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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,919 --> 00:00:07,149 during the darkest days of the Third 2 00:00:04,300 --> 00:00:09,219 Reich the most ominous sound was a knock 3 00:00:07,149 --> 00:00:11,500 at the door after dark 4 00:00:09,219 --> 00:00:13,780 everyone who lived under the Nazi yoke 5 00:00:11,500 --> 00:00:16,390 lived in fear of the secret organization 6 00:00:13,780 --> 00:00:19,660 that made the nighttime calls Hitler 7 00:00:16,390 --> 00:00:21,580 called it his deadliest weapon without 8 00:00:19,660 --> 00:00:24,010 it the Fuehrer's ambitions could never 9 00:00:21,580 --> 00:00:26,260 have been realized as an instrument of 10 00:00:24,010 --> 00:00:28,870 state terror it has hardly ever been 11 00:00:26,260 --> 00:00:31,690 equalled yet until now it's full story 12 00:00:28,870 --> 00:00:36,150 has not been told the organization was 13 00:00:31,690 --> 00:00:36,150 called the Gestapo 14 00:00:46,620 --> 00:00:52,300 the Gestapo was an organization shot 15 00:00:49,390 --> 00:00:54,850 through with contradictions it appeared 16 00:00:52,300 --> 00:00:57,820 to be omniscient yet its intelligence 17 00:00:54,850 --> 00:00:58,900 success was limited its public figure 18 00:00:57,820 --> 00:01:00,520 heads were among the most familiar 19 00:00:58,900 --> 00:01:03,580 household names of the Nazi Party 20 00:01:00,520 --> 00:01:06,940 leadership but the real architect of a 21 00:01:03,580 --> 00:01:09,220 success maintained a low profile even 22 00:01:06,940 --> 00:01:11,440 during the height of its terror few 23 00:01:09,220 --> 00:01:14,410 would recognize the sinister genius that 24 00:01:11,440 --> 00:01:16,450 guided the Gestapo and although its name 25 00:01:14,410 --> 00:01:18,369 has exerted a creepy fascination for 26 00:01:16,450 --> 00:01:20,259 more than half a century the inner 27 00:01:18,369 --> 00:01:22,770 workings of the Gestapo have remained 28 00:01:20,259 --> 00:01:22,770 shadowy 29 00:01:27,350 --> 00:01:33,770 but there is evidence there is inside a 30 00:01:31,400 --> 00:01:36,560 testimony from the very center of the 31 00:01:33,770 --> 00:01:38,360 Gestapo machine double agents and 32 00:01:36,560 --> 00:01:41,030 resistant spies add their voices to 33 00:01:38,360 --> 00:01:43,970 those of the regime's victims many are 34 00:01:41,030 --> 00:01:45,649 now dead but their words recorded in 35 00:01:43,970 --> 00:01:49,930 Diaries and journals which are 36 00:01:45,649 --> 00:01:49,930 dramatized here live on 37 00:01:52,470 --> 00:01:57,480 I penetrated the Gestapo as an unpaid 38 00:01:55,890 --> 00:02:00,120 part-time assistant to left-handed 39 00:01:57,480 --> 00:02:02,520 France Pula Gestapo officer in charge of 40 00:02:00,120 --> 00:02:05,220 espionage and arrests himself a British 41 00:02:02,520 --> 00:02:06,630 agent and from then on I had to live 42 00:02:05,220 --> 00:02:09,210 with the ever-present fear of being 43 00:02:06,630 --> 00:02:11,160 found out and subjected to the frightful 44 00:02:09,210 --> 00:02:16,260 tortures and death reserved for secret 45 00:02:11,160 --> 00:02:17,910 agents caught by the Gestapo Gestapo the 46 00:02:16,260 --> 00:02:20,340 word itself has a special resonance 47 00:02:17,910 --> 00:02:23,400 around the world but how much blood 48 00:02:20,340 --> 00:02:25,230 how much misery how much sorrow but 49 00:02:23,400 --> 00:02:27,230 above all how much cruelty is bound up 50 00:02:25,230 --> 00:02:30,360 with it 51 00:02:27,230 --> 00:02:34,500 the Gestapo has left us another witness 52 00:02:30,360 --> 00:02:36,270 its own meticulous bureaucracy in 53 00:02:34,500 --> 00:02:38,730 repositories abandoned by the Third 54 00:02:36,270 --> 00:02:40,860 Reich all over Germany thousands of 55 00:02:38,730 --> 00:02:42,890 internal files detailed the lives of 56 00:02:40,860 --> 00:02:46,440 those who fell into its agents hands 57 00:02:42,890 --> 00:02:50,300 most of the victims did not survive but 58 00:02:46,440 --> 00:02:50,300 some did and are still alive 59 00:02:53,090 --> 00:02:59,360 Nilo door was arrested by the Gestapo in 60 00:02:55,550 --> 00:03:01,040 1942 when he was 19 he was interrogated 61 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:03,980 and tortured to the point of death 62 00:03:01,040 --> 00:03:06,440 all of this was recorded coolly and in 63 00:03:03,980 --> 00:03:08,920 objective detail in his personal file 64 00:03:06,440 --> 00:03:12,049 Gestapo feared see his stopper for see 65 00:03:08,920 --> 00:03:13,910 roman number four seeds due to 66 00:03:12,049 --> 00:03:20,420 subversive activity that's running at 67 00:03:13,910 --> 00:03:23,510 duty very oh my god is this the first 68 00:03:20,420 --> 00:03:25,819 time you've seen your picture it's the 69 00:03:23,510 --> 00:03:29,049 first time I've seen the original it 70 00:03:25,819 --> 00:03:31,880 makes me very sad to see all this 71 00:03:29,049 --> 00:03:38,810 reminds me of that terrible time with me 72 00:03:31,880 --> 00:03:41,930 only at Southie shakily for the name 73 00:03:38,810 --> 00:03:44,540 Gestapo summons up the full horror of 74 00:03:41,930 --> 00:03:46,489 the Nazi secret police although it was 75 00:03:44,540 --> 00:03:49,910 only one of a network of equally 76 00:03:46,489 --> 00:03:52,129 ruthless state security agencies its 77 00:03:49,910 --> 00:03:55,099 image is that of a flawless eiseley 78 00:03:52,129 --> 00:03:56,959 efficient machine by reputation its 79 00:03:55,099 --> 00:03:59,750 network of officers covered every inch 80 00:03:56,959 --> 00:04:03,170 of occupied Europe yet it was actually a 81 00:03:59,750 --> 00:04:05,480 small organization in 1941 there were 82 00:04:03,170 --> 00:04:09,049 only 8,000 offices to oversee more than 83 00:04:05,480 --> 00:04:11,239 17 million people the archetypal Gestapo 84 00:04:09,049 --> 00:04:13,639 officer is a saturnine figure in a black 85 00:04:11,239 --> 00:04:15,739 leather trench coat but in fact most of 86 00:04:13,639 --> 00:04:18,889 the Gestapo his employees were quite 87 00:04:15,739 --> 00:04:21,320 ordinary faceless bureaucrats how then 88 00:04:18,889 --> 00:04:23,120 did the Gestapo exert such complete 89 00:04:21,320 --> 00:04:25,220 control over the actions of such a large 90 00:04:23,120 --> 00:04:28,340 ever-increasing population and perhaps 91 00:04:25,220 --> 00:04:31,220 more importantly over their fears and 92 00:04:28,340 --> 00:04:33,349 worst imaginings the answer to this 93 00:04:31,220 --> 00:04:34,900 question lies in the complex history of 94 00:04:33,349 --> 00:04:37,639 Hitler's governance of the Third Reich 95 00:04:34,900 --> 00:04:40,729 for the Gestapo did not come into being 96 00:04:37,639 --> 00:04:41,330 fully fledged its growth was gradual its 97 00:04:40,729 --> 00:04:43,940 progress 98 00:04:41,330 --> 00:04:46,550 dictated by the ambitions and rivalries 99 00:04:43,940 --> 00:04:48,560 of its early creators yet through all 100 00:04:46,550 --> 00:04:52,190 the various developments it was driven 101 00:04:48,560 --> 00:04:56,370 by a single and simple aim total social 102 00:04:52,190 --> 00:04:59,290 control over the civilian population 103 00:04:56,370 --> 00:05:00,699 Gustavo's roots lay in the instability 104 00:04:59,290 --> 00:05:01,320 of the years following the First World 105 00:05:00,699 --> 00:05:03,850 War 106 00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:06,580 Germany humiliated by the Allies 107 00:05:03,850 --> 00:05:09,760 stripped of its power and forced to pay 108 00:05:06,580 --> 00:05:12,340 huge sums in reparations endured anarchy 109 00:05:09,760 --> 00:05:14,229 and economic ruin a rudderless 110 00:05:12,340 --> 00:05:16,570 government watched fascists and 111 00:05:14,229 --> 00:05:18,610 communists fight on the streets as the 112 00:05:16,570 --> 00:05:21,960 local prussian police force failed 113 00:05:18,610 --> 00:05:21,960 dismally to maintain order 114 00:05:22,230 --> 00:05:28,900 into this Maelstrom warped Adolf Hitler 115 00:05:25,889 --> 00:05:32,110 promising order safety and self-respect 116 00:05:28,900 --> 00:05:35,020 and a new dawn for Germany with relief 117 00:05:32,110 --> 00:05:36,669 Germany accepted his offer the Nazi 118 00:05:35,020 --> 00:05:39,520 Party made decisive victories in the 119 00:05:36,669 --> 00:05:43,860 elections