07:54,214 --> 00:07:56,808
...the great ocean between the stars.
112
00:07:57,017 --> 00:08:00,817
And if Voyager should,
sometime in its distant future...
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...encounter beings from
some other civilization in space...
114
00:08:05,926 --> 00:08:08,360
...it bears a message.
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00:08:08,562 --> 00:08:12,430
A phonograph record.
Golden, delicate...
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...with instruction for use.
117
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And on this record are a sampling of
pictures, sounds, greetings...
118
00:08:20,741 --> 00:08:23,005
...and an hour and a half
of exquisite music...
119
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...the Earth's greatest hits.
120
00:08:25,980 --> 00:08:27,914
A gift across the cosmic ocean...
121
00:08:28,115 --> 00:08:32,279
...from one island of civilization
to another.
122
00:08:33,887 --> 00:08:37,015
The record bears in English...
123
00:08:37,224 --> 00:08:40,125
...an additional handwritten
greeting that says:
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"To the makers of music,
all worlds, all times."
125
00:08:45,733 --> 00:08:49,134
These voyages of exploration
and discovery...
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00:08:49,503 --> 00:08:52,404
...are the latest in a long series
which have characterized...
127
00:08:52,606 --> 00:08:55,973
...and distinguished
the human species.
128
00:08:56,176 --> 00:08:58,406
In the 15th and 16th centuries...
129
00:08:58,612 --> 00:09:01,979
...you could travel from Spain
to the Azores in a few days.
130
00:09:02,182 --> 00:09:05,151
The same time it takes now
to cross that little channel...
131
00:09:05,352 --> 00:09:07,411
...from the Earth to the moon.
132
00:09:08,422 --> 00:09:11,789
It took, then, a few months
to traverse the Atlantic Ocean...
133
00:09:11,992 --> 00:09:14,654
...and reach what was called
the "New World"...
134
00:09:14,862 --> 00:09:15,851
...the Americas.
135
00:09:16,063 --> 00:09:19,829
Today it takes a few months
to cross the inner solar system...
136
00:09:20,034 --> 00:09:23,094
...and reach Mars and Venus,
truly and literally...
137
00:09:23,303 --> 00:09:25,498
...new worlds awaiting us.
138
00:09:26,840 --> 00:09:28,637
In the 17th and 18th centuries...
139
00:09:28,842 --> 00:09:33,074
...you could travel from Holland
to China, say, in a year or two...
140
00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:35,339
...the same time
it takes now for Voyager...
141
00:09:35,549 --> 00:09:37,949
...to travel from the Earth
to Jupiter.
142
00:09:41,722 --> 00:09:45,214
And in comparison to the resources
of the society...
143
00:09:45,426 --> 00:09:48,759
...it cost more then to send
sailing ships to the Far East...
144
00:09:48,962 --> 00:09:52,489
...than it does now
to send spaceships to the planets.
145
00:09:56,236 --> 00:09:58,227
The passion to explore...
146
00:09:58,439 --> 00:10:00,771
...is at the heart of being human.
147
00:10:00,974 --> 00:10:03,704
This impulse to go,
to see, to know...
148
00:10:03,911 --> 00:10:06,436
...has found expression
in every culture.
149
00:10:08,182 --> 00:10:11,640
Africa was circumnavigated
by Phoenician sailors...
150
00:10:11,852 --> 00:10:14,446
...in the employ
of an Egyptian pharaoh...
151
00:10:14,655 --> 00:10:17,681
...in the 7th century B.C.
152
00:10:18,959 --> 00:10:21,393
The islands of the Pacific
were settled...
153
00:10:21,595 --> 00:10:25,031
...by skilled and heroic navigators
from Indonesia.
154
00:10:26,500 --> 00:10:29,094
Great fleets of ocean-going junks...
155
00:10:29,303 --> 00:10:32,170
...left the ports
of Ming Dynasty China...
156
00:10:32,372 --> 00:10:35,136
...to explore India and Africa.
157
00:10:35,843 --> 00:10:38,539
A century later,
three ships left Spain...
158
00:10:38,745 --> 00:10:41,111
...under the command
of an Italian navigator...
159
00:10:41,315 --> 00:10:43,408
...to discover the Americas.
160
00:10:44,284 --> 00:10:47,151
And then a Portuguese
expedition succeeded...
161
00:10:47,354 --> 00:10:50,983
...in sailing all the way
around this blue globe.
162
00:10:52,426 --> 00:10:55,020
These voyagers of many cultures...
163
00:10:55,229 --> 00:10:57,891
...were the first planetary explorers.
164
00:10:58,098 --> 00:11:01,192
They have bound the Earth up
into one world.
165
00:11:01,401 --> 00:11:03,460
In our exploration
of other worlds...
166
00:11:03,670 --> 00:11:06,298
...we follow in their footsteps.
167
00:11:08,408 --> 00:11:11,468
Our present spaceships
are the harbingers...
168
00:11:11,678 --> 00:11:16,615
...the vanguard of future human
expeditions to the planets.
169
00:11:17,217 --> 00:11:20,186
We have traveled this way before...
170
00:11:20,387 --> 00:11:23,550
...and there is much to be learned...
171
00:11:23,757 --> 00:11:27,659
...by studying those great voyages of
a few centuries ago.
172
00:11:41,808 --> 00:11:43,366
In the 17th century...
173
00:11:43,577 --> 00:11:46,045
...the citizens of the new Dutch
Republic...
174
00:11:46,246 --> 00:11:50,808
...pursued a course of vigorous
planetary exploration.
175
00:11:52,486 --> 00:11:54,886
Holland was then
a revolutionary society.
176
00:11:55,088 --> 00:11:58,057
It had just declared its
independence from the powerful...
177
00:11:58,258 --> 00:12:00,249
...but stagnant Spanish empire...
178
00:12:00,460 --> 00:12:02,655
...and with a newfound
self-confidence...
179
00:12:02,863 --> 00:12:05,798
...Holland embraced, more fully than
any other nation of its time...
180
00:12:05,999 --> 00:12:09,457
...the spirit of the European
Enlightenment.
181
00:12:14,208 --> 00:12:17,837
It was a rational, orderly
and creative society.
182
00:12:18,045 --> 00:12:21,446
But because Spanish ports and vessels
were closed to the Dutch...
183
00:12:21,648 --> 00:12:23,809
...the economic survival
of the tiny republic...
184
00:12:24,017 --> 00:12:28,249
...depended on its ability to
construct, man and operate...
185
00:12:28,455 --> 00:12:31,185
...a great fleet of commercial
sailing vessels.
186
00:12:35,495 --> 00:12:37,326
The Dutch East India Company...
187
00:12:37,531 --> 00:12:40,625
...was a combined governmental
and commercial enterprise...
188
00:12:40,834 --> 00:12:43,462
...which sent shipping
to the far corners of the world...
189
00:12:43,670 --> 00:12:48,164
...to acquire rare commodities and
resell them at a profit in Europe.
190
00:12:48,375 --> 00:12:51,970
Such voyages were the life's blood
of the republic.
191
00:12:55,949 --> 00:13:00,181
Navigational charts and maps
were classified as state secrets.
192
00:13:00,554 --> 00:13:03,682
Ships sometimes left
with sealed sailing orders...
193
00:13:03,890 --> 00:13:06,882
...the crews embarking
for an unknown destination...
194
00:13:07,094 --> 00:13:10,894
...more than a year away
on the far side of the planet.
195
00:13:13,734 --> 00:13:16,999
These expeditions were not only
commercial exploitations...
196
00:13:17,204 --> 00:13:19,263
...although there was certainly
plenty of that.
197
00:13:19,473 --> 00:13:22,704
Beside the usual appeals
of ambition, greed...
198
00:13:22,909 --> 00:13:25,639
...national pride
and the thirst for adventure...
199
00:13:26,013 --> 00:13:29,847
...the Dutch were also motivated
by a powerful scientific curiosity...
200
00:13:30,050 --> 00:13:32,678
...and a fascination with
all things new.
201
00:13:32,886 --> 00:13:35,821
New lands, new peoples...
202
00:13:36,023 --> 00:13:37,650
...new plants and animals.
203
00:13:43,330 --> 00:13:46,731
This building,
then the Amsterdam town hall...
204
00:13:46,933 --> 00:13:50,061
...still attests
to the hardy self-assurance...
205
00:13:50,270 --> 00:13:52,204
...of its 17th-century architects.
206
00:13:52,406 --> 00:13:55,864
Its lavish crystal adornments
still reflect...
207
00:13:56,076 --> 00:13:59,068
...the glittering pride they felt
in their accomplishments...
