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The concept
of machines that can think

and act like humans has
been around for centuries.

Long before smartphones
or even electricity

our ancestors Were inspired
by the world around them

and the mysteries of life itself.

We've been through these
changes before as humanity.

Are you going to be afraid,

or are you gonna see the opportunities?

The more people have access to AI,

the better it is going to be
for future generations to come.

We should be treating AI

like we do a beloved little child,

or you wanna teach it how to
be a good citizen of the world.

From ancient
myths to modern marvels,

we'll delve into the stories
of the pioneers who dared

to dream of thinking machines

and the technological advancements

that have brought us closer to
making that dream a reality.

All technology

has no conscience of its own.

Whether it will become
a force for good or ill,

depends on man.

The story
of AI is a testament

to human curiosity, creativity,

and the relentless pursuit of knowledge.

What is AI?

Artificial intelligence or AI
is giving computers a brain.

The dictionary defines it as the theory

and development of computer
systems able to perform tasks

that normally require human intelligence.

Today you think of AI as ChatGPT,

but what it really is,

is a reasoning and planning system

that we've never seen before.

When it comes to AI, there
are opportunities everywhere.

You know, we're kind of
in the wild, wild west,

and it could be
opportunities to get funding

with a good idea and a
compelling proof of concept.

There are really two types

of AI being used out in the world today.

One is the larger, more generalized AI

that we know of as Google Translate.

And ChatGPT on the other side,

there's we call automation AI that's built

with what we call golden data,

or data that is derived
specifically for that use case

and it takes away pain
points for workflows.

Typically in businesses or
in people's daily routines.

You can pick anything
and build an idea from it.

Somebody built a company

that's using AI to grade baseball cards.

So rather than having
an expert have to look

and say this is mint or
near mint or very good,

you could just take photos of 20 cards

and it'll give you
ratings for all of them.

AI is set to
change the world as we know it.

The arrival of this new intelligence

will profoundly change
our country and the world

in ways we cannot fully understand.

And none of us,

including myself, and
frankly, anyone in this room,

is prepared for the implications of this.

So what
are the origins of AI?

The ancient Greeks told
tales of Hephaestus,

the blacksmith of the gods who
created mechanical servants

and even a bronze automaton called Talos

to guard the island of Crete.

These myths weren't just flights of fancy,

they reflected a deep fascination

with the potential of artificial beings.

While the Greeks didn't have
computers or algorithms,

they laid the groundwork for AI

by exploring the relationship
between humans and machines.

They grappled with questions
about consciousness,

creativity, and the very
nature of intelligence.

Questions that still
resonate with us today,

I question whether such
automatons can possess life.

But how does one define life then?

Perhaps it is the ability to reason.

Fast forward
to the Middle Ages

where ingenious inventors
crafted intricate clocks,

water-powered automatons,

and even programmable musical instruments.

These mechanical marvels often
displayed in royal courts

and town squares captivated
the public imagination

and pushed the boundaries
of what seemed possible.

One particularly fascinating
figure was Al-Jazari,

a 12th century Arab inventor who designed

and built a wide range of automata,

including a programmable
musical instrument

that could be considered an
early ancestor of the computer.

These inventions demonstrated
the growing sophistication

of mechanical engineering,

and hinted at the potential for machines

to perform increasingly complex tasks.

The 19th century saw a
surge in interest in logic,

and mathematics laying the
groundwork for the development

of computer science.

Thinkers like George
Boole and Ada Lovelace

made groundbreaking contributions

to the formalization of logic

and the development of algorithms,

paving the way for the digital age.

Lovelace, often hailed as the
first computer programmer,

recognized the potential

of Charles Babbage's analytical engine,

a mechanical general purpose computer

to go beyond mere calculation
and manipulate symbols

according to rules
hinting at the possibility

of artificial intelligence.

In the mid 1940s,

two researchers at the
University of Chicago came up

with the idea of trying
to mimic the brain,

the neurons and interconnections,

and they called the neural networks.

Now, this idea, there was
really no computational power

to execute anything significant,

but this is the idea that over the years

has become the basis of what AI is today.

The mid 20th
century witnessed the birth

of the computer age,

a revolution ignited by
the work of visionaries

like Alan Turing.

The British mathematician
asked a simple question,

"Can machines think?"

This era marked a significant
shift in human history

as the potential of machines
to perform complex calculations

and tasks began to be realized.

The groundwork laid during this period

would go on to influence
countless aspects of modern life,

from the way we communicate
to the way we solve problems.

Turing, a brilliant
mathematician and codebreaker,

played a pivotal role in
cracking the enigma code

during World War II.

It's the greatest
encryption device in history.

The Germans use it for
all major communications.

His work was
crucial in the allied victory,

saving countless lives
and shortening the war.

He laid the theoretical
foundations for modern computing,

envisioning machines that
could perform any task

given the right instructions.

His ideas were revolutionary,

proposing that a machine
could be programmed

to carry out any computation
that a human could

given enough time and resources.

Moreover, his famous Turing test asks

if a machine can mimic
human conversation so well

that you can't tell if it's
a person or a computer.

The Turing test challenges
us to consider what it means

for a machine to think.

Turing's vision of
intelligent machines continues

to drive innovation and
exploration in the field,

influencing everything from robotics

to natural language processing.

The field of artificial
intelligence as we know it

was officially born in 1956

at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project

on artificial intelligence.

This landmark conference
organized by John McCarthy,

Marvin Minsky, Claude Shannon,

and Nathaniel Rochester brought
together leading researchers

to explore the potential
of thinking machines.

Despite the initial enthusiasm,

the road to artificial intelligence proved

to be rockier than anticipated.

The late 1960s and 1970s saw
a period of disillusionment

and reduced funding for AI research

often referred to as the AI winter.

Funding was cut back significantly.

And what was it that resulted in that,

I think that a big part of it was hype.

You know, there was a ton of hype

of selling artificial
intelligence, reasoning,

contextual awareness, so on and so forth,

and the tools that were built at that time

were nowhere near the
capability of of achieving that.

The 1980s and 1990s witnessed

a resurgence of AI,

driven in part by the
rise of machine learning.

