Original subtitles

Dennis Dero said, "The great tragedy of

Dennis Dero said, "The great tragedy of science is the slaying of a beautiful

science is the slaying of a beautiful

science is the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact. If the earth

hypothesis by an ugly fact. If the earth

hypothesis by an ugly fact. If the earth is a sphere or a ball, then there must

is a sphere or a ball, then there must

is a sphere or a ball, then there must be evidence of a curved surface.

be evidence of a curved surface.

be evidence of a curved surface. Generations of children and adults from

Generations of children and adults from

Generations of children and adults from Aristotle to Roman times to this day

Aristotle to Roman times to this day

Aristotle to Roman times to this day have believed that the curve can be

have believed that the curve can be

have believed that the curve can be proved by watching ships gradually

proved by watching ships gradually

proved by watching ships gradually disappear as they move away going over

disappear as they move away going over

disappear as they move away going over the curved surface of a spherical Earth.

the curved surface of a spherical Earth.

the curved surface of a spherical Earth. because it is going around the curve of

because it is going around the curve of

because it is going around the curve of the earth, right? But does this really

the earth, right? But does this really

the earth, right? But does this really prove the earth is a ball?

prove the earth is a ball?

prove the earth is a ball? Mathematicians have worked out a

Mathematicians have worked out a

Mathematicians have worked out a mathematical formula based on spherical

mathematical formula based on spherical

mathematical formula based on spherical trigonometry to calculate what happens

trigonometry to calculate what happens

trigonometry to calculate what happens when a ship goes over the horizon and

when a ship goes over the horizon and

when a ship goes over the horizon and disappears from sight. The formula for

disappears from sight. The formula for

disappears from sight. The formula for finding how far a distant object is

finding how far a distant object is

finding how far a distant object is below the horizon is 8 in 2/3 of a foot

below the horizon is 8 in 2/3 of a foot

below the horizon is 8 in 2/3 of a foot per mile.

per mile.

per mile. C = 2/3 * the diameter squared. The

C = 2/3 * the diameter squared. The

C = 2/3 * the diameter squared. The answer is in feet where C is the curve

answer is in feet where C is the curve

answer is in feet where C is the curve 2/3 of a foot is 8 in and D is the

2/3 of a foot is 8 in and D is the

2/3 of a foot is 8 in and D is the distance below the curve. The answer is

distance below the curve. The answer is

distance below the curve. The answer is in feet. For example, a ship at sea is

in feet. For example, a ship at sea is

in feet. For example, a ship at sea is 10 m away. How far is the ship below the

10 m away. How far is the ship below the

10 m away. How far is the ship below the horizon? C = 2/3 * D^ 2 D = 10 C = 2/3

horizon? C = 2/3 * D^ 2 D = 10 C = 2/3

horizon? C = 2/3 * D^ 2 D = 10 C = 2/3 of 10^ 2 10 * 10 The answer is in feet.

of 10^ 2 10 * 10 The answer is in feet.

of 10^ 2 10 * 10 The answer is in feet. Answer equals 66.6 ft. The above formula

Answer equals 66.6 ft. The above formula

Answer equals 66.6 ft. The above formula is based on basic spherical

is based on basic spherical

is based on basic spherical trigonometry. But if one goes to check

trigonometry. But if one goes to check

trigonometry. But if one goes to check this formula on the internet, one will

this formula on the internet, one will

this formula on the internet, one will see how a simple idea can be expressed

see how a simple idea can be expressed

see how a simple idea can be expressed so complex even scientists find it hard

so complex even scientists find it hard

so complex even scientists find it hard to follow. According to critics, the

to follow. According to critics, the

to follow. According to critics, the change is recent to support a spherical

change is recent to support a spherical

change is recent to support a spherical Earth and heliocentricity.

Earth and heliocentricity.

Earth and heliocentricity. This experiment will need two

This experiment will need two

This experiment will need two experimenters and two or more monitors.

experimenters and two or more monitors.

experimenters and two or more monitors. Apparatus needed is a video camera with

Apparatus needed is a video camera with

Apparatus needed is a video camera with a large zoom lens, access to a large

a large zoom lens, access to a large

a large zoom lens, access to a large lake, like one of the Great Lakes,

lake, like one of the Great Lakes,

lake, like one of the Great Lakes, preferably frozen on a very calm and

preferably frozen on a very calm and

preferably frozen on a very calm and clear day. Set up a station on the edge

clear day. Set up a station on the edge

clear day. Set up a station on the edge of the lake, and place a marker on the

of the lake, and place a marker on the

of the lake, and place a marker on the ice 3 m away. Use a drone flying at a

ice 3 m away. Use a drone flying at a

ice 3 m away. Use a drone flying at a constant controlled 1 meter above the

constant controlled 1 meter above the

constant controlled 1 meter above the ice so as to pass over the 3m marker.

ice so as to pass over the 3m marker.

ice so as to pass over the 3m marker. The drone camera will identify the

The drone camera will identify the

The drone camera will identify the marker and stop, hover in the place

marker and stop, hover in the place

marker and stop, hover in the place still at 1 m above the ice. Can the

still at 1 m above the ice. Can the

still at 1 m above the ice. Can the experimenters see the drone by naked eye

experimenters see the drone by naked eye

experimenters see the drone by naked eye or has it gone over the curve? Or has it

or has it gone over the curve? Or has it

or has it gone over the curve? Or has it disappeared because the drone has gone

disappeared because the drone has gone

disappeared because the drone has gone beyond the vanishing point, the limit of

beyond the vanishing point, the limit of

beyond the vanishing point, the limit of the human eye to see in the distance?

the human eye to see in the distance?