208
00:13:59,279 --> 00:14:00,712
...and their prosperity.
209
00:14:00,914 --> 00:14:04,315
It took shiploads of marble
to build this place.
210
00:14:04,518 --> 00:14:08,614
Constantin Huygens, a poet
and diplomat of the time...
211
00:14:08,822 --> 00:14:12,280
...said that this town hall
dispelled what he called...
212
00:14:12,492 --> 00:14:15,859
..."the Gothic squint and squalor."
213
00:14:17,664 --> 00:14:22,499
The Middle Ages had ended,
the Enlightenment had begun.
214
00:14:26,073 --> 00:14:28,303
Up there, do you see...
215
00:14:28,508 --> 00:14:32,945
...is Atlas supporting the heavens
on his shoulders.
216
00:14:33,547 --> 00:14:35,174
And beneath...
217
00:14:36,616 --> 00:14:39,585
...is Justice with a golden sword...
218
00:14:39,786 --> 00:14:42,448
...and golden scales flanked...
219
00:14:43,390 --> 00:14:46,450
...by Death and Punishment.
220
00:14:46,960 --> 00:14:51,158
And who is it that Justice
is trampling underfoot?
221
00:14:51,365 --> 00:14:55,734
Why, it's Avarice and Envy...
222
00:14:55,936 --> 00:14:58,666
...the gods of the merchants.
223
00:14:58,872 --> 00:15:02,933
The Dutch knew that the unrestrained
pursuit of profit...
224
00:15:03,143 --> 00:15:06,874
...posed serious threats
to the soul of the nation.
225
00:15:08,081 --> 00:15:10,549
A less allegorical symbol...
226
00:15:10,751 --> 00:15:13,447
...is down here, on the floor.
227
00:15:16,757 --> 00:15:19,954
It is a great inlaid map...
228
00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:24,859
...stretching from West Africa
to the Pacific Ocean.
229
00:15:25,065 --> 00:15:28,933
The whole world was then
Holland's arena.
230
00:15:30,470 --> 00:15:33,337
In a typical year, many sailing
vessels...
231
00:15:33,540 --> 00:15:36,839
...set out halfway around the world
for the Far East...
232
00:15:37,043 --> 00:15:41,104
...on voyages of exploration
and discovery, of trade...
233
00:15:41,314 --> 00:15:44,112
...journeys taking years
to accomplish.
234
00:15:44,317 --> 00:15:48,276
Down the west coast of Africa, through
what they called the Ethiopian sea...
235
00:15:48,488 --> 00:15:51,286
...skirting the southern coast
of Africa...
236
00:15:51,491 --> 00:15:54,221
...through the Straits
of Madagascar...
237
00:15:54,428 --> 00:15:58,228
...and on past the southern tip
of India...
238
00:15:58,432 --> 00:16:03,335
...to the Spice Islands
and present-day Indonesia.
239
00:16:08,442 --> 00:16:12,037
Another set of voyages went south
then east, to New Holland...
240
00:16:12,245 --> 00:16:14,770
...later renamed Australia.
241
00:16:20,320 --> 00:16:24,381
And still other journeys ventured
through the Straits of Malacca...
242
00:16:24,858 --> 00:16:27,486
...to the Empire of China.
243
00:16:29,129 --> 00:16:33,998
But Holland was a small country
forced to live by its wits.
244
00:16:34,201 --> 00:16:36,897
There was a strong pacifist element
in its foreign policy.
245
00:16:37,704 --> 00:16:41,435
Never before or since
has Holland boasted such a galaxy...
246
00:16:41,641 --> 00:16:45,338
...of scientists, mathematicians,
philosophers and artists.
247
00:16:47,347 --> 00:16:50,783
This was the time of the great
painters, Rembrandt...
248
00:16:51,952 --> 00:16:53,647
...and Vermeer.
249
00:16:55,155 --> 00:16:59,922
Because Holland was tolerant
of unorthodox opinions...
250
00:17:00,126 --> 00:17:02,890
...it was a refuge
for intellectuals...
251
00:17:03,096 --> 00:17:07,430
...fleeing the thought control and
censorship of other parts of Europe...
252
00:17:07,767 --> 00:17:11,533
...much as the United States benefited
enormously in the 1930s...
253
00:17:11,738 --> 00:17:14,400
...from the exodus of intellectuals...
254
00:17:14,608 --> 00:17:16,803
...from Nazi-dominated Europe.
255
00:17:17,010 --> 00:17:19,604
And so it was that
17th-century Holland...
256
00:17:19,813 --> 00:17:23,374
...was the home of the great
Jewish philosopher Spinoza...
257
00:17:23,583 --> 00:17:25,983
...who Einstein admired so much...
258
00:17:26,186 --> 00:17:29,019
...of René Descartes,
a pivotal figure...
259
00:17:29,222 --> 00:17:32,282
...in the history of philosophy
and of mathematics...
260
00:17:32,492 --> 00:17:36,758
...and the home of a political
scientist named John Locke...
261
00:17:36,963 --> 00:17:40,194
...who was to have a powerful...
262
00:17:40,400 --> 00:17:42,265
...and profound influence...
263
00:17:42,469 --> 00:17:46,565
...on a group of philosophically
inclined revolutionaries...
264
00:17:46,773 --> 00:17:50,573
...named Paine, Hamilton, Adams...
265
00:17:50,777 --> 00:17:52,938
...Franklin and Jefferson.
266
00:17:55,649 --> 00:17:58,117
The Dutch University of Leyden...
267
00:17:58,318 --> 00:18:03,119
...offered a professorship to an
Italian scientist named Galileo...
268
00:18:03,323 --> 00:18:06,156
...who had been forced
by the Catholic Church...
269
00:18:06,359 --> 00:18:08,122
...under threat of torture...
270
00:18:08,328 --> 00:18:11,229
...to recant the heretical position...
271
00:18:11,431 --> 00:18:15,959
...that the Earth went around the sun
and not vice versa.
272
00:18:16,269 --> 00:18:18,703
Galileo had close ties
with Holland.
273
00:18:18,905 --> 00:18:20,736
His first astronomical telescope
was based...
274
00:18:20,941 --> 00:18:23,933
...on a spyglass
of Dutch manufacture.
275
00:18:24,144 --> 00:18:28,205
And with it, he discovered
the craters of the moon...
276
00:18:28,415 --> 00:18:33,114
...the phases of Venus and the
four large moons of Jupiter.
277
00:18:35,522 --> 00:18:37,649
Becoming an exploratory power...
278
00:18:37,857 --> 00:18:41,953
...made Holland a vital intellectual
and cultural center as well.
279
00:18:42,162 --> 00:18:46,724
The improvement of sailing technology
spurred technology in general.
280
00:18:47,334 --> 00:18:51,361
A key problem in navigation was
the determination of longitude.
281
00:18:51,571 --> 00:18:53,539
Latitude could be determined
easily...
282
00:18:53,740 --> 00:18:56,709
...the farther south, the more
southern constellations you could see.
283
00:18:57,310 --> 00:19:01,303
But longitude required precise
timekeeping.
284
00:19:03,750 --> 00:19:04,717
An accurate shipboard clock...
285
00:19:04,918 --> 00:19:07,478
...would continue to keep time
in your home port.
286
00:19:07,687 --> 00:19:10,815
The rising and setting of stars
would give you the local time...
287
00:19:11,024 --> 00:19:13,515
...and the difference
between the two...
288
00:19:13,727 --> 00:19:16,218
...would tell you how far
east or west you had gone.
289
00:19:19,599 --> 00:19:22,227
Technological advance
required the freest...
290
00:19:22,435 --> 00:19:23,925
...possible pursuit of knowledge.
291
00:19:24,337 --> 00:19:28,273
So Holland became the leading
publisher and bookseller in Europe...
292
00:19:28,475 --> 00:19:30,534
...translating works written
in other languages...
293
00:19:30,744 --> 00:19:33,941
...and printing books
that had been censored elsewhere.
294
00:19:35,615 --> 00:19:38,140
Adventures into exotic lands...
295
00:19:38,351 --> 00:19:40,785
...and encounters
with strange societies...
296
00:19:40,987 --> 00:19:42,545
...shook complacency.
297
00:19:44,724 --> 00:19:46,954
They challenged
the prevailing wisdom...
298
00:19:47,160 --> 00:19:50,561
...and showed that ideas accepted
for thousands of years...
299
00:19:50,764 --> 00:19:52,959
...might be fundamentally in error.
300
00:20:05,278 --> 00:20:09,271
In a time when kings and emperors
ruled much of the planet...
