All language subtitles for converted23443

Dennis Dero said, "The great tragedy of

Dennis Dero said, "The great tragedy of
science<00:00:04,640> is<00:00:04,880> the<00:00:05,120> slaying<00:00:05,600> of<00:00:05,759> a<00:00:06,000> beautiful

science is the slaying of a beautiful

science is the slaying of a beautiful
hypothesis<00:00:07,359> by<00:00:07,600> an<00:00:07,919> ugly<00:00:08,240> fact.<00:00:09,599> If<00:00:09,760> the<00:00:09,920> earth

hypothesis by an ugly fact. If the earth

hypothesis by an ugly fact. If the earth
is<00:00:10,320> a<00:00:10,559> sphere<00:00:11,040> or<00:00:11,280> a<00:00:11,440> ball,<00:00:12,080> then<00:00:12,320> there<00:00:12,559> must

is a sphere or a ball, then there must

is a sphere or a ball, then there must
be<00:00:12,960> evidence<00:00:13,360> of<00:00:13,599> a<00:00:13,759> curved<00:00:14,160> surface.

be evidence of a curved surface.

be evidence of a curved surface.
Generations<00:00:16,000> of<00:00:16,240> children<00:00:16,560> and<00:00:16,880> adults<00:00:17,359> from

Generations of children and adults from

Generations of children and adults from
Aristotle<00:00:18,320> to<00:00:18,480> Roman<00:00:18,800> times<00:00:19,199> to<00:00:19,439> this<00:00:19,680> day

Aristotle to Roman times to this day

Aristotle to Roman times to this day
have<00:00:20,480> believed<00:00:20,800> that<00:00:21,039> the<00:00:21,199> curve<00:00:21,600> can<00:00:21,760> be

have believed that the curve can be

have believed that the curve can be
proved<00:00:22,480> by<00:00:22,800> watching<00:00:23,199> ships<00:00:23,760> gradually

proved by watching ships gradually

proved by watching ships gradually
disappear<00:00:25,039> as<00:00:25,279> they<00:00:25,519> move<00:00:25,760> away<00:00:26,080> going<00:00:26,400> over

disappear as they move away going over

disappear as they move away going over
the<00:00:26,800> curved<00:00:27,199> surface<00:00:27,599> of<00:00:27,840> a<00:00:28,000> spherical<00:00:28,480> Earth.

the curved surface of a spherical Earth.

the curved surface of a spherical Earth.
because<00:00:29,679> it<00:00:29,920> is<00:00:30,080> going<00:00:30,320> around<00:00:30,480> the<00:00:30,720> curve<00:00:30,960> of

because it is going around the curve of

because it is going around the curve of
the<00:00:31,279> earth,<00:00:31,840> right?<00:00:32,800> But<00:00:33,040> does<00:00:33,280> this<00:00:33,520> really

the earth, right? But does this really

the earth, right? But does this really
prove<00:00:34,079> the<00:00:34,320> earth<00:00:34,559> is<00:00:34,719> a<00:00:34,880> ball?

prove the earth is a ball?

prove the earth is a ball?
Mathematicians<00:00:36,880> have<00:00:37,040> worked<00:00:37,280> out<00:00:37,440> a

Mathematicians have worked out a

Mathematicians have worked out a
mathematical<00:00:38,320> formula<00:00:39,040> based<00:00:39,280> on<00:00:39,520> spherical

mathematical formula based on spherical

mathematical formula based on spherical
trigonometry<00:00:41,040> to<00:00:41,280> calculate<00:00:41,840> what<00:00:42,160> happens

trigonometry to calculate what happens

trigonometry to calculate what happens
when<00:00:42,879> a<00:00:43,040> ship<00:00:43,360> goes<00:00:43,600> over<00:00:43,760> the<00:00:44,000> horizon<00:00:44,559> and

when a ship goes over the horizon and

when a ship goes over the horizon and
disappears<00:00:45,440> from<00:00:45,680> sight.<00:00:46,640> The<00:00:46,879> formula<00:00:47,280> for

disappears from sight. The formula for

disappears from sight. The formula for
finding<00:00:47,920> how<00:00:48,160> far<00:00:48,399> a<00:00:48,640> distant<00:00:48,960> object<00:00:49,440> is

finding how far a distant object is

finding how far a distant object is
below<00:00:50,000> the<00:00:50,160> horizon<00:00:50,960> is<00:00:51,200> 8<00:00:51,520> in<00:00:52,160> 2/3<00:00:52,640> of<00:00:52,800> a<00:00:52,960> foot

below the horizon is 8 in 2/3 of a foot

below the horizon is 8 in 2/3 of a foot
per<00:00:53,680> mile.

per mile.

per mile.
C<00:00:56,000> =<00:00:56,480> 2/3<00:00:57,520> *<00:00:57,760> the<00:00:58,000> diameter<00:00:58,719> squared.<00:01:00,000> The

C = 2/3 * the diameter squared. The

C = 2/3 * the diameter squared. The
answer<00:01:00,559> is<00:01:00,719> in<00:01:00,960> feet<00:01:01,600> where<00:01:02,000> C<00:01:02,320> is<00:01:02,559> the<00:01:02,800> curve

answer is in feet where C is the curve

answer is in feet where C is the curve
2/3<00:01:04,080> of<00:01:04,159> a<00:01:04,320> foot<00:01:04,559> is<00:01:04,720> 8<00:01:04,960> in<00:01:05,680> and<00:01:06,000> D<00:01:06,400> is<00:01:06,560> the

2/3 of a foot is 8 in and D is the

2/3 of a foot is 8 in and D is the
distance<00:01:07,200> below<00:01:07,520> the<00:01:07,760> curve.<00:01:08,320> The<00:01:08,560> answer<00:01:08,880> is

distance below the curve. The answer is

distance below the curve. The answer is
in<00:01:09,360> feet.<00:01:10,479> For<00:01:10,560> example,<00:01:11,439> a<00:01:11,680> ship<00:01:11,840> at<00:01:12,159> sea<00:01:12,560> is

in feet. For example, a ship at sea is

in feet. For example, a ship at sea is
10<00:01:13,119> m<00:01:13,520> away.<00:01:14,400> How<00:01:14,560> far<00:01:14,799> is<00:01:14,960> the<00:01:15,200> ship<00:01:15,600> below<00:01:15,920> the

10 m away. How far is the ship below the

10 m away. How far is the ship below the
horizon?<00:01:17,200> C<00:01:17,680> =<00:01:18,000> 2/3<00:01:18,640> *<00:01:18,960> D^<00:01:19,439> 2<00:01:20,479> D<00:01:20,880> =<00:01:21,200> 10<00:01:22,400> C<00:01:22,880> =<00:01:23,200> 2/3

horizon? C = 2/3 * D^ 2 D = 10 C = 2/3

horizon? C = 2/3 * D^ 2 D = 10 C = 2/3
of<00:01:23,920> 10^<00:01:24,320> 2<00:01:24,880> 10<00:01:25,200> *<00:01:25,439> 10<00:01:26,240> The<00:01:26,479> answer<00:01:26,799> is<00:01:27,040> in<00:01:27,200> feet.

of 10^ 2 10 * 10 The answer is in feet.

of 10^ 2 10 * 10 The answer is in feet.
Answer<00:01:28,640> equals<00:01:29,439> 66.6<00:01:30,880> ft.<00:01:32,000> The<00:01:32,240> above<00:01:32,640> formula

Answer equals 66.6 ft. The above formula

Answer equals 66.6 ft. The above formula
is<00:01:33,520> based<00:01:33,759> on<00:01:34,000> basic<00:01:34,400> spherical

is based on basic spherical

is based on basic spherical
trigonometry.<00:01:36,079> But<00:01:36,240> if<00:01:36,400> one<00:01:36,640> goes<00:01:36,880> to<00:01:37,040> check

trigonometry. But if one goes to check

trigonometry. But if one goes to check
this<00:01:37,600> formula<00:01:38,000> on<00:01:38,159> the<00:01:38,400> internet,<00:01:39,040> one<00:01:39,280> will

this formula on the internet, one will

this formula on the internet, one will
see<00:01:39,840> how<00:01:40,079> a<00:01:40,320> simple<00:01:40,640> idea<00:01:41,200> can<00:01:41,439> be<00:01:41,680> expressed

see how a simple idea can be expressed

see how a simple idea can be expressed
so<00:01:42,640> complex<00:01:43,520> even<00:01:43,920> scientists<00:01:44,640> find<00:01:44,880> it<00:01:45,119> hard

so complex even scientists find it hard

so complex even scientists find it hard
to<00:01:45,520> follow.<00:01:46,320> According<00:01:46,799> to<00:01:46,960> critics,<00:01:47,600> the

to follow. According to critics, the

to follow. According to critics, the
change<00:01:48,079> is<00:01:48,320> recent<00:01:48,880> to<00:01:49,119> support<00:01:49,439> a<00:01:49,680> spherical

change is recent to support a spherical

change is recent to support a spherical
Earth<00:01:50,560> and<00:01:50,880> heliocentricity.

Earth and heliocentricity.

Earth and heliocentricity.
This<00:01:52,880> experiment<00:01:53,439> will<00:01:53,680> need<00:01:53,840> two

This experiment will need two

This experiment will need two
experimenters<00:01:55,040> and<00:01:55,280> two<00:01:55,520> or<00:01:55,680> more<00:01:55,920> monitors.

experimenters and two or more monitors.

experimenters and two or more monitors.
Apparatus<00:01:57,680> needed<00:01:58,079> is<00:01:58,399> a<00:01:58,640> video<00:01:58,960> camera<00:01:59,360> with

Apparatus needed is a video camera with

Apparatus needed is a video camera with
a<00:01:59,759> large<00:02:00,000> zoom<00:02:00,320> lens,<00:02:01,119> access<00:02:01,520> to<00:02:01,759> a<00:02:01,920> large

a large zoom lens, access to a large

a large zoom lens, access to a large
lake,<00:02:02,640> like<00:02:02,799> one<00:02:03,040> of<00:02:03,119> the<00:02:03,200> Great<00:02:03,520> Lakes,

lake, like one of the Great Lakes,

lake, like one of the Great Lakes,
preferably<00:02:04,880> frozen<00:02:05,520> on<00:02:05,680> a<00:02:05,920> very<00:02:06,159> calm<00:02:06,399> and

preferably frozen on a very calm and

preferably frozen on a very calm and
clear<00:02:06,960> day.<00:02:07,920> Set<00:02:08,160> up<00:02:08,239> a<00:02:08,479> station<00:02:08,879> on<00:02:09,119> the<00:02:09,280> edge

clear day. Set up a station on the edge

clear day. Set up a station on the edge
of<00:02:09,520> the<00:02:09,679> lake,<00:02:10,160> and<00:02:10,399> place<00:02:10,640> a<00:02:10,879> marker<00:02:11,120> on<00:02:11,280> the

of the lake, and place a marker on the

of the lake, and place a marker on the
ice<00:02:11,840> 3<00:02:12,080> m<00:02:12,400> away.<00:02:13,360> Use<00:02:13,599> a<00:02:13,840> drone<00:02:14,160> flying<00:02:14,480> at<00:02:14,640> a

ice 3 m away. Use a drone flying at a

ice 3 m away. Use a drone flying at a
constant<00:02:15,280> controlled<00:02:15,680> 1<00:02:15,920> meter<00:02:16,400> above<00:02:16,720> the

constant controlled 1 meter above the

constant controlled 1 meter above the
ice<00:02:17,520> so<00:02:17,760> as<00:02:17,920> to<00:02:18,080> pass<00:02:18,319> over<00:02:18,560> the<00:02:18,800> 3m<00:02:19,280> marker.

ice so as to pass over the 3m marker.

ice so as to pass over the 3m marker.
The<00:02:20,640> drone<00:02:21,040> camera<00:02:21,520> will<00:02:21,920> identify<00:02:22,319> the

The drone camera will identify the

The drone camera will identify the
marker<00:02:22,879> and<00:02:23,200> stop,<00:02:23,840> hover<00:02:24,160> in<00:02:24,400> the<00:02:24,560> place

marker and stop, hover in the place

marker and stop, hover in the place
still<00:02:25,200> at<00:02:25,440> 1<00:02:25,680> m<00:02:25,920> above<00:02:26,160> the<00:02:26,319> ice.<00:02:27,360> Can<00:02:27,520> the

still at 1 m above the ice. Can the

still at 1 m above the ice. Can the
experimenters<00:02:28,480> see<00:02:28,640> the<00:02:28,800> drone<00:02:29,040> by<00:02:29,280> naked<00:02:29,599> eye

experimenters see the drone by naked eye

experimenters see the drone by naked eye
or<00:02:30,400> has<00:02:30,560> it<00:02:30,800> gone<00:02:31,040> over<00:02:31,280> the<00:02:31,440> curve?<00:02:32,400> Or<00:02:32,640> has<00:02:32,879> it

or has it gone over the curve? Or has it

or has it gone over the curve? Or has it
disappeared<00:02:34,160> because<00:02:34,400> the<00:02:34,640> drone<00:02:34,959> has<00:02:35,200> gone

disappeared because the drone has gone

disappeared because the drone has gone
beyond<00:02:35,840> the<00:02:36,000> vanishing<00:02:36,560> point,<00:02:37,200> the<00:02:37,519> limit<00:02:37,760> of

beyond the vanishing point, the limit of

beyond the vanishing point, the limit of
the<00:02:38,080> human<00:02:38,400> eye<00:02:38,640> to<00:02:38,879> see<00:02:39,040> in<00:02:39,200> the<00:02:39,360> distance?