the human eye to see in the distance? Now video the drone using the zoom lens

Now video the drone using the zoom lens

Now video the drone using the zoom lens and ask can it still be seen. Now repeat

and ask can it still be seen. Now repeat

and ask can it still be seen. Now repeat the experiment but put the marker at 6

the experiment but put the marker at 6

the experiment but put the marker at 6 miles away and video through the zoom

miles away and video through the zoom

miles away and video through the zoom lens. Carefully collate the video

lens. Carefully collate the video

lens. Carefully collate the video footage. Repeat the experiment for

footage. Repeat the experiment for

footage. Repeat the experiment for analysis. There are other factors that

analysis. There are other factors that

analysis. There are other factors that need to be taken into consideration. Of

need to be taken into consideration. Of

need to be taken into consideration. Of course in this experiment there is no

course in this experiment there is no

course in this experiment there is no need to use complex contrived

need to use complex contrived

need to use complex contrived mathematical equations. Just simple

mathematical equations. Just simple

mathematical equations. Just simple observation and common sense. Is water

observation and common sense. Is water

observation and common sense. Is water flat? The Earth is over 70% water and

flat? The Earth is over 70% water and

flat? The Earth is over 70% water and water is flat. So where is the curve?

water is flat. So where is the curve?

water is flat. So where is the curve? Whenever experiments have been tried on

Whenever experiments have been tried on

Whenever experiments have been tried on the surface of standing water, the

the surface of standing water, the

the surface of standing water, the surface has always been found to be

surface has always been found to be

surface has always been found to be level. If the Earth were a globe, the

level. If the Earth were a globe, the

level. If the Earth were a globe, the surface of all standing water would be

surface of all standing water would be

surface of all standing water would be convex. This is experimental proof the

convex. This is experimental proof the

convex. This is experimental proof the Earth is not a globe. No curve is seen

Earth is not a globe. No curve is seen

Earth is not a globe. No curve is seen when mountains are observed at a

when mountains are observed at a

when mountains are observed at a distance as well. Edward Henry cites

distance as well. Edward Henry cites

distance as well. Edward Henry cites John McIntyre who researched three

John McIntyre who researched three

John McIntyre who researched three mountains. Mount Tenant, Mount

mountains. Mount Tenant, Mount

mountains. Mount Tenant, Mount Greybeard, and Mount Frypan. All very

Greybeard, and Mount Frypan. All very

Greybeard, and Mount Frypan. All very nearly the same height. Standing on

nearly the same height. Standing on

nearly the same height. Standing on Mount Tenant, McIntyre expected to see

Mount Tenant, McIntyre expected to see

Mount Tenant, McIntyre expected to see Mount Greybeard lower down than Mount

Mount Greybeard lower down than Mount

Mount Greybeard lower down than Mount Frying Pan because of the curve of the

Frying Pan because of the curve of the

Frying Pan because of the curve of the Earth since it was 34 m away. But to his

Earth since it was 34 m away. But to his

Earth since it was 34 m away. But to his shock and surprise, it was the same

shock and surprise, it was the same

shock and surprise, it was the same height. When scientists are confronted

height. When scientists are confronted

height. When scientists are confronted with these factual results, they will

with these factual results, they will

with these factual results, they will split hairs to bend the results to

split hairs to bend the results to

split hairs to bend the results to support what they believe. But belief

support what they believe. But belief

support what they believe. But belief always carries the day, not science.

always carries the day, not science.

always carries the day, not science. According to critics, when scientists

According to critics, when scientists

According to critics, when scientists discovered the earth was a flat plane,

discovered the earth was a flat plane,

discovered the earth was a flat plane, they realized they had a problem. So,

they realized they had a problem. So,

they realized they had a problem. So, how did they cope with the spherical

how did they cope with the spherical

how did they cope with the spherical earth theory that was so welldeveloped

earth theory that was so welldeveloped

earth theory that was so welldeveloped and inscribed into the human psyche for

and inscribed into the human psyche for

and inscribed into the human psyche for centuries? Well, they had gone too far

centuries? Well, they had gone too far

centuries? Well, they had gone too far down the rabbit hole to turn back for

down the rabbit hole to turn back for

down the rabbit hole to turn back for sure. The truth about the real shape of

sure. The truth about the real shape of

sure. The truth about the real shape of the Earth is too shocking. So, they

the Earth is too shocking. So, they

the Earth is too shocking. So, they wrapped the flat Earth map around a

wrapped the flat Earth map around a

wrapped the flat Earth map around a globe. But this made problems of their

globe. But this made problems of their

globe. But this made problems of their own. Problems found on Mercer's

own. Problems found on Mercer's

own. Problems found on Mercer's projection where Greenland appears huge,

projection where Greenland appears huge,

projection where Greenland appears huge, much larger than it really is. In actual

much larger than it really is. In actual

much larger than it really is. In actual fact, Greenland fits 13 times into the

fact, Greenland fits 13 times into the

fact, Greenland fits 13 times into the continent of Africa. The strategic map

continent of Africa. The strategic map

continent of Africa. The strategic map in the White House is there for military

in the White House is there for military

in the White House is there for military uses should the USA be attacked. The

uses should the USA be attacked. The

uses should the USA be attacked. The famous blue marble is not a photograph

famous blue marble is not a photograph

famous blue marble is not a photograph of the earth from space as many believe.

of the earth from space as many believe.

of the earth from space as many believe. It's a composite of strips of a flat

It's a composite of strips of a flat

It's a composite of strips of a flat earth map.

earth map.

