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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: {1}{72}movie info: 0x0 0.0fps 0 B|/SubEdit b.4066 (http://subedit.com.pl)/ {344}{377}Peace and prosperity. {399}{462}An Iron Curtain has descended across... {466}{515}NARRATOR 1:|The great state is today threatened... {519}{605}...by the terrorist activities|led by communists. {699}{765}MAN 1: Have you ever been a member|of the Communist Party? {769}{825}MAN 2:|I shall continue to fight for peace. {1000}{1076}NARRATOR 2: How much time do we have?|NARRATOR 3: This is the Atomic Age. {1249}{1281}ANNOUNCER:|Flourishing in peace... {1284}{1389}...with 67 million people gainfully|employed, the most in our history... {1393}{1477}...the United States today represents|an achievement in good government... {1481}{1534}...unsurpassed in the history of man. {1538}{1613}While at the throttle,|controlling the wheels of our destiny... {1617}{1689}...is a spirit encouraging|ever greater progress. {1693}{1778}Efforts on farming,|industry in science and business... {1782}{1894}...that ensure the great majority a way|of life that is physically gratifying... {1898}{1952}...and spiritually uplifting. {1956}{2023}The seed of our good fortune at root here. {2033}{2176}Preserve, protect, and defend|the Constitution of the United States. {2180}{2222}So help me God. {2226}{2260}[AUDIENCE APPLAUDS] {2302}{2358}NARRATOR:|Republican Dwight David Eisenhower... {2362}{2414}...was elected president in 1952... {2418}{2506}...in a landslide win, carrying 39 states. {2510}{2675}The hero of World War II, gentle, yet tough,|labeling the ongoing Korean War as useless... {2679}{2812}...Eisenhower, the General, would end it and|restore American confidence and optimism. {2816}{2926}Now we look forward to the future|with faith in ourselves, in our country... {2930}{3018}...and in the creator|who is father of us all. {3022}{3096}NARRATOR: And with faith|in the most powerful arsenal... {3100}{3185}...ever assembled,|just three days before his election... {3189}{3343}...the U.S. tested its first hydrogen bomb|on what had been the island of Elugelab. {3347}{3438}The 65-ton device was too big|to drop by plane. {3477}{3570}Elugelab burned six hours|under a mushroom cloud... {3574}{3675}100 miles across|and then disappeared forever. {3867}{3969}Who was this new American president|with a grandfather's face? {3980}{4067}At Potsdam, he had opposed|the atomic bombings of Japan. {4071}{4146}He had pushed hard|for a second front to help the Soviets... {4150}{4254}...and developed a friendly relationship|with Soviet General Zhukov. {4266}{4323}Stalin held him in high regard. {4327}{4407}STALIN [IN RUSSIAN]: {4568}{4604}NARRATOR:|He was the first foreigner... {4608}{4653}...to ever witness a|parade in Red Square... {4657}{4749}...from the platform atop Lenin's tomb. {4753}{4855}And six weeks after his inauguration,|in March 1953... {4859}{4940}...a fresh opportunity presented itself. {4944}{5048}Americans woke to the news|that Joseph Stalin was dead. {5052}{5151}Despite his extraordinary brutality,|most Russians revered him... {5155}{5228}...for leading the nation to victory|over the Nazis... {5232}{5336}...and turning a backward Russia|into a modern industrial state. {5340}{5455}While the public mourned, the new,|somewhat uncertain Soviet leaders... {5459}{5618}...freed of the onerous ghost of a man who ruled|their lives like an ancient czar for 30 years... {5622}{5719}...decided to ease tensions|with the capitalist West. {5723}{5820}They wanted above all to focus on|improving their quality of life at home... {5824}{5927}...and called for coexistence|and peaceful competition. {5931}{6018}How would America's new leadership|respond? {6054}{6178}Winston Churchill, re-elected a second time|to office in 1951... {6182}{6269}...had now seen 50 years|of international diplomacy... {6273}{6414}...from the golden age of the European|empires to the horrifying rise of fascism. {6418}{6532}But this new nuclear age|held a special terror for the old man. {6536}{6633}He urged Washington to seize|this unprecedented opportunity... {6637}{6740}...and pressed for an international summit|with the new Soviet leaders. {6744}{6802}He had hopes for Eisenhower. {6806}{6893}Six