the human eye to see in the distance?

the human eye to see in the distance?
Now<00:02:40,879> video<00:02:41,200> the<00:02:41,440> drone<00:02:41,760> using<00:02:42,000> the<00:02:42,160> zoom<00:02:42,480> lens

Now video the drone using the zoom lens

Now video the drone using the zoom lens
and<00:02:43,280> ask<00:02:43,680> can<00:02:43,920> it<00:02:44,080> still<00:02:44,319> be<00:02:44,480> seen.<00:02:45,519> Now<00:02:45,760> repeat

and ask can it still be seen. Now repeat

and ask can it still be seen. Now repeat
the<00:02:46,319> experiment<00:02:46,959> but<00:02:47,200> put<00:02:47,360> the<00:02:47,519> marker<00:02:47,840> at<00:02:48,080> 6

the experiment but put the marker at 6

the experiment but put the marker at 6
miles<00:02:48,720> away<00:02:49,280> and<00:02:49,519> video<00:02:49,920> through<00:02:50,080> the<00:02:50,239> zoom

miles away and video through the zoom

miles away and video through the zoom
lens.<00:02:51,680> Carefully<00:02:52,239> collate<00:02:52,640> the<00:02:52,800> video

lens. Carefully collate the video

lens. Carefully collate the video
footage.<00:02:53,920> Repeat<00:02:54,319> the<00:02:54,480> experiment<00:02:54,959> for

footage. Repeat the experiment for

footage. Repeat the experiment for
analysis.<00:02:56,400> There<00:02:56,560> are<00:02:56,720> other<00:02:56,879> factors<00:02:57,280> that

analysis. There are other factors that

analysis. There are other factors that
need<00:02:57,599> to<00:02:57,760> be<00:02:57,920> taken<00:02:58,160> into<00:02:58,480> consideration.<00:02:59,120> Of

need to be taken into consideration. Of

need to be taken into consideration. Of
course<00:03:00,319> in<00:03:00,560> this<00:03:00,800> experiment<00:03:01,599> there<00:03:01,760> is<00:03:01,920> no

course in this experiment there is no

course in this experiment there is no
need<00:03:02,239> to<00:03:02,480> use<00:03:02,800> complex<00:03:03,519> contrived

need to use complex contrived

need to use complex contrived
mathematical<00:03:04,879> equations.<00:03:05,920> Just<00:03:06,239> simple

mathematical equations. Just simple

mathematical equations. Just simple
observation<00:03:07,360> and<00:03:07,680> common<00:03:08,000> sense.<00:03:08,959> Is<00:03:09,200> water

observation and common sense. Is water

observation and common sense. Is water
flat?<00:03:10,560> The<00:03:10,800> Earth<00:03:11,120> is<00:03:11,280> over<00:03:11,680> 70%<00:03:12,480> water<00:03:13,200> and

flat? The Earth is over 70% water and

flat? The Earth is over 70% water and
water<00:03:13,920> is<00:03:14,239> flat.<00:03:15,200> So<00:03:15,599> where<00:03:15,840> is<00:03:16,000> the<00:03:16,239> curve?

water is flat. So where is the curve?

water is flat. So where is the curve?
Whenever<00:03:17,920> experiments<00:03:18,640> have<00:03:18,879> been<00:03:19,040> tried<00:03:19,360> on

Whenever experiments have been tried on

Whenever experiments have been tried on
the<00:03:19,680> surface<00:03:20,000> of<00:03:20,239> standing<00:03:20,640> water,<00:03:21,360> the

the surface of standing water, the

the surface of standing water, the
surface<00:03:22,000> has<00:03:22,239> always<00:03:22,560> been<00:03:22,800> found<00:03:22,959> to<00:03:23,200> be

surface has always been found to be

surface has always been found to be
level.<00:03:24,239> If<00:03:24,480> the<00:03:24,640> Earth<00:03:24,879> were<00:03:25,040> a<00:03:25,200> globe,<00:03:25,760> the

level. If the Earth were a globe, the

level. If the Earth were a globe, the
surface<00:03:26,319> of<00:03:26,560> all<00:03:26,800> standing<00:03:27,200> water<00:03:27,599> would<00:03:27,840> be

surface of all standing water would be

surface of all standing water would be
convex.<00:03:29,200> This<00:03:29,440> is<00:03:29,680> experimental<00:03:30,400> proof<00:03:30,879> the

convex. This is experimental proof the

convex. This is experimental proof the
Earth<00:03:31,360> is<00:03:31,519> not<00:03:31,680> a<00:03:31,840> globe.<00:03:32,879> No<00:03:33,200> curve<00:03:33,519> is<00:03:33,680> seen

Earth is not a globe. No curve is seen

Earth is not a globe. No curve is seen
when<00:03:34,319> mountains<00:03:34,720> are<00:03:34,959> observed<00:03:35,360> at<00:03:35,519> a

when mountains are observed at a

when mountains are observed at a
distance<00:03:36,159> as<00:03:36,319> well.<00:03:37,200> Edward<00:03:37,680> Henry<00:03:38,000> cites

distance as well. Edward Henry cites

distance as well. Edward Henry cites
John<00:03:38,720> McIntyre<00:03:39,519> who<00:03:39,760> researched<00:03:40,319> three

John McIntyre who researched three

John McIntyre who researched three
mountains.<00:03:41,519> Mount<00:03:41,760> Tenant,<00:03:42,640> Mount

mountains. Mount Tenant, Mount

mountains. Mount Tenant, Mount
Greybeard,<00:03:43,680> and<00:03:43,840> Mount<00:03:44,159> Frypan.<00:03:45,280> All<00:03:45,519> very

Greybeard, and Mount Frypan. All very

Greybeard, and Mount Frypan. All very
nearly<00:03:46,159> the<00:03:46,400> same<00:03:46,560> height.<00:03:47,440> Standing<00:03:47,840> on

nearly the same height. Standing on

nearly the same height. Standing on
Mount<00:03:48,239> Tenant,<00:03:49,120> McIntyre<00:03:49,840> expected<00:03:50,239> to<00:03:50,480> see

Mount Tenant, McIntyre expected to see

Mount Tenant, McIntyre expected to see
Mount<00:03:50,959> Greybeard<00:03:51,680> lower<00:03:52,080> down<00:03:52,400> than<00:03:52,640> Mount

Mount Greybeard lower down than Mount

Mount Greybeard lower down than Mount
Frying<00:03:53,360> Pan<00:03:53,840> because<00:03:54,080> of<00:03:54,239> the<00:03:54,480> curve<00:03:54,720> of<00:03:54,879> the

Frying Pan because of the curve of the

Frying Pan because of the curve of the
Earth<00:03:55,760> since<00:03:56,000> it<00:03:56,239> was<00:03:56,400> 34<00:03:56,959> m<00:03:57,360> away.<00:03:58,319> But<00:03:58,480> to<00:03:58,720> his

Earth since it was 34 m away. But to his

Earth since it was 34 m away. But to his
shock<00:03:59,200> and<00:03:59,519> surprise,<00:04:00,239> it<00:04:00,480> was<00:04:00,640> the<00:04:00,879> same

shock and surprise, it was the same

shock and surprise, it was the same
height.<00:04:02,159> When<00:04:02,480> scientists<00:04:03,120> are<00:04:03,360> confronted

height. When scientists are confronted

height. When scientists are confronted
with<00:04:04,080> these<00:04:04,400> factual<00:04:04,879> results,<00:04:05,680> they<00:04:05,920> will

with these factual results, they will

with these factual results, they will
split<00:04:06,480> hairs<00:04:07,120> to<00:04:07,280> bend<00:04:07,599> the<00:04:07,760> results<00:04:08,239> to

split hairs to bend the results to

split hairs to bend the results to
support<00:04:08,799> what<00:04:09,040> they<00:04:09,280> believe.<00:04:10,159> But<00:04:10,480> belief

support what they believe. But belief

support what they believe. But belief
always<00:04:11,360> carries<00:04:11,760> the<00:04:12,000> day,<00:04:12,640> not<00:04:12,959> science.

always carries the day, not science.

always carries the day, not science.
According<00:04:14,640> to<00:04:14,879> critics,<00:04:15,519> when<00:04:15,840> scientists

According to critics, when scientists

According to critics, when scientists
discovered<00:04:16,799> the<00:04:17,040> earth<00:04:17,280> was<00:04:17,440> a<00:04:17,600> flat<00:04:17,840> plane,

discovered the earth was a flat plane,

discovered the earth was a flat plane,
they<00:04:18,799> realized<00:04:19,280> they<00:04:19,519> had<00:04:19,680> a<00:04:19,840> problem.<00:04:20,639> So,

they realized they had a problem. So,

they realized they had a problem. So,
how<00:04:21,040> did<00:04:21,199> they<00:04:21,359> cope<00:04:21,680> with<00:04:21,840> the<00:04:22,000> spherical

how did they cope with the spherical

how did they cope with the spherical
earth<00:04:22,800> theory<00:04:23,280> that<00:04:23,520> was<00:04:23,680> so<00:04:23,919> welldeveloped

earth theory that was so welldeveloped

earth theory that was so welldeveloped
and<00:04:25,040> inscribed<00:04:25,600> into<00:04:25,840> the<00:04:26,000> human<00:04:26,240> psyche<00:04:26,720> for

and inscribed into the human psyche for

and inscribed into the human psyche for
centuries?<00:04:28,080> Well,<00:04:28,720> they<00:04:28,880> had<00:04:29,120> gone<00:04:29,360> too<00:04:29,680> far

centuries? Well, they had gone too far

centuries? Well, they had gone too far
down<00:04:30,000> the<00:04:30,240> rabbit<00:04:30,560> hole<00:04:30,720> to<00:04:30,960> turn<00:04:31,199> back<00:04:31,520> for

down the rabbit hole to turn back for

down the rabbit hole to turn back for
sure.<00:04:32,639> The<00:04:32,960> truth<00:04:33,199> about<00:04:33,360> the<00:04:33,600> real<00:04:33,840> shape<00:04:34,080> of

sure. The truth about the real shape of

sure. The truth about the real shape of
the<00:04:34,400> Earth<00:04:34,800> is<00:04:35,120> too<00:04:35,360> shocking.<00:04:36,560> So,<00:04:36,960> they

the Earth is too shocking. So, they

the Earth is too shocking. So, they
wrapped<00:04:37,520> the<00:04:37,680> flat<00:04:38,000> Earth<00:04:38,320> map<00:04:38,639> around<00:04:38,960> a

wrapped the flat Earth map around a

wrapped the flat Earth map around a
globe.<00:04:40,320> But<00:04:40,479> this<00:04:40,800> made<00:04:41,040> problems<00:04:41,440> of<00:04:41,680> their

globe. But this made problems of their

globe. But this made problems of their
own.<00:04:42,880> Problems<00:04:43,360> found<00:04:43,520> on<00:04:43,759> Mercer's

own. Problems found on Mercer's

own. Problems found on Mercer's
projection<00:04:45,280> where<00:04:45,600> Greenland<00:04:46,320> appears<00:04:46,800> huge,

projection where Greenland appears huge,

projection where Greenland appears huge,
much<00:04:48,000> larger<00:04:48,400> than<00:04:48,560> it<00:04:48,800> really<00:04:48,960> is.<00:04:49,840> In<00:04:50,080> actual

much larger than it really is. In actual

much larger than it really is. In actual
fact,<00:04:51,120> Greenland<00:04:51,680> fits<00:04:52,240> 13<00:04:52,720> times<00:04:53,199> into<00:04:53,520> the

fact, Greenland fits 13 times into the

fact, Greenland fits 13 times into the
continent<00:04:54,080> of<00:04:54,320> Africa.<00:04:55,520> The<00:04:55,759> strategic<00:04:56,320> map

continent of Africa. The strategic map

continent of Africa. The strategic map
in<00:04:56,720> the<00:04:56,880> White<00:04:57,040> House<00:04:57,600> is<00:04:57,840> there<00:04:58,160> for<00:04:58,400> military

in the White House is there for military

in the White House is there for military
uses<00:04:59,600> should<00:04:59,840> the<00:05:00,000> USA<00:05:00,479> be<00:05:00,639> attacked.<00:05:01,840> The

uses should the USA be attacked. The

uses should the USA be attacked. The
famous<00:05:02,479> blue<00:05:02,800> marble<00:05:03,280> is<00:05:03,440> not<00:05:03,600> a<00:05:03,840> photograph

famous blue marble is not a photograph

famous blue marble is not a photograph
of<00:05:04,400> the<00:05:04,639> earth<00:05:04,880> from<00:05:05,120> space<00:05:05,600> as<00:05:05,759> many<00:05:06,080> believe.

