All language subtitles for 500 Nations E4 - Roads Across The Plains & Attack On Culturea

Welcome back to 500 Nations.
I'm Kevin Costner.

For a lot of us, the most vivid picture
of the Indian world has come from movies...

...screen heroes fighting
armies of hostile Indians.

The tide has changed
in moviemaking, thankfully...

...but the image of Indian warriors riding
across the Great Plains...

...still remains the universal symbol
of all American Indians.

Yet even with this vivid image,
we know little about the people...

...and the legendary individuals
who led them.

Men who fought and sacrificed everything
for their nations.

In this hour, we'll see the people
of the Plains in a different light.

But first, we'll travel farther west...

...to a place where hundreds of thousands
of Indian people...

...lived in one of the most beautiful
and peaceful regions of the continent:

California.

Welcome to part seven of 500 Nations:

"Struggle for the West."

Three hundred thousand people lived
in the diverse environments of California.

They spoke 80 languages...

...worked, worshiped and raised children
on lands occupied by their ancestors...

...since before the dawn
of European civilization.

Many California nations had evolved
into highly structured societies.

Among them, one of the largest,
was the Chumash...

...living on the coastal islands
and along the coast...

...in the area of present-day
Santa Barbara.

Large Chumash towns...

...supported a professional class
of astrologers, priests...

...government leaders and healers.

Workers belonged to centuries-old
craft guilds of basket- and canoe-makers.

Workers also manufactured the flat shell
beads that were the currency of the region.

Production and control of the money supply
placed the Chumash nation...

...at the center of
the Southern California economy.

In the late 18th Century...

...this complex world
of the ancient Chumash...

...and their coastal neighbors
would be changed forever.

In 1772, Spanish missionaries...

...led by Father Jun�pero Serra,
arrived in Chumash territory.

"Believe me, when I saw
their general behavior...

...their pleasing ways
and engaging manners...

...my heart was broken to think
that they were still deprived...

...of the light of the Holy Gospel."

Father Jun�pero Serra,
Spanish missionary.

Ignoring the beauty and complexity
of Chumash society...

...the Spanish set out to convert them
to Christianity...

...by whatever means necessary.

"I and two of my relatives went
down to the beach to catch clams.

We saw two men on horseback
coming rapidly towards us.

My relatives were afraid.

They fled with all speed.

It was too late.

They overtook me and lassoed...

...and dragged me for a long distance...

...their horses running.

When we arrived at the mission...

...they locked me in a room for a week.

The father told me that he would
make me a Christian.

One day, they threw water on my head...

...and gave me salt to eat,
and with this...

...the interpreter told me
that now I was Christian...

...that I was called Jesus."

The building up of the mission
into a coerced labor force...

...didn't happen overnight.
It was gradual, but eventually...

...they forced Indians to remove from their
free way of life in their home villages...

...and to be reduced to one central
mission site to be controlled.

Once a family was taken
into the missions...

...the missionaries separated children
from their parents.

All the little boys and little girls at age of 6
were locked up in children's barracks.

So it was work, religion and work
all day long.

Highly structured, highly supervised.

Indian people were put to work
tanning, blacksmithing...

...and caring for the mission herds.

They made candles, bricks, tiles...

...shoes, saddles and soap.

Labor was strictly enforced
under the discipline of the lash.

"And thus, I existed...

...till I found a way to escape.

But I was tracked.

They caught me like a fox.

They lashed me until I lost consciousness.

For several days,
I could not raise myself...

...from the floor where they had laid me.

I still have on my shoulders...

...the marks of the lashes."

Janitil, Kumeyaay.

For over 50 years, the mission system...

...backed by Spanish arms,
exerted control over the California coast...

...crushing every revolt.

Inside the missions...

...disease and harsh living conditions
contributed to a genocidal death rate.

The average life of a mission Indian
was less than 12 years.

For children, it was less than six years.

So there was a constant need
to feed this beast with laborers.

And one of the sad legacies
of the missions of California...

...is that when people go to them today,
they don't think about Indians.

They say the padres built the missions.
That's nonsense.

The California Indians built the missions.

At the Santa Barbara mission alone...

...over 4000 Chumash names
filled the burial registry...

...their bodies discarded in large pits
near the church.

In 1821...

...control of California transferred
to Mexico...

...after it gained its independence
from Spain.

The Mexican government secularized
the missions.

Indian people were free to leave.

But 50 years had completely
transformed their world.

Old villages were gone.

In their places were large Mexican estates.

Even the mission lands
they had worked and lived on...

...became parts of vast private ranches.

"To stand by and watch these men take
over the missions which we have built...

...the herds we have tended...

...to be exposed incessantly,
together with our families...

...to the worst possible treatment
and even death itself...

...is a tragedy."

Mission San Luis Rey, neophyte.

Homeless and left with few choices
for survival...

...mission Indians were forced
to exchange one master for another...

...becoming peasant workers
on the rancher�as.

"Many of the rich men of the country...

...had from 20 to 60 Indian servants
whom they dressed and fed.

Our friendly Indians tilled our soil,
pastured our cattle...

...cut our lumber, built our houses,
made tiles for our homes...

...ground our grains, slaughtered our cattle,
dressed their hides for market...

...while the Indian women
made excellent servants...

...took good care of our children,
made every one of our meals."

Salvador vallejo, Mexican landowner.

In 1848, after the
Mexican-American War...

...California passed from Mexican
to American hands.

Soon after, gold was discovered
in the north...

...bringing a rush of miners
onto the lands of interior nations...

...who had been out of the reach
of coastal missions and Mexican ranches.

"The majority of tribes are kept in constant
fear on account of the indiscriminate...

...and inhuman massacre of their people.

They have become alarmed
by the increased flood of immigration...

...much spread over their country.

It is just incomprehensible to them."

Adam Johnson, Indian agent.

Miners came into Indian communities
looking for women.

Vigilante parties opened fire on men,
women and children...

...wiping out entire villages.

It was open season on Indian people...

...derisively referred to as "diggers."

The Humboldt Times, Eureka, April 11.

Headline, "Good Haul of Diggers.

One White Man Killed.

Thirty-Eight Bucks Killed.

Forty Squaws and Children Taken."

January 17th. Headline:

"Good Haul of Diggers.

Band Exterminated."

In the 1850s...

...while the American nation
was on the verge of civil war...

...over the issue of slavery...

...demand for agricultural labor
in California was so high...

...that the state legislature
passed an act...