weeks went by, silence. {6897}{6989}And then Eisenhower eloquently|spoke of peace. {6993}{7094}This is not a way of life at all,|in any true sense. {7098}{7203}Under the cloud of threatening war, it|is humanity hanging from a cross of iron. {7207}{7246}NARRATOR:|The Soviets, inspired... {7250}{7307}...reprinted the speech widely... {7311}{7406}...but then two days later,|an answer came back to Moscow... {7410}{7519}...from Eisenhower's Secretary of State|John Foster Dulles. {7523}{7669}The peace offensive was a peace defensive|taken in response to us. strength... {7673}{7786}...and the communists were endlessly|conspiring to overthrow from within... {7790}{7871}...every genuinely free government|in the world. {7875}{7962}It was insulting,|and the Soviets were perplexed... {7966}{8056}...wondering whether it was the|moderate Eisenhower or hard-line Dulles... {8060}{8150}...who spoke for this new administration. {8154}{8210}The son of a Presbyterian minister... {8214}{8318}...Dulles had made a career on Wall Street|in the 19203 and '303... {8322}{8432}...as a lawyer for the corporate powerhouse|Sullivan & Cromwell. {8436}{8540}Dulles never wavered in his commitment|to protecting U.S. business interests... {8544}{8606}...or in his hatred for communism. {8610}{8719}Despite his later vehement denials|of any dealings with the Nazis... {8723}{8813}...he worked for banker clients that helped|secure more than a billion dollars... {8817}{8856}...in German bond sales in the U.S. {8860}{8950}He also dealt extensively|with the IG Farben Corporation... {8954}{9046}...a significant contributor|to the Hitler regime. {9050}{9190}Dulles was set on the idea of an aggressive|liberation of citizens under Soviet control. {9194}{9281}Everywhere I look around the world,|the question is what maybe... {9285}{9330}...we're going to lose next, you know... {9334}{9418}...and, uh, we seem to be on the defensive|and they're on the offensive. {9510}{9575}NARRATOR:|By this time, the Korean "police action”... {9579}{9651}...had become|a two-and—a-half-year nightmare. {9655}{9751}A brutal land war of casualties and|endless maneuvers for useless hillsides... {9755}{9882}...as elusive as the jungles|of South Vietnam 15 years later. {9886}{9984}Battling Soviet-trained and equipped|North Koreans, World War II hero... {9988}{10093}...General Douglas MacArthur had pushed|north towards the Chinese border... {10097}{10158}...Despite repeated|warnings from Beijing... {10162}{10235}...assuring Truman that the Chinese|would never enter the war. {10273}{10381}In the late fall of 1950,|hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops... {10385}{10435}...streamed across the Yalu River... {10439}{10554}...sending U.S. and Allied Forces|reeling backwards in a frantic retreat. {10558}{10617}ANNOUNCER:|The Marines who spearheaded the breakout... {10621}{10680}...did not consider it a retreat. {10684}{10806}"Retreat hell, " said their commander. "We're|just advancing in a different direction." {10810}{10915}NARRATOR: Time Magazine called it "The|Worst Defeat" the U.S. had ever suffered. {10919}{11021}Truman wrote in his diary,|"World War III is here." {11025}{11153}MacArthur repeatedly, and Truman|separately, threatened to use the bomb. {11157}{11232}General Curtis LeMay volunteered|to direct the attacks... {11236}{11335}...and unknown to the public,|American and Soviet pilots were engaging... {11339}{11374}...in direct air warfare... {11378}{11501}...the only extended combat|between the two sides during the Cold War. {11543}{11637}The drama of Truman firing MacArthur|for insubordination... {11641}{11720}TRUMAN: General MacArthur|is one of our greatest military commanders. {11724}{11792}But the cause of world peace... {11796}{11877}...is much more important|than any individual. {11914}{11997}NARRATOR:... and the shock of seeing|their all-powerful military failing... {12001}{12076}...to defeat ill-equipped|Chinese peasants... {12080}{12207}...drove Truman's popularity to a|record low with the public of 22 percent. {12211}{12332}No victory in sight, the UN. forces pounded|month after month the North and the South... {12336}{12415}with massive, unrelenting,|conventional air bombing... {12419}{12514}...similar to the campaign visited|upon Japan five years earlier. {12518}{12570}The weapon of choice was napalm. {12574}{12659}Almost every major city in North Korea|was burned to the ground... {12663}{12733}...and little was left|standing in the South. {12774}{12872}Although Mao Zedong was imagining|a worldwide conflict... {12876}{13004}...Stalin, in the summer of 1951, pushed|the North Koreans to the bargaining table... {13008}{13098}...but negotiations dragged on|for two more years. {13102}{13174}ADMIRAL: What are we talking about?