301
00:20:09,482 --> 00:20:12,940
...the Dutch Republic was governed,
more than any other world power...
302
00:20:13,153 --> 00:20:14,552
...by the people.
303
00:20:20,794 --> 00:20:24,321
They enjoyed a certain
material well-being.
304
00:20:24,531 --> 00:20:26,624
But the interiors of their houses...
305
00:20:26,833 --> 00:20:29,563
...celebrated by a generation
of Dutch painters...
306
00:20:29,769 --> 00:20:33,796
...suggest restraint and discretion.
307
00:20:40,447 --> 00:20:43,814
The officers of these ships
of exploration and trade...
308
00:20:44,017 --> 00:20:46,315
...would return from their long
voyages...
309
00:20:46,519 --> 00:20:48,817
...share in the goods
they had acquired...
310
00:20:49,255 --> 00:20:53,419
...and discuss the wonders
they had encountered.
311
00:20:59,666 --> 00:21:03,625
Holland prospered
in its freedom of thought.
312
00:21:16,783 --> 00:21:20,241
In Italy, Galileo
had announced other worlds.
313
00:21:20,453 --> 00:21:24,412
Giordano Bruno had speculated
on intelligent life elsewhere.
314
00:21:24,624 --> 00:21:28,116
For this they were
made to suffer brutally.
315
00:21:29,729 --> 00:21:32,789
But in Holland, the astronomer
Christiaan Huygens...
316
00:21:32,999 --> 00:21:37,527
...who strongly supported both ideas,
was showered with honors.
317
00:21:39,773 --> 00:21:43,573
Christiaan was the son
of Constantin Huygens.
318
00:21:45,044 --> 00:21:47,535
The elder Huygens
distinguished himself...
319
00:21:47,747 --> 00:21:51,046
...as a master diplomat of the age,
a man of letters...
320
00:21:51,251 --> 00:21:55,312
...a close friend and translator
of the English poet, John Donne.
321
00:21:57,724 --> 00:22:02,661
Constantin was also an accomplished
composer and musician.
322
00:22:15,441 --> 00:22:17,875
It was Constantin who had discovered
a young painter...
323
00:22:18,077 --> 00:22:20,068
...named Rembrandt van Rijn...
324
00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:23,613
...in several of whose works
he subsequently appears.
325
00:22:24,684 --> 00:22:26,584
He opened the doors of his house...
326
00:22:26,786 --> 00:22:28,651
...to artists, musicians, writers...
327
00:22:28,855 --> 00:22:31,255
...statesmen and scientists.
328
00:22:32,025 --> 00:22:34,050
A feast of goods and ideas...
329
00:22:34,260 --> 00:22:37,093
...from all over the world
awaited them.
330
00:22:39,465 --> 00:22:42,263
The philosopher Descartes,
who visited him here...
331
00:22:42,468 --> 00:22:44,163
...said of Constantin Huygens...
332
00:22:44,370 --> 00:22:47,032
..."I could not believe
that a single mind...
333
00:22:47,240 --> 00:22:49,970
...could occupy itself
with so many things...
334
00:22:50,176 --> 00:22:53,475
...and acquit itself so well
in all of them."
335
00:22:54,514 --> 00:22:56,948
He even excelled
at the art of parenthood.
336
00:22:57,150 --> 00:22:59,414
He was a tender and loving father.
337
00:22:59,619 --> 00:23:03,111
His son, Christiaan, flourished
in this rich environment...
338
00:23:03,323 --> 00:23:06,724
...demonstrating extraordinary talents
for languages, drawing...
339
00:23:06,926 --> 00:23:10,726
...law, science, engineering
mathematics and music.
340
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:17,528
"The world is my country," he said...
341
00:23:17,737 --> 00:23:20,763
..."science my religion."
342
00:23:25,879 --> 00:23:29,110
Light was the motif of the age...
343
00:23:29,315 --> 00:23:33,479
...the symbolic enlightenment of
freedom of thought and religion...
344
00:23:33,686 --> 00:23:36,951
...the light that suffused
the paintings of the time...
345
00:23:37,156 --> 00:23:40,421
...and light as an object
of scientific study.
346
00:23:40,727 --> 00:23:43,662
The microscope was invented in Holland
at this time...
347
00:23:43,863 --> 00:23:47,697
...and became
a drawing-room curiosity.
348
00:23:48,701 --> 00:23:50,896
Its inventor was a friend
of Christiaan Huygens...
349
00:23:51,104 --> 00:23:53,197
...a man named Anton Leeuwenhoek.
350
00:24:02,782 --> 00:24:05,512
The first microscopes
were developed from...
351
00:24:05,718 --> 00:24:07,845
...magnifying glasses
used by drapers...
352
00:24:08,054 --> 00:24:11,285
...to examine the quality of cloth.
353
00:24:17,931 --> 00:24:19,421
Leeuwenhoek and Huygens...
354
00:24:19,632 --> 00:24:22,362
...are the grandfathers of much of
modern medicine.
355
00:24:23,836 --> 00:24:26,828
Because, to his amazement...
356
00:24:27,040 --> 00:24:29,668
...Leeuwenhoek discovered a
universe...
357
00:24:29,876 --> 00:24:31,366
...in a drop of water:
358
00:24:31,577 --> 00:24:35,445
The microbes, which he described
as "animalcules"...
359
00:24:35,648 --> 00:24:38,208
...and thought "cute."
360
00:24:46,359 --> 00:24:48,054
Leeuwenhoek and Huygens...
361
00:24:48,261 --> 00:24:51,025
...were among the first people to see
human sperm cells...
362
00:24:51,230 --> 00:24:55,132
...a hitherto hidden microcosm
of the human life cycle.
363
00:24:56,202 --> 00:24:59,330
Leeuwenhoek had discovered
the microbial world.
364
00:24:59,906 --> 00:25:03,364
Huygens had argued
from his telescopic observations...
365
00:25:03,576 --> 00:25:05,601
...that Mars was another world...
366
00:25:05,812 --> 00:25:08,804
...and probably, an inhabited one.
367
00:25:15,054 --> 00:25:17,545
What a waste of a planet,
he thought...
368
00:25:17,757 --> 00:25:20,191
...if Mars were barren.
369
00:25:22,929 --> 00:25:26,296
So the Viking search
for microbes on Mars...
370
00:25:26,499 --> 00:25:30,458
...can be traced directly back
to Huygens and Leeuwenhoek...
371
00:25:30,670 --> 00:25:33,138
...in 17th-century Holland.
372
00:25:37,677 --> 00:25:41,135
The telescope and the microscope
developed here...
373
00:25:41,347 --> 00:25:44,111
...represent an extension
of human vision...
374
00:25:44,317 --> 00:25:46,717
...to the realms of the very small...
375
00:25:46,919 --> 00:25:48,944
...and the very large.
376
00:25:52,191 --> 00:25:56,025
Our observations of atoms
and galaxies...
377
00:25:56,229 --> 00:25:59,130
...were launched
in this time and place.
378
00:26:02,769 --> 00:26:05,237
From the bending of light
through a lens...
379
00:26:05,438 --> 00:26:07,235
...Huygens advanced the idea...
380
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:09,931
...that light was a kind of wave.
381
00:26:10,143 --> 00:26:12,111
He ground and polished lenses...
382
00:26:12,311 --> 00:26:15,712
...for the successively larger
telescopes he constructed...
383
00:26:15,915 --> 00:26:19,248
...although it did take him
a time to figure out...
384
00:26:19,452 --> 00:26:21,443
...how to use them properly.
385
00:26:30,863 --> 00:26:33,354
Huygens was the first person
to see a surface feature...
386
00:26:33,566 --> 00:26:35,124
...on the planet Mars.
387
00:26:35,601 --> 00:26:37,364
He was the first person
to speculate...
388
00:26:38,071 --> 00:26:40,369
...that Venus is completely
covered with clouds.
389
00:26:41,174 --> 00:26:45,076
He was the first person to understand
the nature of the rings of Saturn.
390
00:26:45,278 --> 00:26:47,371
"Saturn is surrounded," he wrote...
391
00:26:47,580 --> 00:26:49,207
..."by a thin, flat ring...
392
00:26:49,415 --> 00:26:52,907
...which nowhere touches
the body of the planet."
393
00:27:04,197 --> 00:27:06,028
His discoveries with the telescope...
394
00:27:06,232 --> 00:27:08,996
...who by themselves
have ensured his place...
395
00:27:09,202 --> 00:27:11,796
...in the history
of human accomplishment.
396
00:27:20,513 --> 00:27:24,108
Huygens was the discoverer of Titan...