of January 1933 and Adolphe 120 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:43,860 Hitler became Chancellor of the Reich 121 00:05:45,140 --> 00:05:49,950 well German people's response to the 122 00:05:47,730 --> 00:05:52,770 political agitation and street violence 123 00:05:49,950 --> 00:05:55,590 was one of extreme disquiet naturally 124 00:05:52,770 --> 00:05:57,630 enough they were fed up with these 125 00:05:55,590 --> 00:05:59,670 incessant brawls between the Nazis and 126 00:05:57,630 --> 00:06:02,610 their opponents the Communists the 127 00:05:59,670 --> 00:06:04,070 Social Democrats and I think it true to 128 00:06:02,610 --> 00:06:07,140 say that the German people looked 129 00:06:04,070 --> 00:06:09,240 towards a party or a government that 130 00:06:07,140 --> 00:06:10,980 would bring order to the streets and 131 00:06:09,240 --> 00:06:12,690 ironically enough of course the party 132 00:06:10,980 --> 00:06:14,120 that said they could do this were the 133 00:06:12,690 --> 00:06:16,950 Nazis 134 00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:19,230 Hitler lost no time in fortifying his 135 00:06:16,950 --> 00:06:22,160 position the people had voted for 136 00:06:19,230 --> 00:06:24,660 security what they got was enforcement 137 00:06:22,160 --> 00:06:27,300 Hitler's ambitions required absolute 138 00:06:24,660 --> 00:06:30,120 power but this was not yet within his 139 00:06:27,300 --> 00:06:32,040 grasp to achieve it he had to suppress 140 00:06:30,120 --> 00:06:35,100 an active array of opposing political 141 00:06:32,040 --> 00:06:39,890 forces his initial tools were basic but 142 00:06:35,100 --> 00:06:39,890 effective the SA or stormtroopers 143 00:06:41,580 --> 00:06:46,750 another thug of a leader Ernst röhm 144 00:06:44,500 --> 00:06:49,570 the essay had been Hitler's most loyal 145 00:06:46,750 --> 00:06:51,520 supporters during his rise to power in 146 00:06:49,570 --> 00:06:53,500 their paramilitary uniforms the brown 147 00:06:51,520 --> 00:06:55,960 shirts and with their trademark 148 00:06:53,500 --> 00:06:57,580 arbitrary violence they relished the 149 00:06:55,960 --> 00:07:01,630 unrest that have brought Hitler into 150 00:06:57,580 --> 00:07:04,300 office hands burned Gustavus was a young 151 00:07:01,630 --> 00:07:06,280 Russian lawyer at the time later he 152 00:07:04,300 --> 00:07:09,610 would go on to plot from inside the Nazi 153 00:07:06,280 --> 00:07:11,410 regime to assassinate Hitler without 154 00:07:09,610 --> 00:07:13,630 really thinking it through the party 155 00:07:11,410 --> 00:07:15,340 appointed the SA as an auxiliary police 156 00:07:13,630 --> 00:07:18,460 force for 15 months 157 00:07:15,340 --> 00:07:20,110 Hitler let them run things it was only 158 00:07:18,460 --> 00:07:22,330 natural they should feel they were the 159 00:07:20,110 --> 00:07:24,190 real victors before long they were 160 00:07:22,330 --> 00:07:25,960 leaving the real policemen behind at 161 00:07:24,190 --> 00:07:29,550 headquarters and they roamed the streets 162 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:32,410 alone in search of enemies of the state 163 00:07:29,550 --> 00:07:34,720 the SA took possession of the streets of 164 00:07:32,410 --> 00:07:36,820 Germany they adopted a zero-tolerance 165 00:07:34,720 --> 00:07:39,220 policy the rules of which were crystal 166 00:07:36,820 --> 00:07:41,680 clear the essays word had the force of 167 00:07:39,220 --> 00:07:43,240 law any minor infringement like failing 168 00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:44,770 to salute correctly was serious enough 169 00:07:43,240 --> 00:07:47,380 to result in arrest 170 00:07:44,770 --> 00:07:50,050 Hitler's message was simple in the new 171 00:07:47,380 --> 00:07:52,390 Germany all opposition was futile the 172 00:07:50,050 --> 00:07:55,450 policy was crude and shocking but it 173 00:07:52,390 --> 00:07:57,610 worked and its uncompromising stance was 174 00:07:55,450 --> 00:08:00,340 the foundation of the dictatorship to 175 00:07:57,610 --> 00:08:03,310 come the Nazi Party had already taken 176 00:08:00,340 --> 00:08:05,310 control of the newspapers Moran repeated 177 00:08:03,310 --> 00:08:08,290 scarce stories about the Marxist threat 178 00:08:05,310 --> 00:08:09,880 uncovering alleged plots and fermenting 179 00:08:08,290 --> 00:08:13,240 fear of revolution among ordinary 180 00:08:09,880 --> 00:08:16,689 citizens the SA took this as permission 181 00:08:13,240 --> 00:08:22,059 to target any organization they chose 182 00:08:16,689 --> 00:08:24,549 I rip this first Remy so mid-iron clicks 183 00:08:22,059 --> 00:08:27,059 on that was an experience it was a 184 00:08:24,549 --> 00:08:30,429 really significant experience for me 185 00:08:27,059 --> 00:08:32,919 it's all of us children we're in the 186 00:08:30,429 --> 00:08:37,779 Falcons youth house that's what we were 187 00:08:32,919 --> 00:08:40,449 called the socialist Falcons in and we 188 00:08:37,779 --> 00:08:45,220 were attacked on the game's afternoon by 189 00:08:40,449 --> 00:08:48,069 the essay and the Hitler Youth Hitler we 190 00:08:45,220 --> 00:08:51,250 were just children but we were chased 191 00:08:48,069 --> 00:08:56,589 out and the grownup helpers were beaten 192 00:08:51,250 --> 00:08:59,500 up wretchedly beaten up aliases and 193 00:08:56,589 --> 00:09:02,649 reprove birthday in the evening of the 194 00:08:59,500 --> 00:09:05,019 27th of February then a month of Hitler 195 00:09:02,649 --> 00:09:06,519 coming to power the Reichstag the 196 00:09:05,019 --> 00:09:08,949 national parliament and symbol of 197 00:09:06,519 --> 00:09:11,379 democracy was set ablaze amid the 198 00:09:08,949 --> 00:09:13,750 outrage Hitler conveniently blame the 199 00:09:11,379 --> 00:09:16,060 Communists calling them a murderous 200 00:09:13,750 --> 00:09:18,579 plague and claiming that God had 201 00:09:16,060 --> 00:09:21,579 ordained that they'd be beaten down with 202 00:09:18,579 --> 00:09:24,490 an iron fist many historians have 203 00:09:21,579 --> 00:09:26,559 suggested that it was the SA in a plan 204 00:09:24,490 --> 00:09:28,529 inspired by Hitler himself who were the 205 00:09:26,559 --> 00:09:31,540 real instigators of the arson attack 206 00:09:28,529 --> 00:09:34,360 whatever the truth this emotive event 207 00:09:31,540 --> 00:09:36,879 was most opportune for Hitler it enabled 208 00:09:34,360 --> 00:09:38,439 him to demand a state of emergency which 209 00:09:36,879 --> 00:09:40,629 was declared the following day by the 210 00:09:38,439 --> 00:09:43,480 ailing and spineless Reich's president 211 00:09:40,629 --> 00:09:45,730 Paul von Hindenburg civil rights were 212 00:09:43,480 --> 00:09:48,309 suspended and the German people lost 213 00:09:45,730 --> 00:09:49,839 their final protection from tyranny it 214 00:09:48,309 --> 00:09:52,089 had taken only weeks for Hitler to 215 00:09:49,839 --> 00:09:54,759 achieve the crucial move would make the 216 00:09:52,089 --> 00:09:55,600 gestapo possible in that under the state 217 00:09:54,759 --> 00:09:58,269 of emergency 218 00:09:55,600 --> 00:10:01,119 anyone could be arrested at any time and 219 00:09:58,269 --> 00:10:04,480 held indefinitely 220 00:10:01,119 --> 00:10:06,100 the SI played a pivotal role but it was 221 00:10:04,480 --> 00:10:08,170 too blunt an instrument for what Hitler 222 00:10:06,100 --> 00:10:10,299 had in mind for the future he needed 223 00:10:08,170 --> 00:10:12,459 something much more refined and in the 224 00:10:10,299 --> 00:10:21,670 coming months he would discover the way 225 00:10:12,459 --> 00:10:23,889 to create it in 1933 Germany had voted 226 00:10:21,670 --> 00:10:26,910 Hitler and the Nazi Party into power and 227 00:10:23,889 --> 00:10:29,049 allowed all civil rights to be suspended 228 00:10:26,910 --> 00:10:31,299 Hitler was working on his master plan 229 00:10:29,049 --> 00:10:33,579 for the Third Reich but meanwhile the 230 00:10:31,299 --> 00:10:36,879 auxilary police the Braun sure tadesse a 231 00:10:33,579 --> 00:10:38,470 were in control of the streets they made 232 00:10:36,879 --> 00:10:42,369 so many arrests that they ran out of 233 00:10:38,470 --> 00:10:45,610 jails in which to put their prisoners at 234 00:10:42,369 --> 00:10:48,639 this time arose the bunkers of terrible 235 00:10:45,610 --> 00:10:50,709 