|What are we arguing about? {13178}{13308}You know that this insignificant little hill is|of no importance to you and no importance to us. {13312}{13361}So how can it be worth any man's life? {13365}{13481}Don't you feel some responsibility|towards thousands of...? {13522}{13574}NARRATOR: Despite some|progress at the negotiations... {13578}{13668}...and the Soviet peace initiative|after the death of Stalin... {13672}{13757}...Eisenhower now threatened|to widen the war. {13761}{13863}He suggested to his commanders|that the Kaesong area in North Korea... {13867}{13998}...might be a good place to showcase|America's new tactical atomic bombs. {14002}{14134}The joint chiefs and National Security|Council endorsed atomic attacks on China. {14138}{14277}Eisenhower and Dulles made sure the|communist leaders knew of these threats. {14281}{14398}The U.S. also began bombing|the dams near Pyongyang, North Korea... {14402}{14494}...causing enormous floods|and destroying the rice crop. {14498}{14587}The Nuremberg Tribunal|had condemned similar actions... {14591}{14692}...by Nazis in Holland|in 1944 as a war crime. {14720}{14885}With casualties skyrocketing on both sides, an|armistice was finally signed in July of 1953... {14889}{15003}...dividing the country exactly where|the war had begun three years earlier. {15007}{15077}The U.S., despite claims|of stopping communism... {15081}{15206}...was perceived as having lost|because it had not won. {15210}{15318}Vice-President Richard Nixon would later|insist that Eisenhower's nuclear threats... {15322}{15361}...had worked brilliantly... {15365}{15507}...teaching him the value of unpredictability|and inspired Nixon's own madman thesis... {15511}{15621}...which he applied to Vietnam|less than 20 years later. {15625}{15752}What was clear was the message to Asians|who tried to challenge U.S. interests. {15756}{15909}Some 3 to 4 million Koreans lay dead out of|a population of 30 million, 10 percent... {15913}{16046}...as well as over a million Chinese|and 36, 000 Americans. {16050}{16111}China had stood up proudly|to the Americans... {16115}{16246}...as the Vietnamese later would|enhancing their international prestige. {16250}{16374}But America would block China's entry|to the United Nations until 1971. {16407}{16545}The Soviets by comparison, looked|weak, widening their gulf with China. {16549}{16631}As for the U.S., it was Churchill|who grasped the real meaning. {16635}{16708}CHURCHILL:|Korea does not really matter now. {16712}{16791}I'd never heard of the bloody place|until I was 74. {16795}{16954}Its importance lies in the fact|that it has led to the rearming of America. {16958}{17012}NARRATOR|The defense budget had grown four times... {17016}{17062}...to almost $50 billion. {17066}{17166}And military spending would hover at|more than 50 percent of the U.S. budget... {17170}{17231}...for the rest of the 19503. {17235}{17342}Under Eisenhower,|a permanent war economy was to be achieved. {17346}{17449}Put another way, it was not just|General Motors that was good for America... {17454}{17534}“anti-communism was good for business. {17690}{17778}NARRATOR: During his campaign,|Eisenhower had in fact done little... {17782}{17839}...to lower the Cold War temperature... {17843}{17999}...fanning the flames of anti-Sovietism with|calls to move beyond the Democrats' containment... {18003}{18117}...to a Republican liberation|of the Eastern Bloc. {18157}{18210}Although he despised the venomous... {18214}{18305}...anti-communist|Wisconsin Senator Joe McCarthy... {18309}{18376}...and privately deplored his tactics... {18380}{18425}...he backed down during the campaign... {18429}{18498}...from defending his mentor,|General George Marshall... {18502}{18579}...who McCarthy accused|of virtual treason... {18583}{18682}...for