397
00:27:24,317 --> 00:27:26,581
...the largest moon of Saturn.
398
00:27:33,526 --> 00:27:37,587
The immense size and changing clouds
of Jupiter entranced him.
399
00:27:40,967 --> 00:27:43,231
Astronomers, as well as navigators...
400
00:27:43,436 --> 00:27:47,338
...need accurate clocks to time
the movement of the heavens.
401
00:27:47,540 --> 00:27:50,907
Huygens was the inventor
of many precision timepieces...
402
00:27:51,110 --> 00:27:53,510
...including the pendulum clock.
403
00:28:01,654 --> 00:28:05,750
To illustrate the sun-centered
universe of Copernicus...
404
00:28:05,958 --> 00:28:09,587
...he built computers that reproduced
the clockwork of the heavens...
405
00:28:10,363 --> 00:28:12,524
...from Mercury to Saturn.
406
00:28:17,870 --> 00:28:20,532
The machines he designed, he signed...
407
00:28:20,740 --> 00:28:23,732
..."Christiaan Huygens, inventor."
408
00:28:26,345 --> 00:28:28,313
He was delighted that
the Copernican system...
409
00:28:28,514 --> 00:28:31,005
...was widely accepted
in everyday life in Holland...
410
00:28:31,250 --> 00:28:35,118
...and acknowledged by astronomers,
except those, he wrote...
411
00:28:35,321 --> 00:28:38,119
...who "were a bit slow-witted or
under the superstitions...
412
00:28:38,324 --> 00:28:42,021
...imposed by merely human authority.
413
00:28:44,597 --> 00:28:48,624
Across the sea of space...
414
00:28:49,068 --> 00:28:51,059
...the stars...
415
00:28:51,671 --> 00:28:53,605
...are other suns."
416
00:28:53,806 --> 00:28:57,367
A point which Huygens appreciated
perfectly well.
417
00:28:58,344 --> 00:29:03,281
He reasoned that if
our planetary system...
418
00:29:03,583 --> 00:29:06,780
...involved the sun
and planets going around it...
419
00:29:06,986 --> 00:29:10,444
...that those other suns should
likewise have a retinue...
420
00:29:10,656 --> 00:29:12,385
...of planets going around them...
421
00:29:12,592 --> 00:29:16,528
...and also that many of the other
planets were inhabited.
422
00:29:16,796 --> 00:29:18,764
He set forth these conclusions...
423
00:29:18,965 --> 00:29:21,957
...in a remarkable book...
424
00:29:22,168 --> 00:29:24,830
...bearing the triumphant title...
425
00:29:25,037 --> 00:29:28,473
...The Celestial Worlds Discovered.
426
00:29:28,674 --> 00:29:30,141
The subtitle is...
427
00:29:30,343 --> 00:29:32,402
..."Conjectures Concerning...
428
00:29:32,612 --> 00:29:37,447
...the Inhabitants, Plants
and Productions...
429
00:29:37,650 --> 00:29:40,915
...of the Worlds in the Planets."
430
00:29:41,921 --> 00:29:45,755
He wrote this book sometime shortly
before his death...
431
00:29:45,958 --> 00:29:49,724
...in the year 1690, in this study.
432
00:29:56,836 --> 00:29:57,996
By and large...
433
00:29:58,571 --> 00:30:01,631
...he imagined that the environments
of the other planets...
434
00:30:01,841 --> 00:30:04,639
...and also the inhabitants
of the other planets...
435
00:30:04,844 --> 00:30:09,304
...were pretty much like those
of 17th-century Europe.
436
00:30:09,715 --> 00:30:11,910
I wonder if he imagined...
437
00:30:12,118 --> 00:30:14,848
...traveling to those other worlds
which he had been...
438
00:30:15,054 --> 00:30:17,352
...the first to examine close-up...
439
00:30:17,556 --> 00:30:19,490
...through the telescope.
440
00:30:20,126 --> 00:30:23,892
Perhaps he dreamt that voyages
of discovery to the planets...
441
00:30:24,096 --> 00:30:27,793
...would one day be like the
voyages of geographical discovery...
442
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:30,434
...in his time and place.
443
00:30:32,905 --> 00:30:36,033
He did imagine of
extraterrestrial beings...
444
00:30:37,243 --> 00:30:40,144
..."that their whole bodies,
and every part of them...
445
00:30:40,346 --> 00:30:43,907
...may be quite distinct
and different from ours.
446
00:30:44,116 --> 00:30:47,108
'Its a very ridiculous opinion,"
he says...
447
00:30:47,320 --> 00:30:49,447
..."that it is impossible
a rational soul...
448
00:30:49,655 --> 00:30:53,113
...should dwell in any other shape
than ours."
449
00:30:53,859 --> 00:30:56,157
You could be smart,
Huygens was saying...
450
00:30:56,362 --> 00:30:58,091
...even if you looked funny.
451
00:30:58,397 --> 00:31:00,262
But he then went on to argue...
452
00:31:00,466 --> 00:31:02,832
...that they didn't look
all that funny...
453
00:31:03,035 --> 00:31:05,503
...that extraterrestrial beings
must have...
454
00:31:05,705 --> 00:31:08,105
...hands and feet and stand upright...
455
00:31:08,307 --> 00:31:10,172
...and have writing and geometry.
456
00:31:10,376 --> 00:31:12,844
Even that the four
moons of Jupiter...
457
00:31:13,045 --> 00:31:17,175
...the Galilean satellites,
were there in order to provide...
458
00:31:17,383 --> 00:31:20,045
...a navigational aid,
a convenience...
459
00:31:20,252 --> 00:31:22,812
...for the sailors
in the Jovian oceans.
460
00:31:23,155 --> 00:31:25,749
Well, maybe.
461
00:31:32,832 --> 00:31:36,962
That bit of speculation
is probably wrong, but...
462
00:31:37,169 --> 00:31:39,603
...think of a citizen
of the 17th century...
463
00:31:39,805 --> 00:31:42,273
...with the courage and insight...
464
00:31:42,475 --> 00:31:46,138
...to imagine other landscapes
and other intelligences.
465
00:31:46,345 --> 00:31:49,075
Might there really be mariners...
466
00:31:49,281 --> 00:31:51,442
...on a million other worlds?
467
00:31:54,487 --> 00:31:56,387
In his book, Huygens wrote:
468
00:31:56,589 --> 00:32:00,548
"What a wonderful and amazing scheme
have we here...
469
00:32:00,760 --> 00:32:04,059
...of the magnificent vastness
of the universe.
470
00:32:04,263 --> 00:32:07,926
So many suns. So many earths.
471
00:32:08,134 --> 00:32:12,332
And every one of them
stocked with so many animals.
472
00:32:12,605 --> 00:32:15,005
Adorned with so many seas.
473
00:32:15,207 --> 00:32:17,801
How must our wonder and admiration
be increased...
474
00:32:18,310 --> 00:32:22,610
...when we consider the prodigious
distance and multitude...
475
00:32:22,815 --> 00:32:24,112
...of the stars?"
476
00:32:30,956 --> 00:32:34,722
The Dutch called their ships
"flying boats"...
477
00:32:34,927 --> 00:32:37,828
...and the Voyager spacecraft
are their descendants...
478
00:32:38,030 --> 00:32:40,328
...true flying boats...
479
00:32:40,533 --> 00:32:43,263
...bound for the stars,
and on the way...
480
00:32:43,469 --> 00:32:46,768
...exploring some of those worlds
which Christiaan Huygens...
481
00:32:46,972 --> 00:32:48,405
...a man from Earth...
482
00:32:48,607 --> 00:32:51,474
...knew and loved so well.
483
00:32:53,345 --> 00:32:55,210
Travelers' tales:
484
00:32:55,414 --> 00:32:56,813
A main commodity...
485
00:32:57,016 --> 00:33:01,214
...returned by those sailing ship
voyages of centuries ago...
486
00:33:01,420 --> 00:33:03,820
...were stories.
487
00:33:04,156 --> 00:33:08,490
Stories of alien lands
and exotic creatures.
488
00:33:11,931 --> 00:33:15,594
They evoked a sense of wonder
and stimulated further exploration.
489
00:33:15,801 --> 00:33:18,395
Those tales of strange worlds...
490
00:33:18,604 --> 00:33:21,835
...enabled some Europeans
to see themselves anew.
491
00:33:22,274 --> 00:33:25,710
There had been accounts
of headless people, foot people...
492
00:33:25,911 --> 00:33:27,344
...cyclops people.
493
00:33:28,380 --> 00:33:31,281
Now the Dutch brought back
fantastic stories...