private jails of the SA taking away 236 00:10:48,639 --> 00:10:53,439 unfortunate victims became a customary 237 00:10:50,709 --> 00:10:55,509 Rite of the SA the sort of violence that 238 00:10:53,439 --> 00:10:59,739 went on in our cities is almost beyond 239 00:10:55,509 --> 00:11:02,649 belief these so-called wild camps were 240 00:10:59,739 --> 00:11:04,509 improvised prisons in Iranian burg for 241 00:11:02,649 --> 00:11:07,239 example a disused brewery was 242 00:11:04,509 --> 00:11:09,129 commandeered while the propaganda films 243 00:11:07,239 --> 00:11:11,410 showed the place as a disciplined and 244 00:11:09,129 --> 00:11:13,629 civilised re-education Center complete 245 00:11:11,410 --> 00:11:16,059 with morning exercise the truth was 246 00:11:13,629 --> 00:11:17,829 horribly different nine hundred people 247 00:11:16,059 --> 00:11:20,889 were crammed in here at the mercy of the 248 00:11:17,829 --> 00:11:23,300 SA who tortured and killed them with a 249 00:11:20,889 --> 00:11:26,070 completely free hand 250 00:11:23,300 --> 00:11:29,030 everyone had their turn of course the 251 00:11:26,070 --> 00:11:32,960 red front the social-democrats 252 00:11:29,030 --> 00:11:36,060 anyone who wasn't a fascist and the jews 253 00:11:32,960 --> 00:11:38,220 the SI is anti-semitic campaign had 254 00:11:36,060 --> 00:11:41,220 gained momentum steadily since Hitler's 255 00:11:38,220 --> 00:11:43,500 takeover Joseph Goebbels his propaganda 256 00:11:41,220 --> 00:11:45,930 minister legitimized it by announcing 257 00:11:43,500 --> 00:12:16,140 measures against all Jewish businesses 258 00:11:45,930 --> 00:12:18,570 in Germany the SA needed no further 259 00:12:16,140 --> 00:12:20,850 encouragement their behavior became even 260 00:12:18,570 --> 00:12:22,410 more outrageous and it was the Jews who 261 00:12:20,850 --> 00:12:24,750 bore the brunt of their violence and 262 00:12:22,410 --> 00:12:26,820 intimidation even Hitler supporters were 263 00:12:24,750 --> 00:12:28,590 shocked and abroad there was widespread 264 00:12:26,820 --> 00:12:30,470 moral outrage 265 00:12:28,590 --> 00:12:34,230 [Music] 266 00:12:30,470 --> 00:12:36,750 so Hitler rein the sa in they have 267 00:12:34,230 --> 00:12:40,670 played their part the civilian peace 268 00:12:36,750 --> 00:12:40,670 force returned to the streets of Berlin 269 00:12:41,030 --> 00:12:45,630 the Fuhrer was working on a more 270 00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:47,250 ambitious plan he had seen the 271 00:12:45,630 --> 00:12:49,140 stormtroopers effectiveness in 272 00:12:47,250 --> 00:12:51,150 demolishing opposition but he was also 273 00:12:49,140 --> 00:12:52,680 aware of their decadent self-indulgence 274 00:12:51,150 --> 00:12:55,200 their corrupt leadership and their lack 275 00:12:52,680 --> 00:12:57,030 of discipline this was not the image of 276 00:12:55,200 --> 00:13:00,060 fascism he wanted to project to the 277 00:12:57,030 --> 00:13:02,430 world he knew exactly what he did want 278 00:13:00,060 --> 00:13:04,920 something that could take the nervous 279 00:13:02,430 --> 00:13:08,040 anxiety created by the SA and refine it 280 00:13:04,920 --> 00:13:11,400 a secret political police force to serve 281 00:13:08,040 --> 00:13:14,190 the Fuehrer party and Reich he called it 282 00:13:11,400 --> 00:13:16,290 the geheime ax starts poli-sci the 283 00:13:14,190 --> 00:13:18,900 secret state please but it would come to 284 00:13:16,290 --> 00:13:23,420 be known by its abbreviation a word that 285 00:13:18,900 --> 00:13:23,420 became synonymous with fear the Gestapo 286 00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:27,690 Hitler already had security and 287 00:13:25,890 --> 00:13:30,630 surveillance units in place as a matter 288 00:13:27,690 --> 00:13:32,580 of standard policy but the Gestapo was 289 00:13:30,630 --> 00:13:37,080 to be something different it was to be a 290 00:13:32,580 --> 00:13:38,880 secret but a very well known secret the 291 00:13:37,080 --> 00:13:42,570 new force established its headquarters 292 00:13:38,880 --> 00:13:44,580 in Prince Albert struts in Berlin at 293 00:13:42,570 --> 00:13:46,530 first it had jurisdiction only in the 294 00:13:44,580 --> 00:13:49,500 large eastern German province of Prussia 295 00:13:46,530 --> 00:13:52,080 and the biggest 200 offices all highly 296 00:13:49,500 --> 00:13:54,390 educated careerists to lead them Hitler 297 00:13:52,080 --> 00:13:56,670 chose Hermann Goering there was among 298 00:13:54,390 --> 00:13:58,370 the most ambitious and vainglorious of 299 00:13:56,670 --> 00:14:01,890 his inner circle 300 00:13:58,370 --> 00:14:04,010 Goering guarded his executive power over 301 00:14:01,890 --> 00:14:06,930 the police force in Prussia very closely 302 00:14:04,010 --> 00:14:08,940 the Gestapo was his pampered child and 303 00:14:06,930 --> 00:14:11,970 he knew only too well that it held the 304 00:14:08,940 --> 00:14:14,640 key to his power the Fuehrer enjoyed 305 00:14:11,970 --> 00:14:16,280 reading his spicy and highly dramatized 306 00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:19,320 secret reports 307 00:14:16,280 --> 00:14:22,200 Goering 'he's brief was direct to root 308 00:14:19,320 --> 00:14:24,690 out opposition wherever it lay but the 309 00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:27,450 Nazis chief enemies communists Social 310 00:14:24,690 --> 00:14:30,120 Democrats trade unionists and clergy and 311 00:14:27,450 --> 00:14:31,590 by then gone underground finding them 312 00:14:30,120 --> 00:14:35,100 would require the skill of highly 313 00:14:31,590 --> 00:14:37,290 trained men Goering made sure the new 314 00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:39,630 force realized that theirs was a 315 00:14:37,290 --> 00:14:41,790 different sort of police work and that 316 00:14:39,630 --> 00:14:49,380 they were not employed to pursue common 317 00:14:41,790 --> 00:14:51,210 criminals you know - well because you 318 00:14:49,380 --> 00:14:54,060 know the shows that work on and are not 319 00:14:51,210 --> 00:14:57,300 denied this even in enhancement didn't 320 00:14:54,060 --> 00:14:59,880 announce me but Goering soon encountered 321 00:14:57,300 --> 00:15:02,850 competition from Heinrich Himmler 322 00:14:59,880 --> 00:15:04,920 and reinhard heydrich two rising stars 323 00:15:02,850 --> 00:15:07,400 in the Nazi hierarchy who were casting 324 00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:09,990 covetous eyes of the new organization 325 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:11,850 Himmler had been at Hitler's side since 326 00:15:09,990 --> 00:15:13,830 the early days in Munich capital of 327 00:15:11,850 --> 00:15:17,040 Bavaria where the Nazi movement had been 328 00:15:13,830 --> 00:15:19,170 born and decayed previously there he led 329 00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:22,320 the SS Hitler's personal security 330 00:15:19,170 --> 00:15:24,390 service under his authority the SS had 331 00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:28,070 expanded extending its reach over the 332 00:15:24,390 --> 00:15:30,540 entire bavarian state police force 333 00:15:28,070 --> 00:15:32,340 unsurprisingly Himmler was taking a 334 00:15:30,540 --> 00:15:34,790 close interest in the development of the 335 00:15:32,340 --> 00:15:37,830 Gestapo as was his fellow SS leader 336 00:15:34,790 --> 00:15:48,180 Reinhard Heydrich a clever and ambitious 337 00:15:37,830 --> 00:15:50,160 young Nazi officer Heydrich was the 338 00:15:48,180 --> 00:15:53,730 hidden pivot around which the Nazi 339 00:15:50,160 --> 00:15:55,920 regime revolved the development of a 340 00:15:53,730 --> 00:15:59,640 whole nation was guided by his forceful 341 00:15:55,920 --> 00:16:04,860 character Heydrich was in fact the 342 00:15:59,640 --> 00:16:07,050 puppet master of the Third Reich him Ron 343 00:16:04,860 --> 00:16:08,430 Heydrich had recruited a third person 344 00:16:07,050 --> 00:16:11,160 for their team a trained professional 345 00:16:08,430 --> 00:16:14,310 they trusted implicitly an experienced 346 00:16:11,160 --> 00:16:16,110 dedicated policeman Heinrich Mueller was 347 00:16:14,310 --> 00:16:18,730 destined to have a profound influence on 348 00:16:16,110 --> 00:16:20,990 the future of the Gestapo 349 00:16:18,730 --> 00:16:23,000 mother joined the Munich political 350 00:16:20,990 --> 00:16:25,570 police is his first job and he made a 351 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:28,490 name for himself as a very effective 352 00:16:25,570 --> 00:16:30,530 surveyor of the communists he in many 353 00:16:28,490 --> 00:16:34,670 respects fitted the mold he was 354 00:16:30,530 --> 00:16:37,100 ambitious he was a ruthless he was 355 00:16:34,670 --> 00:16:41,600 committed he was obedient and although 356 00:16:37,100 --> 00:16:43,610 he wasn't a Nazi before 1933 hydrogen 357 00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:45,650 Himmler were very clear that this is a 358 00:16:43,610 --> 00:16:48,440 sort of person whose experience they 359 00:16:45,650 --> 00:16:51,290 needed Muller was unlike his immediate 360 00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:53,330 bosses he was in vain and rejected the 361 00:16:51,290 --> 00:16:56,840 trappings of power in favor of total 362 00:16:53,330 --> 00:16:58,280 focused professionalism any form of 363 00:16:56,840 --> 00:17:01,430 conversation with him was almost 364 00:16:58,280 --> 00:17:02,990 impossible it consisted on his part 365 00:17:01,430 --> 00:17:04,310 almost entirely of Cokely phrased 366 00:17:02,990 --> 00:17:09,290 questions and was largely an 367 00:17:04,310 --> 00:17:10,370 interrogation he once said to me one 368 00:17:09,290 --> 00:17:13,370 really ought to drive all the 369 00:17:10,370 --> 00:17:17,360 intellectuals into a coal mine then blow 370 00:17:13,370 --> 00:17:20,090 it up even as the fledgling Gestapo who 371 00:17:17,360 --> 00:17:22,430 was establishing itself in Berlin the SS 372 00:17:20,090 --> 00:17:25,090 triumvirate in Munich embarked on a new 373 00:17:22,430 --> 00:17:28,730 scheme that was breathtakingly despotic 374 00:17:25,090 --> 00:17:30,500 building on the idea of the bunkers they 375 00:17:28,730 --> 00:17:33,950 were setting up a camp near Munich in a 376 00:17:30,500 --> 00:17:36,290 suburb called Dachau here the SS plan to 377 00:17:33,950 --> 00:17:39,110 concentrate all those persons deemed 378 00:17:36,290 --> 00:17:42,230 arbitrarily to be enemies of the Nazi 379 00:17:39,110 --> 00:17:45,860 state by the summer of 1933 the scheme 380 00:17:42,230 --> 00:17:48,500 had taken off in style 26,000 people of 381 00:17:45,860 --> 00:17:51,170 left-wing views trades unionists and 382 00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:53,300 intellectuals artists and priests had 383 00:17:51,170 --> 00:17:55,930 been interned in camps across Germany 384 00:17:53,300 --> 00:17:58,400 several thousand of them in Dachau 385 00:17:55,930 --> 00:18:00,560 Hannah Perl was a member of a resistance 386 00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:02,090 group several of her friends were 387 00:18:00,560 --> 00:18:07,190 arrested for their political activities 388 00:18:02,090 --> 00:18:10,720 in 1933 and taken to Dachau on al-quaeda 389 00:18:07,190 --> 00:18:13,940 home that's us there the Communists 390 00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:18,530 leonardo's Minh was in the workers home 391 00:18:13,940 --> 00:18:21,860 I told him about the posters on the 392 00:18:18,530 --> 00:18:26,870 billboards because that Hitler is now 393 00:18:21,860 --> 00:18:30,670 Chancellor of the Reich he then packed a 394 00:18:26,870 --> 00:18:35,660 few things and left his office 395 00:18:30,670 --> 00:18:41,200 he didn't run away he simply left the 396 00:18:35,660 --> 00:18:46,970 office and when they arrested him 397 00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:52,250 that was in March 33 they took him to 398 00:18:46,970 --> 00:18:57,350 Dachau where he was shot on the 17th of 399 00:18:52,250 --> 00:19:01,070 May but I am belies this undone I'm 400 00:18:57,350 --> 00:19:05,560 seeing after how when them sips hmm 401 00:19:01,070 --> 00:19:07,820 my would they air in the house awesome 402 00:19:05,560 --> 00:19:09,890 presented to the outside world through 403 00:19:07,820 --> 00:19:12,650 the international press Dhaka was 404 00:19:09,890 --> 00:19:15,190 described as a rest camp the truth soon 405 00:19:12,650 --> 00:19:15,190 became obvious 406 00:19:18,550 --> 00:19:23,360 for da how her teeth done 407 00:19:21,020 --> 00:19:26,870 we heard that Dachau was not a 408 00:19:23,360 --> 00:19:34,720 reeducation camp as they had always told 409 00:19:26,870 --> 00:19:38,600 us you went in without any trial and 410 00:19:34,720 --> 00:19:40,900 didn't know how long you'd stay or 411 00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:45,230 whether you'd ever come out alive would 412 00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:48,010 open David I have always called and we 413 00:19:45,230 --> 00:19:55,210 heard that people were tortured there 414 00:19:48,010 --> 00:19:57,980 and beaten and you could also die there 415 00:19:55,210 --> 00:20:00,010 the inmates of the concentration camps 416 00:19:57,980 --> 00:20:05,120 were officially held in what was called 417 00:20:00,010 --> 00:20:07,220 protective custody protective custody in 418 00:20:05,120 --> 00:20:08,630 the Third Reich been to knock on the 419 00:20:07,220 --> 00:20:10,100 door three or four o'clock in the 420 00:20:08,630 --> 00:20:12,140 morning by the Gestapo 421 00:20:10,100 --> 00:20:14,780 but being bundled off without packing 422 00:20:12,140 --> 00:20:16,400 any supplies or clothes without even 423 00:20:14,780 --> 00:20:19,070 saying goodbye to one's loved ones and 424 00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:20,450 being taken to a concentration camp were 425 00:20:19,070 --> 00:20:25,310 immediately there would be a process 426 00:20:20,450 --> 00:20:27,770 almost of dehumanization within Schwartz 427 00:20:25,310 --> 00:20:30,830 of Gilad I was taken into protective 428 00:20:27,770 --> 00:20:33,890 custody they protected society from us 429 00:20:30,830 --> 00:20:36,770 as it were the other way round and they 430 00:20:33,890 --> 00:20:38,060 didn't need any proof or anything they 431 00:20:36,770 --> 00:20:40,790 could send you to a camp an 432 00:20:38,060 --> 00:20:43,810 extermination camp without anything they 433 00:20:40,790 --> 00:20:47,510 didn't need anything to do it not only 434 00:20:43,810 --> 00:20:50,090 brought in the concentration camps the 435 00:20:47,510 --> 00:20:51,920 SS had created the ultimate containment 436 00:20:50,090 --> 00:20:54,500 and punishment for all the centers in 437 00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:56,540 Berlin the Gestapo was setting up a 438 00:20:54,500 --> 00:20:57,470 super efficient machine for detecting 439 00:20:56,540 --> 00:20:58,970 them 440 00:20:57,470 --> 00:21:01,130 for the power-hungry Himmler and 441 00:20:58,970 --> 00:21:03,289 Heydrich the enticing prospect of 442 00:21:01,130 --> 00:21:09,140 gaining control over both organizations 443 00:21:03,289 --> 00:21:11,000 was proving irresistible the 444 00:21:09,140 --> 00:21:13,520 relationship between Hitler's henchmen 445 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:15,409 and the newly created Nazi Germany was 446 00:21:13,520 --> 00:21:17,390 that of a constant power struggle on 447 00:21:15,409 --> 00:21:19,549 perpetually shifting ground 448 00:21:17,390 --> 00:21:21,770 Hitler's technique for controlling his 449 00:21:19,549 --> 00:21:23,630 deputies was to encourage rivalry 450 00:21:21,770 --> 00:21:26,659 between them thus finding their 451 00:21:23,630 --> 00:21:28,580 insecurities by shifting favorites the 452 00:21:26,659 --> 00:21:33,679 result was a combustible mixture of 453 00:21:28,580 --> 00:21:35,600 paranoia plot and counter plot gradually 454 00:21:33,679 --> 00:21:38,059 Himmler mounted his challenge to take 455 00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:40,429 over the Gestapo he'd already taken 456 00:21:38,059 --> 00:21:42,620 control of local political police forces 457 00:21:40,429 --> 00:21:44,630 throughout the country and the SD the 458 00:21:42,620 --> 00:21:47,150 intelligence branch of the SS he formed 459 00:21:44,630 --> 00:21:49,460 in 1932 which was now ruled by Heydrich 460 00:21:47,150 --> 00:21:52,010 and dedicated to rooting out traitors in 461 00:21:49,460 --> 00:21:56,480 the Nazi ranks had