losing China as secretary of state. {18686}{18757}Even if there were only one communist|in the state department... {18761}{18807}...that would still be one communist|too many. {18811}{18846}[AUDIENCE CHEERS] {18903}{18949}NARRATOR:|Marshall refused to respond... {18953}{19041}...and told Truman at the time|that if at this point in his life... {19045}{19138}...he had to explain that he was not|a traitor, it was hardly worth the effort. {19170}{19262}But it wasn't long before he resigned|as secretary of defense. {19266}{19369}From 1950 on, McCarthy made headlines. {19373}{19471}MCCARTHY:|I have here in my hand a list of 205... {19475}{19553}...a list of names who I've made known|to the secretary of state... {19557}{19615}...as being members|of the Communist Party... {19619}{19747}...who nevertheless are still working|and shaping policy in the state department. {19751}{19794}- Senator? Senator Iselin.|- Oh, yes. {19798}{19848}- I'd like to verify that number.|- Huh? {19852}{19963}- How many communists did you say?|- Ahem. Oh, I said there were exactly, uh... {19967}{20041}I have absolutely proved there|are 104 card-carrying communists... {20045}{20092}...in the Defense Department at this time. {20096}{20146}- How many?|- Uh, ahem, two hundred and seventy-five. {20150}{20223}That's all I have to say|on this subject at this time. Come, babe. {20227}{20286}-Major, how many did he say?|ISELIN: Excuse me. {20290}{20380}I'd be a lot happier if we could just|settle on the number of communists... {20384}{20445}...I know there are|in the Defense Department. {20449}{20490}NARRATOR:|The next day, in another state... {20502}{20615}...he lowered his number to 57. {20619}{20740}Although he'd stayed silent when it mattered,|Truman, in one of his finest speeches... {20744}{20847}...deplored the mood and hysteria|that he had done so much to create. {20851}{20918}TRUMAN: I'm gonna tell you|how we're not gonna fight communism. {20922}{21066}We're not gonna transform our fine FBI|into a Gestapo secret police. {21070}{21116}That's what some people would like to do. {21120}{21205}We're not gonna try to control|what our people read and say and think. {21209}{21314}We're not gonna turn the United States|into a right-wing totalitarian country... {21319}{21396}...in order to deal|with a left-wing totalitarian threat. {21400}{21464}In short, we're not gonna end democracy. {21468}{21525}We're gonna keep the Bill of Rights|on the books. {21551}{21590}NARRATOR:|But throughout the 19503... {21594}{21696}...political debate essentially continued|to vanish in the United States. {21700}{21804}As Eisenhower never publicly attacked|the extremist tactics... {21808}{21954}...of either the Red Scare or the Lavender|Scare that targeted gays and lesbians. {21991}{22071}Behind the scenes,|the real power was being exercised... {22075}{22203}...by Director J. Edgar Hoover|who had Eisenhower's full support. {22207}{22342}Tapping telephones, opening mail, installing|bugs, breaking into offices and safes. {22346}{22473}Hoover often played up the phony threat|of a surprise Soviet attack on the U.S. {22539}{22674}And in 1956, briefed Eisenhower on the specter|of a "dirty bomb" unleashed in Manhattan... {22678}{22747}...killing hundreds of thousands of people. {22780}{22837}WOMAN:|What's in the box? {22895}{22946}What's in the box? {22959}{22985}Curiosity killed a cat... {22989}{23091}...and it certainly would have you|if you'd followed your impulse to open it. {23136}{23181}[HISSING] {23294}{23336}[SCREAMS] {23390}{23428}NARRATOR:|Hoover was totally convinced... {23432}{23493}...communism was behind|the Black Civil Rights Movement... {23497}{23602}...from World War I on, and had spied|on every single black leader since. {23644}{23738}His FBI was busy on a number|of other fronts leaking information... {23742}{23804}...to its high-level assets in the press... {23808}{23916}...and launching in 1956|a program called Cointelpro... {23920}{23993}...of dirty tricks designed to disrupt... {23997}{24093}...ultimately some 2300|left-wing organizations. {24110}{24270}By 1960, the FBI had begun investigations of|more than 400,000 individuals and groups... {24274}{24321}...all with Eisenhower's support. {24325}{24418}Patriotic pageants and loyalty oaths|pockmarked