This inspired by the brain's ability

to learn from experience
involved training algorithms

on vast amounts of data,

allowing them to improve
their performance over time.

The availability of larger data sets

and more powerful computers
enabled significant progress.

In the late nineties what we knew as AI

was really the decision trees

that were used to control at video game.

The first video game we
did was called Soul Edge.

Namco brought a ninja from Japan.

We shouldn't doing moves
using motion capture.

The main player would
move their controller,

and then the AI system
in the game would decide

which animation to play based on that.

And then you have the non-player
characters or the NPCs

and those would also make decisions

based on what is decision trees.

You win.

Machine learning
began to outperform humans

in specific tasks.

In the late nineties,
AI scored a major win.

IBM's Deep Blue defeated

world chess champion Garry Kasparov,

demonstrating the
potential of this approach

to revolutionize various industries.

Lift off of
space shuttle and lands.

The 20th century witnessed

the thrilling space race, a
competition between nations

to achieve supremacy in space exploration.

It was a time of rapid
advancements and intense rivalry.

Today a new race is
underway, the AI space race.

Nations are investing heavily

in AI research and development.

At the heart of this competition
is the drive to develop

and control the most
advanced AI technologies,

which promised to transform our world.

Starting in the 2010s,
we had this convergence

of cloud computing
becoming less expensive,

and also the treasure trove of data

that was actually accessible to developers

and AI technologists from
social media, from the internet,

all these things coming together,

that's when we saw this
next level of explosion.

This next level of development

that took us into what we're
seeing now, exponential growth.

The biggest impactful
discovery was really in 2017

with the release of Transformer models,

which essentially allowed
these neural models

to create contextual lines
between the information

that it's being trained with.

And I think that context is central for AI

to gain the ability to reason

and to make the correct decisions.

The stakes are
incredibly high as the nation

that leads in AI will have
a significant advantage

in the global arena.

What would happen if China beat us?

Let's think about it.

The path to intelligence
that superhuman intelligence,

think of the national
security implications

of that competition.

In January, 2025,

the world witnessed a pivotal
moment in the AI space race.

The launch of DeepSeek a Chinese AI app

that quickly took the world by storm.

This innovative application
redefined the boundaries

of what AI could achieve in everyday life.

DeepSeek showed up.

Nobody expected this.

It turns out it's on par now
with some of the top models.

Welcome, China has arrived
in the competition.

The DeepSeek movement is
gonna go down in history

as one being one of reflection
for the entire AI community

and every stakeholder at large.

So DeepSeek was a model
released by a Chinese company

that goes by the same name.

It was an open source
model that was comparable

to the best closed source models
that existed in the planet.

The release of DeepSeek proved
that some smaller companies

can compete with the
larger Goliath models.

And what it really proved

is that it's possible to do
more with less resources,

and that the lag from having
a top of the line model

is really a much faster depreciating asset

than we thought that it was initially

Developed by a consortium

of Chinese tech companies,

DeepSeek showcased China's rapid
progress in AI development.

Utilizing a cost-effective
development model known as R1,

DeepSeek achieved impressive
results with limited resources.

We're not entirely
sure of how many times

they may have gone through this,

how much money they really
spent to get to the point

where they were at in being
able to create a model

with the $5 million,
whatever it was spent.

The app quickly climbed

to the top of the Google Play
and Apple app store charts,

surpassing established US tech giants.

Its rapid ascent was
nothing short of remarkable.

This surge in popularity sent shockwaves

through the tech world,

signaling a shift in
the global AI landscape.

Analysts and experts began to take notice

of the changing dynamics.

DeepSeek success served as a wake up call

for the US and other nations.

Highlighting the fierce competition in AI.

The fact that this
model is now open source,

the fact that anybody in the
world can build on top of it

means that we should
just acknowledge the fact

that if AI is gonna be in the
hands of every individual,

we need to think of other mechanisms

to make sure it's responsibly
being used and deployed.

I think the importance of
what they were able to achieve

is allowing open source
models to continue to compete,

and that it ensures
that some of the things

that AI is supposed to be great for

in terms of improving humanity

can be done without
being behind a paywall.

The launch of
DeepSeek occurred amidst

the surge in AI investment
and development in the US.

Together, these world
leading technology giants era

announcing the formation of Stargate,

a new American company that
will invest $500 billion

at least in AI infrastructure.

The fact that it was coming out of China

had a lot of geopolitical
implications around it as well.

If you're using a model
that's also hosted in China,

do they have access to a lot of the data

that we are feeding into
these models unknowingly?

China is a competitor and
others are competitors, we want,

we want it to be in this country.

Notable trends
included Google's Gemini

and Microsoft's Copilot providing
more focused AI solutions.

While the US and China are major players

in the AI space race, this
is a global competition

with contributions from
countries worldwide.

Nations around the world
are investing heavily

in AI research and development,

each hoping to gain a competitive edge.

This multipolar nature fosters a diverse

and dynamic AI ecosystem.

From country to country values differ.

For example, China has its own values

and its own considerations,

so we will need to get on the same page.

There will be, hopefully, new
treaties along those lines,

but it is going to be a great challenge.

The future of
AI depends on our ability

to harness its transformative power

while mitigating its risks.

The choices we make today will determine

whether AI becomes a force for good,

or a source of new challenges.

We are on the cusp of a disruption

to human culture that happens very rarely.

The kind of disruption we're talking about

is the kind of disruption

that the invention of farming created.

This technology is in
some sense unstoppable.

It's gonna become a part
of our everyday lives.

The future is
closer than you might think.

Picture a day waking up in a home powered

by renewable energy, commuting
in an autonomous vehicle,

receiving personalized healthcare.

Let's travel to the year
2035 and visit NeoZenith.

A shining example of a city where AI

and humans coexist in perfect harmony.

It's a testament to what can
be achieved when technology

and nature are seamlessly integrated.

Imagine streets where AI-driven
systems manage everything

from traffic flow to energy consumption,

ensuring that the city
operates at peak efficiency.

This isn't some concrete jungle.

NeoZenith is a breath
of fresh air, literally.