...legalizing Indian slavery.

"A company of United States troops...

...attended by a considerable
volunteer force...

...has been pursuing the poor creatures
from one retreat to another.

The kidnappers follow at the heels
of the soldiers to seize the children...

...when their parents are murdered
and sell them to the best advantage."

W.P. Dole, Indian agent.

Only 30,000 native Californians
survived the gold rush...

...10 percent of what had been
the most densely populated Indian area...

...north of Mexico.

"Upon my last visit to ventura...

...I saw the last of the ventura Indians.

They were living in a tiny hut
east of the mouth of the river.

One of the old men told me...

...they were very glad that I was
not ashamed to talk the Indian language.

They told me to continue
in the use of it...

...and keep the beliefs.

If I did so, I would live a long time."

Fernando Librado, Chumash.

Fernando Librado lived
to be 111 years old.

"I once went over to Donaciana's house.

I wanted to learn the Swordfish Dance.

After the meal, I asked her to teach me
the old dances, saying:

'For you are the only ones left
who know the old dances.'

Donaciana began to cry...

...and I left, saying nothing more."

Fernando Librado, Chumash.

For thousands of years...

...the buffalo thundered
across the Great Plains...

...a vast sea of grassland...

...rising from the Mississippi River
to the Rocky Mountains.

Living off the herds were a scattering
of nomadic Indian nations.

"My grandmother told me
that when she was young...

...the people themselves had to walk.

In those times,
they did not travel far nor often."

In 1680, the Spanish were driven out
of the Southwest by the Pueblo nations.

As they fled, they left behind
their horse herds...

...an animal that would change
the way of life for Indian nations...

...across the continent.

"When they got horses, they could move
more easily from place to place.

Then they could kill more of the buffalo
and other animals.

And so they got more meat for food
and gathered more skins...

...for lodges and clothing."

Iron Teeth, Cheyenne.

A new culture developed...

...based on the relationship
between man and horse.

"My horse fights with me...

...and he fasts with me...

...because if he is to carry me
into battle...

...he must know my heart,
and I must know his...

...or we shall never become brothers.

I've been told that the white man...

...who's almost a god,
and yet a great fool...

...does not believe that the horse
has a spirit.

This cannot be true.

I have many times seen my horse's soul...

...in his eyes."

Plenty Coups, Crow.

With the coming of the horse...

...the nations of the Plains
would become legendary:

The Crow, Cheyenne, Sioux, Blackfeet...

...Arapaho, Pawnee, Kiowa, Comanche.

And for generations,
their way of life flourished.

Then, in 1858...

...gold was discovered
at Pike's Peak, Colorado.

Four years later...

...the Homestead Act opened the region
to white settlement.

Almost instantly,
the invasion became a flood.

In one year alone...

...100,000 emigrants swarmed
across the Plains over two main roads...

...spreading a wide swath of destruction.

To protect travel on the emigrant roads...

...the United States erected a network
of forts across the Plains...

...and churned out cadets at West Point
specially trained for Indian warfare.

It was the Army's mission...

...to force mobile nations
who hunted over large territories...

...onto confined areas:

Reservations.

Indian people were faced
with only two options:

To give up their homelands
and way of life...

...or fight the American Army.

Although some chose armed resistance,
many Indian leaders...

...responsible for the protection of large
villages of women, children and elderly...

...saw little hope in fighting.

Among these were two Cheyenne leaders:

Black Kettle and White Antelope.

They were willing to give up lands
to maintain peace...

...and bring their people safely
through the dangerous era.

White Antelope and Black Kettle...

...had a duty to their people
to try to protect them.

And to do this,
they had to maintain peace.

So they felt that it was their duty
to go out...

...and make peace with the United States,
so they did.

Black Kettle and White Antelope...

...ceded vast Cheyenne lands
to the United States in 1861...

...and agreed to confine themselves
to a reservation...

...in exchange for protection
from soldiers and settlers...

...and assistance of food and money
to replace lost hunting lands.

They then traveled to Washington
to meet with President Lincoln.

Lincoln presented Black Kettle
with a large American flag...

...and White Antelope
with a Medal of Peace.

But over the next three years...

...continued unrest on the Plains...

...fanned rumors of an impending
Indian war.

In Denver, Governor John Evans
inflamed public opinion...

...by fabricating stories
of Cheyenne hostilities...

...and encouraged civilians
to take up arms against them.

Seeking protection
for their peaceful bands...

...Black Kettle and White Antelope
undertook the dangerous trip...

...to Denver to meet with Governor Evans.

"All we ask...

...is that we may have peace
with the whites.

I want you to give all the chiefs
of the soldiers here...

...to understand that we are for peace...

...and that we have made peace...

...that we may not be mistaken
by them for enemies."

Black Kettle, Southern Cheyenne.

Black Kettle and White Antelope
were promised safety for their people...

...if they camped near Fort Lyon
in southern Colorado.

But the military commander of Colorado...

...Colonel John Chivington...

...had no plans for peace
with any Indian people.

"Damn any man who sympathizes
with Indians.

I have come to kill Indians...

...and believe it is right and honorable...

...to use any means under God's heaven...

...to kill them."

Colonel John Chivington.

Black Kettle and White Antelope
had been told where to camp...

...and that they had nothing to fear
from the U.S. Army.

Why would they worry?

They were under the protection
of the American flag.

They were under the protection...

...of the international peace sign,
the white flag.

At dawn on November 29, 1864...

...Chivington's Colorado Volunteers
rode through the snow...

...toward Black Kettle and White Antelope's
sleeping camp at Sand Creek.

Two women were out picking up wood...

...when they seen what they thought
was buffalo. But it wasn't.

They threw down their sticks and started
screaming and running towards the camp.

Cheyenne George Bent
was startled awake.

"I heard shouts and the noise of people
running about the camp.

I jumped up and ran out of my lodge.

From down the creek, a large body of troops
was advancing at a rapid trot.

I looked toward the chief's lodge...

...and saw Black Kettle...

...had a large American flag tied
to the end of a long lodge pole...

...and was standing in front of his lodge
holding the pole."

Chief Black Kettle, he was out in front
protecting his people...

...to show them that he wasn't afraid.

And he was trying to tell them
that we made peace. "We're at peace."

"Then the troops opened fire
from two sides of the camps.

The women and children
were screaming and wailing...

...the men, running to their lodges
for their arms...

...and shouting advice and directions
to one another.

White Antelope saw the soldiers
shooting the people...