of the earth from space as many believe.

of the earth from space as many believe.
It's<00:05:07,280> a<00:05:07,520> composite<00:05:08,000> of<00:05:08,320> strips<00:05:08,800> of<00:05:08,960> a<00:05:09,120> flat

It's a composite of strips of a flat

It's a composite of strips of a flat
earth<00:05:09,759> map.

earth map.

earth map.
Any<00:05:12,479> flat<00:05:12,800> image<00:05:13,360> can<00:05:13,600> be<00:05:13,680> wrapped<00:05:14,080> around

Any flat image can be wrapped around

Any flat image can be wrapped around
almost<00:05:14,880> any<00:05:15,199> 3D<00:05:15,600> shape.<00:05:16,639> See<00:05:16,880> one<00:05:17,120> of<00:05:17,199> these

almost any 3D shape. See one of these

almost any 3D shape. See one of these
many<00:05:17,840> blue<00:05:18,080> marbles<00:05:18,800> for<00:05:19,039> instance.

many blue marbles for instance.

many blue marbles for instance.
These<00:05:21,440> are<00:05:21,600> just<00:05:21,919> some<00:05:22,160> of<00:05:22,240> the<00:05:22,479> many<00:05:22,800> blue

These are just some of the many blue

These are just some of the many blue
marbles<00:05:23,680> made<00:05:23,919> over<00:05:24,080> the<00:05:24,320> years.

marbles made over the years.

marbles made over the years.
But<00:05:26,400> this<00:05:26,639> is<00:05:26,800> not<00:05:27,039> a<00:05:27,360> photograph.<00:05:28,400> It<00:05:28,639> is

But this is not a photograph. It is

But this is not a photograph. It is
admittedly<00:05:29,840> photoshopped<00:05:30,639> strips<00:05:31,280> wrapped

admittedly photoshopped strips wrapped

admittedly photoshopped strips wrapped
around<00:05:31,919> a<00:05:32,160> sphere.<00:05:33,600> Also,<00:05:34,320> the<00:05:34,639> image<00:05:34,880> of<00:05:34,960> the

around a sphere. Also, the image of the

around a sphere. Also, the image of the
Milky<00:05:35,520> Way<00:05:35,759> galaxy<00:05:36,479> cannot<00:05:36,880> be<00:05:37,039> a<00:05:37,280> photograph

Milky Way galaxy cannot be a photograph

Milky Way galaxy cannot be a photograph
since<00:05:38,320> no<00:05:38,639> vehicle<00:05:39,039> carrying<00:05:39,440> a<00:05:39,680> camera

since no vehicle carrying a camera

since no vehicle carrying a camera
launched<00:05:40,639> from<00:05:40,880> Earth<00:05:41,360> has<00:05:41,600> ever<00:05:41,919> been

launched from Earth has ever been

launched from Earth has ever been
outside<00:05:42,479> the<00:05:42,720> galaxy.<00:05:43,919> It's<00:05:44,160> an<00:05:44,400> artist's

outside the galaxy. It's an artist's

outside the galaxy. It's an artist's
impression<00:05:45,680> of<00:05:45,919> a<00:05:46,160> theoretical<00:05:46,880> idea.<00:05:48,000> But

impression of a theoretical idea. But

impression of a theoretical idea. But
how<00:05:48,479> many<00:05:48,720> people<00:05:49,039> believe<00:05:49,440> this<00:05:49,680> is<00:05:49,919> an

how many people believe this is an

how many people believe this is an
actual<00:05:50,560> photo?

actual photo?

actual photo?
Mountain<00:05:52,720> ranges<00:05:53,360> reflected<00:05:53,840> in<00:05:54,000> lakes<00:05:54,560> is<00:05:54,800> a

Mountain ranges reflected in lakes is a

Mountain ranges reflected in lakes is a
good<00:05:55,120> example<00:05:55,680> of<00:05:55,919> the<00:05:56,080> flat<00:05:56,400> earth.<00:05:57,520> If<00:05:57,759> earth

good example of the flat earth. If earth

good example of the flat earth. If earth
is<00:05:58,240> a<00:05:58,400> sphere,<00:05:59,120> then<00:05:59,440> lakes<00:05:59,840> should<00:06:00,080> behave<00:06:00,479> as

is a sphere, then lakes should behave as

is a sphere, then lakes should behave as
convex<00:06:01,440> mirrors<00:06:02,240> and<00:06:02,479> the<00:06:02,720> image<00:06:03,199> smaller<00:06:03,919> as

convex mirrors and the image smaller as

convex mirrors and the image smaller as
seen<00:06:04,560> at<00:06:04,880> B.<00:06:06,240> Mountains<00:06:06,639> reflecting<00:06:07,199> on<00:06:07,360> a

seen at B. Mountains reflecting on a

seen at B. Mountains reflecting on a
lake<00:06:07,759> or<00:06:08,080> C,<00:06:08,720> the<00:06:08,960> reflection<00:06:09,440> is<00:06:09,680> the<00:06:09,919> same

lake or C, the reflection is the same

lake or C, the reflection is the same
size<00:06:10,479> as<00:06:10,720> the<00:06:10,960> mountain<00:06:11,440> in<00:06:11,759> A.<00:06:12,720> On<00:06:12,880> a<00:06:13,039> curved

size as the mountain in A. On a curved

size as the mountain in A. On a curved
Earth,<00:06:13,919> the<00:06:14,240> reflection<00:06:14,800> would<00:06:15,039> be<00:06:15,199> smaller

Earth, the reflection would be smaller

Earth, the reflection would be smaller
like<00:06:16,160> in<00:06:16,400> B.

like in B.

like in B.
What<00:06:18,400> do<00:06:18,560> we<00:06:18,800> actually<00:06:19,199> see?

What do we actually see?

What do we actually see?
What<00:06:20,960> do<00:06:21,199> reflections<00:06:21,840> look<00:06:22,080> like<00:06:22,319> here<00:06:22,560> on

What do reflections look like here on

What do reflections look like here on
our<00:06:23,120> actual<00:06:23,520> Earth?

our actual Earth?

our actual Earth?
These<00:06:25,600> photos<00:06:26,400> show<00:06:26,800> perfect<00:06:27,280> reflections

These photos show perfect reflections

These photos show perfect reflections
which<00:06:28,639> are<00:06:28,880> exactly<00:06:29,280> the<00:06:29,600> same<00:06:29,840> size<00:06:30,080> as<00:06:30,319> the

which are exactly the same size as the

which are exactly the same size as the
mountain,<00:06:31,360> indicating<00:06:32,080> the<00:06:32,400> water<00:06:32,800> is<00:06:33,120> flat.

mountain, indicating the water is flat.

mountain, indicating the water is flat.
You<00:06:35,120> may<00:06:35,280> conduct<00:06:35,680> your<00:06:35,919> own<00:06:36,160> simple

You may conduct your own simple

You may conduct your own simple
experiment<00:06:37,360> using<00:06:37,680> a<00:06:37,919> regular<00:06:38,400> flat<00:06:38,800> mirror

experiment using a regular flat mirror

experiment using a regular flat mirror
and<00:06:39,520> a<00:06:39,759> convex<00:06:40,479> car<00:06:40,800> reversing<00:06:41,360> mirror.

and a convex car reversing mirror.

and a convex car reversing mirror.
You'll<00:06:43,039> see<00:06:43,199> the<00:06:43,440> image<00:06:43,680> in<00:06:43,919> a<00:06:44,080> flat<00:06:44,319> mirror<00:06:44,800> is

You'll see the image in a flat mirror is

You'll see the image in a flat mirror is
always<00:06:45,360> the<00:06:45,680> same<00:06:45,840> size<00:06:46,080> as<00:06:46,319> the<00:06:46,560> object,

always the same size as the object,

always the same size as the object,
while<00:06:47,759> the<00:06:48,000> image<00:06:48,240> in<00:06:48,479> a<00:06:48,639> convex<00:06:49,120> mirror<00:06:49,840> is

while the image in a convex mirror is

while the image in a convex mirror is
always<00:06:50,479> smaller<00:06:50,960> than<00:06:51,120> the<00:06:51,360> object.

always smaller than the object.

always smaller than the object.
Many<00:06:53,600> films<00:06:53,919> and<00:06:54,240> videos<00:06:54,960> show<00:06:55,120> the<00:06:55,360> Earth

Many films and videos show the Earth

Many films and videos show the Earth
from<00:06:55,840> high<00:06:56,080> up<00:06:56,319> in<00:06:56,479> the<00:06:56,639> stratosphere<00:06:57,440> as<00:06:57,680> a

from high up in the stratosphere as a

from high up in the stratosphere as a
sphere,<00:06:58,800> particularly<00:06:59,360> the<00:06:59,680> video<00:07:00,080> where

sphere, particularly the video where

sphere, particularly the video where
Felix<00:07:00,800> Bumgardner<00:07:01,680> made<00:07:01,919> his<00:07:02,160> famous<00:07:02,479> leap<00:07:02,800> in

Felix Bumgardner made his famous leap in

Felix Bumgardner made his famous leap in
2012<00:07:03,840> from<00:07:04,160> 20<00:07:04,479> m<00:07:04,880> up<00:07:05,199> from<00:07:05,440> a<00:07:05,599> high<00:07:05,840> balloon.

2012 from 20 m up from a high balloon.

2012 from 20 m up from a high balloon.
And<00:07:07,199> of<00:07:07,440> course,<00:07:07,759> what<00:07:08,000> we<00:07:08,160> are<00:07:08,319> told<00:07:08,639> are

And of course, what we are told are

And of course, what we are told are
views<00:07:09,199> from<00:07:09,520> satellites,<00:07:10,400> the<00:07:10,639> International

views from satellites, the International

views from satellites, the International
Space<00:07:11,680> Station,<00:07:12,400> and<00:07:12,560> the<00:07:12,720> Hubble<00:07:13,120> telescope,

Space Station, and the Hubble telescope,

Space Station, and the Hubble telescope,
where<00:07:14,080> the<00:07:14,240> Earth<00:07:14,560> is<00:07:14,800> decidedly<00:07:15,520> spherical.

where the Earth is decidedly spherical.

where the Earth is decidedly spherical.
The<00:07:17,199> cameras<00:07:17,680> used,<00:07:18,080> however,<00:07:18,639> are<00:07:18,960> special

The cameras used, however, are special

The cameras used, however, are special
cameras<00:07:20,000> fitted<00:07:20,400> with<00:07:20,720> fisheye<00:07:21,280> lenses,

cameras fitted with fisheye lenses,

cameras fitted with fisheye lenses,
which<00:07:22,400> can<00:07:22,639> show<00:07:22,880> straight<00:07:23,280> lines<00:07:23,680> as<00:07:24,000> curved,

which can show straight lines as curved,

which can show straight lines as curved,
convex,<00:07:25,199> or<00:07:25,440> concave.

convex, or concave.

convex, or concave.
But<00:07:27,120> when<00:07:27,440> film<00:07:27,759> is<00:07:28,000> taken<00:07:28,240> from<00:07:28,560> amateur

But when film is taken from amateur

But when film is taken from amateur
balloons<00:07:29,680> at<00:07:29,919> more<00:07:30,160> than<00:07:30,400> 20<00:07:30,639> m<00:07:31,039> high<00:07:31,599> using<00:07:31,840> a

balloons at more than 20 m high using a

balloons at more than 20 m high using a
regular<00:07:32,560> lens,<00:07:33,199> the<00:07:33,520> horizon<00:07:34,160> appears<00:07:34,720> flat.

regular lens, the horizon appears flat.

regular lens, the horizon appears flat.
Critics<00:07:36,479> claim<00:07:37,039> there<00:07:37,199> is<00:07:37,360> a<00:07:37,599> deliberate

Critics claim there is a deliberate

Critics claim there is a deliberate
element<00:07:38,400> of<00:07:38,639> deception<00:07:39,199> from<00:07:39,520> space<00:07:39,840> agencies

element of deception from space agencies

element of deception from space agencies
to<00:07:40,800> exaggerate<00:07:41,440> the<00:07:41,680> curve.

to exaggerate the curve.

to exaggerate the curve.
The<00:07:43,759> fisheye<00:07:44,240> lens<00:07:44,639> distorts<00:07:45,199> the<00:07:45,360> image.

The fisheye lens distorts the image.