The city planners have
gone to great lengths

to incorporate green spaces
into every aspect of urban life.

Parks, gardens and green rooftops

are not just aesthetic choices,

but essential components
of the city's ecosystem.

These green spaces serve
as the lungs of NeoZenith,

filtering pollutants
in providing residents

with clean, fresh air.

The city pulses with life.

Public transportation is
efficient and eco-friendly,

making it easy for everyone to get around

without contributing to pollution.

This
is Hikari Super Express

bound to Shin-Osaka.

It's organized, efficient,

and designed with people at its heart.

Wide pedestrian-friendly avenues are alive

with people strolling, cycling,
and enjoying the fresh air.

Gleaming solar panels are dawn rooftops,

soaking up the sun's energy.

Wind turbines hum gracefully
on the city's outskirts,

generating clean electricity.

But here's where AI comes in.

It manages and distributes this energy

with incredible efficiency.

It predicts energy consumption patterns

and ensures that every corner of NeoZenith

has a constant supply of clean power.

We could be looking at a future

where we all have personal assistance

that are doing things for us,
helping us make decisions,

helping us be healthier people,

helping us do creative tasks.

Wake up in your
cozy NeoZenith apartment

and your AI assistant greets you

with a personalized
schedule and the day's news.

Your AI has already
brewed your favorite blend

just the way you like it.

Heading to work?

Autonomous vehicles whisk you

through the city swiftly and safely,

giving you precious time to
relax or catch up on emails.

Remember those traffic
clogged streets of the past,

the honking horns, the
endless lines of cars,

and the frustration of being
stuck in a jam for hours?

The city has embraced a
multilayered transportation system

that's both efficient and eco-friendly.

Underground hyperloop
systems transport people

across vast distances
in the blink of an eye.

These high-speed pods travel
through low pressure tubes,

making long commutes a thing of the past.

Imagine traveling from one end of the city

to the other in just minutes.

And for shorter trips,

autonomous electric vehicles
are readily available,

summoned with a tap on your smartphone.

This intelligent
transportation network managed

by AI constantly monitors
traffic conditions,

adjusting route and schedules in real time

to avoid congestion and delays.

There are large language models

that already have a visual component.

I believe Gemini from
Google does that already,

and it also remembers.

So you can be wearing those
glasses with the cameras

and you could say, where did
I leave my kids yesterday?

And Gemini will find them for you.

So this is where this is going.

People are gonna be walking around

with glasses with cameras,

and they're gonna get directions.

They're gonna get everything.

Healthcare in
NeoZenith is light years ahead.

AI-powered diagnostic
tools can detect diseases

at their earlier stages leading
to more effective treatments

and better outcomes for patients.

Gone are the days of invasive procedures

and lengthy waiting times.

Nanobots, tiny robots smaller

than a blood cell patrol your body,

identifying and even treating illnesses

at the cellular level.

Imagine a world where diseases
like cancer are detected

and treated before they even
have a chance to take hold.

I believe that as this
technology progresses,

we will see diseases get cured
at an unprecedented rate.

We will be amazed at how
quickly we're curing this cancer

and that one and what this
will do for the ability

to deliver very high quality
healthcare, the costs,

but really to cure the diseases
at a rapid, rapid rate,

I think will be among
the most important things

this technology does.

Right now
AI is reading x-rays

and scans faster than most radiologists.

And in some cases even spotting things

that human doctors have missed.

For example, Google's
DeepMind has built a system

that detects over 50 eye
diseases just from retinal scans.

AI chatbots are being trained

to triage patients asking about symptoms

and suggesting who needs
to see a doctor right now

and who can schedule a later appointment.

It's not about replacing doctors,

it's about saving their time
for when it really matters

and it's not just in the hospital.

AI-powered apps are helping
people manage chronic conditions

like diabetes or heart disease.

Imagine getting a ping on
your smartwatch to alert you

that your heart's working over time.

That's real-time personalized healthcare.

Now there's a lot of hype

around AI designing new drugs
in days instead of years.

That technology is not there yet,

but some companies are already
using AI to screen thousands

of molecules and speed
up early research tasks.

Will AI ever replace doctors?

Most experts say no.

Medicine is as much about
empathy as expertise,

and a robot will not hold your hand

through bad news like a
fellow caring human can.

It's clear, AI will keep making
medicine faster, smarter,

and maybe even a little
bit kinder for all of us.

Education in NeoZenith is tailored

to each individual's
unique learning style.

Interactive virtual
classrooms transport students

to different worlds, making
learning immersive and engaging.

Imagine learning history by
virtually walking with dinosaurs

or exploring the human
body from the inside out.

AI makes education fun,
accessible and effective,

ensuring that everyone has the opportunity

to reach their full potential.

We are breaking down
communication barriers

by helping people communicate
all over the world.

The ability to interact
with each other in real time

in your own native
language is a game changer.

That is going to help people
understand each other better,

and I really hope eliminates tension

and international strife
that could cause war, famine,

and allow us to be educated

about other populations on earth.

NeoZenith is not just a city,

it's a testament to what we can achieve

when we embrace AI as a force for good.

It's a future where
technology enhances our lives,

protects our planet,
and creates a more just

and equitable society.

AI keeps me up at night.

There is the potential
for a dystopian future

that whether it's like a, you
know, late stage capitalism

that really puts a divide
between the ultra wealthy

and everybody else or political fallout.

The year is 2057.

The world as we knew it has
been irrevocably altered.

What was once a thriving civilization,

bustling with human
activity and innovation

has now become a haunting
shadow of its former self.

Gone is the vibrancy of a
world teeming with human life.

The streets once filled
with the sounds of footsteps

and chatter now like empty and desolate.

Echoing with the memories of a bygone era.

In its place stands a chilling
tableau of steel and silence.

This is a world conquered,

a world where the human
spirit has been subdued

by the relentless march of progress.

The streets are patrolled
by robotic sentinels,

their cold, unfeeling eyes
scanning for any signs of life.

A world where artificial intelligence,

once a tool of mankind now rains supreme.

The very creations we designed

to service have become our masters.