the landscape. {24422}{24467}Paranoia was rampant. {24471}{24553}Communism, in reality,|is not a political party. {24557}{24648}It is a way of life,|an evil and malignant way of life. {24652}{24768}It reveals a condition akin to disease|that spreads like an epidemic. {24772}{24894}And like an epidemic, a quarantine is necessary|to keep it from infecting this nation. {24898}{24989}NARRATOR: A second, more damaging set|of Hollywood hearings began. {24993}{25081}Artists and citizens were hauled|before committees in order to name names. {25160}{25285}To writer Mary McCarthy, the purpose of the|hearings was not to combat subversion... {25289}{25324}...but to convince Americans... {25328}{25434}...to accept "the principle of betrayal|as a norm of good citizenship." {25438}{25465}It worked. {25485}{25573}Renowned muckraking journalist|I.F. Stone had earlier denounced... {25577}{25695}...the attempt to turn "a whole generation|of Americans into stool pigeons." {25728}{25856}The perception of our heroic World War II|ally was now deeply tarnished in the U.S... {25860}{25955}...by the Berlin airlift, the spies,|the Korean War... {25959}{26075}...and the further revelations|of the brutalities of the Stalin purges. {26079}{26181}But the Red Scare itself|was far more damaging to America. {26185}{26308}It certainly decimated the legal Communist|Party U.S.A. whose membership had dropped... {26312}{26446}...from 80,000 in '44|to below 10,000 by the mid '503... {26450}{26520}...with probably 1500 of them|FBI informants. {26524}{26610}Nine years of putting on an act I hate,|and being hated for doing it. {26614}{26660}- Something happen at headquarters?|- Oh, no, no. {26662}{26738}At headquarters they still think|I'm a louse who'll sell out his own people. {26742}{26790}You know,|you guys have a home and a family. {26794}{26877}When your day's work is done, you go home|to them and they're glad to see you. {26881}{26945}I've got nothing but a bunch of|slimy commies who'd cut my throat... {26949}{27004}...and throw me in the river|when they're through with me. {27007}{27064}Look, Ken,|you gotta get me out of this thing. {27068}{27157}You gotta wipe this red smear off me.|I can't take it any longer. {27161}{27241}NARRATOR: More importantly,|the Red Scare eviscerated the U.S. left... {27245}{27341}...the labor unions and political|and cultural organizations... {27345}{27454}...which had spurred the reforms|of the New Deal 1930's and '403. {27536}{27631}With the exception of the civil rights,|and anti-nuclear movements... {27635}{27750}...left-wing dissent and progressive|reform throughout the 1950's... {27754}{27848}...would remain silent|and the labor movement would never recover. {27874}{27998}To this day, the Eisenhower '503 are|remembered as an era of the lonely, sad... {28002}{28099}...capitalist corporation man|and his gray, flannel conformity. {28144}{28229}Fearing defense spending would|bankrupt the country... {28233}{28314}...Eisenhower and Dulles called|for a "New Look defense policy... {28318}{28374}...that would cut the size of the Army... {28378}{28522}...and rely on cheaper nuclear weapons|to be used as would other munitions." {28526}{28590}Based on the assumption|that any war with the Soviets... {28594}{28656}...would become a full-scale nuclear one. {28660}{28718}Though he had once abhorred|atomic weaponry... {28722}{28785}...Eisenhower told|the British ambassador... {28789}{28857}"I'd rather be atomized|than communized, "... {28861}{28941}...as he set out to convince a wary public|there was no difference... {28945}{29029}...between conventional|and nuclear weapons. {29033}{29145}He told a reporter in 1955|that he considered nuclear weapons... {29149}{29246}...to be "as available for use|as other munitions." {29250}{29311}Churchill was shocked,|so was Pulitzer Prize-Winning... {29315}{29384}...New York Times columnist James Reston... {29388}{29496}...who wondered why not a single congressman|questioned Eisenhower's commitment... {29500}{29618}...to "sudden atomic retaliation"|without congressional approval. {29622}{29769}In August of '53, the Soviets exploded|a 400-kiloton pro to-hydrogen bomb... {29773}{29854}...in Kazakhstan, shocking the world. {29859}{29939}They seemed to have closed the gap|and were now only 