raised its profile 462 00:21:52,010 --> 00:21:59,510 and increased its activities early in 463 00:21:56,480 --> 00:22:01,330 1934 Himmler boarded a train to Berlin 464 00:21:59,510 --> 00:22:03,650 with his underlings Heydrich a mullah 465 00:22:01,330 --> 00:22:05,360 Hitler impressed both by Himmler's 466 00:22:03,650 --> 00:22:08,450 concentration camps and his political 467 00:22:05,360 --> 00:22:11,720 skills abandon Goering and switched his 468 00:22:08,450 --> 00:22:13,370 favour to his dear Heinrich he decreed 469 00:22:11,720 --> 00:22:15,470 that all Germany's police services 470 00:22:13,370 --> 00:22:17,710 spearheaded by the Gestapo should be 471 00:22:15,470 --> 00:22:19,990 unified under Himmler's personal control 472 00:22:17,710 --> 00:22:22,370 [Music] 473 00:22:19,990 --> 00:22:24,380 hitler transferred the gestapo 474 00:22:22,370 --> 00:22:27,409 officially from Goering to Himmler in 475 00:22:24,380 --> 00:22:29,809 Berlin Heydrich became head of the 476 00:22:27,409 --> 00:22:31,990 Gestapo office with a highly efficient 477 00:22:29,809 --> 00:22:34,370 Mueller as his deputy 478 00:22:31,990 --> 00:22:36,559 Goering wasn't cast out completely 479 00:22:34,370 --> 00:22:38,320 within months he was appointed head of 480 00:22:36,559 --> 00:22:41,510 the newly constructed Nazi Air Force 481 00:22:38,320 --> 00:22:43,370 from that moment on Germany's entire 482 00:22:41,510 --> 00:22:46,340 political police force was controlled 483 00:22:43,370 --> 00:22:48,530 from Berlin on paper the Gestapo 484 00:22:46,340 --> 00:22:51,980 remained a local force but in reality 485 00:22:48,530 --> 00:22:55,310 all German regional secret police forces 486 00:22:51,980 --> 00:22:57,810 obeyed Gestapo authority 487 00:22:55,310 --> 00:23:00,000 the structure of the security force is 488 00:22:57,810 --> 00:23:02,790 never a straightforward remained fluid 489 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:06,060 and slippery the SS under Himmler 490 00:23:02,790 --> 00:23:07,650 retained an overarching role responsible 491 00:23:06,060 --> 00:23:09,780 for numerous departments including 492 00:23:07,650 --> 00:23:12,030 administration finance foreign 493 00:23:09,780 --> 00:23:15,570 intelligence the regular Criminal Police 494 00:23:12,030 --> 00:23:18,150 and the SD Muller took over the running 495 00:23:15,570 --> 00:23:20,400 of the Gestapo it was the perfect job 496 00:23:18,150 --> 00:23:23,430 for him as his zeal was equaled only by 497 00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:25,230 his obsession with efficiency Sony had 498 00:23:23,430 --> 00:23:29,250 things running in the smooth way he 499 00:23:25,230 --> 00:23:32,160 wanted the Gestapo brief was clear and 500 00:23:29,250 --> 00:23:34,530 unambiguous it was to be the agency that 501 00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:37,650 cleanse Germany of all political social 502 00:23:34,530 --> 00:23:39,690 racial and cultural impurity if its 503 00:23:37,650 --> 00:23:42,480 methods came into conflict with existing 504 00:23:39,690 --> 00:23:45,030 statutes the Gustavo's decision would be 505 00:23:42,480 --> 00:23:46,980 upheld each person who passed through 506 00:23:45,030 --> 00:23:49,590 Gestapo hands was photographed 507 00:23:46,980 --> 00:23:52,560 fingerprinted and given a file card with 508 00:23:49,590 --> 00:23:55,080 personal details recorded along with the 509 00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:57,570 supposed crime details of the 510 00:23:55,080 --> 00:24:02,430 interrogation and the action taken as a 511 00:23:57,570 --> 00:24:06,960 result these card indexes form the basis 512 00:24:02,430 --> 00:24:08,940 of the Gestapo power have a look in this 513 00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:12,720 box is this index and look right here 514 00:24:08,940 --> 00:24:14,580 under L you must be in this box let's go 515 00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:18,380 to the table and see if your file is 516 00:24:14,580 --> 00:24:20,910 really in here in the vienna archives 517 00:24:18,380 --> 00:24:23,100 50,000 original dossiers hold the 518 00:24:20,910 --> 00:24:25,230 details of Communists trade unionists 519 00:24:23,100 --> 00:24:26,760 and churchmen all potential members of 520 00:24:25,230 --> 00:24:29,640 opposition groups in the area 521 00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:33,570 among them was Hans Landa this probably 522 00:24:29,640 --> 00:24:36,750 done you say yeah so here's your card 523 00:24:33,570 --> 00:24:40,950 look here's your name single birthplace 524 00:24:36,750 --> 00:24:45,300 a physical description 180 tool pale 525 00:24:40,950 --> 00:24:46,980 thin and here you see these numbers 526 00:24:45,300 --> 00:24:49,740 refer to other documents that the 527 00:24:46,980 --> 00:24:52,260 Gestapo have on you here's your personal 528 00:24:49,740 --> 00:24:58,590 Gestapo file where the actual documents 529 00:24:52,260 --> 00:25:00,860 were and your charge sheet the files 530 00:24:58,590 --> 00:25:03,200 resemble those of any large bureaucrats 531 00:25:00,860 --> 00:25:05,390 organization the language is formal and 532 00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:07,790 there are boxes for each item of 533 00:25:05,390 --> 00:25:10,490 information the official appearance of 534 00:25:07,790 --> 00:25:12,110 the documents attempts to legitimize the 535 00:25:10,490 --> 00:25:15,890 despicable actions they so 536 00:25:12,110 --> 00:25:18,500 conscientiously record but while 44 I 537 00:25:15,890 --> 00:25:22,549 didn't give you before you were 538 00:25:18,500 --> 00:25:28,360 completely open to them they could do 539 00:25:22,549 --> 00:25:34,360 what they wanted with us no justice no 540 00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:38,480 law or anything it was an institution 541 00:25:34,360 --> 00:25:41,390 that paid no heed to anything existed 542 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:43,250 nor would the new security supremo's 543 00:25:41,390 --> 00:25:45,380 appeared in public frequently with the 544 00:25:43,250 --> 00:25:48,020 exception of Lula who persistently 545 00:25:45,380 --> 00:25:50,120 stayed out of sight they gave the 546 00:25:48,020 --> 00:25:52,070 impression of total self-confidence but 547 00:25:50,120 --> 00:25:54,679 in reality the problems were not quite 548 00:25:52,070 --> 00:25:56,200 over there still existed a serious 549 00:25:54,679 --> 00:25:58,429 threat to their ambitions 550 00:25:56,200 --> 00:26:00,620 despite removal from the streets the 551 00:25:58,429 --> 00:26:03,380 brown shouted sa the stormtroopers had 552 00:26:00,620 --> 00:26:03,830 not gone away and neither had their 553 00:26:03,380 --> 00:26:07,910 leader 554 00:26:03,830 --> 00:26:10,730 Ernst well he was a member of a the 555 00:26:07,910 --> 00:26:13,820 old-school old fighter Nazi generation 556 00:26:10,730 --> 00:26:15,980 if you like his contribution was crucial 557 00:26:13,820 --> 00:26:18,169 to the seizure of power but once the 558 00:26:15,980 --> 00:26:18,710 Nazis had seized power there was a 559 00:26:18,169 --> 00:26:21,470 problem 560 00:26:18,710 --> 00:26:25,010 what did one tear of the SA following 561 00:26:21,470 --> 00:26:27,590 the wild rampages of 1933 the SA were 562 00:26:25,010 --> 00:26:29,510 muzzled by Hitler but Rome was still 563 00:26:27,590 --> 00:26:31,060 determined to strike out and complete 564 00:26:29,510 --> 00:26:34,120 his own German Revolution 565 00:26:31,060 --> 00:26:36,820 in Rome's eyes the Nazi Party owed its 566 00:26:34,120 --> 00:26:38,800 entire success to his brown shirts and 567 00:26:36,820 --> 00:26:59,620 they deserve to have control of a police 568 00:26:38,800 --> 00:27:04,000 and military as their reward Red King 569 00:26:59,620 --> 00:27:06,310 never state the situation was 570 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:08,170 complicated by the fact that Rome was 571 00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:10,210 one of the very few men who were 572 00:27:08,170 --> 00:27:12,490 unfamiliar personal terms with Hitler 573 00:27:10,210 --> 00:27:14,830 he was the Fuhrer as chief of staff and 574 00:27:12,490 --> 00:27:36,600 in public at least Hitler supported room 575 00:27:14,830 --> 00:27:40,140 