The fisheye lens distorts the image.
Critics<00:07:46,720> say<00:07:47,120> it<00:07:47,280> is<00:07:47,520> deliberately<00:07:48,080> used<00:07:48,319> to

Critics say it is deliberately used to

Critics say it is deliberately used to
deceive<00:07:49,360> which<00:07:49,599> is<00:07:49,759> not<00:07:49,919> too<00:07:50,240> difficult<00:07:50,880> since

deceive which is not too difficult since

deceive which is not too difficult since
the<00:07:51,440> majority<00:07:51,840> of<00:07:52,080> people<00:07:52,720> already<00:07:53,199> believe

the majority of people already believe

the majority of people already believe
the<00:07:53,759> earth<00:07:53,919> is<00:07:54,080> a<00:07:54,240> ball<00:07:54,960> having<00:07:55,280> been

the earth is a ball having been

the earth is a ball having been
conditioned<00:07:56,080> to<00:07:56,319> see<00:07:56,479> what<00:07:56,720> they<00:07:56,960> expect.

conditioned to see what they expect.

conditioned to see what they expect.
The<00:07:58,720> following<00:07:59,280> videos<00:08:00,080> show<00:08:00,319> the<00:08:00,560> distortion

The following videos show the distortion

The following videos show the distortion
of<00:08:01,280> a<00:08:01,440> fisheye,<00:08:02,479> which<00:08:02,720> can<00:08:02,879> be<00:08:03,039> a<00:08:03,280> convex<00:08:03,759> or

of a fisheye, which can be a convex or

of a fisheye, which can be a convex or
concave<00:08:04,639> lens<00:08:05,360> in<00:08:05,680> contrast<00:08:06,080> to<00:08:06,240> a<00:08:06,479> regular

concave lens in contrast to a regular

concave lens in contrast to a regular
normal<00:08:07,599> lens.

normal lens.

normal lens.
Watch<00:08:09,840> the<00:08:10,080> short<00:08:10,479> video<00:08:10,879> of<00:08:11,120> the<00:08:11,280> Felix

Watch the short video of the Felix

Watch the short video of the Felix
Bumgardner<00:08:12,479> jump<00:08:12,960> on<00:08:13,199> the<00:08:13,360> 15th<00:08:13,840> of<00:08:14,000> March

Bumgardner jump on the 15th of March

Bumgardner jump on the 15th of March
2012.<00:08:16,160> Before<00:08:16,639> Bumgardner<00:08:17,360> jumped<00:08:17,680> from<00:08:17,840> his

2012. Before Bumgardner jumped from his

2012. Before Bumgardner jumped from his
capsule<00:08:18,720> from<00:08:19,360> 128,000<00:08:20,240> ft<00:08:20,560> above<00:08:20,800> the<00:08:20,960> Earth,

capsule from 128,000 ft above the Earth,

capsule from 128,000 ft above the Earth,
a<00:08:21,919> camera<00:08:22,319> with<00:08:22,479> an<00:08:22,720> ordinary<00:08:23,520> regular<00:08:24,000> lens

a camera with an ordinary regular lens

a camera with an ordinary regular lens
inside<00:08:25,440> briefly<00:08:26,000> shows<00:08:26,560> a<00:08:26,879> flat<00:08:27,520> eyele

inside briefly shows a flat eyele

inside briefly shows a flat eyele
horizon<00:08:28,720> of<00:08:28,879> the<00:08:29,039> Earth.<00:08:30,160> When<00:08:30,400> Bumgardner

horizon of the Earth. When Bumgardner

horizon of the Earth. When Bumgardner
steps<00:08:31,520> out<00:08:31,680> of<00:08:31,759> the<00:08:32,000> balloon<00:08:32,320> from<00:08:32,560> the

steps out of the balloon from the

steps out of the balloon from the
capsule,<00:08:33,440> an<00:08:33,680> external<00:08:34,320> GoPro<00:08:34,880> camera<00:08:35,200> is

capsule, an external GoPro camera is

capsule, an external GoPro camera is
switched<00:08:35,760> on<00:08:36,479> and<00:08:36,719> then<00:08:36,959> suddenly<00:08:37,599> the<00:08:37,919> whole

switched on and then suddenly the whole

switched on and then suddenly the whole
horizon<00:08:38,719> is<00:08:39,120> transformed<00:08:40,000> into<00:08:40,320> a<00:08:40,560> curved

horizon is transformed into a curved

horizon is transformed into a curved
horizon,<00:08:41,839> which<00:08:42,399> according<00:08:42,800> to<00:08:42,959> critics<00:08:43,680> was

horizon, which according to critics was

horizon, which according to critics was
deliberately<00:08:44,640> done<00:08:45,040> to<00:08:45,279> give<00:08:45,440> the<00:08:45,680> impression

deliberately done to give the impression

deliberately done to give the impression
of<00:08:46,320> a<00:08:46,480> curved<00:08:46,880> earth<00:08:47,360> to<00:08:47,600> meet<00:08:47,839> the

of a curved earth to meet the

of a curved earth to meet the
expectation<00:08:48,720> of<00:08:48,959> viewers.<00:08:50,240> But<00:08:50,480> watching<00:08:50,800> the

expectation of viewers. But watching the

expectation of viewers. But watching the
video<00:08:51,360> more<00:08:51,600> closely,<00:08:52,560> the<00:08:52,800> curve<00:08:53,120> is<00:08:53,360> too

video more closely, the curve is too

video more closely, the curve is too
sharp<00:08:54,320> and<00:08:54,720> small<00:08:55,279> for<00:08:55,519> a<00:08:55,760> complete<00:08:56,160> and<00:08:56,399> whole

sharp and small for a complete and whole

sharp and small for a complete and whole
Earth.<00:08:57,680> The<00:08:58,000> curves<00:08:58,320> are<00:08:58,560> seen<00:08:58,800> as<00:08:59,040> both

Earth. The curves are seen as both

Earth. The curves are seen as both
convex<00:09:00,320> and<00:09:00,800> concave<00:09:01,839> according<00:09:02,240> to<00:09:02,399> the

convex and concave according to the

convex and concave according to the
angle<00:09:02,959> of<00:09:03,120> the<00:09:03,279> camera.<00:09:04,320> But<00:09:04,480> the<00:09:04,640> horizon<00:09:05,279> is

angle of the camera. But the horizon is

angle of the camera. But the horizon is
not<00:09:05,920> convex<00:09:06,880> nor<00:09:07,279> concave,<00:09:08,480> but<00:09:08,880> flat.

not convex nor concave, but flat.

not convex nor concave, but flat.
What<00:09:10,800> is<00:09:11,040> considered<00:09:11,440> to<00:09:11,600> be<00:09:11,760> the<00:09:12,000> very<00:09:12,320> first

What is considered to be the very first

What is considered to be the very first
view<00:09:12,959> from<00:09:13,200> a<00:09:13,360> rocket<00:09:13,760> into<00:09:14,080> space<00:09:14,640> from<00:09:15,040> 65<00:09:15,600> mi

view from a rocket into space from 65 mi

view from a rocket into space from 65 mi
up<00:09:16,640> was<00:09:16,880> from<00:09:17,040> the<00:09:17,200> Nazi<00:09:17,760> V2<00:09:18,320> rocket<00:09:18,959> launched

up was from the Nazi V2 rocket launched

up was from the Nazi V2 rocket launched
from<00:09:19,680> the<00:09:19,839> White<00:09:20,160> Sands<00:09:20,480> Missile<00:09:20,880> Range<00:09:21,200> of

from the White Sands Missile Range of

from the White Sands Missile Range of
New<00:09:21,760> Mexico<00:09:22,480> on<00:09:22,800> October<00:09:23,360> 14th,<00:09:24,320> 1946.

New Mexico on October 14th, 1946.

New Mexico on October 14th, 1946.
A<00:09:26,240> regular<00:09:26,640> lens<00:09:27,279> shows<00:09:27,600> a<00:09:27,839> flat<00:09:28,160> Earth,<00:09:29,040> which

A regular lens shows a flat Earth, which

A regular lens shows a flat Earth, which
is<00:09:29,440> quite<00:09:29,839> different<00:09:30,160> from<00:09:30,399> the<00:09:30,640> view<00:09:30,800> that

is quite different from the view that

is quite different from the view that
NASA<00:09:31,519> released<00:09:31,920> thereafter<00:09:32,800> using<00:09:33,120> fisheye

NASA released thereafter using fisheye

NASA released thereafter using fisheye
lenses<00:09:34,240> that<00:09:34,560> distort<00:09:34,959> the<00:09:35,200> horizon<00:09:35,920> even

lenses that distort the horizon even

lenses that distort the horizon even
from<00:09:36,480> only<00:09:36,800> 5<00:09:37,120> m<00:09:37,440> high.<00:09:38,560> Notice<00:09:38,959> the<00:09:39,200> sharpness

from only 5 m high. Notice the sharpness

from only 5 m high. Notice the sharpness
of<00:09:39,839> the<00:09:40,000> curve.<00:09:40,959> The<00:09:41,200> V2<00:09:41,680> rocket<00:09:42,160> is<00:09:42,560> 13<00:09:42,959> m

of the curve. The V2 rocket is 13 m

of the curve. The V2 rocket is 13 m
higher<00:09:44,000> and<00:09:44,240> shows<00:09:44,480> a<00:09:44,720> very<00:09:44,959> different

higher and shows a very different

higher and shows a very different
picture.

picture.

picture.
Balloons<00:09:47,519> were<00:09:47,760> used<00:09:48,000> extensively<00:09:48,640> in<00:09:48,880> the

Balloons were used extensively in the

Balloons were used extensively in the
19th<00:09:49,519> century<00:09:50,240> before<00:09:50,640> engineowered

19th century before engineowered

19th century before engineowered
airplanes<00:09:51,920> existed.<00:09:53,200> reports<00:09:53,680> from<00:09:53,920> that

airplanes existed. reports from that

airplanes existed. reports from that
time<00:09:54,399> are<00:09:54,640> very<00:09:54,959> interesting<00:09:55,680> and<00:09:55,920> worth

time are very interesting and worth

time are very interesting and worth
reading<00:09:56,560> the<00:09:56,720> impressions<00:09:57,519> given<00:09:57,839> by<00:09:58,080> those

reading the impressions given by those

reading the impressions given by those
balloonists.

balloonists.

balloonists.
In<00:10:00,160> an<00:10:00,399> editorial<00:10:00,959> from<00:10:01,120> the<00:10:01,279> London<00:10:01,760> Journal,

In an editorial from the London Journal,

In an editorial from the London Journal,
July<00:10:02,880> 18th,<00:10:03,519> 1857,<00:10:04,959> one<00:10:05,200> journalist

July 18th, 1857, one journalist

July 18th, 1857, one journalist
described<00:10:06,240> the<00:10:06,480> experience<00:10:06,959> of<00:10:07,200> his<00:10:07,360> hot<00:10:07,600> air

described the experience of his hot air

described the experience of his hot air
balloon<00:10:08,240> ascent.<00:10:09,040> Quote,<00:10:09,760> "The<00:10:10,080> chief

balloon ascent. Quote, "The chief

balloon ascent. Quote, "The chief
peculiarity<00:10:11,279> of<00:10:11,440> the<00:10:11,680> view<00:10:11,920> from<00:10:12,080> a<00:10:12,240> balloon

peculiarity of the view from a balloon

peculiarity of the view from a balloon
at<00:10:12,880> a<00:10:13,040> considerable<00:10:13,680> elevation<00:10:14,480> was<00:10:14,720> the

at a considerable elevation was the

at a considerable elevation was the
altitude<00:10:15,440> of<00:10:15,600> the<00:10:15,760> horizon,<00:10:16,560> which<00:10:16,880> remained

altitude of the horizon, which remained

altitude of the horizon, which remained
practically<00:10:17,839> on<00:10:18,000> a<00:10:18,160> level<00:10:18,480> with<00:10:18,640> the<00:10:18,800> eye<00:10:19,200> at

practically on a level with the eye at

practically on a level with the eye at
an<00:10:19,680> elevation<00:10:20,079> of<00:10:20,320> 2<00:10:20,480> mi,<00:10:21,279> causing<00:10:21,680> the

an elevation of 2 mi, causing the

an elevation of 2 mi, causing the
surface<00:10:22,240> of<00:10:22,320> the<00:10:22,560> Earth<00:10:22,959> to<00:10:23,200> appear<00:10:23,680> concave

surface of the Earth to appear concave

surface of the Earth to appear concave
and<00:10:24,880> to<00:10:25,120> recede<00:10:25,600> during<00:10:25,920> the<00:10:26,079> rapid<00:10:26,399> ascent,

and to recede during the rapid ascent,

and to recede during the rapid ascent,
whilst<00:10:27,440> the<00:10:27,680> horizon<00:10:28,240> and<00:10:28,399> the<00:10:28,560> balloon<00:10:29,200> seem

whilst the horizon and the balloon seem

whilst the horizon and the balloon seem
to<00:10:29,680> be<00:10:29,839> stationary.

to be stationary.

to be stationary.
The<00:10:32,000> horizon<00:10:32,480> always<00:10:32,880> rises<00:10:33,360> up<00:10:33,680> to<00:10:33,920> meet<00:10:34,079> the

The horizon always rises up to meet the

The horizon always rises up to meet the
eye<00:10:34,480> at<00:10:34,720> high<00:10:34,959> level.<00:10:35,680> Observers<00:10:36,720> from<00:10:36,959> a

eye at high level. Observers from a

eye at high level. Observers from a
balloon<00:10:37,600> 20<00:10:37,839> m<00:10:38,240> high<00:10:38,800> using<00:10:39,040> a<00:10:39,279> standard<00:10:39,680> lens

balloon 20 m high using a standard lens

balloon 20 m high using a standard lens
would<00:10:40,560> have<00:10:40,720> to<00:10:40,880> look<00:10:41,120> down<00:10:41,360> to<00:10:41,600> see<00:10:41,760> the

would have to look down to see the

would have to look down to see the
horizon.<00:10:43,120> But<00:10:43,279> in<00:10:43,519> practice,<00:10:44,079> the<00:10:44,399> horizon<00:10:44,880> is

horizon. But in practice, the horizon is

horizon. But in practice, the horizon is
always<00:10:45,440> at<00:10:45,680> eye<00:10:46,000> level.