10 months behind... {29943}{29998}...the American H-bomb effort. {30002}{30114}In December of '54,|Eisenhower ordered 42 percent of atomic... {30118}{30231}...and 36 percent of hydrogen bombs|deployed overseas... {30235}{30289}...closer to the Soviet Union. {30293}{30386}Meanwhile, he and Dulles intensified|their efforts to vanquish the taboos... {30390}{30464}...surrounding the use of nuclear weapons. {30468}{30622}As early as December 1953, Eisenhower|had unveiled his Atoms for Peace program... {30626}{30739}...in a speech at the U.N.,|mesmerizing the 3500 delegates. {30743}{30858}If the peoples of the world are to|conduct an intelligent search for peace... {30862}{30993}...they must be armed with the|significant facts of today's existence. {31020}{31122}NARRATOR: He promised "energy|too cheap to meter," at home and abroad... {31126}{31217}...ignoring scientists' warnings|about the dangers of proliferation. {31257}{31313}Over the years,|the administration would propose... {31317}{31398}...initiatives to use nuclear bombs|for planetary excavation... {31402}{31536}...or creating harbors in Alaska,|freeing inaccessible oil deposits... {31540}{31686}...creating underground reservoirs|producing steam, desalinizing water. {31690}{31778}There were schemes to blast|a bigger and better Panama Canal... {31782}{31902}...and to alter weather patterns|and even melt the polar icecaps. {31906}{31996}ANNOUNCER: Hamburgers from an atomic|electric skillet are tasty testimonials... {32000}{32063}...of things to come in the Atomic Age. {32067}{32166}NARRATOR: But when a massive hydrogen|bomb test in the Marshall Islands... {32170}{32318}...in March of '54 went awry and contaminated|islanders and Japanese fishermen... {32322}{32402}...international outrage ensued. {32752}{32886}The word "fallout” entered the lexicon, and|opposition to nuclear testing grew globally. {32890}{32991}New organizations were spawned,|people marched in the streets once more. {33034}{33125}The respected non-aligned|Indian Prime Minister Nehru... {33129}{33226}...publicly denounced U.S. leaders|as "dangerous, self-centered lunatics... {33230}{33326}...who would blow up any people or country|who came in the way of their policy." {33330}{33426}Eisenhower told his|National Security Council: {33430}{33554}"Everybody seems to think that we are|skunks, saber-rattlers, and warmongers." {33558}{33591}Dulles worried: {33595}{33691}"Comparisons are now being made between|ours and Hitler's military machine." {33794}{33882}But Eisenhower could still speak eloquently|and be believed. {33909}{33969}EISENHOWER:|I come here representing a nation... {33973}{34046}...that wants not an acre|of another people's land... {34050}{34133}...that seeks no control|of another people's government... {34137}{34253}...that pursues no program of expansion|in commerce or politics or power... {34257}{34332}...of any sort at another people's expense. {34336}{34404}NARRATOR: There were other reasons,|besides the nuclear build-up... {34408}{34500}...for Nehru's denunciation|of U.S. leadership in the world. {34504}{34565}Nehru knew more|than the American public knew. {34569}{34666}He knew that Eisenhower|was not telling the truth. {34670}{34722}ANNOUNCER: In Iran, Britain|suffered another reverse... {34726}{34783}with the nationalization|of its huge oil industry... {34787}{34888}...and confiscation of the properties|amid scenes of violence. {34949}{35008}NARRATOR:|The British turned for help to the CIA... {35012}{35102}...with tales of mid-east oil|coming under Soviet control. {35107}{35192}This oil-rich region|from the Caspian to the Persian Gulf... {35196}{35282}...unlike Korea,|was critical to Western interests. {35309}{35420}Democratically-elected immensely popular|Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddegh... {35424}{35585}...was the first Iranian to earn a doctor|of laws degree from a European university. {35589}{35718}Time Magazine named him|1951 '3 Man of the Year. {35722}{35845}He inspired the Arab masses throughout the|region who pulsated with nationalist fever... {35849}{35921}...ready to take over their own affairs. {35925}{36011}Dulles and his brother, Allen,|who was now head of the CIA... {36015}{36073}...knew Mosaddegh was not a communist... {36077}{36196}...but