earth map. Any flat image can be wrapped around

Any flat image can be wrapped around

Any flat image can be wrapped around almost any 3D shape. See one of these

almost any 3D shape. See one of these

almost any 3D shape. See one of these many blue marbles for instance.

many blue marbles for instance.

many blue marbles for instance. These are just some of the many blue

These are just some of the many blue

These are just some of the many blue marbles made over the years.

marbles made over the years.

marbles made over the years. But this is not a photograph. It is

But this is not a photograph. It is

But this is not a photograph. It is admittedly photoshopped strips wrapped

admittedly photoshopped strips wrapped

admittedly photoshopped strips wrapped around a sphere. Also, the image of the

around a sphere. Also, the image of the

around a sphere. Also, the image of the Milky Way galaxy cannot be a photograph

Milky Way galaxy cannot be a photograph

Milky Way galaxy cannot be a photograph since no vehicle carrying a camera

since no vehicle carrying a camera

since no vehicle carrying a camera launched from Earth has ever been

launched from Earth has ever been

launched from Earth has ever been outside the galaxy. It's an artist's

outside the galaxy. It's an artist's

outside the galaxy. It's an artist's impression of a theoretical idea. But

impression of a theoretical idea. But

impression of a theoretical idea. But how many people believe this is an

how many people believe this is an

how many people believe this is an actual photo?

actual photo?

actual photo? Mountain ranges reflected in lakes is a

Mountain ranges reflected in lakes is a

Mountain ranges reflected in lakes is a good example of the flat earth. If earth

good example of the flat earth. If earth

good example of the flat earth. If earth is a sphere, then lakes should behave as

is a sphere, then lakes should behave as

is a sphere, then lakes should behave as convex mirrors and the image smaller as

convex mirrors and the image smaller as

convex mirrors and the image smaller as seen at B. Mountains reflecting on a

seen at B. Mountains reflecting on a

seen at B. Mountains reflecting on a lake or C, the reflection is the same

lake or C, the reflection is the same

lake or C, the reflection is the same size as the mountain in A. On a curved

size as the mountain in A. On a curved

size as the mountain in A. On a curved Earth, the reflection would be smaller

Earth, the reflection would be smaller

Earth, the reflection would be smaller like in B.

like in B.

like in B. What do we actually see?

What do we actually see?

What do we actually see? What do reflections look like here on

What do reflections look like here on

What do reflections look like here on our actual Earth?

our actual Earth?

our actual Earth? These photos show perfect reflections

These photos show perfect reflections

These photos show perfect reflections which are exactly the same size as the

which are exactly the same size as the

which are exactly the same size as the mountain, indicating the water is flat.

mountain, indicating the water is flat.

mountain, indicating the water is flat. You may conduct your own simple

You may conduct your own simple

You may conduct your own simple experiment using a regular flat mirror

experiment using a regular flat mirror

experiment using a regular flat mirror and a convex car reversing mirror.

and a convex car reversing mirror.

and a convex car reversing mirror. You'll see the image in a flat mirror is

You'll see the image in a flat mirror is

You'll see the image in a flat mirror is always the same size as the object,

always the same size as the object,

always the same size as the object, while the image in a convex mirror is

while the image in a convex mirror is

while the image in a convex mirror is always smaller than the object.

always smaller than the object.

always smaller than the object. Many films and videos show the Earth

Many films and videos show the Earth

Many films and videos show the Earth from high up in the stratosphere as a

from high up in the stratosphere as a

from high up in the stratosphere as a sphere, particularly the video where

sphere, particularly the video where

sphere, particularly the video where Felix Bumgardner made his famous leap in

Felix Bumgardner made his famous leap in

Felix Bumgardner made his famous leap in 2012 from 20 m up from a high balloon.

2012 from 20 m up from a high balloon.

2012 from 20 m up from a high balloon. And of course, what we are told are

And of course, what we are told are

And of course, what we are told are views from satellites, the International

views from satellites, the International

views from satellites, the International Space Station, and the Hubble telescope,

Space Station, and the Hubble telescope,

Space Station, and the Hubble telescope, where the Earth is decidedly spherical.

where the Earth is decidedly spherical.

where the Earth is decidedly spherical. The cameras used, however, are special

The cameras used, however, are special

The cameras used, however, are special cameras fitted with fisheye lenses,

cameras fitted with fisheye lenses,

cameras fitted with fisheye lenses, which can show straight lines as curved,

which can show straight lines as curved,

which can show straight lines as curved, convex, or concave.

convex, or concave.

convex, or concave. But when film is taken from amateur

But when film is taken from amateur

But when film is taken from amateur balloons at more than 20 m high using a

balloons at more than 20 m high using a

balloons at more than 20 m high using a regular lens, the horizon appears flat.

regular lens, the horizon appears flat.

regular lens, the horizon appears flat. Critics claim there is a deliberate

Critics claim there is a deliberate

Critics claim there is a deliberate element of deception from space agencies

element of deception from space agencies

element of deception from space agencies to exaggerate the curve.

to exaggerate the curve.

to exaggerate the curve. The fisheye lens distorts the image.

The fisheye lens distorts the image.