always at eye level.

always at eye level.
If<00:10:48,000> the<00:10:48,160> Earth<00:10:48,399> is<00:10:48,640> flat,<00:10:49,440> why<00:10:49,680> is<00:10:49,839> it<00:10:50,000> not

If the Earth is flat, why is it not

If the Earth is flat, why is it not
possible<00:10:50,640> to<00:10:50,800> see<00:10:50,959> a<00:10:51,200> city<00:10:51,600> 50<00:10:51,839> m<00:10:52,240> away<00:10:52,480> with

possible to see a city 50 m away with

possible to see a city 50 m away with
the<00:10:52,800> naked<00:10:53,120> eye?<00:10:54,160> Because<00:10:54,399> of<00:10:54,800> perspective

the naked eye? Because of perspective

the naked eye? Because of perspective
and<00:10:56,000> the<00:10:56,160> nature<00:10:56,560> and<00:10:56,800> structure<00:10:57,200> of<00:10:57,440> the

and the nature and structure of the

and the nature and structure of the
human<00:10:57,920> eye.<00:10:58,720> An<00:10:59,040> average<00:10:59,440> person<00:11:00,000> sees<00:11:00,320> the

human eye. An average person sees the

human eye. An average person sees the
horizon<00:11:01,279> about<00:11:01,680> 3.5<00:11:02,480> to<00:11:02,800> 6<00:11:03,040> miles<00:11:03,360> away.<00:11:04,240> A

horizon about 3.5 to 6 miles away. A

horizon about 3.5 to 6 miles away. A
taller<00:11:04,880> person<00:11:05,440> can<00:11:05,680> see<00:11:05,839> a<00:11:06,000> little<00:11:06,160> further

taller person can see a little further

taller person can see a little further
perspective.

perspective.

perspective.
Perspective<00:11:08,800> may<00:11:09,040> be<00:11:09,120> explained<00:11:09,600> by<00:11:09,839> railway

Perspective may be explained by railway

Perspective may be explained by railway
lines.<00:11:11,360> The<00:11:11,600> lines<00:11:11,920> are<00:11:12,079> perfectly<00:11:12,560> parallel,

lines. The lines are perfectly parallel,

lines. The lines are perfectly parallel,
but<00:11:13,600> a<00:11:13,839> person<00:11:14,160> standing<00:11:14,480> in<00:11:14,720> the<00:11:14,880> middle<00:11:15,040> of

but a person standing in the middle of

but a person standing in the middle of
the<00:11:15,360> lines<00:11:15,920> looking<00:11:16,160> into<00:11:16,480> the<00:11:16,640> distance<00:11:17,440> sees

the lines looking into the distance sees

the lines looking into the distance sees
them<00:11:18,079> getting<00:11:18,399> closer<00:11:18,800> and<00:11:19,040> closer.<00:11:20,079> Although

them getting closer and closer. Although

them getting closer and closer. Although
the<00:11:20,640> person<00:11:20,959> knows<00:11:21,279> they<00:11:21,519> are<00:11:21,600> the<00:11:21,839> same

the person knows they are the same

the person knows they are the same
distance<00:11:22,320> apart,<00:11:23,200> but<00:11:23,440> they<00:11:23,600> can<00:11:23,760> only<00:11:24,079> see<00:11:24,320> as

distance apart, but they can only see as

distance apart, but they can only see as
far<00:11:24,720> as<00:11:24,880> the<00:11:25,120> horizon.<00:11:26,079> The<00:11:26,320> railway<00:11:26,720> line

far as the horizon. The railway line

far as the horizon. The railway line
appears<00:11:27,440> to<00:11:27,600> get<00:11:27,839> smaller,<00:11:28,480> but<00:11:28,800> of<00:11:28,959> course<00:11:29,279> it

appears to get smaller, but of course it

appears to get smaller, but of course it
does<00:11:29,760> not.<00:11:30,640> It<00:11:30,880> is<00:11:31,040> approaching<00:11:31,519> the

does not. It is approaching the

does not. It is approaching the
vanishing<00:11:32,240> point.<00:11:33,279> But<00:11:33,519> this<00:11:33,680> is<00:11:33,920> just

vanishing point. But this is just

vanishing point. But this is just
perspective<00:11:35,200> and<00:11:35,440> nothing<00:11:35,839> has<00:11:36,079> really

perspective and nothing has really

perspective and nothing has really
vanished.

vanished.

vanished.
When<00:11:38,160> a<00:11:38,399> person<00:11:38,720> starts<00:11:39,040> to<00:11:39,200> walk<00:11:39,440> away<00:11:39,920> down

When a person starts to walk away down

When a person starts to walk away down
the<00:11:40,399> middle<00:11:40,560> of<00:11:40,640> a<00:11:40,880> road,<00:11:41,519> they<00:11:41,760> appear<00:11:42,079> to<00:11:42,240> get

the middle of a road, they appear to get

the middle of a road, they appear to get
smaller<00:11:43,040> and<00:11:43,360> eventually<00:11:43,839> their<00:11:44,160> legs<00:11:44,480> start

smaller and eventually their legs start

smaller and eventually their legs start
to<00:11:44,880> appear<00:11:45,279> blurry<00:11:45,680> and<00:11:46,000> shimmering.<00:11:47,279> This<00:11:47,440> is

to appear blurry and shimmering. This is

to appear blurry and shimmering. This is
because<00:11:47,839> of<00:11:48,000> the<00:11:48,240> density<00:11:48,640> of<00:11:48,800> the<00:11:48,959> air<00:11:49,440> and

because of the density of the air and

because of the density of the air and
light<00:11:50,079> returning<00:11:50,480> from<00:11:50,640> the<00:11:50,880> legs<00:11:51,200> becoming

light returning from the legs becoming

light returning from the legs becoming
distorted.<00:11:53,040> Perspective,<00:11:53,760> however,<00:11:54,399> can<00:11:54,560> be

distorted. Perspective, however, can be

distorted. Perspective, however, can be
changed<00:11:55,120> by<00:11:55,360> using<00:11:55,680> binoculars,<00:11:56,640> zoom<00:11:56,959> lens,

changed by using binoculars, zoom lens,

changed by using binoculars, zoom lens,
or<00:11:57,519> a<00:11:57,680> telescope,<00:11:58,560> and<00:11:58,720> the<00:11:58,959> image<00:11:59,200> of<00:11:59,360> the

or a telescope, and the image of the

or a telescope, and the image of the
person<00:12:00,079> appears<00:12:00,560> closer<00:12:00,959> and<00:12:01,279> visible<00:12:01,680> again.

person appears closer and visible again.

person appears closer and visible again.
Eventually,

Eventually,

Eventually,
the<00:12:04,079> person<00:12:04,480> still<00:12:04,800> walking<00:12:05,120> down<00:12:05,279> the<00:12:05,519> road

the person still walking down the road

the person still walking down the road
disappears,<00:12:07,360> not<00:12:07,600> because<00:12:07,920> they<00:12:08,160> have<00:12:08,320> gone

disappears, not because they have gone

disappears, not because they have gone
over<00:12:08,720> the<00:12:08,959> curve<00:12:09,200> of<00:12:09,360> the<00:12:09,519> earth,<00:12:10,160> but<00:12:10,480> simply

over the curve of the earth, but simply

over the curve of the earth, but simply
because<00:12:11,120> they<00:12:11,360> have<00:12:11,519> gone<00:12:11,760> out<00:12:11,920> of<00:12:12,079> range<00:12:12,320> of

because they have gone out of range of

because they have gone out of range of
view,<00:12:13,279> called<00:12:13,680> the<00:12:13,920> vanishing<00:12:14,399> point.<00:12:15,680> Ships

view, called the vanishing point. Ships

view, called the vanishing point. Ships
at<00:12:16,240> sea<00:12:16,720> that<00:12:17,040> appear<00:12:17,360> to<00:12:17,600> disappear<00:12:18,000> at<00:12:18,240> the

at sea that appear to disappear at the

at sea that appear to disappear at the
bottom<00:12:18,959> can<00:12:19,200> be<00:12:19,360> restored<00:12:19,839> to<00:12:20,079> full<00:12:20,399> view

bottom can be restored to full view

bottom can be restored to full view
using<00:12:21,200> a<00:12:21,440> good<00:12:21,680> zoom<00:12:22,000> lens<00:12:22,320> camera.<00:12:23,279> The

using a good zoom lens camera. The

using a good zoom lens camera. The
bottom<00:12:23,839> of<00:12:23,920> the<00:12:24,160> ship<00:12:24,639> can<00:12:24,880> come<00:12:25,040> into<00:12:25,360> focus

bottom of the ship can come into focus

bottom of the ship can come into focus
and<00:12:26,240> the<00:12:26,399> bow<00:12:27,040> seen<00:12:27,360> clearly<00:12:27,839> breaking<00:12:28,079> the

and the bow seen clearly breaking the

and the bow seen clearly breaking the
waves.<00:12:29,600> There<00:12:29,839> are<00:12:30,000> hundreds<00:12:30,320> of<00:12:30,480> videos

waves. There are hundreds of videos

waves. There are hundreds of videos
produced<00:12:31,600> by<00:12:31,839> researchers<00:12:32,639> which

produced by researchers which

produced by researchers which
demonstrate<00:12:33,440> that<00:12:33,680> ships<00:12:34,079> do<00:12:34,240> not<00:12:34,480> vanish

demonstrate that ships do not vanish

demonstrate that ships do not vanish
around<00:12:35,120> the<00:12:35,360> curve<00:12:35,600> of<00:12:35,680> the<00:12:35,839> earth.<00:12:36,880> The

around the curve of the earth. The

around the curve of the earth. The
teaching<00:12:37,360> in<00:12:37,680> schools<00:12:38,160> that<00:12:38,480> ships<00:12:38,800> at<00:12:39,040> sea

teaching in schools that ships at sea

teaching in schools that ships at sea
disappear<00:12:40,000> because<00:12:40,320> they've<00:12:40,639> gone<00:12:40,880> over<00:12:41,040> the

disappear because they've gone over the

disappear because they've gone over the
curve<00:12:41,440> of<00:12:41,600> the<00:12:41,760> earth<00:12:42,320> is<00:12:42,560> no<00:12:42,800> longer<00:12:43,040> a

curve of the earth is no longer a

curve of the earth is no longer a
credible<00:12:43,760> proof<00:12:44,079> that<00:12:44,320> the<00:12:44,560> earth<00:12:44,800> has<00:12:44,959> a

credible proof that the earth has a

credible proof that the earth has a
curved<00:12:45,519> surface.

curved surface.

curved surface.
It's<00:12:47,519> part<00:12:47,760> of<00:12:47,920> the<00:12:48,160> natural<00:12:48,480> physics<00:12:48,880> of

It's part of the natural physics of

It's part of the natural physics of
water<00:12:49,519> and<00:12:49,760> other<00:12:50,079> fluids<00:12:50,639> to<00:12:50,880> always<00:12:51,200> find

water and other fluids to always find

water and other fluids to always find
their<00:12:51,680> level<00:12:52,000> and<00:12:52,320> remain<00:12:52,720> flat.<00:12:53,680> If

their level and remain flat. If

their level and remain flat. If
disturbed<00:12:54,480> in<00:12:54,639> any<00:12:54,880> way,<00:12:55,440> motion<00:12:55,839> ensues

disturbed in any way, motion ensues

disturbed in any way, motion ensues
until<00:12:56,880> the<00:12:57,040> flat<00:12:57,360> level<00:12:57,600> is<00:12:57,839> resumed.<00:12:59,040> If

until the flat level is resumed. If

until the flat level is resumed. If
raised<00:12:59,680> up<00:13:00,000> then<00:13:00,240> released,<00:13:00,959> the<00:13:01,200> nature<00:13:01,440> of

raised up then released, the nature of

raised up then released, the nature of
all<00:13:01,839> liquids<00:13:02,639> is<00:13:02,880> to<00:13:03,040> flood<00:13:03,519> outwards,<00:13:04,240> taking

all liquids is to flood outwards, taking

all liquids is to flood outwards, taking
the<00:13:04,720> easiest<00:13:05,279> course<00:13:05,839> towards<00:13:06,320> finding<00:13:06,639> its

the easiest course towards finding its

the easiest course towards finding its
new<00:13:07,120> level.<00:13:08,160> Hydroelectric<00:13:09,120> power<00:13:09,440> stations

new level. Hydroelectric power stations

new level. Hydroelectric power stations
are<00:13:10,160> a<00:13:10,399> testament<00:13:10,720> to<00:13:10,959> this<00:13:11,200> fact.<00:13:12,320> But<00:13:12,480> if<00:13:12,639> the

are a testament to this fact. But if the

are a testament to this fact. But if the
Earth<00:13:13,040> is<00:13:13,279> a<00:13:13,440> giant<00:13:13,760> sphere<00:13:14,480> tilted<00:13:14,959> on<00:13:15,120> its