...and he did not wish to live any longer."

My great-great-grandfather,
White Antelope...

...he felt heartbreak...

...that another treaty had been broken.

The peace that they had been seeking
for a long time had been shattered...

...had been broken.

"White Antelope stood
in front of his lodge...

...with his arms folded
across his breast...

...singing the death song."

And he cried.

He sung his song:

"Nothing lives long." He raised his arms.

"Nothing lives long but the earth
and the mountains."

White Antelope...

...wearing the peace medal given him
by President Lincoln...

...was shot dead in front of his lodge.

Black Kettle and his wife
ran toward the creek bed...

...where people were desperately digging
into the sand for protection.

Before they could reach it...

...Black Kettle's wife was shot.

Believing her dead,
he ran on without her.

"Most of us who were hiding in the pits
had been wounded...

...before we could reach the shelter.

And there we lay all that bitter cold day...

...from early in the morning
until almost dark...

...with the soldiers all around us
keeping up a heavy fire most of the time.

They finally withdrew about 5:00.

As they retired down the creek,
they killed all the wounded they could find.

That night will never be forgotten...

...as long as any of us
who went through it are alive.

Many who had lost wives...

...husbands and children or friends...

...went back down the creek...

...and crept over the battleground
among the naked...

...and mutilated bodies of the dead.

Few were found alive...

...for the soldiers had done
their work thoroughly."

George Bent, Southern Cheyenne.

Over 500 Southern Cheyenne people died.

Black Kettle found his wife...

...with nine bullet wounds in her body.

But miraculously...

...she was alive.

The survivors straggled
into another Cheyenne camp...

...while Chivington returned to Denver
with over 100 Cheyenne scalps.

My people were massacred.

Terrible thing.

Their spirits are still there
at the massacre site.

They'll never rest.

Despite his loss...

...Black Kettle saw no hope in resistance.

In 1868...

...his beleaguered band was camped along
the Washita River...

...on a government reservation.

At dawn on November 27, 1868...

...almost four years to the day
after the Sand Creek massacre...

...U.S. Army troops, under the command
of George Armstrong Custer...

...attacked the sleeping village.

Black Kettle, his wife...

...and over 100 of his people were killed.

The Cheyenne leader's quest for peace...

...had come to a final, bitter end...

...costing him his lands, his freedom...

...and the lives of the people
he had tried so desperately to protect.

"I was born upon the prairie...

...where the wind blew free,
and there was nothing...

...to break the light of the sun.

The white man has the country
which we loved.

We only wish to wander on the prairie...

...until we die."

Ten Bears.

South of the Cheyenne...

...the Goi'gu, or Kiowa nation...

...lived on lands including parts
of present-day Texas...

...Oklahoma and Kansas.

They were also being pushed
onto reservations...

...by treaties and the United States Army.

But the message of
Black Kettle's betrayal...

...resounded across the Plains.

"The good Indian...

...he that listens to the white man,
gets nothing.

The independent Indian...

...is the only one that is rewarded."

Satanta, Kiowa.

To many, the only path open...

...was armed resistance.

A growing number of Kiowa...

...rallied behind
an uncompromising leader:

Satanta.

"A long time ago, this land belonged
to our fathers.

But when I go down to the rivers,
I see camps of soldiers on its banks.

These soldiers cut down my timber...

...kill my buffalo...

...and when I see that,
my heart feels like bursting."

Satanta, Kiowa.

Satanta was a deepening thorn
in the War Department's side.

In 1871...

...after leading a raid
on a mule train in Texas...

...he was brought
before General Sherman.

Satanta defiantly accepted responsibility
for the raid.

"I led about 100 men to Texas
to teach them to fight.

This is our country.

We have always lived in it.

We were happy.

Then you came.

We have to protect ourselves.

We have to save our country.

We have to fight for what is ours."

Satanta was placed under arrest...

...shackled and held in the crawlspace
below a Fort Sill barracks...

...for 12 days.

Finally, he was taken to Texas for trial.

There, he was imprisoned.

It would be two years before the Kiowa
nation was able to barter his release...

...by surrendering their guns and horses.

When Satanta returned to the reservation
where his people were confined...

...he found that the money,
food and supplies...

...promised by the government
as payment for their lands...

...had not come through.

And the lifeblood of the nation...

...the buffalo, were fast disappearing.

Everything the Kiowas had...

...came from the buffalo.

Our tepees were made of buffalo hides.

So were our clothes and moccasins.

We ate buffalo meat.

The buffalo were the life of the Kiowas.

The U.S. Recognized...

...that without the buffalo,
the Plains nations could not survive...

...and would have little choice
but to remain on reservations...

...and live off the meager
government rations.

White buffalo hunters with high-powered
Sharps rifles were encouraged in...

...and the slaughter began.

"Has the white man become a child
that he should recklessly kill and not eat?

When the Kiowa slay game...

...they do so that they may live
and not starve."

Satanta, Kiowa.

The slaughter proceeded
at an astonishing pace.

Thousands of animals were killed
every day.

"The buffalo hunters have done more
to settle the vexed Indian question...

...than the entire regular Army.

For the sake of lasting peace...

...let them kill, skin and sell
until the buffaloes are exterminated."

General Phil Sheridan, U.S. Army.

In a desperate struggle for survival...

...the Southern Plains nations went to war
to save the buffalo.

In the summer of 1874...

...thousands of Indian people
flooded off the reservations.

And in that moment of freedom...

...Satanta and others
led an allied Indian force...

...in an attack on a buffalo hunters' camp
at Adobe Walls, Texas.

But they were no match for the hunters
with their powerful buffalo guns.

Defeat was followed by massive military
expeditions by the United States Army...

...to force the Southern Plains nations
back onto reservations.

In the fall, Satanta was forced
to surrender...

...and was returned to the penitentiary
at Huntsville, Texas.

Later, it was reported...

...that he had committed suicide
by leaping out of a window.

The Kiowa believed he was murdered.

They killed Satanta.

They killed him. He didn't kill himself.

He's too much of a man...

...to do anything like that.
He's too much of a chief.

Chiefs don't do that.

By winter, all Kiowa bands...

...had been forced
back to the reservation.

The following spring, the last
of the Cheyenne surrendered...

...followed soon after
by the last free Comanche.

Determined to break
the Southern Plains nations forever...

...the Army rounded up
10,000 Indian horses.

Almost 1000 were shot...

...the rest sold at auction.

By 1890, the buffalo population
of 50 million had been reduced...