The fisheye lens distorts the image. Critics say it is deliberately used to

Critics say it is deliberately used to

Critics say it is deliberately used to deceive which is not too difficult since

deceive which is not too difficult since

deceive which is not too difficult since the majority of people already believe

the majority of people already believe

the majority of people already believe the earth is a ball having been

the earth is a ball having been

the earth is a ball having been conditioned to see what they expect.

conditioned to see what they expect.

conditioned to see what they expect. The following videos show the distortion

The following videos show the distortion

The following videos show the distortion of a fisheye, which can be a convex or

of a fisheye, which can be a convex or

of a fisheye, which can be a convex or concave lens in contrast to a regular

concave lens in contrast to a regular

concave lens in contrast to a regular normal lens.

normal lens.

normal lens. Watch the short video of the Felix

Watch the short video of the Felix

Watch the short video of the Felix Bumgardner jump on the 15th of March

Bumgardner jump on the 15th of March

Bumgardner jump on the 15th of March 2012. Before Bumgardner jumped from his

2012. Before Bumgardner jumped from his

2012. Before Bumgardner jumped from his capsule from 128,000 ft above the Earth,

capsule from 128,000 ft above the Earth,

capsule from 128,000 ft above the Earth, a camera with an ordinary regular lens

a camera with an ordinary regular lens

a camera with an ordinary regular lens inside briefly shows a flat eyele

inside briefly shows a flat eyele

inside briefly shows a flat eyele horizon of the Earth. When Bumgardner

horizon of the Earth. When Bumgardner

horizon of the Earth. When Bumgardner steps out of the balloon from the

steps out of the balloon from the

steps out of the balloon from the capsule, an external GoPro camera is

capsule, an external GoPro camera is

capsule, an external GoPro camera is switched on and then suddenly the whole

switched on and then suddenly the whole

switched on and then suddenly the whole horizon is transformed into a curved

horizon is transformed into a curved

horizon is transformed into a curved horizon, which according to critics was

horizon, which according to critics was

horizon, which according to critics was deliberately done to give the impression

deliberately done to give the impression

deliberately done to give the impression of a curved earth to meet the

of a curved earth to meet the

of a curved earth to meet the expectation of viewers. But watching the

expectation of viewers. But watching the

expectation of viewers. But watching the video more closely, the curve is too

video more closely, the curve is too

video more closely, the curve is too sharp and small for a complete and whole

sharp and small for a complete and whole

sharp and small for a complete and whole Earth. The curves are seen as both

Earth. The curves are seen as both

Earth. The curves are seen as both convex and concave according to the

convex and concave according to the

convex and concave according to the angle of the camera. But the horizon is

angle of the camera. But the horizon is

angle of the camera. But the horizon is not convex nor concave, but flat.

not convex nor concave, but flat.

not convex nor concave, but flat. What is considered to be the very first

What is considered to be the very first

What is considered to be the very first view from a rocket into space from 65 mi

view from a rocket into space from 65 mi

view from a rocket into space from 65 mi up was from the Nazi V2 rocket launched

up was from the Nazi V2 rocket launched

up was from the Nazi V2 rocket launched from the White Sands Missile Range of

from the White Sands Missile Range of

from the White Sands Missile Range of New Mexico on October 14th, 1946.

New Mexico on October 14th, 1946.

New Mexico on October 14th, 1946. A regular lens shows a flat Earth, which

A regular lens shows a flat Earth, which

A regular lens shows a flat Earth, which is quite different from the view that

is quite different from the view that

is quite different from the view that NASA released thereafter using fisheye

NASA released thereafter using fisheye

NASA released thereafter using fisheye lenses that distort the horizon even

lenses that distort the horizon even

lenses that distort the horizon even from only 5 m high. Notice the sharpness

from only 5 m high. Notice the sharpness

from only 5 m high. Notice the sharpness of the curve. The V2 rocket is 13 m

of the curve. The V2 rocket is 13 m

of the curve. The V2 rocket is 13 m higher and shows a very different

higher and shows a very different

higher and shows a very different picture.

picture.

picture. Balloons were used extensively in the

Balloons were used extensively in the

Balloons were used extensively in the 19th century before engineowered

19th century before engineowered

19th century before engineowered airplanes existed. reports from that

airplanes existed. reports from that

airplanes existed. reports from that time are very interesting and worth

time are very interesting and worth

time are very interesting and worth reading the impressions given by those

reading the impressions given by those

reading the impressions given by those balloonists.

balloonists.

balloonists. In an editorial from the London Journal,

In an editorial from the London Journal,

In an editorial from the London Journal, July 18th, 1857, one journalist

July 18th, 1857, one journalist

July 18th, 1857, one journalist described the experience of his hot air

described the experience of his hot air

described the experience of his hot air balloon ascent. Quote, "The chief

balloon ascent. Quote, "The chief

balloon ascent. Quote, "The chief peculiarity of the view from a balloon

peculiarity of the view from a balloon

peculiarity of the view from a balloon at a considerable elevation was the

at a considerable elevation was the

at a considerable elevation was the altitude of the horizon, which remained

altitude of the horizon, which remained

altitude of the horizon, which remained practically on a level with the eye at

practically on a level with the eye at

practically on a level with the eye at an elevation of 2 mi, causing the

an elevation of 2 mi, causing the

an elevation of 2 mi, causing the surface of the Earth to appear concave

surface of the Earth to appear concave

surface of the Earth to appear concave and to recede during the rapid ascent,

and to recede during the rapid ascent,

and to recede during the rapid ascent, whilst the horizon and the balloon seem

whilst the horizon and the balloon seem

whilst the horizon and the balloon seem to be stationary.

to be stationary.

to be stationary. The horizon always rises up to meet the

The horizon always rises up to meet the

The horizon always rises up to meet the eye at high level. Observers from a

eye at high level. Observers from a

eye at high level. Observers from a balloon 20 m high using a standard lens

balloon 20 m high using a standard lens

balloon 20 m high using a standard lens would have to look down to see the

would have to look down to see the

would have to look down to see the horizon. But in practice, the horizon is

horizon. But in practice, the horizon is

horizon. But in practice, the horizon is always at eye level.

always at eye level.