Earth is a giant sphere tilted on its

Earth is a giant sphere tilted on its
vertical<00:13:15,760> axis,<00:13:16,480> spinning<00:13:16,959> through

vertical axis, spinning through

vertical axis, spinning through
neverending<00:13:17,839> space,<00:13:18,560> then<00:13:18,800> it<00:13:18,959> follows<00:13:19,279> that

neverending space, then it follows that

neverending space, then it follows that
truly<00:13:20,079> flat<00:13:20,720> consistently<00:13:21,440> level<00:13:21,760> surfaces

truly flat consistently level surfaces

truly flat consistently level surfaces
do<00:13:22,639> not<00:13:22,800> exist<00:13:23,120> here.<00:13:24,320> Moreover,<00:13:25,120> if<00:13:25,360> the

do not exist here. Moreover, if the

do not exist here. Moreover, if the
Earth<00:13:25,760> is<00:13:25,920> spherical,<00:13:26,800> then<00:13:26,959> it<00:13:27,200> follows<00:13:27,440> that

Earth is spherical, then it follows that

Earth is spherical, then it follows that
the<00:13:27,920> surface<00:13:28,240> of<00:13:28,399> all<00:13:28,560> Earth's<00:13:28,959> water,

the surface of all Earth's water,

the surface of all Earth's water,
including<00:13:30,000> the<00:13:30,160> massive<00:13:30,560> oceans,<00:13:31,440> must

including the massive oceans, must

including the massive oceans, must
maintain<00:13:32,160> a<00:13:32,399> certain<00:13:32,720> degree<00:13:33,040> of<00:13:33,279> convexity.

maintain a certain degree of convexity.

maintain a certain degree of convexity.
But<00:13:34,800> this<00:13:35,040> is<00:13:35,200> contrary<00:13:35,680> to<00:13:35,839> the<00:13:36,079> fundamental

But this is contrary to the fundamental

But this is contrary to the fundamental
physical<00:13:37,120> nature<00:13:37,360> of<00:13:37,600> water<00:13:38,079> to<00:13:38,320> always<00:13:38,800> be

physical nature of water to always be

physical nature of water to always be
and<00:13:39,440> remain<00:13:39,920> level.

and remain level.

and remain level.
The<00:13:41,519> Nile<00:13:42,000> River<00:13:42,240> in<00:13:42,480> Africa<00:13:43,120> is<00:13:43,519> 4,132

The Nile River in Africa is 4,132

The Nile River in Africa is 4,132
m<00:13:45,680> long.<00:13:46,399> Flowing<00:13:46,880> over<00:13:47,120> an<00:13:47,360> arc<00:13:47,600> of<00:13:47,760> the<00:13:47,920> curve

m long. Flowing over an arc of the curve

m long. Flowing over an arc of the curve
of<00:13:48,320> the<00:13:48,480> earth<00:13:48,880> would<00:13:49,200> subtend<00:13:49,760> an<00:13:50,000> angle<00:13:50,399> at

of the earth would subtend an angle at

of the earth would subtend an angle at
the<00:13:50,800> center<00:13:50,959> of<00:13:51,120> the<00:13:51,279> earth<00:13:51,680> of<00:13:51,920> about<00:13:52,240> 60°.

the center of the earth of about 60°.

the center of the earth of about 60°.
Then<00:13:53,920> logically<00:13:54,639> it<00:13:54,880> must<00:13:55,120> flow<00:13:55,440> uphill<00:13:55,920> at

Then logically it must flow uphill at

Then logically it must flow uphill at
some<00:13:56,320> stage<00:13:56,959> and<00:13:57,199> then<00:13:57,440> down<00:13:57,600> to<00:13:57,839> the

some stage and then down to the

some stage and then down to the
Mediterranean.

Mediterranean.

Mediterranean.
There<00:13:59,760> are<00:13:59,920> other<00:14:00,160> long<00:14:00,480> rivers<00:14:01,040> such<00:14:01,199> as<00:14:01,360> the

There are other long rivers such as the

There are other long rivers such as the
Congo<00:14:02,079> and<00:14:02,320> Amazon<00:14:03,199> totally<00:14:03,760> incompatible

Congo and Amazon totally incompatible

Congo and Amazon totally incompatible
with<00:14:04,880> the<00:14:05,120> supposed<00:14:05,600> globularity<00:14:06,320> of<00:14:06,480> the

with the supposed globularity of the

with the supposed globularity of the
earth.<00:14:07,839> As<00:14:08,079> Thomas<00:14:08,480> Winship<00:14:09,040> says,<00:14:09,760> we<00:14:10,000> know

earth. As Thomas Winship says, we know

earth. As Thomas Winship says, we know
from<00:14:10,480> practical<00:14:10,959> experiment<00:14:11,680> that<00:14:12,000> water

from practical experiment that water

from practical experiment that water
will<00:14:12,480> find<00:14:12,720> its<00:14:12,959> level<00:14:13,680> and<00:14:13,920> cannot<00:14:14,240> by<00:14:14,480> any

will find its level and cannot by any

will find its level and cannot by any
possibility<00:14:15,680> remain<00:14:16,079> other<00:14:16,320> than<00:14:16,560> level<00:14:17,120> or

possibility remain other than level or

possibility remain other than level or
flat<00:14:17,760> or<00:14:18,079> horizontal,<00:14:19,040> whatever<00:14:19,440> term<00:14:19,760> may<00:14:19,920> be

flat or horizontal, whatever term may be

flat or horizontal, whatever term may be
used<00:14:20,320> to<00:14:20,560> express<00:14:20,880> the<00:14:21,120> idea.<00:14:22,399> It<00:14:22,639> is

used to express the idea. It is

used to express the idea. It is
therefore<00:14:23,199> quite<00:14:23,519> out<00:14:23,680> of<00:14:23,760> the<00:14:24,000> range<00:14:24,160> of

therefore quite out of the range of

therefore quite out of the range of
possibility<00:14:25,199> that<00:14:25,519> rivers<00:14:25,920> could<00:14:26,079> do<00:14:26,240> as<00:14:26,480> they

possibility that rivers could do as they

possibility that rivers could do as they
would<00:14:26,959> on<00:14:27,199> a<00:14:27,360> globe.<00:14:28,480> The<00:14:28,720> situation<00:14:29,199> is<00:14:29,440> even

would on a globe. The situation is even

would on a globe. The situation is even
more<00:14:29,920> baffling<00:14:30,480> when<00:14:30,800> scientists<00:14:31,360> say<00:14:31,519> the

more baffling when scientists say the

more baffling when scientists say the
force<00:14:32,079> of<00:14:32,240> gravity<00:14:32,720> is<00:14:32,959> a<00:14:33,120> weak<00:14:33,360> force.<00:14:34,160> Yet,

force of gravity is a weak force. Yet,

force of gravity is a weak force. Yet,
it's<00:14:34,800> able<00:14:35,040> to<00:14:35,199> hold<00:14:35,440> down<00:14:35,839> trillions<00:14:36,320> of<00:14:36,480> tons

it's able to hold down trillions of tons

it's able to hold down trillions of tons
of<00:14:37,040> water<00:14:37,519> on<00:14:37,760> the<00:14:37,920> surface<00:14:38,240> of<00:14:38,399> the<00:14:38,560> Earth

of water on the surface of the Earth

of water on the surface of the Earth
while<00:14:39,360> traveling<00:14:39,760> at<00:14:40,079> 67,000<00:14:41,120> mph<00:14:41,760> in<00:14:42,000> orbit

while traveling at 67,000 mph in orbit

while traveling at 67,000 mph in orbit
and<00:14:42,800> rotating<00:14:43,360> over<00:14:43,600> 1,000<00:14:44,079> mph<00:14:44,720> at<00:14:44,880> the

and rotating over 1,000 mph at the

and rotating over 1,000 mph at the
equator.<00:14:46,079> Critics<00:14:46,639> contend<00:14:47,279> that<00:14:47,600> all<00:14:47,760> the

equator. Critics contend that all the

equator. Critics contend that all the
evidence<00:14:48,480> indicates<00:14:49,120> that<00:14:49,440> Earth<00:14:49,760> is<00:14:50,000> not

evidence indicates that Earth is not

evidence indicates that Earth is not
moving<00:14:50,880> and<00:14:51,199> is<00:14:51,440> flat.<00:14:52,399> Anyone<00:14:53,519> can<00:14:53,760> show<00:14:54,000> that

moving and is flat. Anyone can show that

moving and is flat. Anyone can show that
the<00:14:54,480> horizon<00:14:54,959> is<00:14:55,199> perfectly<00:14:55,680> flat<00:14:56,160> by<00:14:56,399> a

the horizon is perfectly flat by a

the horizon is perfectly flat by a
simple<00:14:56,880> experiment<00:14:57,519> on<00:14:57,760> a<00:14:58,000> suitable<00:14:58,399> beach.

simple experiment on a suitable beach.

simple experiment on a suitable beach.
Take<00:14:59,760> a<00:14:59,920> rigid<00:15:00,320> plank<00:15:00,639> of<00:15:00,800> wood<00:15:01,279> about<00:15:01,600> 6<00:15:01,839> ft

Take a rigid plank of wood about 6 ft

Take a rigid plank of wood about 6 ft
long<00:15:02,480> or<00:15:02,639> more<00:15:03,120> and<00:15:03,360> place<00:15:03,600> it<00:15:03,760> across<00:15:04,160> two

long or more and place it across two

long or more and place it across two
tripods<00:15:05,279> as<00:15:05,519> shown<00:15:05,839> here.<00:15:07,199> Using<00:15:07,440> a<00:15:07,680> spirit

tripods as shown here. Using a spirit

tripods as shown here. Using a spirit
level<00:15:08,560> to<00:15:08,800> ensure<00:15:09,120> it<00:15:09,360> is<00:15:09,519> perfectly

level to ensure it is perfectly

level to ensure it is perfectly
horizontal,<00:15:11,040> place<00:15:11,279> a<00:15:11,519> plum<00:15:11,839> line<00:15:12,000> in<00:15:12,240> the

horizontal, place a plum line in the

horizontal, place a plum line in the
middle<00:15:12,880> and<00:15:13,040> at<00:15:13,279> various<00:15:13,680> places<00:15:14,000> across<00:15:14,399> the

middle and at various places across the

middle and at various places across the
plank<00:15:15,199> to<00:15:15,440> ensure<00:15:15,760> it<00:15:16,000> is<00:15:16,160> perfectly<00:15:16,639> level

plank to ensure it is perfectly level

plank to ensure it is perfectly level
and<00:15:17,440> square<00:15:17,760> to<00:15:18,000> the<00:15:18,160> ground.<00:15:19,360> Then<00:15:20,079> facing

and square to the ground. Then facing

and square to the ground. Then facing
the<00:15:20,639> sea<00:15:21,120> and<00:15:21,440> taking<00:15:21,680> a<00:15:21,920> line<00:15:22,079> of<00:15:22,240> sight,<00:15:22,959> line

the sea and taking a line of sight, line

the sea and taking a line of sight, line
up<00:15:23,440> the<00:15:23,600> plank<00:15:24,000> with<00:15:24,240> the<00:15:24,399> distant<00:15:24,880> horizon.

up the plank with the distant horizon.

up the plank with the distant horizon.
If<00:15:26,160> the<00:15:26,320> earth<00:15:26,639> was<00:15:26,880> curved<00:15:27,440> and<00:15:27,680> the<00:15:27,839> curve

If the earth was curved and the curve

If the earth was curved and the curve
could<00:15:28,320> be<00:15:28,480> observed<00:15:28,880> over<00:15:29,040> a<00:15:29,279> great<00:15:29,519> expanse

could be observed over a great expanse

could be observed over a great expanse
of<00:15:30,000> the<00:15:30,160> horizon,<00:15:31,040> the<00:15:31,199> curve<00:15:31,519> should<00:15:31,760> be

of the horizon, the curve should be

of the horizon, the curve should be
observable<00:15:32,560> at<00:15:32,880> both<00:15:33,120> ends<00:15:33,360> of<00:15:33,519> the<00:15:33,680> plank.

observable at both ends of the plank.

observable at both ends of the plank.
The<00:15:35,360> keel<00:15:35,760> canal<00:15:36,320> that<00:15:36,560> cuts<00:15:36,880> across<00:15:37,199> Denmark

The keel canal that cuts across Denmark

The keel canal that cuts across Denmark
Peninsula<00:15:38,480> is<00:15:38,800> almost<00:15:39,199> 57<00:15:39,760> m<00:15:40,720> 9<00:15:41,199> km<00:15:41,839> long

Peninsula is almost 57 m 9 km long

Peninsula is almost 57 m 9 km long
without<00:15:42,959> a<00:15:43,199> single<00:15:43,440> lock<00:15:43,760> to<00:15:44,000> raise<00:15:44,160> it<00:15:44,399> up<00:15:44,639> and

without a single lock to raise it up and

without a single lock to raise it up and
over<00:15:45,120> a<00:15:45,360> 91<00:15:45,920> km<00:15:46,399> curve.<00:15:47,519> There<00:15:47,760> are<00:15:47,920> thousands

over a 91 km curve. There are thousands

over a 91 km curve. There are thousands
of<00:15:48,480> canals<00:15:49,279> hundreds<00:15:49,600> of<00:15:49,839> miles<00:15:50,160> long<00:15:50,639> across

of canals hundreds of miles long across

of canals hundreds of miles long across
the<00:15:51,199> world<00:15:51,680> that<00:15:51,839> are<00:15:52,079> perfectly<00:15:52,560> flat.<00:15:53,680> If

the world that are perfectly flat. If

the world that are perfectly flat. If
there<00:15:54,079> are<00:15:54,240> locks,<00:15:54,880> it<00:15:55,040> is<00:15:55,199> to<00:15:55,360> lift<00:15:55,600> the<00:15:55,839> boats

there are locks, it is to lift the boats

there are locks, it is to lift the boats
and<00:15:56,399> ships<00:15:56,959> over<00:15:57,199> a<00:15:57,360> rugged<00:15:57,920> flat<00:15:58,399> landscape,

and ships over a rugged flat landscape,

and ships over a rugged flat landscape,
not<00:15:59,600> a<00:15:59,839> curved<00:16:00,240> earth.<00:16:01,519> Other<00:16:01,839> examples<00:16:02,560> are

not a curved earth. Other examples are

not a curved earth. Other examples are
the<00:16:02,959> Suez<00:16:03,440> Canal,<00:16:04,320> 100<00:16:04,720> miles<00:16:05,440> connecting<00:16:05,759> the

the Suez Canal, 100 miles connecting the

the Suez Canal, 100 miles connecting the
Mediterranean<00:16:06,800> and<00:16:06,959> the<00:16:07,120> Red<00:16:07,360> Sea.

