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Welcome back. In this video,
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we'll be learning how huge devices like the Analytical Engine grew,
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I mean, shrunk into the computing devices that we use today.
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The development of computing has been steadily growing since the invention
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of the Analytical Engine but didn't make a huge leap forward until World War II.
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Back then, research into computing was super expensive,
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electronic components were large and you
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needed lots of them to compute anything of value.
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This also meant that computers took up a ton of space and
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many efforts were underfunded and unable to make headway.
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When the war broke out, governments started pouring money
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and resources into computing research.
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They wanted to help develop technologies that would give
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them advantages over other countries,
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lots of efforts were spun up and advancements were made in fields like cryptography.
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Cryptography is the art of writing and solving codes.
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During the war, computers were used to process
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secret messages from enemies faster than a human could ever hope to do.
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Today, the role cryptography plays in secure communication is
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a critical part of computer security which we'll learn more about in a later course.
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For now, let's look at how computers started to make dramatic impact on society.
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First up is Alan Turing,
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an English mathematician and now famous computer scientist.
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He helped develop the top-secret Enigma machine which
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helped Allied Forces decode access messages during World War II.
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The Enigma machine is just one of the examples of how
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governments started to recognize the potential of computation.
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After the war, companies like IBM, Hewlett-Packard,
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and others were advancing their technologies into the academic,
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business, and government realms.
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Lots of technological advancements and computing were made in
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the 20th century thanks to direct interest from governments,
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scientists, and companies left over from World War II.
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These organizations invented new methods to store data in
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computers which fueled the growth of computational power.
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Consider this, until the 1950s punch cards were a popular way to store data.
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Operators would have decks of ordered punch cards that were used for data processing.
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If they dropped the deck by accident and the cards got out of order,
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it was almost impossible to get them sorted again.
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There were obviously some limitations to punch cards,
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but thanks to new technological innovations like magnetic tape and its counterparts,
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people began to store more data on more reliable media.
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A magnetic tape worked by magnetizing data onto a tape.
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Back in the 1970s and 80s,
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people used to listen to music on vinyl records or cassette tapes.
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These relics are examples of how magnetic tapes
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can store information and run that information from a machine.
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This left stacks and stacks of punch cards to collect dust while
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their new magnetic tape counterparts began to revolutionize the industry.
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I wasn't joking when I said early computers took up a lot of space.
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They had huge machines to read data and racks of vacuum tubes that help move that data.
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Vacuum tubes control the electricity voltages and
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all sorts of electronic equipment like televisions and radios,
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but these specific vacuum tubes were bulky and broke all the time.
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Imagine what the work of an I.T.
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support specialist was like in those early days of computing.
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The job description might have included crawling around
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inside huge machines filled with dust and creepy crawly things,
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or replacing vacuum tubes and swapping out those punch cards.
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In those days, doing some debugging might have taken on a more literal meaning.
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Renowned computer scientist Admiral Grace Hopper had
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a favorite story involving some engineers working on the Harvard Mark II computer.
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They were trying to figure out the source of the problems in a relay.
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After doing some investigating,
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they discovered the source of their trouble was a moth,
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a literal bug in the computer.
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The ENIAC was one of the earliest forms of general purpose computers.
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It was a wall-to-wall convolution of massive electronic components and wires.
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It had 17,000 vacuum tubes and took up about 1,800 square feet of floor space.
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Imagine if you had to work with that scale of equipment today.
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I wouldn't want to share an office with 1,800 square feet of machinery.
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Eventually, the industry started using transistors to control electricity voltages.
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This is now a fundamental component of all electronic devices.
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Transistors perform almost the same functions as
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vacuum tubes but they are more compact and more efficient.
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You can easily have billions of transistors in a small computer chip today.
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Throughout the decades, more and more advancements were made.
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The very first compiler was invented by Admiral Grace Hopper.
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Compilers made it possible to translate
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human language via a programming language into machine code.
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In case you didn't totally catch that,
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we'll talk more about compilers later in this course.
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The big takeaway is that this advancement was
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a huge milestone in computing that led to where we are today.
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Now, learning programming languages is accessible for almost anyone anywhere.
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We no longer have to learn how to write machine code in ones and zeros.
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You get to see these languages in action in
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future lessons where you'll write some code yourself.
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Side note, if the thought of that scares you,
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don't worry, we'll help you every step of the way.
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But for now, let's get back to the evolution of computers.
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Eventually, the industry gave way to the first hard disk drives and microprocessors.
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Then, programming language started becoming
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the predominant way for engineers to develop computer software.
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Computers were getting smaller and smaller,
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thanks to advancements in electronic components.
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Instead of filling up entire rooms like ENIAC,
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they were getting small enough to fit on tabletops.