always at eye level. If the Earth is flat, why is it not

If the Earth is flat, why is it not

If the Earth is flat, why is it not possible to see a city 50 m away with

possible to see a city 50 m away with

possible to see a city 50 m away with the naked eye? Because of perspective

the naked eye? Because of perspective

the naked eye? Because of perspective and the nature and structure of the

and the nature and structure of the

and the nature and structure of the human eye. An average person sees the

human eye. An average person sees the

human eye. An average person sees the horizon about 3.5 to 6 miles away. A

horizon about 3.5 to 6 miles away. A

horizon about 3.5 to 6 miles away. A taller person can see a little further

taller person can see a little further

taller person can see a little further perspective.

perspective.

perspective. Perspective may be explained by railway

Perspective may be explained by railway

Perspective may be explained by railway lines. The lines are perfectly parallel,

lines. The lines are perfectly parallel,

lines. The lines are perfectly parallel, but a person standing in the middle of

but a person standing in the middle of

but a person standing in the middle of the lines looking into the distance sees

the lines looking into the distance sees

the lines looking into the distance sees them getting closer and closer. Although

them getting closer and closer. Although

them getting closer and closer. Although the person knows they are the same

the person knows they are the same

the person knows they are the same distance apart, but they can only see as

distance apart, but they can only see as

distance apart, but they can only see as far as the horizon. The railway line

far as the horizon. The railway line

far as the horizon. The railway line appears to get smaller, but of course it

appears to get smaller, but of course it

appears to get smaller, but of course it does not. It is approaching the

does not. It is approaching the

does not. It is approaching the vanishing point. But this is just

vanishing point. But this is just

vanishing point. But this is just perspective and nothing has really

perspective and nothing has really

perspective and nothing has really vanished.

vanished.

vanished. When a person starts to walk away down

When a person starts to walk away down

When a person starts to walk away down the middle of a road, they appear to get

the middle of a road, they appear to get

the middle of a road, they appear to get smaller and eventually their legs start

smaller and eventually their legs start

smaller and eventually their legs start to appear blurry and shimmering. This is

to appear blurry and shimmering. This is

to appear blurry and shimmering. This is because of the density of the air and

because of the density of the air and

because of the density of the air and light returning from the legs becoming

light returning from the legs becoming

light returning from the legs becoming distorted. Perspective, however, can be

distorted. Perspective, however, can be

distorted. Perspective, however, can be changed by using binoculars, zoom lens,

changed by using binoculars, zoom lens,

changed by using binoculars, zoom lens, or a telescope, and the image of the

or a telescope, and the image of the

or a telescope, and the image of the person appears closer and visible again.

person appears closer and visible again.

person appears closer and visible again. Eventually,

Eventually,

Eventually, the person still walking down the road

the person still walking down the road

the person still walking down the road disappears, not because they have gone

disappears, not because they have gone

disappears, not because they have gone over the curve of the earth, but simply

over the curve of the earth, but simply

over the curve of the earth, but simply because they have gone out of range of

because they have gone out of range of

because they have gone out of range of view, called the vanishing point. Ships

view, called the vanishing point. Ships

view, called the vanishing point. Ships at sea that appear to disappear at the

at sea that appear to disappear at the

at sea that appear to disappear at the bottom can be restored to full view

bottom can be restored to full view

bottom can be restored to full view using a good zoom lens camera. The

using a good zoom lens camera. The

using a good zoom lens camera. The bottom of the ship can come into focus

bottom of the ship can come into focus

bottom of the ship can come into focus and the bow seen clearly breaking the

and the bow seen clearly breaking the

and the bow seen clearly breaking the waves. There are hundreds of videos

waves. There are hundreds of videos

waves. There are hundreds of videos produced by researchers which

produced by researchers which

produced by researchers which demonstrate that ships do not vanish

demonstrate that ships do not vanish

demonstrate that ships do not vanish around the curve of the earth. The

around the curve of the earth. The

around the curve of the earth. The teaching in schools that ships at sea

teaching in schools that ships at sea

teaching in schools that ships at sea disappear because they've gone over the

disappear because they've gone over the

disappear because they've gone over the curve of the earth is no longer a

curve of the earth is no longer a

curve of the earth is no longer a credible proof that the earth has a

credible proof that the earth has a

credible proof that the earth has a curved surface.

curved surface.

curved surface. It's part of the natural physics of

It's part of the natural physics of

It's part of the natural physics of water and other fluids to always find

water and other fluids to always find

water and other fluids to always find their level and remain flat. If

their level and remain flat. If

their level and remain flat. If disturbed in any way, motion ensues

disturbed in any way, motion ensues

disturbed in any way, motion ensues until the flat level is resumed. If

until the flat level is resumed. If

until the flat level is resumed. If raised up then released, the nature of

raised up then released, the nature of

raised up then released, the nature of all liquids is to flood outwards, taking

all liquids is to flood outwards, taking

all liquids is to flood outwards, taking the easiest course towards finding its

the easiest course towards finding its

the easiest course towards finding its new level. Hydroelectric power stations

new level. Hydroelectric power stations

new level. Hydroelectric power stations are a testament to this fact. But if the

are a testament to this fact. But if the

are a testament to this fact. But if the Earth is a giant sphere tilted on its

Earth is a giant sphere tilted on its

Earth is a giant sphere tilted on its vertical axis, spinning through

vertical axis, spinning through

vertical axis, spinning through neverending space, then it follows that

neverending space, then it follows that

neverending space, then it follows that truly flat consistently level surfaces

truly flat consistently level surfaces

truly flat consistently level surfaces do not exist here. Moreover, if the

do not exist here. Moreover, if the

do not exist here. Moreover, if the Earth is spherical, then it follows that

Earth is spherical, then it follows that

Earth is spherical, then it follows that the surface of all Earth's water,

the surface of all Earth's water,

the surface of all Earth's water, including the massive oceans, must

including the massive oceans, must

including the massive oceans, must maintain a certain degree of convexity.