Mediterranean and the Red Sea.

Mediterranean and the Red Sea.
Canals<00:16:09,199> and<00:16:09,440> railways<00:16:10,160> are<00:16:10,399> always<00:16:10,800> customade

Canals and railways are always customade

Canals and railways are always customade
horizontally,<00:16:12,880> often<00:16:13,360> over<00:16:13,680> hundreds<00:16:14,079> of

horizontally, often over hundreds of

horizontally, often over hundreds of
miles<00:16:15,040> without<00:16:15,440> any<00:16:15,839> allowance<00:16:16,399> made<00:16:16,560> for

miles without any allowance made for

miles without any allowance made for
curvature.

curvature.

curvature.
One<00:16:18,639> surveyor,<00:16:19,440> Mr.<00:16:19,759> T.<00:16:20,079> Westwood,<00:16:20,880> wrote<00:16:21,120> in

One surveyor, Mr. T. Westwood, wrote in

One surveyor, Mr. T. Westwood, wrote in
January<00:16:21,920> 1896<00:16:23,040> to<00:16:23,279> the<00:16:23,440> Earth<00:16:23,759> Review

January 1896 to the Earth Review

January 1896 to the Earth Review
magazine,<00:16:24,959> stating<00:16:25,279> that<00:16:25,519> quote,<00:16:26,000> "In

magazine, stating that quote, "In

magazine, stating that quote, "In
leveling,<00:16:27,120> I<00:16:27,360> work<00:16:27,600> from<00:16:27,839> ordinance<00:16:28,480> marks<00:16:29,040> or

leveling, I work from ordinance marks or

leveling, I work from ordinance marks or
canal<00:16:29,680> levels<00:16:30,240> to<00:16:30,480> get<00:16:30,560> the<00:16:30,720> height<00:16:30,959> above<00:16:31,360> sea

canal levels to get the height above sea

canal levels to get the height above sea
level."<00:16:32,399> The<00:16:32,560> puzzle<00:16:32,880> to<00:16:33,120> me<00:16:33,279> used<00:16:33,519> to<00:16:33,680> be<00:16:34,079> that

level." The puzzle to me used to be that

level." The puzzle to me used to be that
over<00:16:34,639> several<00:16:35,040> miles<00:16:35,680> each<00:16:36,000> level<00:16:36,639> was

over several miles each level was

over several miles each level was
treated<00:16:37,279> throughout<00:16:37,600> its<00:16:37,920> length<00:16:38,399> as<00:16:38,720> the

treated throughout its length as the

treated throughout its length as the
same<00:16:39,120> level<00:16:39,519> from<00:16:39,759> end<00:16:39,920> to<00:16:40,160> end,<00:16:40,959> not<00:16:41,120> the

same level from end to end, not the

same level from end to end, not the
least<00:16:41,600> allowance<00:16:42,160> being<00:16:42,399> made<00:16:42,639> for

least allowance being made for

least allowance being made for
curvature.

curvature.

curvature.
Another<00:16:44,800> surveyor<00:16:45,360> and<00:16:45,519> engineer<00:16:45,920> of<00:16:46,240> 30

Another surveyor and engineer of 30

Another surveyor and engineer of 30
years<00:16:47,199> wrote<00:16:47,440> to<00:16:47,600> the<00:16:47,759> Birmingham<00:16:48,399> weekly

years wrote to the Birmingham weekly

years wrote to the Birmingham weekly
Mercury<00:16:49,360> on<00:16:49,600> February<00:16:50,079> 15th,<00:16:50,800> 1890,<00:16:51,759> stating,

Mercury on February 15th, 1890, stating,

Mercury on February 15th, 1890, stating,
"I<00:16:52,959> am<00:16:53,120> thoroughly<00:16:53,600> acquainted<00:16:54,160> with<00:16:54,399> the

"I am thoroughly acquainted with the

"I am thoroughly acquainted with the
theory<00:16:54,959> and<00:16:55,279> practice<00:16:55,759> of<00:16:56,079> civil

theory and practice of civil

theory and practice of civil
engineering.<00:16:57,519> However<00:16:57,920> bigoted<00:16:58,480> some<00:16:58,720> of<00:16:58,880> our

engineering. However bigoted some of our

engineering. However bigoted some of our
professors<00:16:59,600> may<00:16:59,759> be<00:16:59,920> in<00:17:00,079> the<00:17:00,240> theory<00:17:00,480> of

professors may be in the theory of

professors may be in the theory of
surveying<00:17:01,440> according<00:17:01,839> to<00:17:01,920> the<00:17:02,160> prescribed

surveying according to the prescribed

surveying according to the prescribed
rules,<00:17:03,519> yet<00:17:03,759> it<00:17:03,920> is<00:17:04,079> well<00:17:04,319> known<00:17:04,720> that<00:17:05,039> such

rules, yet it is well known that such

rules, yet it is well known that such
theoretical<00:17:06,079> measurements<00:17:06,720> are<00:17:06,959> incapable

theoretical measurements are incapable

theoretical measurements are incapable
of<00:17:07,919> any<00:17:08,240> practical<00:17:08,959> illustration.<00:17:10,160> All<00:17:10,480> our

of any practical illustration. All our

of any practical illustration. All our
locomotives<00:17:11,520> are<00:17:11,839> designed<00:17:12,079> to<00:17:12,319> run<00:17:12,559> on<00:17:12,799> what

locomotives are designed to run on what

locomotives are designed to run on what
may<00:17:13,199> be<00:17:13,360> regarded<00:17:13,760> as<00:17:14,160> true<00:17:14,480> levels<00:17:14,959> or<00:17:15,199> flats.

may be regarded as true levels or flats.

may be regarded as true levels or flats.
Anything<00:17:16,959> approaching<00:17:17,520> 8<00:17:17,760> in<00:17:18,079> in<00:17:18,319> the<00:17:18,400> mile,

Anything approaching 8 in in the mile,

Anything approaching 8 in in the mile,
increasing<00:17:19,520> as<00:17:19,760> the<00:17:19,919> square<00:17:20,240> of<00:17:20,400> the

increasing as the square of the

increasing as the square of the
distance,<00:17:21,280> could<00:17:21,520> not<00:17:21,679> be<00:17:21,839> worked<00:17:22,240> by<00:17:22,480> any

distance, could not be worked by any

distance, could not be worked by any
engine<00:17:23,280> that<00:17:23,520> was<00:17:23,679> ever<00:17:24,000> yet<00:17:24,319> constructed.

engine that was ever yet constructed.

engine that was ever yet constructed.
Early<00:17:26,079> in<00:17:26,319> 1898,<00:17:27,600> I<00:17:27,760> met<00:17:28,079> Mr.<00:17:28,400> Hughes,<00:17:29,120> chief

Early in 1898, I met Mr. Hughes, chief

Early in 1898, I met Mr. Hughes, chief
officer<00:17:29,840> of<00:17:30,000> the<00:17:30,160> steamer<00:17:30,720> city<00:17:30,960> of<00:17:31,120> Lincoln.

officer of the steamer city of Lincoln.

officer of the steamer city of Lincoln.
This<00:17:32,400> gentleman<00:17:33,120> told<00:17:33,280> me<00:17:33,440> he<00:17:33,679> had<00:17:33,840> projected

This gentleman told me he had projected

This gentleman told me he had projected
thousands<00:17:34,880> of<00:17:35,039> miles<00:17:35,360> of<00:17:35,600> local<00:17:35,919> railway<00:17:36,400> in

thousands of miles of local railway in

thousands of miles of local railway in
South<00:17:36,880> America<00:17:37,760> and<00:17:38,000> never<00:17:38,320> heard<00:17:38,559> of<00:17:38,720> any

South America and never heard of any

South America and never heard of any
allowance<00:17:39,440> for<00:17:39,679> curvature<00:17:40,240> being<00:17:40,480> made.

allowance for curvature being made.

allowance for curvature being made.
If<00:17:42,240> the<00:17:42,400> Earth<00:17:42,720> were<00:17:42,880> a<00:17:43,039> sphere,<00:17:43,760> airplane

If the Earth were a sphere, airplane

If the Earth were a sphere, airplane
pilots<00:17:44,880> would<00:17:45,120> have<00:17:45,200> to<00:17:45,440> constantly<00:17:45,919> correct

pilots would have to constantly correct

pilots would have to constantly correct
their<00:17:46,480> altitudes<00:17:47,200> downwards<00:17:48,000> so<00:17:48,240> as<00:17:48,480> to<00:17:48,640> not

their altitudes downwards so as to not

their altitudes downwards so as to not
fly<00:17:49,200> straight<00:17:49,600> off<00:17:49,840> into<00:17:50,160> outer<00:17:50,480> space.<00:17:51,600> If

fly straight off into outer space. If

fly straight off into outer space. If
the<00:17:52,000> Earth<00:17:52,240> were<00:17:52,400> truly<00:17:52,640> a<00:17:52,880> sphere<00:17:53,280> 25,000<00:17:54,080> m

the Earth were truly a sphere 25,000 m

the Earth were truly a sphere 25,000 m
in<00:17:54,640> circumference,<00:17:55,440> covering<00:17:55,919> 8<00:17:56,080> in<00:17:56,480> per<00:17:56,640> mile

in circumference, covering 8 in per mile

in circumference, covering 8 in per mile
squared,<00:17:57,679> a<00:17:57,919> pilot<00:17:58,559> wishing<00:17:58,880> to<00:17:59,120> maintain

squared, a pilot wishing to maintain

squared, a pilot wishing to maintain
their<00:17:59,679> altitude<00:18:00,320> at<00:18:00,559> a<00:18:00,720> typical<00:18:01,120> cruising

their altitude at a typical cruising

their altitude at a typical cruising
speed<00:18:01,840> of<00:18:02,080> 500<00:18:02,559> mph<00:18:03,600> would<00:18:03,840> have<00:18:04,000> to

speed of 500 mph would have to

speed of 500 mph would have to
constantly<00:18:04,720> tip<00:18:05,039> their<00:18:05,280> nose<00:18:05,600> downward<00:18:06,240> and

constantly tip their nose downward and

constantly tip their nose downward and
descend<00:18:07,039> 2,777

descend 2,777

descend 2,777
ft<00:18:09,520> every<00:18:09,919> minute.<00:18:10,960> When<00:18:11,200> pilots<00:18:11,760> set<00:18:11,919> an

ft every minute. When pilots set an

ft every minute. When pilots set an
altitude,<00:18:12,799> their<00:18:13,120> artificial<00:18:13,679> horizon<00:18:14,080> gauge

altitude, their artificial horizon gauge

altitude, their artificial horizon gauge
remains<00:18:15,039> level,<00:18:15,600> and<00:18:15,840> so<00:18:16,080> does<00:18:16,320> their<00:18:16,559> course.

remains level, and so does their course.

remains level, and so does their course.
Nothing<00:18:18,320> like<00:18:18,559> the<00:18:18,799> necessary<00:18:19,440> 2,777

Nothing like the necessary 2,777

Nothing like the necessary 2,777
ft<00:18:22,080> per<00:18:22,320> minute<00:18:22,640> declination<00:18:23,440> is<00:18:23,760> taken<00:18:24,080> into

ft per minute declination is taken into

ft per minute declination is taken into
consideration.

consideration.

consideration.
Similarly,<00:18:27,280> ships<00:18:27,679> captains<00:18:28,160> in<00:18:28,400> navigating