...to fewer than 1000.

The war to save the buffalo
and a way of life had been lost.

The Kiowas were camped
on the north side of Mount Scott...

...those of them who were
still free to camp.

One young woman got up very early
in the morning.

The dawn mist was still rising
from Medicine Creek...

...and as she looked across the water...

...peering through the haze...

...she saw the last buffalo herd appear...

...like a spirit dream.

Straight to Mount Scott,
the leader of the herd walked.

Behind him came the cows
and their calves...

...and the few young males
who had survived.

As the woman watched...

...the face of the mountain opened.

Inside Mount Scott...

...the world was green and fresh...

...as it had been
when she was a small girl.

The rivers ran clear, not red.

The wild plums were in blossom...

...chasing the red buds
up the inside slopes.

Into this world of beauty,
the buffalo walked.

Never to be seen again.

Sometimes at evening, I sit looking out.

The sun sets,
and dust steals over the water.

In the shadows, I seem again
to see our Indian village...

...with smoke curling
upward from the lodges.

And in the river's roar,
I hear the yells of the warriors...

...the laughter of the little children,
as of old.

It is but an old woman's dream.

Again I see but shadows
and hear only the roar of the river.

And tears come into my eyes.

Our Indian life, I know...

...is gone forever.

"What treaty that the whites have kept
has the red man broken?

Not one.

What treaty that the white man
ever made with us have they kept?

Not one."

Sitting Bull, Hunkpapa.

The Northern Plains mirrored the South...

...with Indian nations being driven
onto reservations.

Yet a handful of leaders
refused to sign treaties...

...and were determined to remain free
at any cost.

These defiant leaders became heroes
to Indian people across the Plains.

Among them, two men
from the Sioux nations stood alone:

One was the venerated Hunkpapa
holy man, Sitting Bull.

The other was a young Oglala fighting man
whose fierce military genius...

...struck fear into his enemies
and inspired fervent followers.

His image would never be captured
by photographers or artists...

...but his spirit of pride and resistance
would be carried on by his people.

His name was Crazy Horse.

In the summer of 1876,
thousands of Cheyenne, Arapaho...

...and people from many Sioux nations...

...fled the reservations
to join Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse...

...in a great encampment
along the Little Bighorn River...

...in present-day Montana.

The gathering,
possibly the largest in Plains history...

...swelled to 8000,
with camp circles stretching for miles.

The Indian people were well aware
that this could be...

...their last great celebration of freedom.

There, far from any white settlements...

...they would hunt
the last remaining buffalo...

...feast, race ponies,
visit with old friends and relatives...

...and join in a massive sun dance
that would be remembered for generations.

On June 25, 1876, as the United States...

...prepared to celebrate
100 years of freedom...

...five companies of the 7th Cavalry
under George Armstrong Custer...

...advanced on Sitting Bull's camp.

It was not until the dust from
the 7th Cavalry rose over the hills...

...that the startled encampment
learned of the troops.

Two Moons, leader of the Northern
Cheyenne, was swimming in the creek.

"I looked up the Little Horn
toward Sitting Bull's camp.

I saw a great dust rising.

It looked like a whirlwind.

Women were screaming,
and men were letting out war cries.

We could hear old men calling,
'Soldiers are here!

Young men, go out and fight them!"'

Crazy Horse rode through the camp
gathering his men...

...as Custer's surprise attack stirred panic
among the women and children.

"Children were hunting for their mothers.

Mothers were anxiously trying
to find their children.

The air was so full of dust,
I could not see where to go."

Wooden Leg, Northern Cheyenne.

While the young men rode into battle,
Sitting Bull rallied the men still in camp...

...to protect the women and children.

The Hunkpapa, under Gall,
and the Oglala, under Crazy Horse...

...quickly rode out and counterattacked.

"Many hundreds of Indians on horseback
were dashing to and fro...

...in front of a body of soldiers.

The soldiers were on the level valley ground
and were shooting with rifles.

Not many bullets were being sent
back at them...

...but thousands of arrows
were falling among them."

Wooden Leg, Northern Cheyenne.

"A big dust was whirling on the hill...

...and then the horses began coming
out of it with empty saddles."

Black Elk, oglala.

The battle was over
in less than half an hour.

Custer, 260 men of the 7th Cavalry...

...and as many as 150 Indian people
lay dead.

Cheyenne survivors of the massacre
of Black Kettle's people...

...along the Washita River exalted
in the death of Custer...

...the man they called "woman killer."

But that night, Sitting Bull was reflective:

"My heart is full of sorrow
that so many were killed on each side.

But when they compel us to fight,
we must fight.

Tonight...

...we shall mourn for our dead...

...and for those brave white men
lying on the hillside."

Sitting Bull, Hunkpapa.

The next day, firing the grass as cover...

...the Indian forces broke camp
and headed toward the Bighorn Mountains.

News of the battle reached
the outside world on July 4, 1876...

...dampening a giddy U. S.
Centennial celebration.

The next morning's newspapers, ignoring
all evidence, called it a "massacre."

"We felt that it was a great battle,
not a massacre.

The soldiers were going to compel us
to stay on our reservation...

...and take away from us our country.

We were trying to get away from them."

Runs the Enemy, Cut Head Sioux.

Outraged by what was seen
as an affront to their national pride...

...the American public cried out
for immediate reprisal.

Punitive expeditions were sent out,
mercilessly hunting down...

...the last free bands
of the Northern Plains.

Sitting Bull's Hunkpapa escaped
into Canada...

...where they received political asylum.

Crazy Horse's Oglala
took refuge in the Black Hills...

...where the full force of the
United States Army was turned on them.

For months, the army was unable to defeat
or capture the Oglala leader.

Finally, the U.S. Made peace overtures
to Crazy Horse...

...promising land,
generous subsidies and protection...

...if he and his starving people
turned themselves in.

On May 5, 1877...

...after nearly a year of successfully eluding
the all-out manhunt...

...Crazy Horse led nearly a thousand
followers to surrender at Camp Robinson.

Oglala, already at the agency,
lined the route, singing and cheering.

One U.S. Army officer
marveled that it was:

"A triumphal march, not a surrender."

The leader, who had known nothing
but the freedom of the Plains...

...was stripped of his horse and gun.

Then, four months later,
on September 5, 1877...

...believing he was going to a meeting
with the commander of Fort Robinson...

...Crazy Horse was led past an armed guard
to the doorway of a building.

Inside was a small barred cell,
3 feet wide by 6 feet tall.