in his aspirations sagen London 576 00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:42,760 REM was convinced he could transform his 577 00:27:40,140 --> 00:27:45,940 undisciplined squadrons into Carter's 578 00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:46,810 for the army of the future his idea was 579 00:27:45,940 --> 00:27:49,060 simple and logical 580 00:27:46,810 --> 00:27:51,310 the sooner he took advantage of the 581 00:27:49,060 --> 00:27:53,740 first upsurge after the seizure of power 582 00:27:51,310 --> 00:27:55,330 to hack through the jungle of laws and 583 00:27:53,740 --> 00:27:57,520 the mazes of foreign policy 584 00:27:55,330 --> 00:27:59,820 the sooner his revolutionary army would 585 00:27:57,520 --> 00:28:02,620 become the German army of the future 586 00:27:59,820 --> 00:28:05,140 Rome was becoming a problem 587 00:28:02,620 --> 00:28:07,600 Hitler adopting his usual technique of 588 00:28:05,140 --> 00:28:09,910 divide and rule set up his other hands 589 00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:12,340 man to topple the Troublesome Ernst röhm 590 00:28:09,910 --> 00:28:15,400 the barrel Rowdies of the SA were beyond 591 00:28:12,340 --> 00:28:18,850 the pale they represented the most 592 00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:21,720 extreme violent and fanatical elements 593 00:28:18,850 --> 00:28:24,419 of the Nazi movement in those days 594 00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:27,330 rooms activities in setting up a private 595 00:28:24,419 --> 00:28:31,279 militia may have constituted a threat to 596 00:28:27,330 --> 00:28:34,529 the state but this was only a pretext in 597 00:28:31,279 --> 00:28:37,919 the ambitious Himmler and there's still 598 00:28:34,529 --> 00:28:41,159 more ambitious Heydrich Hitler had 599 00:28:37,919 --> 00:28:43,169 willing executioner's each of whom 600 00:28:41,159 --> 00:28:47,940 seized the opportunity to build up his 601 00:28:43,169 --> 00:28:50,240 own power on the 27th of June 1934 at a 602 00:28:47,940 --> 00:28:52,679 covert meeting in Prince Albert Strasser 603 00:28:50,240 --> 00:28:55,200 Heydrich announced that intelligence 604 00:28:52,679 --> 00:28:57,809 confirms that the SA under Rome is 605 00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:59,840 planning a coup this was a deliberate 606 00:28:57,809 --> 00:28:59,840 lie 607 00:29:01,309 --> 00:29:06,909 Hydra camula coordinated a so-called 608 00:29:04,100 --> 00:29:09,379 counter operation from Gestapo HQ 609 00:29:06,909 --> 00:29:13,419 Heydrich prepared a list signed off by 610 00:29:09,379 --> 00:29:13,419 Hitler of those who were to be shot 611 00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:24,670 within days the news reels were 612 00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:27,220 trumpeting their success 90 internal 613 00:29:24,670 --> 00:29:29,530 opponents including Ernst Roehm had been 614 00:29:27,220 --> 00:29:31,500 liquidated in the purge which became 615 00:29:29,530 --> 00:29:34,210 known as the night of the Long Knives 616 00:29:31,500 --> 00:29:35,950 the police paraded in triumph before 617 00:29:34,210 --> 00:29:47,170 Hitler who saluted them from the window 618 00:29:35,950 --> 00:29:49,450 of his office the essay had been 619 00:29:47,170 --> 00:29:51,910 obliterated with that threat removed 620 00:29:49,450 --> 00:29:55,930 himmler security services had gained 621 00:29:51,910 --> 00:29:56,590 unbounded power the gestapo was ready to 622 00:29:55,930 --> 00:30:01,050 move forward 623 00:29:56,590 --> 00:30:01,050 nothing and nobody could stop it 624 00:30:02,929 --> 00:30:08,520 after the assassination of Ernst Roehm 625 00:30:05,340 --> 00:30:11,210 Hitler Himmler Heydrich a mullah for a 626 00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:13,830 complete control of Germany's security 627 00:30:11,210 --> 00:30:15,840 the country's political police forces 628 00:30:13,830 --> 00:30:17,909 under the orders of the Gestapo were 629 00:30:15,840 --> 00:30:20,460 already well on their way to suppressing 630 00:30:17,909 --> 00:30:22,760 all opposition Muller had made a study 631 00:30:20,460 --> 00:30:24,539 of the notorious Soviet secret police 632 00:30:22,760 --> 00:30:26,669 under his direction 633 00:30:24,539 --> 00:30:29,250 the Gestapo began to establish its own 634 00:30:26,669 --> 00:30:32,539 trademark methods these were all 635 00:30:29,250 --> 00:30:35,100 designed to spread suspicion and anxiety 636 00:30:32,539 --> 00:30:37,020 Johann Schmidt was part of what little 637 00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:39,419 opposition remained he printed and 638 00:30:37,020 --> 00:30:41,840 distributed anti-nazi leaflets and raise 639 00:30:39,419 --> 00:30:45,000 funds for the Republican cause in Spain 640 00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:46,799 if wakame devil not doing double 641 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:48,750 insurance wife worded I hardly got into 642 00:30:46,799 --> 00:30:52,799 the flat when two armed men appeared 643 00:30:48,750 --> 00:30:54,929 outside the door their car me for my 644 00:30:52,799 --> 00:30:59,429 novel killing I was taken directly from 645 00:30:54,929 --> 00:31:01,320 the flag to prison police they knew so 646 00:30:59,429 --> 00:31:05,610 much about me because they had already 647 00:31:01,320 --> 00:31:09,720 interrogated people that's when they 648 00:31:05,610 --> 00:31:13,320 began to hit me in the face I was beaten 649 00:31:09,720 --> 00:31:15,179 up in the first hour terrible thing when 650 00:31:13,320 --> 00:31:20,929 you don't know when your hold from your 651 00:31:15,179 --> 00:31:23,940 cell what's going to happen to you man 652 00:31:20,929 --> 00:31:28,799 he had a thick sweater on when I was 653 00:31:23,940 --> 00:31:32,610 arrested I kept it on day and night as 654 00:31:28,799 --> 00:31:35,159 protection to meet for after one yet 655 00:31:32,610 --> 00:31:39,440 hobby Darwin after because I knew that 656 00:31:35,159 --> 00:31:39,440 whenever I was taken below I'd be beat 657 00:31:42,980 --> 00:31:51,550 it went on for days day and night day 658 00:31:47,730 --> 00:31:54,520 and night Darwin not 659 00:31:51,550 --> 00:31:57,220 johan's furred passed through 14 prisons 660 00:31:54,520 --> 00:31:59,830 before his eventual release in 1945 ten 661 00:31:57,220 --> 00:32:01,140 years later five of those years were 662 00:31:59,830 --> 00:32:03,220 spent in solitary confinement 663 00:32:01,140 --> 00:32:06,190 interrupted only by Gestapo 664 00:32:03,220 --> 00:32:08,230 interrogations yet firt is one of the 665 00:32:06,190 --> 00:32:12,040 lucky ones fear of the Gestapo as 666 00:32:08,230 --> 00:32:14,950 victims survived in the propaganda 667 00:32:12,040 --> 00:32:16,900 however Gestapo officers were shown as 668 00:32:14,950 --> 00:32:20,290 guardians of the people they had to 669 00:32:16,900 --> 00:32:23,290 serve posters portrayed the Gestapo as 670 00:32:20,290 --> 00:32:25,270 friend and helper protecting society 671 00:32:23,290 --> 00:32:28,060 from the dark forces that threatened it 672 00:32:25,270 --> 00:32:36,490 the even featured as benign characters 673 00:32:28,060 --> 00:32:38,320 in comics and children's games it was 674 00:32:36,490 --> 00:32:40,690 all part of mullahs carefully conceived 675 00:32:38,320 --> 00:32:42,760 strategy designed to create a specific 676 00:32:40,690 --> 00:32:45,940 image of a Gestapo in the public mind 677 00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:49,870 that image was of an all-powerful body 678 00:32:45,940 --> 00:32:52,630 able to destroy its enemies at will the 679 00:32:49,870 --> 00:32:55,180 classic Gestapo knock on the door sudden 680 00:32:52,630 --> 00:32:58,210 Swift and anonymous underline the 681 00:32:55,180 --> 00:33:00,460 illusion of total control to reinforce 682 00:32:58,210 --> 00:33:04,560 this fiction mullah encouraged the 683 00:33:00,460 --> 00:33:04,560 belief that the Gestapo was everywhere 684 00:33:07,440 --> 00:33:12,010 propaganda stories were also planted in 685 00:33:10,210 --> 00:33:14,230 the newspapers to strike fear into 686 00:33:12,010 --> 00:33:16,510 potential opponents the reports 687 00:33:14,230 --> 00:33:18,909 described a constant stream of arrests 688 