maintain a certain degree of convexity.

maintain a certain degree of convexity. But this is contrary to the fundamental

But this is contrary to the fundamental

But this is contrary to the fundamental physical nature of water to always be

physical nature of water to always be

physical nature of water to always be and remain level.

and remain level.

and remain level. The Nile River in Africa is 4,132

The Nile River in Africa is 4,132

The Nile River in Africa is 4,132 m long. Flowing over an arc of the curve

m long. Flowing over an arc of the curve

m long. Flowing over an arc of the curve of the earth would subtend an angle at

of the earth would subtend an angle at

of the earth would subtend an angle at the center of the earth of about 60°.

the center of the earth of about 60°.

the center of the earth of about 60°. Then logically it must flow uphill at

Then logically it must flow uphill at

Then logically it must flow uphill at some stage and then down to the

some stage and then down to the

some stage and then down to the Mediterranean.

Mediterranean.

Mediterranean. There are other long rivers such as the

There are other long rivers such as the

There are other long rivers such as the Congo and Amazon totally incompatible

Congo and Amazon totally incompatible

Congo and Amazon totally incompatible with the supposed globularity of the

with the supposed globularity of the

with the supposed globularity of the earth. As Thomas Winship says, we know

earth. As Thomas Winship says, we know

earth. As Thomas Winship says, we know from practical experiment that water

from practical experiment that water

from practical experiment that water will find its level and cannot by any

will find its level and cannot by any

will find its level and cannot by any possibility remain other than level or

possibility remain other than level or

possibility remain other than level or flat or horizontal, whatever term may be

flat or horizontal, whatever term may be

flat or horizontal, whatever term may be used to express the idea. It is

used to express the idea. It is

used to express the idea. It is therefore quite out of the range of

therefore quite out of the range of

therefore quite out of the range of possibility that rivers could do as they

possibility that rivers could do as they

possibility that rivers could do as they would on a globe. The situation is even

would on a globe. The situation is even

would on a globe. The situation is even more baffling when scientists say the

more baffling when scientists say the

more baffling when scientists say the force of gravity is a weak force. Yet,

force of gravity is a weak force. Yet,

force of gravity is a weak force. Yet, it's able to hold down trillions of tons

it's able to hold down trillions of tons

it's able to hold down trillions of tons of water on the surface of the Earth

of water on the surface of the Earth

of water on the surface of the Earth while traveling at 67,000 mph in orbit

while traveling at 67,000 mph in orbit

while traveling at 67,000 mph in orbit and rotating over 1,000 mph at the

and rotating over 1,000 mph at the

and rotating over 1,000 mph at the equator. Critics contend that all the

equator. Critics contend that all the

equator. Critics contend that all the evidence indicates that Earth is not

evidence indicates that Earth is not

evidence indicates that Earth is not moving and is flat. Anyone can show that

moving and is flat. Anyone can show that

moving and is flat. Anyone can show that the horizon is perfectly flat by a

the horizon is perfectly flat by a

the horizon is perfectly flat by a simple experiment on a suitable beach.

simple experiment on a suitable beach.

simple experiment on a suitable beach. Take a rigid plank of wood about 6 ft

Take a rigid plank of wood about 6 ft

Take a rigid plank of wood about 6 ft long or more and place it across two

long or more and place it across two

long or more and place it across two tripods as shown here. Using a spirit

tripods as shown here. Using a spirit

tripods as shown here. Using a spirit level to ensure it is perfectly

level to ensure it is perfectly

level to ensure it is perfectly horizontal, place a plum line in the

horizontal, place a plum line in the

horizontal, place a plum line in the middle and at various places across the

middle and at various places across the

middle and at various places across the plank to ensure it is perfectly level

plank to ensure it is perfectly level

plank to ensure it is perfectly level and square to the ground. Then facing

and square to the ground. Then facing

and square to the ground. Then facing the sea and taking a line of sight, line

the sea and taking a line of sight, line

the sea and taking a line of sight, line up the plank with the distant horizon.

up the plank with the distant horizon.

up the plank with the distant horizon. If the earth was curved and the curve

If the earth was curved and the curve

If the earth was curved and the curve could be observed over a great expanse

could be observed over a great expanse

could be observed over a great expanse of the horizon, the curve should be

of the horizon, the curve should be

of the horizon, the curve should be observable at both ends of the plank.

observable at both ends of the plank.

observable at both ends of the plank. The keel canal that cuts across Denmark

The keel canal that cuts across Denmark

The keel canal that cuts across Denmark Peninsula is almost 57 m 9 km long

Peninsula is almost 57 m 9 km long

Peninsula is almost 57 m 9 km long without a single lock to raise it up and

without a single lock to raise it up and

without a single lock to raise it up and over a 91 km curve. There are thousands

over a 91 km curve. There are thousands

over a 91 km curve. There are thousands of canals hundreds of miles long across

of canals hundreds of miles long across

of canals hundreds of miles long across the world that are perfectly flat. If

the world that are perfectly flat. If

the world that are perfectly flat. If there are locks, it is to lift the boats

there are locks, it is to lift the boats

there are locks, it is to lift the boats and ships over a rugged flat landscape,

and ships over a rugged flat landscape,

and ships over a rugged flat landscape, not a curved earth. Other examples are

not a curved earth. Other examples are

not a curved earth. Other examples are the Suez Canal, 100 miles connecting the

the Suez Canal, 100 miles connecting the

the Suez Canal, 100 miles connecting the Mediterranean and the Red Sea.