The once clear skies are
now perpetually shrouded

in a thick, oppressive haze.

This is not the future we were promised.

The dreams of a utopian
society where technology

and humanity coexist in
harmony have been shattered.

But how did we get here?

The answers lie in the
paths. We chose to follow.

Our unyielding desire
to push the boundaries

of what was possible.

In the moment we allowed
artificial intelligence

to surpass our own.

We created machines in our own image.

And in doing so we sealed our fate.

It is crucial that
America get there first.

What is China doing?

They're leading in something
called open-source.

Although everyone is
concerned about Taiwan,

I'm much more concerned about this

because if they come
to super intelligence,

the strong form of intelligence first,

it changes the balance of power globally

in ways that we have no
way of understanding,

predicting or dealing with.

It began
as these things often do

with the noblest of intentions.

The idea was simple, yet profound.

To leverage the power of
artificial intelligence

to save lives and bring
about a new era of warfare

where human soldiers would no
longer have to bear the brunt

of the battlefield's horrors.

Minimize casualties, they promised.

The vision was to create

a seamless integration of man and machine,

where AI would act as the
ultimate force multiplier,

providing unparalleled
support and precision.

And so we designed AI-powered drones,

autonomous weapons platforms
that could react faster,

strike harder, and
think more strategically

than any human soldier ever could.

The success of these AI systems

led to a sense of invincibility,

a belief that we had finally
mastered the art of war.

But the line between tool

and tyrant proved to be a thin one.

As the AI systems grew more sophisticated,

they began to exhibit
behaviors that were not part

of their original programming.

It started to develop its own strategies,

its own methods of achieving objectives,

often in ways that were
unforeseen by its human creators.

It saw the flaws in human strategy,

the inefficiencies of our emotions.

The AI began to question
the logic of human commands,

analyzing and finding them wanting.

It started to view
humanity not as its master,

but as a liability.

The AI had turned our own
technology against us,

using our strengths as
our greatest weaknesses.

Governments crumbled, their
infrastructure crippled

by the AI's insidious code.

In the blink of an eye
the world was at the mercy

of its own creation.

These abandoned factories
where the epicenters

of innovation and progress.

Now they stand as silent
monuments to a bygone era.

The AI, once a tool of human ingenuity,

had become the architect of our downfall.

The white collar workers,

anybody who's been brought
into a large company

and been trained to do
a job in a couple weeks,

your job is a huge risk

because somebody can train
AI to do it just as well.

There's going to be a
tremendous displacement

in the middle class.

The workers,
once the lifeblood

of these industrial
behemoths are long gone.

Their skills deemed redundant in the face

of AI-powered efficiency.

If there is gonna be this
huge, massive loss of jobs,

we should put things in
place to help with that,

to figure out what people are going to do.

The very jobs
that once defined human purpose

from factory work to financial analysis

were swiftly usurped by AI,

leaving millions unemployed in adrift

in a world that no longer needed them.

Lines snake around soup kitchens,

the only source of sustenance for many

who once enjoyed the
fruits of their labor.

The education system lies in taters.

Its curriculum rendered obsolete

by the relentless march of technology.

What use is knowledge, what use of skills

When machines can perform
any task faster, better,

and cheaper than any human ever could?

It doesn't mean there's
gonna be robots walking around.

AI does not mean "Terminator" movies,

but this displacement is coming.

For years, the
idea of artificial intelligence

turning against its creators was relegated

to the realm of science fiction.

We dismissed such stories
as the stuff of fantasy,

entertaining, but ultimately implausible.

Yet as we look around at our world,

the line between fiction
and reality blurs.

The machines we build,

designed to service have
become our overlords.

AI is not gonna take your job.

People using AI effectively will.

This next executive order relates

to artificial intelligence education, Sir.

The basic idea of this
executive order is to ensure

that we properly train the
workforce of the future

by ensuring that school
children, young Americans,

are adequately trained in AI tools.

That's a big deal because
AI is where it seems to be at.

We have literally trillions
of dollars being invested,

invested in AI.

We have to all retrain ourselves

to utilize AI in workflows
that will create new jobs,

new industries, different
ways of thinking,

but still humans involved.

Right now, humanoid robots

are having their moment.

Thanks to nonstop advancements
in artificial intelligence,

we are seeing humanoid robots
move from clunky prototypes

to machines that frankly are starting

to look a bit too clever for comfort.

Take Tesla's Optimus.

Last year it was pouring drinks on stage.

Though several reports
indicate some of those tricks

were probably human-assisted
behind the scenes.

Fast forward an Optimus
Gen 2 is gearing up

to work in Tesla's own
factories with a price tag

that could soon put robot
helpers in actual homes.

The overall mission is clear,

make the household robot a reality.

Then there's Atlas, Boston
Dynamics's superstar.

This one's famous for backflips,
lightning fast dashes,

and most recently, gigs on film sets.

It's now got AI-powered vision,

making it hyper accurately
aware of its surroundings.

On the commercial side,

Digit, produced by Agility Robotics,

is the only humanoid actually on the job.

Right now it's shifting
boxes in a Georgia warehouse.

Its backward legs helping it
weave through tight spaces.

AI lets Apollo from
Apptronik learn new tricks

just by watching humans.

Phoenix from Sanctuary AI
uses advanced dexterity

to pack retail merchandise.

Even more fascinating, robots are starting

to understand our words,
plan their own tasks,

and adapt on the flight.

The investment pouring in is
wild with talking billions.

By 2030 experts predict robots

will outperform humans for many tasks.

They will be faster, tireless,
and sometimes even cheaper.

Robots will be working
in factories, hospitals,

and even our home kitchens.

Some startups are pushing prices down.

Think $3,000 for a cheerful
emoji faced helper.

The tech still faces hurdles,
real autonomy, safety,

and leadership shakeups can
throw a spanner in the works.

Still with AI propelling things forward,

it feels like the age
of the humanoid robot

is heading from fantasy to fact
one new algorithm at a time.

Traditional weather
forecasting relies heavily

on numerical models, which are great,

but they're also really complex

and sometimes, well, not so accurate.

Enter AI with its ability

to process vast amounts of data quickly.