Crazy Horse resisted.

A soldier thrust a bayonet into his back.

That night, as Crazy Horse lay dying,
he told his father:

"Tell the people it is no use
to count on me anymore."

Crazy Horse was laid to rest
near the creek called Wounded Knee.

As Americans or people in any free society,
we cherish our independence...

...and know the cost to secure
this hard-won commodity...

...is often measured in human lives.

Think for a moment what would happen
if your freedom was placed at risk.

Is it any wonder then that Indian nations
fought to preserve theirs?

Now imagine the unthinkable,
being conquered.

You're forced onto barren land
and have no choice...

...but to live under the control
of the conquering government.

In this last hour, we'll take you
to the reservations of the 1800s...

...to the stark, bitter truth
about the loss of freedom.

But first we go to the epic struggles
of two impassioned leaders...

...whose resourcefulness and daring
are synonymous with courage...

...leaders whose words remain
among the most moving...

...in the history of the world:

Chief Joseph and Geronimo.

"My father sent for me.
I saw he was dying.

I took his hand in mine.

He said, 'My son, never forget
my dying words.

This country holds your father's body.

Never sell the bones of your father
and your mother.'

I pressed my father's hand...

...and told him I would protect
his grave with my life.

I buried him in that beautiful valley
of winding waters.

I loved that land more than
all the rest of the world."

Chief Joseph, Nez Perce.

Upon his father's death,
31-year-old Inmutooyahlatlat...

...known as Chief Joseph...

...became head of a band of Nez Perce,
whose home was the Wallowa Valley...

...250 miles east of present-day
Portland, Oregon.

Famed for their selective breeding of horses,
particularly the appaloosa...

...the Nez Perce had always been friends
to the Americans.

But with the opening of the Oregon Territory
and the end of the Civil War...

...white settlers, cattlemen and gold miners
came to covet the rich Nez Perce land.

Ignoring their long friendship
with the Indian nation...

...the U.S. Government supported
the settlers' claims.

In 1877, General Oliver Howard entered
the Wallowa Valley...

...with orders from Washington
to remove the Nez Perce...

...by treaty or by force.

I did not want to come to this council...

...but I came hoping
that we could save blood.

The white man has no right
to come here and take our country...

...and we will defend this land
as long as a drop of Indian blood...

...warms the hearts of our men.

Joseph was faced with a terrible choice:

To betray his father's dying wish
or to commit his people to war.

Finally, he reluctantly agreed
to relinquish his Wallowa Valley homeland.

Despite Joseph's concessions,
tensions remained high.

As the Nez Perce were preparing
to move onto the reservation...

...a youth, whose father had been
murdered by settlers...

...gathered several friends
and killed four settlers...

...who were known to have committed
atrocities against Nez Perce people.

"I know that my young men
did a great wrong...

...but I ask...

...who was the first to blame?

Their fathers and brothers
had been killed.

Their mothers and wives
had been disgraced.

They had been told by General Howard
that all their horses and cattle...

...were to fall into the hands
of white men.

I would have given my own life...

...lf I could have undone the killing
of white men...

...by my people."

Chief Joseph, Nez Perce.

When seven more whites were killed...

...General Howard sent a military force
against the Indian nation.

Nez Perce leaders responded by dispatching
a truce delegation under a white flag...

...to meet Howard's advancing army.

Howard's men opened fire.

So began Chief Joseph's famous
flight for freedom.

Over 700 men, women and children,
with sick and elderly...

...enduring a 1800-mile fighting retreat.

The struggle would capture
the imagination of the American public.

Newspaper accounts made Chief Joseph
a household name.

With a military genius
born of desperation...

...the five Nez Perce bands
outwitted and outmaneuvered...

...one military force after another...

...as they made their way toward Sitting
Bull's camp and political asylum in Canada.

Circling through the mountains, canyons,
and plateau prairies of Idaho...

...crossing the high ridges of the Bitterroot
mountains into Montana and Wyoming...

...colliding with frightened tourists
in the newly created Yellowstone Park...

...the Nez Perce fought off, in turn,
four armies...

...commanded by veteran
Civil War officers.

After 105 days of constant pursuit...

...the Nez Perce reached
the Bear Paw Mountains in Montana...

...one day from Sitting Bull's camp
and freedom.

They knew they had put safe distance...

...between themselves and the pursuing
armies and stopped for a last rest...

...before moving across the border.

What they did not know
was that a new army...

...had been dispatched by telegraph
and was surrounding them as they camped.

The Nez Perce were taken
completely by surprise.

The fighting was intense,
and in the first moments...

...Chief Joseph and 70 others were cut off
from the rest of the camp.

With a prayer in my mouth...

...I dashed unarmed through the line
of soldiers.

My clothes were cut to pieces,
my horse was wounded...

...but I was not hurt.

As I reached the door of my lodge...

...my wife handed me my rifle, saying:

"Here's your gun. Fight."

They ran up the hill
when they were fighting.

"They're tearing the camp down there."

She had this little baby
and her girl by the hand...

...and they said there was
kind of a tree, like.

There was a big log there,
so they crawled under that log...

...to kind of hide from the soldiers
that might come...

...and probably shoot them down too.

And they just stayed there
till everything was quiet.

The battle raged throughout the first day,
with heavy casualties on both sides...

...including the leaders of three
of the five Nez Perce bands.

By the second day, the Nez Perce
were dug in and fighting from trenches.

The army could not mount an attack
without heavy losses.

Finally, on October 5th,
General Nelson A. Miles...

...called Chief Joseph to peace talks
under a flag of truce.

Chief Joseph went to General Miles
and gave up his gun...

...only one day from Sitting Bull's camp
and Canadian asylum.

I am tired of fighting.

Our chiefs are all killed.

The old men are all dead.

The little children are freezing to death.

I want to have time to look for my children
and see how many of them I can find.

Maybe I shall find them among the dead.

Hear me, my chiefs.

I am tired.

My heart is sick and sad.

From where the sun now stands...

...I will fight no more, forever.

But the United States would not honor
the terms of Chief Joseph's surrender.

The captured Nez Perce
were shipped south...

...to a malaria-infested reservation
at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas...

...before final relocation
to Oklahoma Territory.

Chief Joseph had put down his gun...

...but he had not given up the struggle
for his homeland.

He would devote the rest of his life
to honoring his promise to his father...

...and fighting for his people.

He traveled to Washington, D. C...

...where he passionately argued his case
before Congress.