Similarly, ships captains in navigating

Similarly, ships captains in navigating
great<00:18:29,280> distances<00:18:29,760> at<00:18:30,000> sea<00:18:30,720> never<00:18:30,960> need<00:18:31,200> to

great distances at sea never need to

great distances at sea never need to
factor<00:18:31,679> the<00:18:31,919> supposed<00:18:32,400> curvature<00:18:32,799> of<00:18:32,960> the

factor the supposed curvature of the

factor the supposed curvature of the
earth<00:18:33,440> into<00:18:33,760> their<00:18:34,000> calculations.<00:18:35,440> Both

earth into their calculations. Both

earth into their calculations. Both
plane<00:18:36,160> sailing<00:18:36,720> and<00:18:37,120> great<00:18:37,360> circle<00:18:37,760> sailing,

plane sailing and great circle sailing,

plane sailing and great circle sailing,
the<00:18:38,640> most<00:18:38,880> popular<00:18:39,360> navigation<00:18:40,000> methods,<00:18:40,880> use

the most popular navigation methods, use

the most popular navigation methods, use
plane,<00:18:42,000> not<00:18:42,320> spherical<00:18:42,960> trigonometry.

plane, not spherical trigonometry.

plane, not spherical trigonometry.
Plain<00:18:45,039> sailing<00:18:45,520> is<00:18:45,840> navigating<00:18:46,320> a<00:18:46,559> ship

Plain sailing is navigating a ship

Plain sailing is navigating a ship
making<00:18:47,280> all<00:18:47,600> mathematical<00:18:48,320> calculations<00:18:49,039> on

making all mathematical calculations on

making all mathematical calculations on
the<00:18:49,520> assumption<00:18:49,919> that<00:18:50,080> the<00:18:50,320> earth<00:18:50,559> is

the assumption that the earth is

the assumption that the earth is
perfectly<00:18:51,280> flat.<00:18:52,320> If<00:18:52,559> the<00:18:52,720> earth<00:18:52,960> were<00:18:53,200> in

perfectly flat. If the earth were in

perfectly flat. If the earth were in
fact<00:18:53,600> a<00:18:53,840> sphere,<00:18:54,640> such<00:18:54,799> an<00:18:55,120> errant<00:18:55,440> assumption

fact a sphere, such an errant assumption

fact a sphere, such an errant assumption
would<00:18:56,400> make<00:18:56,720> constantly<00:18:57,280> glaring

would make constantly glaring

would make constantly glaring
inaccuracies,<00:18:58,880> and<00:18:59,039> the<00:18:59,280> necessity<00:18:59,760> for

inaccuracies, and the necessity for

inaccuracies, and the necessity for
using<00:19:00,320> spherical<00:19:00,880> trigonometry<00:19:01,760> would

using spherical trigonometry would

using spherical trigonometry would
become<00:19:02,320> obvious.<00:19:03,600> All<00:19:03,919> distances,<00:19:04,799> whether

become obvious. All distances, whether

become obvious. All distances, whether
they<00:19:05,360> be<00:19:05,520> great<00:19:05,760> or<00:19:06,080> small<00:19:06,559> by<00:19:06,799> sea,<00:19:07,440> rely<00:19:07,840> upon

they be great or small by sea, rely upon

they be great or small by sea, rely upon
ordinary<00:19:08,880> flat<00:19:09,200> earth<00:19:09,520> triangulation

ordinary flat earth triangulation

ordinary flat earth triangulation
calculation.<00:19:11,840> From<00:19:12,160> the<00:19:12,320> highland<00:19:12,799> near

calculation. From the highland near

calculation. From the highland near
Portsouth<00:19:13,600> Harbor<00:19:13,919> in<00:19:14,160> Hampshire,<00:19:14,559> England,

Portsouth Harbor in Hampshire, England,

Portsouth Harbor in Hampshire, England,
looking<00:19:15,600> across<00:19:15,919> the<00:19:16,160> spithead<00:19:16,640> to<00:19:16,799> the<00:19:16,880> aisle

looking across the spithead to the aisle

looking across the spithead to the aisle
of<00:19:17,360> white,<00:19:18,000> the<00:19:18,320> entire<00:19:18,640> base<00:19:18,960> of<00:19:19,039> the<00:19:19,280> island,

of white, the entire base of the island,

of white, the entire base of the island,
where<00:19:20,080> water<00:19:20,320> and<00:19:20,480> land<00:19:20,799> come<00:19:21,039> together,

where water and land come together,

where water and land come together,
makes<00:19:22,160> a<00:19:22,400> perfectly<00:19:22,880> straight<00:19:23,200> line<00:19:23,760> 22

makes a perfectly straight line 22

makes a perfectly straight line 22
statute<00:19:24,720> miles<00:19:25,039> long.<00:19:26,160> According<00:19:26,559> to<00:19:26,640> the

statute miles long. According to the

statute miles long. According to the
ball<00:19:27,200> earth<00:19:27,440> theory,<00:19:28,000> the<00:19:28,240> aisle<00:19:28,559> of<00:19:28,720> white

ball earth theory, the aisle of white

ball earth theory, the aisle of white
should<00:19:29,440> decline<00:19:30,000> 80<00:19:30,320> ft<00:19:30,720> from<00:19:30,960> the<00:19:31,200> center<00:19:31,440> of

should decline 80 ft from the center of

should decline 80 ft from the center of
each<00:19:31,840> side<00:19:32,400> to<00:19:32,640> account<00:19:32,960> for<00:19:33,120> the<00:19:33,360> necessary

each side to account for the necessary

each side to account for the necessary
curvature.<00:19:35,039> The<00:19:35,280> crosshairs<00:19:35,840> of<00:19:35,919> a<00:19:36,080> good

curvature. The crosshairs of a good

curvature. The crosshairs of a good
theodite<00:19:37,200> directed<00:19:37,679> there,<00:19:38,000> however,<00:19:38,720> have

theodite directed there, however, have

theodite directed there, however, have
repeatedly<00:19:39,520> shown<00:19:39,919> the<00:19:40,160> land<00:19:40,480> and<00:19:40,720> the

repeatedly shown the land and the

repeatedly shown the land and the
waterline<00:19:41,600> perfectly<00:19:42,080> level.

waterline perfectly level.

waterline perfectly level.
Since<00:19:44,240> 2014,<00:19:45,280> when<00:19:45,600> Eric<00:19:45,840> Dubet's<00:19:46,400> book,<00:19:46,640> The

Since 2014, when Eric Dubet's book, The

Since 2014, when Eric Dubet's book, The
Flat<00:19:47,200> Earth<00:19:47,520> Conspiracy,<00:19:48,240> was<00:19:48,400> published,

Flat Earth Conspiracy, was published,

Flat Earth Conspiracy, was published,
hundreds<00:19:49,679> of<00:19:49,840> ordinary<00:19:50,400> people<00:19:50,960> have

hundreds of ordinary people have

hundreds of ordinary people have
conducted<00:19:51,679> experiments<00:19:52,400> all<00:19:52,640> over<00:19:52,880> the

conducted experiments all over the

conducted experiments all over the
world.<00:19:54,240> Anyone<00:19:54,640> can<00:19:54,880> conduct<00:19:55,280> an<00:19:55,520> experiment

world. Anyone can conduct an experiment

world. Anyone can conduct an experiment
without<00:19:56,559> any<00:19:56,880> sophisticated<00:19:57,600> instruments.

without any sophisticated instruments.

without any sophisticated instruments.
Experiments<00:19:59,440> with<00:19:59,679> lasers<00:20:00,160> are<00:20:00,320> common<00:20:00,880> since

Experiments with lasers are common since

Experiments with lasers are common since
lasers<00:20:01,679> can<00:20:01,840> now<00:20:02,000> be<00:20:02,160> purchased<00:20:02,640> easily

lasers can now be purchased easily

lasers can now be purchased easily
online.<00:20:04,320> NASA<00:20:04,799> are<00:20:05,039> aware<00:20:05,280> of<00:20:05,360> these

online. NASA are aware of these

online. NASA are aware of these
arguments<00:20:06,240> too.<00:20:07,039> So<00:20:07,360> why<00:20:07,600> do<00:20:07,760> they<00:20:07,919> not

arguments too. So why do they not

arguments too. So why do they not
address<00:20:08,480> these<00:20:08,799> issues?<00:20:09,840> What<00:20:10,080> do

address these issues? What do

address these issues? What do
astronomers<00:20:10,960> say<00:20:11,200> about<00:20:11,440> all<00:20:11,679> these

astronomers say about all these

astronomers say about all these
anomalies?<00:20:13,120> Astronomers<00:20:14,080> have<00:20:14,320> no<00:20:14,640> answer

anomalies? Astronomers have no answer

anomalies? Astronomers have no answer
within<00:20:15,280> the<00:20:15,440> framework<00:20:15,840> of<00:20:16,000> the<00:20:16,160> ruling

within the framework of the ruling

within the framework of the ruling
paradigm,<00:20:17,440> heliocentricity.

paradigm, heliocentricity.

paradigm, heliocentricity.
Does<00:20:19,520> this<00:20:19,760> show<00:20:20,000> the<00:20:20,160> heliocentric<00:20:21,039> paradigm

Does this show the heliocentric paradigm

Does this show the heliocentric paradigm
fraying<00:20:22,160> at<00:20:22,320> the<00:20:22,480> edges?<00:20:23,600> If<00:20:23,840> so,<00:20:24,640> this<00:20:24,880> may<00:20:25,039> be

fraying at the edges? If so, this may be

fraying at the edges? If so, this may be
a<00:20:25,440> time<00:20:25,679> for<00:20:26,000> change.<00:20:26,640> According<00:20:27,360> to

a time for change. According to

a time for change. According to
philosopher<00:20:28,240> Thomas<00:20:29,520> paradigms<00:20:30,159> need

philosopher Thomas paradigms need

philosopher Thomas paradigms need
to<00:20:30,480> be<00:20:30,640> flexible,<00:20:31,600> ready<00:20:31,840> to<00:20:32,080> incorporate<00:20:32,640> new

to be flexible, ready to incorporate new

to be flexible, ready to incorporate new
learning<00:20:33,280> as<00:20:33,520> it<00:20:33,679> unfolds.

learning as it unfolds.

learning as it unfolds.
NASA<00:20:35,679> reacts<00:20:36,159> by<00:20:36,880> ridiculing<00:20:37,600> anyone<00:20:37,919> who

NASA reacts by ridiculing anyone who

NASA reacts by ridiculing anyone who
considers<00:20:38,640> and<00:20:38,880> supports<00:20:39,280> flat<00:20:39,600> earth

considers and supports flat earth

considers and supports flat earth
arguments,<00:20:40,960> monitoring<00:20:41,600> flat<00:20:41,919> earth

arguments, monitoring flat earth

arguments, monitoring flat earth
literature<00:20:42,640> and<00:20:42,880> media,<00:20:43,520> placing<00:20:43,919> warning

literature and media, placing warning

literature and media, placing warning
signs<00:20:44,559> on<00:20:44,799> all<00:20:44,960> permissible<00:20:45,520> flat<00:20:45,760> earth

signs on all permissible flat earth

signs on all permissible flat earth
videos<00:20:46,320> and<00:20:46,559> books,<00:20:47,440> and<00:20:47,679> forbidding<00:20:48,159> or

videos and books, and forbidding or

videos and books, and forbidding or
banning<00:20:48,720> flat<00:20:49,039> earth<00:20:49,280> videos<00:20:49,600> on<00:20:49,840> YouTube<00:20:50,240> and

banning flat earth videos on YouTube and

banning flat earth videos on YouTube and
in<00:20:50,799> publications.

in publications.

in publications.
Just<00:20:52,720> pretending<00:20:53,200> these<00:20:53,520> anomalies<00:20:54,159> don't

Just pretending these anomalies don't

Just pretending these anomalies don't
exist<00:20:55,280> isn't<00:20:55,679> going<00:20:55,840> to<00:20:56,080> make<00:20:56,240> them<00:20:56,480> go<00:20:56,720> away

exist isn't going to make them go away

exist isn't going to make them go away
and<00:20:57,679> certainly<00:20:58,159> isn't<00:20:58,480> a<00:20:58,640> good<00:20:58,880> look<00:20:59,280> for

and certainly isn't a good look for

and certainly isn't a good look for
NASA.<00:21:00,720> For<00:21:01,039> now,<00:21:01,520> it<00:21:01,760> seems<00:21:02,080> NASA<00:21:02,559> is<00:21:02,799> content

NASA. For now, it seems NASA is content

NASA. For now, it seems NASA is content
ignoring<00:21:03,760> these<00:21:04,080> anomalies,<00:21:05,280> hoping<00:21:05,600> that

ignoring these anomalies, hoping that

ignoring these anomalies, hoping that
flatearthers,<00:21:07,120> like<00:21:07,360> ships<00:21:07,760> at<00:21:08,000> sea,<00:21:08,720> will

flatearthers, like ships at sea, will

flatearthers, like ships at sea, will
one<00:21:09,200> day<00:21:09,600> just<00:21:10,159> disappear<00:21:10,960> over<00:21:11,200> the<00:21:11,440> horizon.