00:33:16,510 --> 00:33:23,919 in effect they were lengthy 689 00:33:18,909 --> 00:33:26,620 advertisements for Gestapo power my hot 690 00:33:23,919 --> 00:33:30,070 burger spawn we talked about how the 691 00:33:26,620 --> 00:33:33,370 Gestapo watched people and ensured that 692 00:33:30,070 --> 00:33:37,150 no one said anything bad about the 693 00:33:33,370 --> 00:33:40,030 regime not hiding in the vehicle but as 694 00:33:37,150 --> 00:33:44,590 regime cobalt Morton the great strength 695 00:33:40,030 --> 00:33:47,070 of the Gestapo was the publicity or more 696 00:33:44,590 --> 00:33:49,299 more specifically the propaganda 697 00:33:47,070 --> 00:33:51,669 surrounding it the myth surrounding it 698 00:33:49,299 --> 00:33:53,049 that the Gestapo were here there and 699 00:33:51,669 --> 00:33:55,870 everywhere 700 00:33:53,049 --> 00:33:58,900 so that any German we're making a 701 00:33:55,870 --> 00:34:00,730 comment that was going to be mildly even 702 00:33:58,900 --> 00:34:02,530 adverse to the regime would look over 703 00:34:00,730 --> 00:34:05,950 his shoulder and it was known as the 704 00:34:02,530 --> 00:34:07,240 German look did or oblique in fact the 705 00:34:05,950 --> 00:34:09,609 Gustavo's knowledge was less 706 00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:12,010 comprehensive than its carefully crafted 707 00:34:09,609 --> 00:34:13,929 image of omniscience implied but the 708 00:34:12,010 --> 00:34:15,970 accumulation of information was 709 00:34:13,929 --> 00:34:17,740 nevertheless much greater than could be 710 00:34:15,970 --> 00:34:22,599 expected of such a small group of 711 00:34:17,740 --> 00:34:26,050 officers how was this achieved the 712 00:34:22,599 --> 00:34:28,419 answer lies in these files meticulously 713 00:34:26,050 --> 00:34:31,270 maintained they record millions of 714 00:34:28,419 --> 00:34:32,889 pieces of personal information most of 715 00:34:31,270 --> 00:34:36,010 the information was given to the Gestapo 716 00:34:32,889 --> 00:34:37,960 by informers it was the German people 717 00:34:36,010 --> 00:34:40,359 who did much of the Gustavo's work 718 00:34:37,960 --> 00:34:42,369 the officers were employed largely to 719 00:34:40,359 --> 00:34:46,780 analyze and collate the data that was 720 00:34:42,369 --> 00:34:49,990 brought in so he wasn't seen as much in 721 00:34:46,780 --> 00:34:51,250 oh I said what's up with you a tailor 722 00:34:49,990 --> 00:34:53,490 about fifty years old 723 00:34:51,250 --> 00:34:56,470 my daughter has denounced me and my wife 724 00:34:53,490 --> 00:34:58,510 she wanted to marry an SS man and the 725 00:34:56,470 --> 00:35:00,339 parents didn't want her to so she went 726 00:34:58,510 --> 00:35:02,170 to the Gestapo and the parents were 727 00:35:00,339 --> 00:35:04,810 arrested on the eighth and one 728 00:35:02,170 --> 00:35:06,760 givingness it wasn't only personal 729 00:35:04,810 --> 00:35:08,530 issues that got reported there are a lot 730 00:35:06,760 --> 00:35:10,450 of people that were quite happy to 731 00:35:08,530 --> 00:35:12,700 inform on their neighbors if they were 732 00:35:10,450 --> 00:35:16,210 making adverse comments about the Hitler 733 00:35:12,700 --> 00:35:17,680 regime some people informed in the 734 00:35:16,210 --> 00:35:19,750 sincere belief that journey 735 00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:22,660 his future was more important than the 736 00:35:19,750 --> 00:35:23,920 fate of individuals others did it out of 737 00:35:22,660 --> 00:35:25,930 MV or revenge 738 00:35:23,920 --> 00:35:28,300 still more informed to save themselves 739 00:35:25,930 --> 00:35:31,000 or their families from the knock on the 740 00:35:28,300 --> 00:35:32,950 door but it was known that Gestapo 741 00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:35,740 suspicions led to the concentration 742 00:35:32,950 --> 00:35:38,530 camps an officer's word was all that was 743 00:35:35,740 --> 00:35:40,990 required and it soon became common 744 00:35:38,530 --> 00:35:43,240 knowledge that the Gestapo equated mercy 745 00:35:40,990 --> 00:35:46,750 with weakness and regarded weakness as 746 00:35:43,240 --> 00:35:50,829 fatal to the regime when far half did 747 00:35:46,750 --> 00:35:55,420 severe it was terrible to be arrested it 748 00:35:50,829 --> 00:35:58,480 meant death we were always hearing but 749 00:35:55,420 --> 00:36:00,760 so-and-so has disappeared its body had 750 00:35:58,480 --> 00:36:04,089 the idea first tried officially you 751 00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:07,450 weren't permitted to talk about it but 752 00:36:04,089 --> 00:36:10,960 amongst ourselves we did and we knew 753 00:36:07,450 --> 00:36:14,290 just what it meant was the vanity 754 00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:16,420 fascist Bedoya today there was a 755 00:36:14,290 --> 00:36:22,020 terrible feeling of being defenseless 756 00:36:16,420 --> 00:36:26,109 and humiliated in humanity in humanity 757 00:36:22,020 --> 00:36:28,059 how can such such an idiot get into the 758 00:36:26,109 --> 00:36:32,020 position of torturing another human 759 00:36:28,059 --> 00:36:35,740 being under dimensions of creating the 760 00:36:32,020 --> 00:36:37,780 flaw an Abbott warm it was a threat it 761 00:36:35,740 --> 00:36:40,750 was really the epitome of what the Nazi 762 00:36:37,780 --> 00:36:43,329 regime was you could say you felt it 763 00:36:40,750 --> 00:36:46,569 like the fist of the Nazis well I'm from 764 00:36:43,329 --> 00:36:48,220 the south he fouls their asses over time 765 00:36:46,569 --> 00:36:50,500 the gas stop his reputation became 766 00:36:48,220 --> 00:36:54,720 rooted in the fabric of society and 767 00:36:50,500 --> 00:36:54,720 opposition was almost completely erratic 768 00:36:55,119 --> 00:37:02,180 by the late 1930s the Gestapo had purged 769 00:36:58,849 --> 00:37:03,950 Germany of all visible resistance this 770 00:37:02,180 --> 00:37:05,959 was the moment when its leaders felt 771 00:37:03,950 --> 00:37:08,119 ready to fulfill the nation's true 772 00:37:05,959 --> 00:37:13,579 destiny and shape the future of the 773 00:37:08,119 --> 00:37:17,239 thousand-year I Heydrich put the Gestapo 774 00:37:13,579 --> 00:37:19,279 's new task into words the police of the 775 00:37:17,239 --> 00:37:21,079 National Socialist state will now above 776 00:37:19,279 --> 00:37:22,819 all fulfill the task of rebuilding the 777 00:37:21,079 --> 00:37:24,739 people's society from the ground up 778 00:37:22,819 --> 00:37:29,150 according to the precepts of the 779 00:37:24,739 --> 00:37:31,279 political leadership the Nazi ideal was 780 00:37:29,150 --> 00:37:34,249 the Volks Gemeinschaft the people's 781 00:37:31,279 --> 00:37:37,489 society this society was to be based on 782 00:37:34,249 --> 00:37:39,219 equality unity and social harmony but it 783 00:37:37,489 --> 00:37:42,069 was only for those who qualified 784 00:37:39,219 --> 00:37:45,650 membership demanded absolute conformity 785 00:37:42,069 --> 00:37:47,569 the Gestapo task was to draw up lists of 786 00:37:45,650 --> 00:37:50,059 those whose actions made them unfit for 787 00:37:47,569 --> 00:37:52,069 the Society of the master race crimes 788 00:37:50,059 --> 00:37:56,239 that warranted inclusion on the lists 789 00:37:52,069 --> 00:37:58,400 were many and varied the Gestapo was not 790 00:37:56,239 --> 00:38:01,069 expected to round up those names on the 791 00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:03,170 lists there were simply too many of them 792 00:38:01,069 --> 00:38:05,859 and the task was delegated to local 793 00:38:03,170 --> 00:38:05,859 police forces 794 00:38:10,559 --> 00:38:17,679 one major group targeted by the lists 795 00:38:14,199 --> 00:38:19,659 was the Jews soon the discrimination 796 00:38:17,679 --> 00:38:22,989 against the entire race was made leading 797 00:38:19,659 --> 00:38:24,999 on the 15th of September 1935 the 798 00:38:22,989 --> 00:38:27,569 nuremberg laws were enacted and 799 00:38:24,999 --> 00:38:27,569 published 800 00:38:30,750 --> 00:38:33,769 [Music] 801 00:38:41,170 --> 00:38:46,160 discrimination against the Jews 802 00:38:43,040 --> 00:38:54,290 henceforth had an official basis the 803 00:38:46,160 --> 00:38:56,480 racial laws they were very popular man 804 00:38:54,290 --> 