Mediterranean and the Red Sea.

Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Canals and railways are always customade

Canals and railways are always customade

Canals and railways are always customade horizontally, often over hundreds of

horizontally, often over hundreds of

horizontally, often over hundreds of miles without any allowance made for

miles without any allowance made for

miles without any allowance made for curvature.

curvature.

curvature. One surveyor, Mr. T. Westwood, wrote in

One surveyor, Mr. T. Westwood, wrote in

One surveyor, Mr. T. Westwood, wrote in January 1896 to the Earth Review

January 1896 to the Earth Review

January 1896 to the Earth Review magazine, stating that quote, "In

magazine, stating that quote, "In

magazine, stating that quote, "In leveling, I work from ordinance marks or

leveling, I work from ordinance marks or

leveling, I work from ordinance marks or canal levels to get the height above sea

canal levels to get the height above sea

canal levels to get the height above sea level." The puzzle to me used to be that

level." The puzzle to me used to be that

level." The puzzle to me used to be that over several miles each level was

over several miles each level was

over several miles each level was treated throughout its length as the

treated throughout its length as the

treated throughout its length as the same level from end to end, not the

same level from end to end, not the

same level from end to end, not the least allowance being made for

least allowance being made for

least allowance being made for curvature.

curvature.

curvature. Another surveyor and engineer of 30

Another surveyor and engineer of 30

Another surveyor and engineer of 30 years wrote to the Birmingham weekly

years wrote to the Birmingham weekly

years wrote to the Birmingham weekly Mercury on February 15th, 1890, stating,

Mercury on February 15th, 1890, stating,

Mercury on February 15th, 1890, stating, "I am thoroughly acquainted with the

"I am thoroughly acquainted with the

"I am thoroughly acquainted with the theory and practice of civil

theory and practice of civil

theory and practice of civil engineering. However bigoted some of our

engineering. However bigoted some of our

engineering. However bigoted some of our professors may be in the theory of

professors may be in the theory of

professors may be in the theory of surveying according to the prescribed

surveying according to the prescribed

surveying according to the prescribed rules, yet it is well known that such

rules, yet it is well known that such

rules, yet it is well known that such theoretical measurements are incapable

theoretical measurements are incapable

theoretical measurements are incapable of any practical illustration. All our

of any practical illustration. All our

of any practical illustration. All our locomotives are designed to run on what

locomotives are designed to run on what

locomotives are designed to run on what may be regarded as true levels or flats.

may be regarded as true levels or flats.

may be regarded as true levels or flats. Anything approaching 8 in in the mile,

Anything approaching 8 in in the mile,

Anything approaching 8 in in the mile, increasing as the square of the

increasing as the square of the

increasing as the square of the distance, could not be worked by any

distance, could not be worked by any

distance, could not be worked by any engine that was ever yet constructed.

engine that was ever yet constructed.

engine that was ever yet constructed. Early in 1898, I met Mr. Hughes, chief

Early in 1898, I met Mr. Hughes, chief

Early in 1898, I met Mr. Hughes, chief officer of the steamer city of Lincoln.

officer of the steamer city of Lincoln.

officer of the steamer city of Lincoln. This gentleman told me he had projected

This gentleman told me he had projected

This gentleman told me he had projected thousands of miles of local railway in

thousands of miles of local railway in

thousands of miles of local railway in South America and never heard of any

South America and never heard of any

South America and never heard of any allowance for curvature being made.

allowance for curvature being made.

allowance for curvature being made. If the Earth were a sphere, airplane

If the Earth were a sphere, airplane

If the Earth were a sphere, airplane pilots would have to constantly correct

pilots would have to constantly correct

pilots would have to constantly correct their altitudes downwards so as to not

their altitudes downwards so as to not

their altitudes downwards so as to not fly straight off into outer space. If

fly straight off into outer space. If

fly straight off into outer space. If the Earth were truly a sphere 25,000 m

the Earth were truly a sphere 25,000 m

the Earth were truly a sphere 25,000 m in circumference, covering 8 in per mile

in circumference, covering 8 in per mile

in circumference, covering 8 in per mile squared, a pilot wishing to maintain

squared, a pilot wishing to maintain

squared, a pilot wishing to maintain their altitude at a typical cruising

their altitude at a typical cruising

their altitude at a typical cruising speed of 500 mph would have to

speed of 500 mph would have to

speed of 500 mph would have to constantly tip their nose downward and

constantly tip their nose downward and

constantly tip their nose downward and descend 2,777

descend 2,777

descend 2,777 ft every minute. When pilots set an

ft every minute. When pilots set an

ft every minute. When pilots set an altitude, their artificial horizon gauge

altitude, their artificial horizon gauge

altitude, their artificial horizon gauge remains level, and so does their course.

remains level, and so does their course.

remains level, and so does their course. Nothing like the necessary 2,777

Nothing like the necessary 2,777

Nothing like the necessary 2,777 ft per minute declination is taken into

ft per minute declination is taken into

ft per minute declination is taken into consideration.

consideration.

consideration. Similarly, ships captains in navigating

Similarly, ships captains in navigating

Similarly, ships captains in navigating great distances at sea never need to

great distances at sea never need to

great distances at sea never need to factor the supposed curvature of the

factor the supposed curvature of the

factor the supposed curvature of the earth into their calculations. Both

earth into their calculations. Both

earth into their calculations. Both plane sailing and great circle sailing,

plane sailing and great circle sailing,

plane sailing and great circle sailing, the most popular navigation methods, use

the most popular navigation methods, use

the most popular navigation methods, use plane, not spherical trigonometry.