I have heard talk and talk,
but nothing is done."

Good words do not last long
unless they amount to something.

It makes my heart sick...

...when I remember all the good words...

...and all the broken promises.

In 1885, after eight long years...

...and a massive campaign
launched by Eastern philanthropists...

...Chief Joseph's people won the right
to return to the Northwest...

...but not to their beloved
Wallowa Valley.

The cattlemen who occupied it...

...threatened to kill Chief Joseph
if he returned.

Forever banished from his country,
Joseph and 150 members of his band...

...were taken under military escort
to a reservation in Washington Territory.

There, in exile, Chief Joseph would die.

The doctor that was there...

...to examine the Joseph...

...his plea was that Joseph lost his life...

...account of his broken heart.

"If the white man wants to live in peace
with the Indian...

...he can live in peace.

Treat all men alike.

Give them all an even chance
to live and grow.

You might as well expect the rivers
to run backward...

...as that any man who was born a free man
should be contented...

...when penned up and denied liberty
to go where he pleases.

Let me be a free man,
free to travel, free to stop...

...free to work...

...free to choose my own teachers...

...free to follow the religion
of my fathers...

...free to think and talk...

...and act for myself."

Chief Joseph, Nez Perce.

"When I was young, I walked all over
this country, east and west...

...and I saw no other people
than the Apaches.

After many summers, I walked again...

...and I found another race of people
had come to take it."

Cochise, Chokonen.

When California became part
of the United States in 1848...

...a new flow of military
and civilian traffic headed West.

Many, bound for Southern California,
took a route near the Mexican border...

...that went through the lands
of Apache nations...

...the Chokonen, Bedonkohe, Nednhi,
and Chi'enne Apache.

The Apache had a long
and successful history...

...of defending their lands against
aggressive Spanish and Mexican invaders.

But as the newest arrivals,
the Americans, crossed their lands...

...most Apache held no grievances
against them...

...and their leaders made every effort
to accommodate the travelers.

"At last, in my youth,
came the white man.

Under the counsel of my father...

...who had for a long time
been the head of the Apaches...

...they were received with friendship.

Soon their numbers increased,
and many passed through the country.

We lived in peace."

Cochise, Chokonen.

In February of 1861, a charismatic
Chokonen leader, Cochise...

...was summoned to a meeting
with an inexperienced army lieutenant...

...named George Bascom.

Bascom accused Cochise of kidnapping
a child from a nearby ranch.

"Cochise denied that any of his band
had done the kidnapping.

Bascom accused the chief of telling a lie.

Cochise was very proud
of making his word good...

...and no greater offense
could have been offered him."

Daklugie, Nednhi.

Bascom ordered Cochise arrested.

But the Apache leader escaped
through heavy gunfire.

The men who accompanied Cochise were
held by Bascom and executed soon after.

"At last, your soldiers did me
a great wrong...

...and I and my people
went to war with them."

Cochise, Chokonen.

Cochise cut off passage
through Apache Pass.

The United States responded by sending
General James Carleton...

...to establish Fort Bowie in Apache Pass.

There is to be no council held
with the Indians.

The men are to be slain whenever
and wherever they can be found.

The women and children may be
taken as prisoners.

I trust that these demonstrations will give
those Indians a wholesome lesson.

But the long and intense efforts
of the United States Army...

...would have little success.

Based at his stronghold high in the rocky
Dragoon Mountains...

...Cochise fought a successful guerrilla war
against the U.S. Cavalry...

...for the next nine years.

Finally, in 1872...

...General Oliver Howard traveled
to Cochise's stronghold to sue for peace.

Cochise agreed to lay down his arms
for a promise...

...that his people would be allowed to
live on their own land in Apache Pass.

Howard's promise would hold true through
the remaining two years of Cochise's life.

Then, in 1876, the United States dissolved
the Apache Pass reservation...

...and ordered the people
to the barren San Carlos Reservation.

The creator did not make San Carlos.

It is older than he.

He just left it as a sample of the way
they did jobs before he came along.

Take stones and ashes and thorns...

...and with some scorpions and rattlesnakes
thrown in...

...dump the outfit on stones,
heat the stones red-hot...

...set the United States Army
after the Apache...

...and you have San Carlos.

Of those ordered to relocate,
two-thirds refused...

...preferring to follow a new generation
of Apache leaders...

...leaders committed to freedom
at all costs.

Among them were
Juh, Nana, Loco, Victorio...

...and Geronimo.

"Juh told him that he could offer them
nothing but hardship and death.

As he saw it, they must choose...

...between death from heat, starvation
and degradation at San Carlos...

...and a wild, free life in Mexico.
Short, perhaps, but free.

Let them remember that
if they took this step...

...they would be hunted
like wild animals...

...by the troops of both
the United States and Mexico.

All of us knew that we were doomed...

...but some preferred death
to slavery and imprisonment."

Daklugie, Nednhi.

Geronimo's strength of will
had been forged much earlier...

...when his wife, children and mother
were killed in a Mexican raid on his village.

He had been away from home and came
back and found his entire family...

...scattered all over in the yard, dead.

The Americans and the Mexicans
rode horses with shoes...

...and so he knew that they were the ones
that had come and destroyed his family.

And he made a vow then...

...that he would kill every Mexican
and every American that he saw.

Now he would lead the Apache
through their greatest test.

The final Apache resistance
was a monumental expression...

...of human pride and love of freedom.

"We are vanishing from the earth...

...yet I cannot think we are useless...

...or God would not have created us.

For each tribe of men God created,
he also made a home.

In the land created
for any particular tribe...

...he placed whatever would be best
for the welfare of that tribe.

Thus it was in the beginning,
the Apaches and their homes...

...each created for the other
by God himself.

When they are taken from these homes...

...they sicken and die.

How long will it be until it is said:

'There are no Apaches'?"

Geronimo, Bedonkohe.

For a decade, the Apache surmounted
overwhelming odds.

By 1886, Geronimo's tiny band was being
hunted across the mountains...

...by 8000 troops from Mexico
and the United States.

He was losing all his warriors
and his family.

He could never beat them because
there was always somebody there...

...and there were so many.

And he was losing his own people.

And he said, "If I keep fighting,
there will never be any more of us."

"At that time, Geronimo's band
consisted of 17 men.

He had also Lozen,
known as 'the woman warrior.'

Geronimo was handicapped
by the presence, too...

...of women and children
who must be defended and fed.

Nobody ever captured Geronimo.