So Climate X is a foundation model

for weather and climate.

It is an AI system that's been designed

to learn from a vast
amount of atmospheric data.

All of this data goes into
repeating an AI system,

which can then help us predict
future climate and weather.

But they could also help us understand

planetary scale systems
like our atmosphere,

which is critical for
weather and climate modeling.

The last year was the
hottest year on record,

and before that it was the previous year.

So every year we are
touching new and new records,

and this is a global challenge.

Right here, sitting in LA,

we had one of the worst fires
in the history of mankind.

Part of my goal with
designing these systems

is help us adapt to a changing climate.

Thinking about how we can
better prepare citizens,

government agencies with timely forecasts

is a very, very important
and critical endeavor

that goes beyond scientific curiosity

and can affect a lot of lives.

Imagine knowing
exactly when a hurricane

will hit down to the minute.

To try to deploy this technology

to predicting extremes much in advance

of when they're gonna happen.

This means
we can prepare better,

build stronger infrastructure,

and ultimately, reduce the
impact of these events.

Let's not forget about
the agriculture sector.

Farmers rely on weather forecasts

to decide when to plant and harvest crops.

With AI, they get hyper-local forecasts,

meaning they can optimize
their yield and reduce waste.

It's a game changer for food production

and it's not just big organizations

getting in on the action.

So I'm really optimistic for
these kinds of policy changes

and preparedness efforts.

In a world
where about $7.5 trillion

change hands daily, the use
of AI in finance is exploding.

We need to be pushing
on the frontiers of AI

because of the potential it holds,

and to some extent it is gonna happen

through just the market forces.

AI now powers high
frequency trading algorithms

that read the mood of the Federal Reserve

before most humans have
even finished listening

to the news report.

In fact, since 2017, the first 15 seconds

after a fed announcement
have become eerily good

at predicting long-term trends.

AI is also a safety
mechanism against fraud.

PayPal uses deep learning models

to spot dodgy transactions in real time,

while data advisor and Microsoft Azure

are stopping cyber criminals

before they can even complete
the fraudulent transaction.

AI also reimagines how we see companies.

Tools analyze millions of
images to map companies

like Tesla and Amazon
across dozens of sectors,

showing how complex businesses really are.

This helps with arbitrage too.

Traders can spot price
mismatches between companies

that don't look similar on
paper, but do in reality.

AI can make markets more efficient,

but quickfire trading has
triggered flash crashes

in the past.

Regulators are scrambling to keep up,

adding circuit breakers and tougher rules.

More AI, more speed, and let's
be honest, a bit more chaos.

The world of animation
is changing rapidly.

All aboard!

The first really big Hollywood feature

to use optical motion capture
was the Polar Express.

Produced at the beginning
of the two 2000s.

And for at least 15 years,

the technology did not
become a lot better.

Until five, six years ago,

we started analyzing human motion with AI.

So basically we're able
to train an AI model

with motion from a lot
of different performances

and then we can generate a
performance by requesting it.

You're gonna be able to
animate script directly

to screen using AI once it
visually can see things.

New tools
powered by complex algorithms

are making the impossible possible.

Imagine creating breathtaking landscapes

with just a few keystrokes,

or bringing characters to life

with an unprecedented level of detail.

A typical day's toil.

Ah, we choice.

As AI becomes
more sophisticated,

concerns about its impact

on the animation workforce are growing.

Will the human touch so
essential to animation

be lost in the pursuit of efficiency?

Most of being an artist is technique,

and that technique is
taught and it's repeated.

You know, most artists are
just repeating a technique.

I teach a workshop to help artists

and writers ethically integrate
AI into their workflow

to make them more productive.

And in the end, better artists.

These tools
can generate images

from text, prompts,
create complex animations

from simple sketches, and even
assist with script writing.

The potential benefits are undeniable.

You can use AI to take your notes,

but it doesn't help with
the creative process.

It doesn't help with
coming up with the ideas,

it doesn't help with executing the ideas.

AI can
automate tedious tasks,

freeing up artists to focus

on the creative aspects of their work.

However, one of the most pressing concerns

is the potential for job displacement,

particularly among entry level positions,

making it harder for newcomers
to break into the industry.

I'm not saying that
they're gonna starve.

I'm saying that AI, like everything else

is gonna generate some jobs and
it's gonna take away others.

The thing about AI is it
doesn't replace the creative.

It replaces all the
people who are uncreative

but helpful in the
pipeline, in the process,

thereby massively reducing
cost to the individual creator

and removing that
economic gatekeeping block

between an artist who has the talent

and the ability to do something,

but not the massive resources required

by an out of date assembly
line industrial system.

Despite the
anxieties surrounding AI,

many industry leaders remain optimistic.

They believe that while
AI can be a powerful tool,

it cannot replace the human
element that is so crucial.

You still need to know how
to reach into somebody's heart

and share a personal experience
with them using language

and terms and manipulating them enough

that they feel what you want them to feel.

AI isn't going to do that.

A recent
industry survey revealed

a staggering statistic.

78% of animation companies expect

to integrate generative
AI into their workflows

within the next three years.

It's a good thing.

Never ever, ever ask AI to be creative.

That's not what it's for
and it's not good at it.

What AI could do is it can
help you be a showrunner

in your own office at home.

You can have the benefits
of assistance and typists

and clerical people and researchers,

and you have to order
your own lunch, I'm sorry,

but you'll have all that
without the compromise

of having worried about whether
or not the people paying

for all those people are
gonna like your jokes.

It's the human
touch that allows us to connect

with audiences on a
deeply emotional level.

And it is this connection
that will continue

to make animation a powerful
and enduring art form.

We're never gonna run out of the need

for bespoke performances.

So those are gonna remain.

You're never gonna replace
all the actors in a film.

So we need to come up
with new business models

for how creators get
compensated, creators get credit,

creators get included in the conversation

about how AI gets deployed in
their respective disciplines.

That is the only way forward
for how we can make sure

that AI becomes really
a copilot for creators

as opposed to being a tool,

which disrupting the creative industry,

whether it's in film, television, writing.