494
00:33:31,517 --> 00:33:33,280
...of giant hunters...
495
00:33:34,220 --> 00:33:35,847
...dodoes...
496
00:33:36,355 --> 00:33:38,414
...rhinos...
497
00:33:38,924 --> 00:33:40,448
...leopards...
498
00:33:40,659 --> 00:33:43,924
...and other creatures.
499
00:33:46,732 --> 00:33:51,328
Modern voyagers
also return travelers' tales:
500
00:33:51,670 --> 00:33:56,607
Tales of a world shattered
like a crystal sphere.
501
00:33:57,376 --> 00:33:59,867
A place where the ground is covered...
502
00:34:00,079 --> 00:34:04,641
...with what looks like
a network of giant cobwebs.
503
00:34:08,020 --> 00:34:11,080
A world with an underground ocean.
504
00:34:12,424 --> 00:34:15,359
Tiny moons shaped like potatoes.
505
00:34:16,762 --> 00:34:19,458
A yellow and red pockmarked land...
506
00:34:19,665 --> 00:34:21,496
...with lakes of molten sulfur...
507
00:34:21,700 --> 00:34:25,693
...and volcanic eruptions
300 kilometers high.
508
00:34:29,475 --> 00:34:31,102
And a place called Jupiter...
509
00:34:31,310 --> 00:34:34,643
...so large that a thousand Earths
would fit inside.
510
00:34:34,847 --> 00:34:38,078
There are no mountains, valleys,
volcanoes or rivers there.
511
00:34:38,284 --> 00:34:41,014
Just a vast ocean of gas and clouds.
512
00:34:41,220 --> 00:34:44,883
Everything we see on Jupiter
is floating in the sky.
513
00:34:47,960 --> 00:34:51,293
But there's much that is fascinating
about Jupiter.
514
00:34:51,630 --> 00:34:55,066
As the solar system condensed
out of interstellar gas and dust...
515
00:34:55,267 --> 00:34:59,704
...Jupiter acquired most of the matter
not ejected into interstellar space...
516
00:34:59,905 --> 00:35:03,204
...and which didn't fall inwards
to form the sun.
517
00:35:03,409 --> 00:35:08,312
Jupiter is made mostly of hydrogen
and helium, just like the sun...
518
00:35:08,514 --> 00:35:13,110
...and had Jupiter been a few dozen
times more massive...
519
00:35:13,319 --> 00:35:14,786
...the matter in it...
520
00:35:14,987 --> 00:35:19,424
...might have undergone thermonuclear
reactions in the interior...
521
00:35:19,625 --> 00:35:23,857
...and Jupiter would have begun
to shine by its own light.
522
00:35:24,063 --> 00:35:28,056
Jupiter is a star that failed.
523
00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:29,799
Had it become a star...
524
00:35:30,002 --> 00:35:32,562
...we would be living
in a double-star system...
525
00:35:32,771 --> 00:35:34,864
...with two suns in our sky...
526
00:35:35,074 --> 00:35:38,737
...and the nights
would come more rarely.
527
00:35:38,944 --> 00:35:43,040
Deep below the clouds of Jupiter, the
weights of the layers of atmosphere...
528
00:35:43,248 --> 00:35:46,115
...produce pressures
which are much greater...
529
00:35:46,318 --> 00:35:49,116
...than any that are found
anywhere on the Earth.
530
00:35:49,355 --> 00:35:51,255
The clouds are this layer here.
531
00:35:51,457 --> 00:35:54,517
The deep interior
is this high-pressure place.
532
00:35:54,727 --> 00:35:56,354
The pressure is so large...
533
00:35:56,562 --> 00:36:01,090
...that electrons are squeezed off
hydrogen atoms, producing...
534
00:36:02,101 --> 00:36:06,162
...liquid metallic hydrogen.
535
00:36:06,472 --> 00:36:11,171
But at the very core of Jupiter,
there may be a lump...
536
00:36:11,377 --> 00:36:12,435
...of rock and iron...
537
00:36:12,645 --> 00:36:17,082
...a giant Earth-like world
under astonishing pressures...
538
00:36:17,282 --> 00:36:21,912
...hidden forever at the center
of the largest planet.
539
00:36:24,223 --> 00:36:25,690
Just before Voyager...
540
00:36:25,891 --> 00:36:30,658
...encountered Jupiter, you could see
that giant planet at night...
541
00:36:30,863 --> 00:36:35,800
...shining in the sky as our ancestors
have for the last million years.
542
00:36:36,101 --> 00:36:38,831
And on my way to study
the Voyager data...
543
00:36:39,038 --> 00:36:41,506
...arriving at the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory...
544
00:36:41,707 --> 00:36:44,801
...I thought that Jupiter
would never be the same again.
545
00:36:45,010 --> 00:36:48,969
Never again just a point of light
in the night sky...
546
00:36:49,181 --> 00:36:53,515
...but forever after, a place
to be explored and known.
547
00:36:56,655 --> 00:37:01,183
To see the first close-up images
of a world never before known...
548
00:37:01,393 --> 00:37:05,591
...is a great joy in the life
of a planetary scientist.
549
00:37:07,833 --> 00:37:12,236
In the early morning hours of
July 9th, 1979, on the real-time...
550
00:37:12,438 --> 00:37:15,407
...television monitors at the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory...
551
00:37:15,607 --> 00:37:18,735
...we began to learn
about a world called Europa.
552
00:37:18,977 --> 00:37:21,036
These are the modern explorers.
553
00:37:21,246 --> 00:37:22,975
Men and women trained...
554
00:37:23,182 --> 00:37:26,117
...in astronomy, physics,
geology or engineering.
555
00:37:26,318 --> 00:37:29,287
Many devoting five to eight years
to this single mission.
556
00:37:29,488 --> 00:37:33,049
Cassen's model for Europa
says if you start with a liquid...
557
00:37:33,258 --> 00:37:36,022
...you can put in enough energy
to keep it liquid.
558
00:37:37,429 --> 00:37:41,490
But Cassen said in order for there
to be enough heating going on...
559
00:37:41,700 --> 00:37:45,932
...you had to start the heating
before Europa basically cooled off.
560
00:37:47,339 --> 00:37:49,671
But what about relief
from the cracks?
561
00:37:52,845 --> 00:37:56,679
...and Europa there's a twin,
a pair there...
562
00:37:57,683 --> 00:38:01,016
You can't look at a world
so different from ours...
563
00:38:01,220 --> 00:38:03,279
...without wondering
how both were made.
564
00:38:03,489 --> 00:38:05,514
Just rotate it out a little bit.
565
00:38:06,959 --> 00:38:10,827
Voyager presented us with six new
worlds in the Jupiter system alone.
566
00:38:11,797 --> 00:38:15,858
The more you learn about other worlds,
the better you understand our own.
567
00:38:16,068 --> 00:38:21,005
We speculate, criticize, argue,
calculate, reflect and wonder.
568
00:38:21,340 --> 00:38:25,106
We return again to the astonishing
data, and slowly...
569
00:38:25,310 --> 00:38:27,676
...we begin to understand.
570
00:38:38,757 --> 00:38:42,124
The Dutch sailing ships brought back
rare and valuable commodities...
571
00:38:42,327 --> 00:38:44,318
...from the new worlds they visited.
572
00:38:44,530 --> 00:38:46,464
Our Voyager spaceships...
573
00:38:46,665 --> 00:38:49,327
...return rare and valuable
information...
574
00:38:49,535 --> 00:38:53,266
...to computerized wharves on this
shore of the sea of space.
575
00:38:54,039 --> 00:38:58,942
Here the data are stored,
enhanced, processed and treasured.
576
00:38:59,645 --> 00:39:03,240
Maps of alien lands will be generated
from this information.
577
00:39:03,448 --> 00:39:07,544
In this electric warehouse
are tens of thousands of images...
578
00:39:07,753 --> 00:39:10,586
...of previously unknown worlds.
579
00:39:12,758 --> 00:39:16,159
How does a picture from
the outer solar system get to us?
580
00:39:16,361 --> 00:39:19,728
Sunlight shines on Europa,
and is reflected back to space...
581
00:39:19,932 --> 00:39:21,763
...where some strikes the phosphors...
582
00:39:21,967 --> 00:39:25,232
...of the Voyager television cameras,
generating an image.
583
00:39:25,437 --> 00:39:28,668
The image is radioed back
across the immense distance...
584
00:39:28,874 --> 00:39:31,035
...of half a billion kilometers...
585
00:39:31,243 --> 00:39:34,440
...to a radio telescope on Earth.
One in Australia, say.