I know. I was with him.

Anyway, who can capture the wind?"

Daklugie, Nednhi.

On September 3, 1886...

...Geronimo turned himself in
to General Miles...

...who had already made his reputation as
the man who finally caught Chief Joseph.

As a condition of surrender,
Miles promised Geronimo...

...that his band would be taken into
custody for only a short while...

...before being released to a reservation
in the Southwest.

But Miles lied.

Geronimo's people...

...and even Apache peacefully settled
at the San Carlos Reservation...

...were shipped to Indian prisons
in Florida.

I was born as a prisoner of war.

They promised us in the beginning that we
would be held prisoners for two years...

...which went into 28 years.

And I'm almost sure we're
the only tribe...

...that ever served that many years
in prison.

Geronimo would not live
to be a free man.

After 23 years as a prisoner of war...

...he died in 1909.

What is the matter
that you don't speak to me?

Why don't you look at me, smile at me?

I am a man.

I have the same feet, legs and hands...

...and the sun looks down on me
a complete man.

I want you to look and smile at me.

By the late 1800s, reservations had become
virtual concentration camps.

Most were on barren lands,
useless for farming and devoid of game.

Indian people were forced to live
off of U.S. Food rations...

...promised in treaties
in return for their lands.

Providing subsidies and food
for over 200,000 Indian people...

...was big business.

The distribution system quickly became
a corrupt network...

...of government agents and their partners,
known as the Indian Ring.

"If they bring any goods for the Indians,
the agents live off of them.

And pay has been taken by the agents...

...and they have put money
in their pockets.

The steamboat came in the night
and took away boxes of goods...

...so that the Indians would not know it."

Struck By The Ree, Yankton.

Robbing nations of their meager
government subsidies...

...the Indian Ring left the people
in abject poverty.

And they hoped, it seems to me,
to take away the spirit of the people...

...so that we'd become more docile,
so to speak.

We would then only depend upon them
for the way to be.

We would have to go to whoever
brought out the rations.

"I noticed a small group of Indians
who sat under a tree.

All were dirty, ragged and lean.

Soon an Indian woman and a young girl
hurried into the group...

...laid down packs and opened them.

I could see spread out there
some dingy meat...

...evidently waste
from a butcher's shop...

...and some discarded scraps of stale bread
and other stray odds and ends of food.

I felt a wave of fury toward our
government's whole Indian policy."

Thomas Tibbles, reporter.

Many Eastern reformers were determined
to break the Indian Ring...

...but they believed that
the only lasting solution was change...

...not only for the bureaucrats,
but for the Indian people themselves.

Indian ways were judged
as backward and wrong...

...that for their own good,
their cultures had to be erased.

Indian people were to be remade
in their reformers' image.

"The Indians' only safe future can be found
in merging their interests with ours...

...and becoming part of the people
of the United States.

Their safe course is to quit being
tribal Indians...

...to go out and live among us
as individual men...

...to adopt our language, our industries
and become a part of the power."

Richard Pratt, director,
Carlisle Indian School.

The policy of stripping Indian people
of their cultures...

...became official with the 1887 passage
of the General Allotment Act.

The act broke apart
communal land holdings...

...assigning plots to individuals in an effort
to force them to live like white farmers.

"As long as Indians live in villages...

...they will retain many of their old
and injurious habits:

Heathen ceremonies and dances,
constant visiting.

I trust that before another year is ended...

...they will generally be located
upon individual land or farms."

Government commissioner.

Supported by an alliance of Eastern
reformers and Western land speculators...

...allotment attacked both the sovereignty
of Indian nations...

...and the fundamental concept
of land belonging to all the people.

"This is only another trick of the whites
to take our land away from us...

...and they have played
these tricks before."

Hollow Horn Bear, oglala.

The allotment system was ripe
for massive fraud.

Corrupt agents declared small children,
dogs and horses as allottees...

...then seized their lands and sold them.

Indian orphans were shuffled off
to white families...

...who adopted them to obtain title
to their allotments.

After allotment plots were handed out
to Indian people...

...the U.S. Government was free to sell
the remaining reservation lands to whites.

During the allotment period...

...Indian nations would lose two-thirds of
the little land that remained in their hands.

Two years after the passage
of the Allotment Act...

...Oklahoma Indian Territory
was officially open to settlers.

What followed were the famous
land rushes.

The territories of the Creek, Cherokee
and other nations were overrun...

...lands which had been promised them
as permanent, unassailable refuges...

...in exchange for their lands
east of the Mississippi.

But of all the government policies
designed to end Indian cultures...

...the cruelest was yet to come.

Indian people would be robbed
of even their children.

Across the country, Indian children,
some as young as 4 years old...

...were taken from their parents,
often by force...

...and sent to boarding schools.

At the boarding schools, children were
stripped of all outward appearances...

...linking them to their Indian past.

"Our belongings were taken from us...

...even the little medicine bags our mothers
had given us to protect us from harm.

Everything was placed in a heap
and set afire.

Next was the long hair...

...the pride of all the Indians.

The boys, one by one,
would break down and cry...

...when they saw their braids
thrown on the floor."

Lone Wolf, Blackfeet.

Children were forbidden to speak
of their traditions...

...and severely punished
if they used their native languages.

Fed distorted images of evil Indians...

...many came to doubt their own identity.

I remember, growing up...

...that I never really felt good
about myself.

We were taught to be ashamed
of who we were...

...and who we are.

And it hurts when you're young,
and you're trying to understand.

"We all wore white man's clothes
and ate white man's food...

...and went to white man's churches
and spoke white man's talk.

And so after a while, we also begin to say,
'lndians were bad.'

We laughed at our own people...

...and their blankets and cooking pots
and sacred societies and dances."

Sun Elk, Taos.

Many boarding schools were set up
in converted military posts...

...where, for decades, soldiers
had been trained to fight Indian people.

Students slept on cots
in cement barracks...

...and were drilled daily
in strict military regimen.

It was like an army barrack.

They marched us like they do
when you first go into the army.

We marched to school.
We marched to eat.

They took us to church,
we marched to church.

We lived kind of an army-style life...

...and we went to school that way.

If we thought the days were bad,
the nights were much worse.

This was a time
when real loneliness set in.

Many boys run away...

...but most of them were caught
and brought back by the police.

We were told never to talk Indian,
and if we were caught...

...we got a strapping with a leather belt.

I remember one evening,
when we were all lined up in a room...

...and one of the boys said
something Indian to another boy.