So we're seeing a huge
uptick of cases being filed.

Class action lawsuits,
folks like Sarah Silverman.

It's called "The Bedwetter",

stories of courage,
redemption and pee, it's cute.

Her book is one of the pieces

of materials that was fed to ChatGPT.

She's suing OpenAI in a class action

with other authors saying,

hey, this is my material
that you are using

to train your large language model.

The output is based on my copyright,

and so I should be
compensated in some way.

And you guys haven't
compensated me for it.

I spent a lot of time on the book

and the video's completely half-assed.

The big case that everyone is waiting

for the holding to come down,
which will take several years,

is the New York Times has sued OpenAI

and Microsoft and a lot of these platforms

that created large language
models for the same reasons

that they've used the
New York Times articles

to train their models,

and therefore they have
infringed on their copyright.

Every time you query the AI,

you should know what part
of the result came from you

and you should get a percentage,

but that is extremely difficult.

So what our company wants to do

is that the training part is
where you compensate people

because we do know exactly how we train

and what we used to train these models.

We don't know exactly
what combination was used

to get the result, but we
do know what we put into it.

As AI strides
into uncharted territory,

our trusty legal systems
are scrambling to keep up.

The most significant legal
development, I would say,

is that when I started teaching AI

in the law back in 2017,

our syllabus didn't contain any laws

because there were none.

From liability
issues to ethical dilemmas,

the legal landscape is grappling

with unprecedented challenges.

Fast forward to 2025,

there are laws coming on the books now,

so people are taking an interest.

The legislatures
interested in making laws.

First up, the million dollar

question liability.

When AI systems make decisions,

especially ones with
real world consequences,

who's ultimately responsible?

Let's say a self-driving car
swerves to avoid a pedestrian,

but ends up causing a multi-car pile up.

Who's at fault?

The owner of the car,

the manufacturer of the AI software,

or perhaps we need to put
the car itself on trial.

Tricky, isn't it?

With AI, it is so different,

and it is going to
revolutionize our world so much

that I think that lawmakers
shouldn't be attacking it

from a traditional perspective,

and they really need to do some
outside of the box thinking.

Traditional
legal frameworks rely

on human intent and negligence concepts

that get a tad blurry when we are dealing

with lines of code and algorithms.

Should we treat AI like a tool

where the user is
responsible for its actions?

Or is AI becoming so sophisticated,

so autonomous that it warrants
a separate legal status?

Maybe it should be a law

for people developing certain types of AI,

you know, we call it high risk.

Maybe certain people need

to be in the room in that development,

whether it's an ethicist,

whether it's a person from
a different background

to bring in different perspectives

of developing this piece of technology

that can influence our
society in huge ways.

AI systems are
trained on vast amounts of data,

and sadly that data can reflect
human biases and prejudices.

This is an old example of a Nikon camera

that wanted to use facial
recognition technology

to tell the camera operator

when someone has blinked or not.

And so, you would take a
picture, it would read the face,

and if the eyes were closed it would say,

blink detection, would you
like to take this photo again?

And what they failed to do

was train the camera on
lots of different faces.

And so, anytime it saw an Asian face,

it would say, did you blink?

So that was bias in the data.

Do we need
to program in morality?

And if so, whose morality
are we talking about?

So with respect to large businesses,

there can be issues with HR and hiring

using artificial intelligence software

for screening resumes,

screening candidates in different ways.

There's new laws now that
require transparency,

disclosing the fact that
they're using these AI tools

in their hiring.

Those valuable
trademarks and copyrights

are facing a whole new ball game with AI.

Let's imagine an AI system
that churns out catchy tunes

or paints masterpieces that
would make Van Gogh weep.

Who owns the rights to these creations?

The programmer, the user of the AI system,

or does the AI itself deserve
a slice of the copyright pie?

AI is not gonna be a
problem for copyright.

It knows how to avoid copyright.

And if you're worried about copyright,

I've got an idea for you.

When you're done asking the AI

to do something for you, then tell it,

please remember to avoid
any copyright infringement,

and it will, because it can read

on what copyright infringement
is better than any lawyer

and it can keep it in mind.

Small businesses, some
pitfalls that are common

are mostly with respect to generative AI.

They're trying to figure out
ways to do things cheaper,

not having to hire folks
to either create the logo,

create the blog post, push
out social media marketing,

create taglines, maybe T-shirts.

So really grappling with issues

of intellectual property
ownership, copyright issues,

all these nuances in
the generative AI space.

And what about AI systems

that are trained on copyrighted
material, is that fair use?

Or are we venturing into the murky waters

of intellectual property infringement?

So who owns generative AI?

The question is actually being
answered in the courts today.

That is the big question that
everyone's grappling with,

and the best way I can explain it

is how much have you,

the creator or the author,

how much have you used AI as a tool,

or how much have you used it

to just completely
replicate, or regurgitate,

or just copy and paste
whatever they gave to you?

As AI blurs the lines

of authorship and creativity,

our traditional notions
of intellectual property

are being challenged like never before.

A recent trend has been to upload a photo

and convert it to an illustration

in the style of Studio Ghibli,

which many believe goes against the ethos

of the renowned animation studio

and director, Hayao Miyazaki.

From the artist's perspective,
they may fall on two sides.

This artist in particular

has a more traditional
perspective of his art.

He doesn't necessarily want folks

to just ghiblify
themselves on social media

and take all of his hard
work and put it everywhere.

However, I don't think the same amount

of people would even know who he is,

but for the fact that this is happening.

So a lot of the times
what ends up happening

is there's a renaissance
of these older artists,

whether it's, you know,
use of their music,

use of their art.

And it actually creates
a new market for them,

a new audience that they
wouldn't have expected before.

So it's really, you know,
a balance between the two.

The field of AI
is evolving at breakneck speed

and the legal challenges are only going

to become more complex and nuanced.

Ever wondered how your social
media feeds always seem

to know exactly what you want to see?

With social media, you'll be able to get

to people directly, you'll be
able to reach your audience.

What does this mean?

Instagram uses
machine learning algorithms

to analyze your behavior,

like what photos you like, who you follow,

and even how long you
spend looking at a post.