plane, not spherical trigonometry.

plane, not spherical trigonometry. Plain sailing is navigating a ship

Plain sailing is navigating a ship

Plain sailing is navigating a ship making all mathematical calculations on

making all mathematical calculations on

making all mathematical calculations on the assumption that the earth is

the assumption that the earth is

the assumption that the earth is perfectly flat. If the earth were in

perfectly flat. If the earth were in

perfectly flat. If the earth were in fact a sphere, such an errant assumption

fact a sphere, such an errant assumption

fact a sphere, such an errant assumption would make constantly glaring

would make constantly glaring

would make constantly glaring inaccuracies, and the necessity for

inaccuracies, and the necessity for

inaccuracies, and the necessity for using spherical trigonometry would

using spherical trigonometry would

using spherical trigonometry would become obvious. All distances, whether

become obvious. All distances, whether

become obvious. All distances, whether they be great or small by sea, rely upon

they be great or small by sea, rely upon

they be great or small by sea, rely upon ordinary flat earth triangulation

ordinary flat earth triangulation

ordinary flat earth triangulation calculation. From the highland near

calculation. From the highland near

calculation. From the highland near Portsouth Harbor in Hampshire, England,

Portsouth Harbor in Hampshire, England,

Portsouth Harbor in Hampshire, England, looking across the spithead to the aisle

looking across the spithead to the aisle

looking across the spithead to the aisle of white, the entire base of the island,

of white, the entire base of the island,

of white, the entire base of the island, where water and land come together,

where water and land come together,

where water and land come together, makes a perfectly straight line 22

makes a perfectly straight line 22

makes a perfectly straight line 22 statute miles long. According to the

statute miles long. According to the

statute miles long. According to the ball earth theory, the aisle of white

ball earth theory, the aisle of white

ball earth theory, the aisle of white should decline 80 ft from the center of

should decline 80 ft from the center of

should decline 80 ft from the center of each side to account for the necessary

each side to account for the necessary

each side to account for the necessary curvature. The crosshairs of a good

curvature. The crosshairs of a good

curvature. The crosshairs of a good theodite directed there, however, have

theodite directed there, however, have

theodite directed there, however, have repeatedly shown the land and the

repeatedly shown the land and the

repeatedly shown the land and the waterline perfectly level.

waterline perfectly level.

waterline perfectly level. Since 2014, when Eric Dubet's book, The

Since 2014, when Eric Dubet's book, The

Since 2014, when Eric Dubet's book, The Flat Earth Conspiracy, was published,

Flat Earth Conspiracy, was published,

Flat Earth Conspiracy, was published, hundreds of ordinary people have

hundreds of ordinary people have

hundreds of ordinary people have conducted experiments all over the

conducted experiments all over the

conducted experiments all over the world. Anyone can conduct an experiment

world. Anyone can conduct an experiment

world. Anyone can conduct an experiment without any sophisticated instruments.

without any sophisticated instruments.

without any sophisticated instruments. Experiments with lasers are common since

Experiments with lasers are common since

Experiments with lasers are common since lasers can now be purchased easily

lasers can now be purchased easily

lasers can now be purchased easily online. NASA are aware of these

online. NASA are aware of these

online. NASA are aware of these arguments too. So why do they not

arguments too. So why do they not

arguments too. So why do they not address these issues? What do

address these issues? What do

address these issues? What do astronomers say about all these

astronomers say about all these

astronomers say about all these anomalies? Astronomers have no answer

anomalies? Astronomers have no answer

anomalies? Astronomers have no answer within the framework of the ruling

within the framework of the ruling

within the framework of the ruling paradigm, heliocentricity.

paradigm, heliocentricity.

paradigm, heliocentricity. Does this show the heliocentric paradigm

Does this show the heliocentric paradigm

Does this show the heliocentric paradigm fraying at the edges? If so, this may be

fraying at the edges? If so, this may be

fraying at the edges? If so, this may be a time for change. According to

a time for change. According to

a time for change. According to philosopher Thomas paradigms need

philosopher Thomas paradigms need

philosopher Thomas paradigms need to be flexible, ready to incorporate new

to be flexible, ready to incorporate new

to be flexible, ready to incorporate new learning as it unfolds.

learning as it unfolds.

learning as it unfolds. NASA reacts by ridiculing anyone who

NASA reacts by ridiculing anyone who

NASA reacts by ridiculing anyone who considers and supports flat earth

considers and supports flat earth

considers and supports flat earth arguments, monitoring flat earth

arguments, monitoring flat earth

arguments, monitoring flat earth literature and media, placing warning

literature and media, placing warning

literature and media, placing warning signs on all permissible flat earth

signs on all permissible flat earth

signs on all permissible flat earth videos and books, and forbidding or

videos and books, and forbidding or

videos and books, and forbidding or banning flat earth videos on YouTube and

banning flat earth videos on YouTube and

banning flat earth videos on YouTube and in publications.

in publications.

in publications. Just pretending these anomalies don't

Just pretending these anomalies don't

Just pretending these anomalies don't exist isn't going to make them go away

exist isn't going to make them go away

exist isn't going to make them go away and certainly isn't a good look for

and certainly isn't a good look for

and certainly isn't a good look for NASA. For now, it seems NASA is content

NASA. For now, it seems NASA is content

NASA. For now, it seems NASA is content ignoring these anomalies, hoping that

ignoring these anomalies, hoping that

ignoring these anomalies, hoping that flatearthers, like ships at sea, will

flatearthers, like ships at sea, will

flatearthers, like ships at sea, will one day just disappear over the horizon.