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The Xerox Alto was the first computer
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that resembled the computers we're familiar with now.
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It was also the first computer to implement
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a graphical user interface that used icons, a mouse, and a window.
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Some of you may remember that the sheer size and cost of
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historical computers made it almost impossible for an average family to own one.
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Instead, they were usually found in military and university research facilities.
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When companies like Xerox started building machines at
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a relatively affordable price and at a smaller form factor,
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the consumer age of computing began.
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Then in the 1970s,
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a young engineer named Steve Wozniak invented the Apple I,
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a single-board computer MIT for hobbyists.
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With his friend Steve Jobs,
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they created a company called Apple Computer.
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Their follow up to the Apple I,
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the Apple II, was ready for the average consumer to use.
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The Apple II was a phenomenal success,
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selling for nearly two decades and giving
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a new generation of people access to personal computers.
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For the first time, computers became affordable for
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the middle class and helped bring computing technology into both the home and office.
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In the 1980s, IBM introduced its personal computer.
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It was released with a primitive version of an operating system
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called MS DOS or Microsoft Disk Operating System.
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Side note, modern operating systems don't just have text anymore,
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they have beautiful icons, words,
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and images like what we see on our smartphones.
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It's incredible how far we've come from
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the first operating system to the operating systems we use today.
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Back to IBM's PC,
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it was widely adopted and made more accessible to consumers,
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thanks to a partnership with Microsoft.
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Microsoft, founded by Bill Gates,
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eventually created Microsoft Windows.
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For decades it was the preferred operating system in the workplace and
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dominated the computing industry because it could be run on any compatible hardware.
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With more computers in the workplace, the dependence on I.T.
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rose and so did the demand for skilled workers who could support that technology.
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Not only were personal computers entering the household for the first time,
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but a new type of computing was emerging: video games.
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During the 1970s and 80s,
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coin-operated entertainment machine called arcades became more and more popular.
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A company called Atari developed one of
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the first coin-operated arcade games in 1972 called Pong.
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Pong was such a sensation that people were standing in
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lines at bars and rec centers for hours at a time to play.
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Entertainment computers like Pong launch the video game era.
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Eventually, Atari went on to launch
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the video computer system which help bring personal video consoles into the home.
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Video games have contributed to the evolution of computers in a very real way,
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tell that to the next person who dismisses them as a toy.
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Video game show people that computers didn't always have to be all work and no play,
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they were a great source of entertainment too.
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This was an important milestone for the computing industry,
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since at that time,
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computers were primarily used in the workplace or at research institutions.
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With huge players in the market like Apple Macintosh and
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Microsoft Windows taking over the operating systems space,
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a programmer by the name of Richard Stallman started
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developing a free Unix-like operating system.
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Unix was an operating system developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie,
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but it wasn't cheap and wasn't available to everyone.
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Stallman created an OS that he called GNU.
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It was meant to be free to use with similar functionality to Unix.
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Unlike Windows or Macintosh,
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GNU wasn't owned by a single company,
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its code was open source which meant that anyone could modify and share it.
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GNU didn't evolve into a full operating system,
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but it set a foundation for the formation of one
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of the largest open source operating system,
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Linux, which was created by Linus Torvalds.
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We'll get into the technical details of Linux later in this course,
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but just know that it's a major player in today's operating systems. As an I.T.
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support specialist, it is very likely that you'll work with an open source software.
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You might already be using one like the internet browser Mozilla Firefox.
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By the early 90s, computers started getting even smaller,
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then a real game changer made its way into the scene:
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PDAs or personal digital assistants,
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which allows computing to go mobile.
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These mobile devices included portable media players, word processors,
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email clients, Internet browsers,
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and more all in one handy handheld device.
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In the late 1990s,
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Nokia introduced a PDA with mobile phone functionality.
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This ignited an industry of pocketable computers or as we know them today, smartphones.
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In mere decades, we went from having computers that weigh tons and
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took up entire rooms to having powerful computers that fit in our pockets.
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It's almost unbelievable, and it's just the beginning.
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If you're stepping into the I.T.
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industry, it's essential that you understand how
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to support the growing need of this ever-changing technology.
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Computer support 50 years ago consisted of
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changing vacuum tubes and stacking punch cards,
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things that no longer exist in today's I.T.
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world. While computers evolve in both complexity and prevalence,
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so did knowledge required to support and maintain them.
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In 10 years, I.T.
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support could require working through virtual reality lenses, you never know.
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Who knows what the future holds?
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But right now, it is an exciting time to be at the forefront of this industry.
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Now that we've run down where computers came
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from and how they've evolved over the decades,
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let's get a better grasp on how computers actually work.
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