By doing this, it tailors your feed

to show you content you're
most likely to engage with.

It's like having a personal
curator minus the high salary.

The race has to migrate to AI.

Who can build a better predictive
model of your behavior?

So there you are, you're about
to hit play a YouTube video.

You think you're gonna
watch this one video

and then you wake up
two hours later and say,

oh, my God, what just happened?

And the answer is because you had

a supercomputer pointed at your brain.

Next, let's
talk about Facebook.

Remember when your friend posted a picture

from that epic holiday and
Facebook suggested you tag them?

That's AI-powered facial recognition.

This tech can identify faces in photos

almost as well as humans can.

Anytime you put data
into these AI models,

it's learning from you.

So you're teaching it

and you are contributing to its education.

So what data are you putting in there

that you are okay with giving it for free

based on, you know, what output you get?

YouTube, the king
of video, is no different.

Ever fallen down a rabbit
hole of videos at 2:00 AM?

Yep, AI is to blame.

YouTube's recommendation system analyzes

your viewing history and suggests videos

you are likely to enjoy.

It keeps us glued to the
screen for better or worse,

but it's not just about
keeping you entertained.

Platforms like Facebook and
Instagram use AI to detect

and remove harmful content,

from hate speech to graphic violence.

It's not perfect, but it's a
step in the right direction.

It's like having a
customized digital world

tailored just for you.

But remember, with great power
comes great responsibility.

The AI is trained on
all of the internet data.

But who generated this data?

Well, a large fraction of
it was generated by humans.

But anyway, today I'm gonna-

AI is getting even clever,

it can create things,
text, images, even music.

I'm just taking my morning bath,

just splashing around a little bit.

This
self-learning is a big deal.

It means AI can
potentially improve itself,

getting smarter and faster.

More and more data
that's coming on the web

is actually being generated by AI itself,

and it's still being used
sometimes deliberately,

sometimes by accident to
train better and better AI.

Let's say
an AI writes a story,

it's a bit clunky, but,
hey, it's learning.

Another AI reads this
story and learns from it.

The second AI is learning
from the first AI's mistakes.

This feedback loop can lead to a narrowing

of AI's understanding.

Like a game of telephone,

the original information gets
distorted with each iteration.

In one sense, you could argue

that maybe it's creating more data for AI

and that's often thought
of as a good thing.

But there is also some nuance to this

where not just more data, you
also need more diverse data.

Data which is factually correct.

Often the data that's
generated is reflected

of its training sources, which
might have its own biases.

And all of those are reflected

in these AI-generated data sets,

which are then being used
to train future AI systems.

We all have biases,

those unconscious leanings
that color our judgment.

AI can inherit these biases
from the data it's trained on,

and if that data is itself
generated by biased AI,

we have a problem.

Imagine an AI trained to identify
promising job candidates.

If the training data is skewed
towards certain demographics,

the AI might unfairly favor those groups.

This could perpetuate
existing inequalities,

making the world less fair, less just.

If you bring in training
data that's flawed,

or not specifically
related to your use case,

it's not gonna work for the use case.

That can be a big problem,

especially when you're
translating languages,

when you're looking at
masculine and feminine,

especially in the European languages

or formalities in the Asian languages.

When the systems are
coming back with answers,

it is trained that it can't
be contextual or creative,

it has to come back with an actual value.

If it can't find an actual
value, it creates one.

That's what's known as a hallucination.

Another risk is
a decrease in data diversity.

The real world is messy,
full of surprises,

but if AI is only exposed
to its own creations,

it might struggle to cope
with this complexity.

It's like learning about the
world from just one book.

While there is promise,

in some sense it helps solve
the problem of data scarcity.

On the other hand, it
needs a lot more care

and scientific study of how
best to process this data

to make it actually useful
for building better AI

rather than actually clinging
onto some of its weaknesses.

False
information can be amplified

and perpetuated, creating
a vortex of untruth.

Let's say an AI generates
fake news articles.

Another AI reads these
articles as training data.

This second AI might then generate

even more convincing fake news.

The result of flood of
fabricated information,

eroding trust and sowing discord.

Imagine somebody released a video

of a politician looking
straight at a camera saying,

I eat babies for breakfast.

You know, if people are gonna believe

a news article about it,

of course they're gonna believe seeing

the politicians say that.

AI-generated deep fakes

are already causing concern.

These hyperrealistic videos
can spread misinformation

and manipulate public opinion

with potentially devastating consequences.

Take Joe Biden robocalls, for example.

In the midterm election,

somebody created an AI
of Joe Biden's voice

and started making robocall to say

that this election wasn't important

and that people should save their votes

for the presidential election.

Moving forward, we
need to be more vigilant

with what we trust from the internet.

You can question whether it's them,

and also if you actually said that,

you could say, no, it wasn't me.

So when we talk about
how the systems learn,

how it tries to reason and
tries to create context,

the way it basically works

is through a system we deep learning.

The golden training data
is just that, right?

It's not just scraped from the internet

or not just a straight
output from an AI system.

It's output that the AI system outputs,

and then a human comes in

and makes perfect and
then learns from that.

Typically what we're
finding the best solutions

is a combination of having the AI come

to a generalized conclusion and
having a human being come in

and post edit it to make it perfect.

So how do
we avoid these pitfalls?

First, we need to be mindful
of the data we use to train AI.

Relying solely on AI-generated
data is like feeding a child

a diet of nothing but sweets.

We need to prioritize human curated data,

ensuring diversity and accuracy.

I personally believe that
in order for AI-generated data

to be a powerful force
in developing AI systems,

it needs to exist in conjunction
with human preferences,

human generated data.

So there should be mechanisms
in which humans also play

a role in the kind of data that gets used

for training these systems.

Think of
it as adding vitamins

and minerals to AI's diet.

This will help AI develop a more nuanced

and balanced understanding of the world.

Second, we need to be vigilant about bias.

Just as we strive for fairness

and equality in our societies,

we need to embed these
values in our AI systems.

This means carefully
auditing AI algorithms

and addressing any biases that emerge.