586
00:39:34,646 --> 00:39:37,410
The telescope then passes
the information...
587
00:39:37,616 --> 00:39:40,608
...via communications satellite
in Earth orbit...
588
00:39:40,819 --> 00:39:42,514
...to Southern California.
589
00:39:42,721 --> 00:39:46,680
There, it's transmitted
by a set of microwave relay towers...
590
00:39:46,892 --> 00:39:50,259
...to a computer
at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory...
591
00:39:51,096 --> 00:39:53,997
...and there it is processed.
592
00:40:01,273 --> 00:40:03,867
The picture is like
a newspaper wire photo...
593
00:40:04,076 --> 00:40:07,978
...made of a million individual dots
of differing shades of gray...
594
00:40:08,180 --> 00:40:10,910
...so fine and close together
that at a distance...
595
00:40:11,116 --> 00:40:13,949
...the constituent dots
are invisible.
596
00:40:14,152 --> 00:40:16,780
We see only
their cumulative effect.
597
00:40:18,023 --> 00:40:21,083
The information specifies
how bright or dark...
598
00:40:21,293 --> 00:40:22,920
...each dot is to be.
599
00:40:23,128 --> 00:40:26,188
After processing, the dots
are stored on a magnetic disk...
600
00:40:26,398 --> 00:40:28,832
...something like a phonograph record.
601
00:40:29,067 --> 00:40:32,901
By this day, there were already 11,000
pictures from Voyager 2 in our...
602
00:40:33,105 --> 00:40:34,766
...electronic library.
603
00:40:35,774 --> 00:40:39,505
Finally, the end product
of this remarkable set...
604
00:40:39,711 --> 00:40:41,941
...of links and relays...
605
00:40:43,048 --> 00:40:46,643
...is a hard copy which comes
out of this machine showing...
606
00:40:47,052 --> 00:40:49,987
...in this case,
the wonders of Europa...
607
00:40:50,188 --> 00:40:54,420
...which were recorded for the first
time in human history, today.
608
00:40:54,960 --> 00:40:57,986
It is absolutely astonishing.
609
00:40:58,964 --> 00:41:03,526
Voyager 1 got very good pictures
of the other three big moons...
610
00:41:03,735 --> 00:41:07,102
...Galilean satellites of Jupiter,
but not of Europa.
611
00:41:07,306 --> 00:41:10,241
It was left to Voyager 2 today...
612
00:41:10,442 --> 00:41:13,536
...to get the first
close-up pictures of Europa...
613
00:41:13,745 --> 00:41:17,272
...where we see things that are only
a few kilometers across.
614
00:41:17,482 --> 00:41:20,645
At first glance, it looks like
nothing so much as...
615
00:41:20,852 --> 00:41:25,789
...the canal network of Mars that
Lowell imagined existed on that planet.
616
00:41:26,258 --> 00:41:31,195
We see an amazing, intricate network
of crisscrossing...
617
00:41:31,463 --> 00:41:33,761
...straight and curved lines.
618
00:41:33,966 --> 00:41:36,025
Are these straight lines ridges?
619
00:41:36,234 --> 00:41:37,326
Are they troughs?
620
00:41:37,536 --> 00:41:40,562
Is it connected with plate tectonics
on the Earth?
621
00:41:40,772 --> 00:41:45,072
How does it illuminate the other
satellites of the Jovian system?
622
00:41:45,377 --> 00:41:48,676
At this moment,
the vaunted technology...
623
00:41:48,880 --> 00:41:51,178
...has produced something
astonishing.
624
00:41:51,383 --> 00:41:53,681
But it remains for...
625
00:41:54,186 --> 00:41:58,555
...the limitations and cleverness
of another device...
626
00:41:58,757 --> 00:42:01,692
...the human brain, to figure it out.
627
00:42:03,862 --> 00:42:07,923
Fortunately, we have plenty
of pictures to help us.
628
00:42:08,900 --> 00:42:12,927
What about Gene's idea of geysers
down the troughs?
629
00:42:13,138 --> 00:42:15,265
Geysers down the troughs?
630
00:42:16,475 --> 00:42:18,534
You need a mechanism to drive it.
631
00:42:18,744 --> 00:42:22,043
Larry Soderblom, Voyager imaging team.
632
00:42:22,247 --> 00:42:27,150
An idea was proposed a while
ago that we might have a sort of...
633
00:42:27,352 --> 00:42:29,547
...champagne-bottle model.
And that's...
634
00:42:29,755 --> 00:42:33,088
You seal the crust and have liquid
underneath that solid crust.
635
00:42:33,592 --> 00:42:37,028
Do you have then a condition which
is an explosive effervescence?
636
00:42:37,362 --> 00:42:39,523
Lonnie Lane, deputy project scientist.
637
00:42:40,799 --> 00:42:44,530
You have enough resolution
in some of these pictures that...
638
00:42:44,736 --> 00:42:47,170
...you don't see anything
spread laterally.
639
00:42:47,372 --> 00:42:50,000
Do we have the high-resolution piece?
640
00:42:50,275 --> 00:42:52,869
- It was right here.
- There it is.
641
00:42:53,078 --> 00:42:56,013
We'll pick out the relief,
and if we're going to see...
642
00:42:56,214 --> 00:42:57,511
...the things we recognize...
643
00:42:57,716 --> 00:43:00,412
Weeks after the pictures
from Europa were received...
644
00:43:00,619 --> 00:43:02,712
...we were still debating
what was in them.
645
00:43:02,921 --> 00:43:05,890
It's as if we almost got to the...
646
00:43:06,725 --> 00:43:08,158
Look at the mesas here.
647
00:43:08,760 --> 00:43:11,923
We almost got the resolution
needed to see the craters.
648
00:43:12,130 --> 00:43:15,566
The craters which would last
indefinitely on a crust this thin.
649
00:43:15,767 --> 00:43:17,291
Apart from the réseaus...
650
00:43:17,502 --> 00:43:22,337
...there's a set of very fine
small dots, markings...
651
00:43:22,541 --> 00:43:24,736
...mostly in the mottled terrain.
652
00:43:24,943 --> 00:43:28,538
Like those guys. Do you think
those are...
653
00:43:28,747 --> 00:43:32,205
...sites of outgassing, calderas,
fumaroles, solfataras?
654
00:43:32,417 --> 00:43:35,545
I don't know, but I'll tell you
one thing I just found...
655
00:43:37,789 --> 00:43:39,188
Look right here.
656
00:43:40,759 --> 00:43:42,124
It disappeared.
657
00:43:43,228 --> 00:43:45,389
See the central peak?
658
00:43:45,597 --> 00:43:47,497
See the little hole?
659
00:43:50,168 --> 00:43:52,636
I think it's an impact crater.
Look at the central peak.
660
00:43:52,838 --> 00:43:54,931
There are almost no impact craters.
661
00:43:55,140 --> 00:43:56,767
Wait, we just found one.
662
00:43:56,975 --> 00:43:58,203
Almost none.
663
00:43:59,311 --> 00:44:03,441
Therefore, finding one which is
alleged to be the exception...
664
00:44:03,648 --> 00:44:06,640
...maybe it's not the exception,
but something else.
665
00:44:06,852 --> 00:44:11,016
Perhaps, but you asked about those
little holes that we can't make out.
666
00:44:13,158 --> 00:44:16,525
The big craters go away by some
rheological deformation...
667
00:44:16,728 --> 00:44:19,561
...and the little ones stay
but are out of our resolution.
668
00:44:19,764 --> 00:44:23,666
That's because they're one-tenth
the depth of the rigid crust.
669
00:44:23,869 --> 00:44:25,063
Well, maybe.
670
00:44:26,304 --> 00:44:29,000
Computer processing of
the pictures has revealed...
671
00:44:29,207 --> 00:44:32,438
...a few features on Europa
which seem to be impact craters.
672
00:44:32,644 --> 00:44:33,702
But something...
673
00:44:33,912 --> 00:44:36,210
...has wiped out the big craters.
674
00:44:36,414 --> 00:44:38,746
Computer processing
also played a major role...
675
00:44:38,950 --> 00:44:42,977
...in an amazing Voyager discovery
made on the moon next to Europa...
676
00:44:43,188 --> 00:44:45,952
...a world called lo.
677
00:44:47,492 --> 00:44:50,791
Even from Earth we could tell
that lo had a strange color.
678
00:44:50,996 --> 00:44:54,363
We knew that somehow sulfur
had been removed from its surface...
679
00:44:54,566 --> 00:44:58,229
...and ejected into a great
doughnut of gas orbiting Jupiter.