The man in charge caught him by the shirt
and threw him across the room.

Later, we found out his collarbone
was broken.

The priest would take
a leather harness strap...

...and he would beat my husband.

And every time that strap
would come down on him...

...how he would repeat to himself,
"I'll never forget my language."

He was thinking that,
"I will never forget my language."

"The boy's father, an old warrior,
came to the school.

He told the instructor
that among his people...

...children were never punished
by striking them...

...that that was no way to teach children.

Kind words and good examples
were much better."

Lone Wolf, Blackfeet.

Each day stretched
into another endless day...

...each night for tears to fall.

"Tomorrow," my sister said.

Tomorrow never came.

And so the days passed by...

...and the changes slowly came
to settle within me.

Gone were the vivid pictures of my parents,
sisters and brothers.

Only a blurred vision of what used to be.

Desperately, I tried to cling
to the faded past...

...which was slowly being erased
from my mind.

For traditional cultures,
the effect was devastating.

Boarding-school graduates
returned to the schools...

...and encouraged new students
fresh from the reservations...

...to give up their traditions.

"Don't look back.

All that is passed away.

This country through here is all improved.

You saw when you were coming,
cities, railroads, houses, manufactories.

Boys, this was once all our country...

...but our fathers had not their eyes open
as we have.

Now the only way to hold our land
is to get educated ourselves."

Henry Jones, Creek.

But the home cultures were not altogether
powerless against boarding-school invasion.

Many held firmly to their traditions...

...and returning graduates
who did not readapt...

...found they had no place
in their old world.

"It was a warm summer evening
when I got off the train at Taos Station.

The first Indian I met,
I ask him to run out to the pueblo...

...and tell my family I was home.

The Indian couldn't speak English,
and I had forgotten all my Pueblo language.

Next morning, the governor of the pueblo
and two war chiefs...

...came into my father's house.

They did not talk to me.
They did not even look at me.

The chief said to my father:

'Your son, who calls himself Rafael,
has lived with the white men.

He has been far away.

He has not learned the things
that Indian boys should learn.

He has no hair.
He cannot even speak our language.

He is not one of us."'

Sun Elk, Taos.

These things that made life for us
the most important thing...

...these were the things
they took from us.

And today, so many of our Indian children
have forgotten their language...

...even here on our reservation...

...because they took that language
away from us. Our language...

...that God gave us.

When we started this series,
we wanted to make sense...

...of how a continent of some 500
Indian nations became what it is today.

What we found was an ironic path...

...newcomers, looking for freedom
and tolerance...

...but showing little of those virtues
to the people they encountered.

Many Indian nations have survived.

Today there are over 10 million
Indian people in North America...

...with 2 million
in the United States alone.

They no longer face conquistadors
or invading settlers...

...but they continue to deal
with the complex struggle...

...to maintain their cultures
and quality of life.

It's difficult to explain.
Like, the native people...

...are like a root. You know?

Where everything grows there.
It's their community, it's their land.

That's where they live.
That's where they're born.

That's where they have
their grandparents buried.

Their ancestors were there.

Their language is there.
Everything is there.

And then you ask them
to change their way of life...

...so you carry them away.

I say it's just like when you try
to plant a tree...

...let's say a spruce tree,
in a desert land.

Even though you put water in it,
it's gonna dry. It's gonna die.

Our people, our families
had been telling us...

...all these stories all these many years,
and at last...

...we finally set foot and walked
in the areas and slept in the country...

...where our grandmothers
and grandfathers started from.

And I can just imagine...

...how my grandmothers
and my grandfathers would have felt...

...if they had come back like I did.

And I saw those places for them.

I was able to return.

I think a lot of times the general public
doesn't understand...

...where the Native Americans...
Their feelings...

...of what's happened to them in the past,
and where they're coming from.

And why they're sometimes withdrawn.

Why they haven't really jumped
into the mainstream life.

I think what present-day Americans
have to learn...

...is that our heroes are not their heroes,
and their heroes are not our heroes.

And when I went to school, just as you
and everyone else in this land...

...we've all been exposed to
the same value system...

...the same perspective on history.

The lesson that is there, the very important
lesson, today, for all people...

...is to realize the value
of an alternative perspective...

...and that is why we are here.

That is why the creator allowed
some of us to remain...

...in spite of all the attempts
to destroy us.

Every tribe has had their Great Swamp
in that process.

Every tribe has had their Sand Creek.

Every tribe has had their Wounded Knee.

The list is endless, and we've all shared
in that same experience.

I went to a meeting at Wounded Knee...

...in November, when there was
snow all over...

...all over the ground.

And we were on our way
to the burial site.

I could not help but think back.

And there was a feeling there.

There was a feeling...

...that those that were there in a grave...

...were trying to tell me something.

And it brought tears to my eyes.

And I stood there, and there was a spirit
that came over...

...and I could feel that spirit.

It was the spirit of God.

There is a mightier power...

...than kings and presidents...

...who guides the minds of the people.

A higher power.

The mandates are very simple, you know...

...that we must live in the land
that the creator give to us...

...and look after his gifts so that
our great-great-grandchildren...

...will be able to enjoy the same things
that we enjoy today.

If you look at natural laws
in a very simplist form...

...is that you must drink water
to survive.

So if you pollute the water
so that you can't drink it...

...then you will perish. And there's no...

...appeal to this if you violate
the natural laws.

Someday I fear that...

...the land that we have here now
will be taken...

...because some of the treaties state
that as long as the water flows...

...and the grasses grow,
that we will be here.

But our rivers are drying up...

...and when the water's gone...

...what will happen then?

What's gonna happen to my children?

Our cultures have been assaulted,
our lands have been stolen.

But we're still here as a people.

And we're fighting the same battles that
have been fought for the last 300 years.

They're unresolved.

It's up to us to resolve them...

...in a fair and honorable manner.

Destiny is not a matter of fate.

It's a matter of choice.

And we have some choices
to be made here.

We have the choice of continuing to survive
on this planet as Indian people.

That's our goal,
and we're gonna accomplish that.

We're gonna be here...

...for many, many years to come.

Tall oak of the Narragansett nation said
it was his destiny...

...perhaps that of all native people,
to be the conscience of America...

...to see that the tragedy of the past
would never be repeated.

Hopefully, now that we've had a glimpse
of the other side of the American story...

...we too can be a part
of that collective conscience.

Thank you for joining us.

Subrip by Tantico, Croatia
(03.2012)