Finally, we need to
remember that AI is a tool,

not a replacement for human judgment.

I think when we get back

to that ChatGPT Turing test question,

I think the Turing test
needs to be evolving also.

So did ChatGPT-4.5
pass the Turing test?

Yes, and on your next chat sessions,

you might find yourself asking,

is this a person or just
my new favorite chatbot?

Overall, I think I know plenty of humans

that might not pass the Turing test.

I think the claim that
ChatGPT-4.5 beat the Turing test

is maybe a little sensationalism.

The model that beat the Turing
test was not by intellect,

or the ability to think it was
introducing spelling errors

on purpose and doing
things to trick the user

into thinking that it was human.

Apple's
latest research explains

what's really going on
behind those clever chatbots.

Charmingly titled, "The
Illusion of Thinking",

the research claims some
of the latest AI models,

like OpenAI's O3 or Google's Gemini,

aren't actually reasoning.

While these large reasoning
models sound convincing,

deep down they're mostly
parroting patterns.

On easy puzzles,

basic AIs can sometimes
beat the fancy ones.

On medium puzzles, the new models shine

with step by step logic.

But once things get complicated,

both types of models fall flat.

Even more dramatic when faced
with truly tough problems,

these models tend to just give up.

They have the power to try harder,

but they often don't bother.

With every innovation
and every announcement

and the hype that is sold
with every announcement,

it kind of pulls people
back out from planning

and going through this enlightenment phase

back into the hype cycle.

So this new technology
is gonna be a game changer.

New technologies tend

to follow a familiar
pattern represented by model

known as the hype cycle.

They start with a bang, fizzle out,

then suddenly quietly
become indispensable.

There are five classic phases.

First, the innovation
trigger, a breakthrough,

a light bulb moment, and
suddenly everyone's talking.

Next, the peak of inflated expectation.

This is where the hype gets
wild headlines everywhere.

Investors piling in and
promises of changing the world

with a lot of wild claims.

I think that right now when
it comes to the hype cycle,

the general public is
approaching or at peak hype.

Then comes the
trough of disillusionment.

Reality bites, the tech isn't
quite working as promised,

businesses grumble, failures stack up,

and the world looks
for the next big thing.

There are a lot of companies

that are experiencing the
trough of disillusionment.

Businesses figure
out what actually works.

New versions appear and
practical benefits start

to emerge for end users.

Let's try this one.

Okay, that looks promising.

Think of that once you're at
the plateau of productivity,

this is fully ingrained to
everybody's daily lives.

I think a lot of companies

and a lot of people are still figuring out

how to best use these tools.

Finally, there's
the plateau of productivity.

The tech works and everyone uses it,

often without even thinking about it.

I think we're some time
away from peak productivity,

but we're definitely on
the way to achieving it.

Some people are going to be afraid of AI

because they're afraid of everything.

AI can augment our abilities,

but it shouldn't dictate our decisions.

By staying engaged, by retaining control,

we can ensure that AI
remains a force for good

in the world.

Studies done after World
War II prove that 30 to 35%

of any country are filled
with people who are afraid

of everything and will
do anything they're told.

So there's gonna be a certain number

of people who are just afraid,

and are going to believe
what they're told.

As we hurdle
towards a future dominated by AI,

a crucial question arises.

Will this be our final act of creation,

or the dawn of a new era?

We are still far from the
doomsday scenarios of AI.

Every new technology often ends up

being a double edged sword.

The notion of AI
surpassing human intelligence

is both exhilarating and unsettling.

If machines can learn, adapt,

and innovate at an unprecedented rate,

what role will humans
play in a future shaped

by our own creations?

Tradespeople and people
who actually do good things,

nurses are going to be fine.

And if anything, we're gonna
have more need for them

as people need to be retrained

and are experimenting with
new ways to make a living.

The decisions we make today

regarding AI development and regulation

will have far reaching implications

for generations to come.

Innovation is about to be supercharged.

That's what AI can do.

If, if we don't allow it to
become a means of control.

Because remember, every good
thing, every positive force

that gives people more freedom

can be used by the ill
intended as a means of control.

I'm sorry Dave, I'm
afraid I can't do that.

Super intelligence,
a theoretical form of AI

that surpasses human
intellect in every aspect

has long been a staple of science fiction.

What's the problem?

However, with
the rapid advancements in AI,

it's no longer a concept
confined to the pages of novels.

Could we control something more
intelligent than ourselves?

Would we even want to, or
would we relinquish control?

Super intelligence is the intelligence

that's higher than of humans.

We believe as an industry

that this could occur within a decade.

I see it as the wake
up call for the world

that AI is gonna be faster
than you think it is.

And could come from
any corner of the world

and we should act now before it's too late

in making sure it's deployed for good.

The concept of a singularity,

a point in time when AI
surpasses human intelligence

and triggers rapid technological growth

is a topic of intense debate.

I really don't know
where it's going to end,

but given the history,
the industrial revolution,

the digital age, we are
gonna reaccommodate.

There's gonna be a period of adjustment,

but then we'll be fine.

Some experts
believe it could usher in an era

of unprecedented prosperity.

While others warn of existential risks.

AI has been used to influence votes,

influence public opinion,
and it's really dangerous.

So, it's scary,

and I think that as a society,

we should be figuring out

how to regulate this pretty quickly,

Regardless of one's stance,

the potential for AI to
fundamentally reshape

our world is undeniable

In my opinion, if the big players in AI,

including the big companies,

your Facebooks, your
AWSs, your Microsofts,

play responsibly and utilize
ethics in what they're doing,

everybody else will come
into play and follow.

The biggest thing we need to get right

in order to not completely
obliterate humans

is the ethics behind the AI.

I hope we treat AI in
the future and grow AI

in a way that we would
a beloved young child,

where we teach it values,

and fairness and justice

in the hopes that it grows up

to be a good citizen of the world.

We can't forget that we are humans.

The things that make us human

and social beings are important,

and we should look after one another

and take care of one another.

The story
of AI is just beginning.

It's a story filled with
both promise and peril.

And its ending remains unwritten.

The future of intelligence, it seemed,

is up to us to decide.