680
00:44:58,436 --> 00:45:02,304
Then Voyager 1 sailed close to lo.
681
00:45:04,709 --> 00:45:08,941
There were a few places on lo which
looked like the mouths of volcanoes...
682
00:45:09,147 --> 00:45:10,842
...but it was hard to be sure.
683
00:45:11,716 --> 00:45:15,208
Then, Linda Morabito, a member
of the Voyager navigation team...
684
00:45:15,420 --> 00:45:18,287
...used a computer
to enhance the edge of lo...
685
00:45:18,490 --> 00:45:21,015
...in order to bring out
the stars behind.
686
00:45:21,226 --> 00:45:25,128
Four days after the Voyager 1
encounter with Jupiter...
687
00:45:25,330 --> 00:45:29,130
...I was looking at an
optical navigation frame.
688
00:45:29,334 --> 00:45:33,464
In enhancing this particular quadrant,
what became very evident to me...
689
00:45:33,672 --> 00:45:35,731
...was an anomalous crescent...
690
00:45:35,941 --> 00:45:39,308
...in the upper left-hand corner,
just off the limb of lo.
691
00:45:39,511 --> 00:45:40,705
What was it?
692
00:45:40,912 --> 00:45:43,312
The plume was in exactly
the position...
693
00:45:43,515 --> 00:45:45,540
...of one of the suspected volcanoes.
694
00:45:45,951 --> 00:45:49,352
We realized then that
what we were observing...
695
00:45:49,554 --> 00:45:53,615
...was a volcanic plume and,
in fact, a volcanic eruption.
696
00:45:55,694 --> 00:46:00,393
Voyager had discovered the
first active volcano beyond the Earth.
697
00:46:02,767 --> 00:46:05,201
We then found that lo
has many volcanoes.
698
00:46:05,403 --> 00:46:08,497
There are at least nine
intermittently active plumes...
699
00:46:08,707 --> 00:46:11,335
...and hundreds, maybe thousands,
of extinct ones.
700
00:46:11,543 --> 00:46:15,536
The plumes can eject sulfur
and other atoms off lo altogether...
701
00:46:15,880 --> 00:46:19,441
...and account for the sulfur clouds
surrounding Jupiter.
702
00:46:20,185 --> 00:46:24,952
Rivers of molten sulfur flow down
the sides of the volcanic mountains...
703
00:46:25,156 --> 00:46:28,216
...and are the probable source
of lo's distinctive colors.
704
00:46:28,426 --> 00:46:33,159
The volcanoes may be tapping some vast
underground ocean of liquid sulfur...
705
00:46:33,365 --> 00:46:37,734
...beneath a surface
that is only a few thousand years old.
706
00:46:41,640 --> 00:46:45,098
So far, in our voyages
to the outer solar system...
707
00:46:45,343 --> 00:46:47,811
...we humans have stayed home...
708
00:46:48,013 --> 00:46:51,244
...and sent robots and computers
to explore in our stead.
709
00:46:51,449 --> 00:46:54,509
Someday, perhaps, we'll go ourselves.
710
00:46:55,620 --> 00:46:56,814
But suppose...
711
00:46:57,422 --> 00:47:00,357
...like those Dutch sea captains
of the 17th century...
712
00:47:00,558 --> 00:47:03,994
...the computers aboard Voyager
could keep a ship's log.
713
00:47:04,195 --> 00:47:08,291
That log, a combination of the events
of Voyagers 1 and 2...
714
00:47:08,500 --> 00:47:11,367
...might read something like this:
715
00:47:13,805 --> 00:47:18,504
Day 1: After much concern
about provisions and instruments...
716
00:47:18,710 --> 00:47:22,942
...we successfully lift off from
Cape Canaveral on our long journey...
717
00:47:23,148 --> 00:47:25,742
...to the planets and the stars.
718
00:47:34,159 --> 00:47:38,357
Day 13: We have taken the first
photograph of the Earth and moon...
719
00:47:38,563 --> 00:47:42,090
...as worlds together in space.
A pretty pair.
720
00:47:46,104 --> 00:47:49,631
Day 170: A problem
in the deployment of the boom...
721
00:47:49,841 --> 00:47:52,139
...that supports
the science scan platform.
722
00:47:52,344 --> 00:47:54,141
If the problem is not solved...
723
00:47:54,346 --> 00:47:56,940
...we will be unable to take
most of our pictures.
724
00:48:01,186 --> 00:48:06,123
Day 207: Boom problem solved, but
failure of main radio transmitter.
725
00:48:06,658 --> 00:48:08,751
If the backup transmitter
also fails...
726
00:48:08,960 --> 00:48:12,225
...no one on Earth
will ever hear from us again.
727
00:48:13,264 --> 00:48:14,458
Day 215:
728
00:48:14,666 --> 00:48:16,964
We cross the orbit of Mars...
729
00:48:17,168 --> 00:48:19,295
...and enter the main asteroid belt.
730
00:48:20,905 --> 00:48:25,171
Day 570: We can now make out
finer detail on Jupiter...
731
00:48:25,377 --> 00:48:29,040
...than the largest telescopes
on Earth have ever obtained.
732
00:48:34,052 --> 00:48:35,679
Day 640:
733
00:48:35,887 --> 00:48:39,618
The cloud patterns are distinctive
and gorgeous.
734
00:48:39,824 --> 00:48:41,451
No painter trapped on Earth...
735
00:48:41,659 --> 00:48:44,457
...ever imagined a world
so strange and lovely.
736
00:48:47,699 --> 00:48:51,226
The white clouds are ammonia
crystals, high and cold.
737
00:48:51,436 --> 00:48:54,166
We do not know the nature
of the red-brown clouds.
738
00:48:54,372 --> 00:48:56,966
Maybe phosphorous or sulfur
as a stain.
739
00:48:57,175 --> 00:49:01,612
Perhaps organic molecules of the sort
that led, four billion years ago...
740
00:49:01,813 --> 00:49:04,680
...back on Earth,
to the origin of life.
741
00:49:04,883 --> 00:49:07,579
And what is the great red spot?
742
00:49:10,355 --> 00:49:13,449
It is an immense swirling column
of gas...
743
00:49:13,658 --> 00:49:15,853
...reaching high above adjacent
clouds.
744
00:49:16,060 --> 00:49:18,893
So large that it could hold
half a dozen Earths.
745
00:49:19,097 --> 00:49:22,533
Its motion hypnotizes us.
746
00:49:26,304 --> 00:49:30,104
Some think that the red spot
is a great spinning storm...
747
00:49:30,308 --> 00:49:32,674
...a million years old.
748
00:49:35,914 --> 00:49:40,851
Day 650: Encounter.
A day of wonders.
749
00:49:44,055 --> 00:49:46,148
The ship maneuvers
so we can take pictures...
750
00:49:46,357 --> 00:49:48,985
...of the multi-ringed basin
on Callisto.
751
00:49:53,965 --> 00:49:58,493
Images of the astonishing
lined surface of Ganymede.
752
00:50:03,074 --> 00:50:05,804
A close passage by Europa.
753
00:50:08,179 --> 00:50:10,647
And, a view of volcanic lo.
754
00:50:14,419 --> 00:50:17,855
We successfully negotiate
the treacherous radiation belts...
755
00:50:18,056 --> 00:50:21,492
...and accomplish
the ring plane crossing.
756
00:50:22,627 --> 00:50:25,095
Looking back, we marvel
at the rings...
757
00:50:25,296 --> 00:50:30,063
...and see the sun emerge
from behind the giant planet.
758
00:50:35,039 --> 00:50:39,976
We are outward bound on our mission
to explore the outer solar system.
759
00:50:40,879 --> 00:50:42,870
Ten thousand years from now...
760
00:50:43,081 --> 00:50:46,608
...Voyager will plunge onward
to the stars.
761
00:50:47,752 --> 00:50:52,382
We have made the ships
that sail the sea of space.
762
00:50:56,261 --> 00:50:57,888
We travel past Jupiter...
763
00:50:58,096 --> 00:51:01,395
...three quarters of a billion
kilometers from the sun...
764
00:51:01,933 --> 00:51:04,959
...Saturn, one and a half billion,
Uranus, three billion...
765
00:51:05,169 --> 00:51:09,799
...and Neptune, four and a half
billion kilometers away.
766
00:51:12,877 --> 00:51:14,276
In our ship of the mind...
767
00:51:14,479 --> 00:51:18,745
...we retrace the itinerary
of the two Voyager spacecraft...
768
00:51:18,950 --> 00:51:22,647
...on their journeys to Saturn
and beyond.
769
00:51:24,722 --> 00:51:27,987
Saturn was first glimpsed
through the telescope by Galileo.