00:38:58,930 dr. Schmidt you would entire lesson that 805 00:38:56,480 --> 00:39:02,120 we weren't allowed to mix with Jews I 806 00:38:58,930 --> 00:39:05,870 even saw how someone was brought out a 807 00:39:02,120 --> 00:39:09,410 woman who had had a Jewish boyfriend and 808 00:39:05,870 --> 00:39:14,930 she had to wear a sign saying I'm a 809 00:39:09,410 --> 00:39:18,430 great swine I go with Jews a new kind of 810 00:39:14,930 --> 00:39:21,410 pseudoscience entered the curriculum I 811 00:39:18,430 --> 00:39:24,020 was a so-called first degree half-breed 812 00:39:21,410 --> 00:39:27,140 and Hitler hated them especially because 813 00:39:24,020 --> 00:39:29,420 the Nuremberg Laws said I couldn't marry 814 00:39:27,140 --> 00:39:32,480 one of those so-called Aryans but I 815 00:39:29,420 --> 00:39:34,550 could marry another Hoffman because the 816 00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:37,070 resulting offspring would be a cretin 817 00:39:34,550 --> 00:39:39,200 and the child could then be murdered 818 00:39:37,070 --> 00:39:41,270 straight away that's what we were told 819 00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:47,060 and I just sat there and thought this 820 00:39:41,270 --> 00:39:51,800 can't be happening she said something 821 00:39:47,060 --> 00:39:54,500 like I remembered it my whole life he 822 00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:57,830 said in this school year we're going to 823 00:39:54,500 --> 00:40:00,650 look at racial studies and I can tell 824 00:39:57,830 --> 00:40:05,150 you right now that Laverne Berg belongs 825 00:40:00,650 --> 00:40:10,600 to an inferior race that's all that he 826 00:40:05,150 --> 00:40:13,970 said and I went home bawling my eyes out 827 00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:18,560 you've been done holed into housing I 828 00:40:13,970 --> 00:40:20,330 mean the Nazi hierarchy were it not an 829 00:40:18,560 --> 00:40:22,850 iota about the effect of their 830 00:40:20,330 --> 00:40:24,290 legislation on children they were more 831 00:40:22,850 --> 00:40:27,350 concerned with increasing their own 832 00:40:24,290 --> 00:40:29,660 power base Himmler was now so popular 833 00:40:27,350 --> 00:40:31,580 with Hitler that he was appointed head 834 00:40:29,660 --> 00:40:33,680 of all the German police which meant 835 00:40:31,580 --> 00:40:35,750 effectively that the police force became 836 00:40:33,680 --> 00:40:38,570 an arm and the Gestapo pal 837 00:40:35,750 --> 00:40:40,790 not the other way around the Gestapo 838 00:40:38,570 --> 00:40:42,400 tentacles were creeping further around 839 00:40:40,790 --> 00:40:46,700 the heart of German society 840 00:40:42,400 --> 00:40:49,250 [Music] 841 00:40:46,700 --> 00:40:50,840 so effective with the Gestapo officers 842 00:40:49,250 --> 00:40:53,090 in carrying out their domestic duties 843 00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:55,220 that by the end of the 30s they were 844 00:40:53,090 --> 00:40:58,850 ready and poised to spread their 845 00:40:55,220 --> 00:41:01,820 influence even further and Hitler had a 846 00:40:58,850 --> 00:41:04,430 fresh role for them he intended to 847 00:41:01,820 --> 00:41:06,260 expand the Third Reich and the newly 848 00:41:04,430 --> 00:41:09,320 conquered territories would need to be 849 00:41:06,260 --> 00:41:12,580 pacified he assigned the Gestapo the 850 00:41:09,320 --> 00:41:15,710 task of dismantling resistance abroad 851 00:41:12,580 --> 00:41:17,990 Heydrich prepared the plans the Gestapo 852 00:41:15,710 --> 00:41:20,360 was assigned to accompany the Armed 853 00:41:17,990 --> 00:41:22,190 Forces of the vernik on their first 854 00:41:20,360 --> 00:41:24,860 moves abroad into the territory of 855 00:41:22,190 --> 00:41:27,590 Germany's friendliest neighbors Muller 856 00:41:24,860 --> 00:41:29,960 told his most trusted officers to draw 857 00:41:27,590 --> 00:41:32,360 up secret lists of all the individuals 858 00:41:29,960 --> 00:41:34,010 likely to cause trouble they will be 859 00:41:32,360 --> 00:41:37,310 arrested and removed as soon as the 860 00:41:34,010 --> 00:41:42,340 military movement began Austria in March 861 00:41:37,310 --> 00:41:42,340 1938 was the first country to be annexed 862 00:41:57,609 --> 00:42:06,170 while the crowds celebrated the Gestapo 863 00:42:01,220 --> 00:42:08,119 was already at work all I know is on the 864 00:42:06,170 --> 00:42:11,500 first night they arrested the former 865 00:42:08,119 --> 00:42:15,349 authorities from between 1934 and 38 and 866 00:42:11,500 --> 00:42:22,070 everyone on the Left communists Social 867 00:42:15,349 --> 00:42:24,349 Democrats and liberals alike a few 868 00:42:22,070 --> 00:42:27,290 months later the Nazi army marched 869 00:42:24,349 --> 00:42:29,410 unopposed into the sedated land the 870 00:42:27,290 --> 00:42:31,849 german-speaking area of Czechoslovakia 871 00:42:29,410 --> 00:42:34,130 like Austria it was seen as home 872 00:42:31,849 --> 00:42:36,890 territory despite being a part of a 873 00:42:34,130 --> 00:42:39,560 sovereign nation and its annexation was 874 00:42:36,890 --> 00:42:42,530 largely uneventful here - the gestapo 875 00:42:39,560 --> 00:42:44,390 arrived with its lists at the ready the 876 00:42:42,530 --> 00:42:51,890 nocturnal knocks at the door commenced 877 00:42:44,390 --> 00:42:55,040 and people began to disappear then on to 878 00:42:51,890 --> 00:42:57,140 Prague the Sudetenland having fallen it 879 00:42:55,040 --> 00:42:58,390 was an easy matter to take the Czech 880 00:42:57,140 --> 00:43:01,280 capital as well 881 00:42:58,390 --> 00:43:02,030 Hitler had expanded the Reich virtually 882 00:43:01,280 --> 00:43:04,069 unopposed 883 00:43:02,030 --> 00:43:06,079 and while the Gestapo cleansed the new 884 00:43:04,069 --> 00:43:09,230 territories of every hint of opposition 885 00:43:06,079 --> 00:43:11,829 his popularity in Germany rose to an 886 00:43:09,230 --> 00:43:11,829 all-time high 887 00:43:12,720 --> 00:43:17,890 in Berlin there was little hope or 888 00:43:15,820 --> 00:43:20,170 expectation that Hitler would halt his 889 00:43:17,890 --> 00:43:22,330 aggression in Prague the herbals 890 00:43:20,170 --> 00:43:25,980 propaganda machine began to hint at war 891 00:43:22,330 --> 00:43:29,650 with Western Europe and at Gestapo HQ 892 00:43:25,980 --> 00:43:31,510 the plans had already been laid Heydrich 893 00:43:29,650 --> 00:43:33,460 Mullah and a small band of trusted 894 00:43:31,510 --> 00:43:36,070 Gestapo officers were preparing 895 00:43:33,460 --> 00:43:38,980 operation Tannenberg it was a ruthless 896 00:43:36,070 --> 00:43:40,900 brutal scheme deliberately intended to 897 00:43:38,980 --> 00:43:41,940 deceive both the German public and the 898 00:43:40,900 --> 00:43:44,740 world at large 899 00:43:41,940 --> 00:43:46,810 the Gestapo had been entrusted with 900 00:43:44,740 --> 00:43:49,000 masterminding a plan that was to throw 901 00:43:46,810 --> 00:43:53,590 Europe and ultimately the whole world 902 00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:55,840 into war its power had grown immense by 903 00:43:53,590 --> 00:43:58,300 the start of the war the Gestapo is at 904 00:43:55,840 --> 00:44:01,510 the center of a huge Terra apparatus 905 00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:04,180 which has all stretching into every part 906 00:44:01,510 --> 00:44:08,170 of German society it had effectively 907 00:44:04,180 --> 00:44:12,070 crushed the left it was well on the way 908 00:44:08,170 --> 00:44:14,500 to enacting its revision of a German 909 00:44:12,070 --> 00:44:16,960 people's community in which internal 910 00:44:14,500 --> 00:44:19,540 aliens would be eradicated and it was 911 00:44:16,960 --> 00:44:20,380 perfectly placed to police German 912 00:44:19,540 --> 00:44:23,590 society 913 00:44:20,380 --> 00:44:26,650 once war broke out it was a historic 914 00:44:23,590 --> 00:44:28,690 moment Mulla and his Gestapo were poised 915 00:44:26,650 --> 00:44:31,510 to add millions more names to their 916 00:44:28,690 --> 00:44:33,490 lists of ruined lives and they were more 917 00:44:31,510 --> 00:44:35,610 than ready for the challenges that lay 918 00:44:33,490 --> 00:44:35,610 ahead 919 00:44:52,010 --> 00:44:54,070 you 69394

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