770
00:51:28,192 --> 00:51:31,127
Its rings first understood by Huygens.
771
00:51:31,329 --> 00:51:35,698
But only now do we begin to penetrate
its deeper mysteries.
772
00:51:41,673 --> 00:51:45,575
Saturn is the second largest planet
in the solar system.
773
00:51:46,444 --> 00:51:50,676
Like Jupiter, it is cloud-covered,
and rotates once every 10 hours.
774
00:51:50,882 --> 00:51:54,215
It has a weaker magnetic field,
a weaker radiation belt...
775
00:51:54,419 --> 00:51:56,683
...and a grand, magnificent...
776
00:51:56,888 --> 00:52:00,085
...exquisite system of rings.
777
00:52:01,793 --> 00:52:04,557
The rings are composed of billions
of tiny moons...
778
00:52:04,762 --> 00:52:07,560
...each circling Saturn
in its own orbit.
779
00:52:08,266 --> 00:52:12,498
The biggest gap in the rings
is called the Cassini Division...
780
00:52:12,704 --> 00:52:15,798
...after the colleague of Huygens
who first discovered it.
781
00:52:16,741 --> 00:52:18,299
There are many other gaps...
782
00:52:18,509 --> 00:52:21,535
...each produced by the periodic
gravitational tugs...
783
00:52:21,746 --> 00:52:23,737
...of one of the larger outer moons.
784
00:52:40,865 --> 00:52:43,356
From just beneath the ring plane...
785
00:52:43,568 --> 00:52:47,231
...we see a sky full of moons.
786
00:53:07,058 --> 00:53:11,654
Within the rings,
the individual moons become visible.
787
00:53:13,531 --> 00:53:17,092
They are orbiting chunks
of snow and ice...
788
00:53:18,436 --> 00:53:20,802
...each perhaps a meter across.
789
00:53:26,344 --> 00:53:29,939
In young parts of the ring system,
there hasn't been enough time...
790
00:53:30,148 --> 00:53:34,517
...for collisions to round the edges
of these fragments...
791
00:53:34,719 --> 00:53:37,210
...the snowballs of Saturn.
792
00:54:23,234 --> 00:54:28,001
Far from the rings,
bathed in its red light...
793
00:54:29,307 --> 00:54:33,073
...we encounter Saturn's immense
cloud-covered moon...
794
00:54:33,277 --> 00:54:34,505
...Titan.
795
00:54:47,458 --> 00:54:49,892
It has an atmosphere
denser than that of Mars...
796
00:54:50,695 --> 00:54:52,526
...and a thick layer of red clouds...
797
00:54:52,730 --> 00:54:56,291
...which are probably composed
of complex organic molecules...
798
00:54:56,501 --> 00:55:00,164
...produced by solar ultraviolet light
and other energy sources...
799
00:55:00,371 --> 00:55:02,066
...from the methane-rich air.
800
00:55:09,413 --> 00:55:12,678
No ship from Earth
has ever penetrated those clouds...
801
00:55:12,884 --> 00:55:17,446
...and viewed, close-up,
the surface of this tantalizing world.
802
00:55:23,795 --> 00:55:27,162
It seems likely that the ground
is covered, encrusted...
803
00:55:27,365 --> 00:55:31,426
...with organic molecules
raining from the sky.
804
00:55:37,408 --> 00:55:41,708
There may be volcanoes
and valleys of ice...
805
00:55:41,913 --> 00:55:44,711
...and, just perhaps...
806
00:55:44,916 --> 00:55:49,785
...hiding in the warm places,
some very different kind of life.
807
00:55:57,862 --> 00:55:59,921
Near an ice cliff of Titan...
808
00:56:00,131 --> 00:56:03,498
...through a rare break
in the clouds of organic molecules...
809
00:56:03,701 --> 00:56:08,536
...we can see, looming and lovely,
the ringed planet, Saturn.
810
00:56:10,007 --> 00:56:14,341
It is a view that will still be
appreciated centuries from now...
811
00:56:14,579 --> 00:56:16,740
...by our descendants,
who will know it well.
812
00:56:16,948 --> 00:56:19,348
As well as we have come to know...
813
00:56:19,550 --> 00:56:22,883
...Hudson's Bay and the Barents Sea...
814
00:56:23,087 --> 00:56:27,080
...Indonesia, and Australia
and New York.
815
00:56:27,925 --> 00:56:32,521
They will look back to when Titan was
first seen by Voyager spaceships...
816
00:56:32,730 --> 00:56:35,893
...on their epic journeys
past the giant planets...
817
00:56:36,100 --> 00:56:37,795
...out of the solar system...
818
00:56:38,002 --> 00:56:41,802
...to the great dark
between the stars.
819
00:56:59,257 --> 00:57:01,282
Since Cosmos was first shown...
820
00:57:01,492 --> 00:57:05,394
...Voyager spacecraft have explored
the systems of the planets...
821
00:57:05,596 --> 00:57:08,360
...Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune...
822
00:57:08,566 --> 00:57:13,435
...and have now passed the outermost
planets on their way to the stars.
823
00:57:13,871 --> 00:57:17,568
We inserted the flavor of those
encounters in our captain's log.
824
00:57:18,342 --> 00:57:20,367
But with image processing...
825
00:57:20,578 --> 00:57:24,810
...we've been able to reconstruct
astonishing movies...
826
00:57:25,082 --> 00:57:26,743
...of some of these worlds.
827
00:57:26,951 --> 00:57:30,352
Here, for example, is Jupiter,
with its great red spot.
828
00:57:31,923 --> 00:57:35,188
And volcanic lo, spinning before us.
829
00:57:36,193 --> 00:57:41,130
Icy Enceladus, a tiny moon of Saturn,
on much of which, somehow...
830
00:57:41,599 --> 00:57:43,533
...the craters have melted.
831
00:57:44,735 --> 00:57:47,101
And Miranda, of Uranus.
832
00:57:48,639 --> 00:57:51,369
Austere, blue Neptune.
833
00:57:53,711 --> 00:57:57,112
Or consider Titan,
the giant moon of Saturn.
834
00:57:57,315 --> 00:58:00,682
We've taken the nitrogen and methane
in its atmosphere...
835
00:58:00,885 --> 00:58:04,377
...irradiated it in the lab with
electrons of the sort that are...
836
00:58:04,588 --> 00:58:07,250
...beamed at Titan from
Saturn's magnetic field...
837
00:58:07,458 --> 00:58:10,154
...and we made this stuff...
838
00:58:10,761 --> 00:58:15,198
...which matches, almost perfectly, the
observed properties of the Titan haze.
839
00:58:15,399 --> 00:58:16,491
What is it?
840
00:58:16,701 --> 00:58:19,135
It's a mixture of
complex organic molecules.
841
00:58:19,337 --> 00:58:22,534
You drop some into water and,
among other things, you make...
842
00:58:22,740 --> 00:58:25,334
...amino acids,
the building blocks of proteins.
843
00:58:25,543 --> 00:58:28,478
So the starting materials of life...
844
00:58:28,679 --> 00:58:32,877
...are raining from the skies
of Titan, like manna from heaven.
845
00:58:33,084 --> 00:58:35,746
I can't wait
until the Cassini mission...
846
00:58:35,953 --> 00:58:40,219
...sends an entry probe
through the organic haze of Titan...
847
00:58:40,424 --> 00:58:42,551
...to its enigmatic surface.
848
00:58:42,960 --> 00:58:47,897
The Voyager spacecraft rush on
past the planets and to the stars...
849
00:58:48,132 --> 00:58:50,259
...still returning data.
850
00:58:50,801 --> 00:58:53,463
As it left the planetary part
of the solar system...
851
00:58:53,671 --> 00:58:55,935
...Voyager 1 turned back...
852
00:58:56,140 --> 00:59:00,008
...to take one last portrait
of the planets of the solar system.
853
00:59:00,678 --> 00:59:03,613
...and one of those pictures
was of the Earth.
854
00:59:03,814 --> 00:59:08,251
A tiny blue dot, set in a sunbeam.
855
00:59:08,886 --> 00:59:10,217
Here it is.
856
00:59:10,421 --> 00:59:12,946
That's where we live. That's home.
857
00:59:13,157 --> 00:59:17,025
We humans are one species,
and this is our world.
858
00:59:17,528 --> 00:59:19,860
It is our responsibility
to cherish it.
859
00:59:20,064 --> 00:59:24,023
Of all the worlds in our solar system,
the only one, so far as we know...
860
00:59:24,235 --> 00:59:26,135
...graced by life.
72533
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