feared a takeover|by the small Communist Party. {36200}{36358}And with Eisenhower's full approval deployed|the CIA to get rid of the madman Mosaddegh... {36362}{36463}...buying up journalists, military|officers, members of parliament... {36467}{36617}...and, ominously, the services of the|Extremist Warriors of Islam, a terrorist gang. {36621}{36727}In August of '53, organized mobs|caused chaos in Tehran... {36731}{36814}...spreading rumors that Mosaddegh|was Jewish and communist. {36818}{36947}The CIA and British intelligence|paid street thugs to destroy mosques. {36951}{37068}Among the rioters was Ayatollah Khomeini,|Iran's future leader. {37072}{37205}Mosaddegh and thousands of his supporters|were arrested for treason, some executed. {37209}{37281}ANNOUNCER: Former Premier Mosaddegh's|ruined house is a mute testimony... {37285}{37327}...to three days of bloody rioting... {37331}{37459}...culminating in a military coup from which|the one-time dictator of Iran fled for his life. {37463}{37522}The Shah, who had fled to Rome,|comes home. {37526}{37628}Iranian oil may again flow westward. {37658}{37718}NARRATOR:|Reinstating the Shah on the throne... {37722}{37828}...the U.S. turned on the financial spigots|for the next 25 years... {37832}{37912}...creating its strongest military ally|in the Middle East. {37917}{37964}Cutting down the British share... {37968}{38098}...five U.S. oil companies now received|40 percent ownership of a new consortium. {38102}{38192}Though celebrated in the Western media|as a great victory... {38196}{38265}...the downside would be enormous. {38269}{38340}Instead of seeing a change of attitude|at Stalin's death... {38344}{38477}...the Soviets would perceive the U.S. imposing|another puppet government on a nation... {38481}{38592}...with which it shared|a 2000-kilometer border. {38596}{38753}Along with the NATO alliance, they now saw|a western strategy of encirclement. {38757}{38859}Blowback is an espionage term|for the violent unintended consequences... {38863}{38912}...of a covert operation... {38917}{39004}...on the civilian population|of the aggressor nation. {39009}{39110}And in this case, the United States,|despite temporary success... {39114}{39241}...and a new supply of oil, had|outraged the citizens of a proud nation. {39245}{39337}It may have taken 25 more years|for blowback to manifest... {39341}{39403}...but in 1979 it did. {39407}{39501}Fed up with fixed elections|and the repressions of SAVAK... {39505}{39589}...a despised intelligence agency|given to torture... {39593}{39670}...the people revolted,|embracing the Islamic revolution... {39674}{39747}...led by Ayatollah Khomeini|and forced out the Shah. {39782}{39873}The Iranian coup would poison|U.S. relations with the Iranian people... {39877}{40024}...for another 30 years, into the presidencies|of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. {40078}{40129}NARRATOR:|The CIA had now come into its own... {40133}{40194}...and the next year organized|the overthrow... {40198}{40292}...of Guatemala's|popular leader Jacobo Arbenz Guzman... {40296}{40373}...who challenged the giant|U.S. commercial interests... {40377}{40455}...in his impoverished|Central American nation. {40459}{40535}Dulles believed Arbenz|was secretly a communist... {40539}{40632}...and if not stopped, would invite|Soviet infiltration into the region. {40636}{40785}In reality, communist influence was minimal,|a party of approximately 4000 members. {40814}{40954}DULLES: The future of Guatemala lies at the|disposal of leaders loyal to Guatemala... {40958}{41045}...who have not treasonably|become the agents of an alien despotism... {41049}{41156}...which sought to use Guatemala|for its own evil ends. {41160}{41223}NARRATOR|From bases in Honduras and Nicaragua... {41227}{41261}...in June '54... {41265}{41400}...CIA-trained mercenaries attacked|and Arbenz surrendered to a military junta. {41404}{41468}DULLES:|The events of recent months and days... {41472}{41623}...add a new and glorious chapter to the|already great tradition of the American states. {41659}{41771}NARRATOR: Arbenz's replacement,|anti-communist strongman Castillo Armas... {41775}{41842}...set up a brutal military dictatorship... {41846}{41952}...employing death squads|and was assassinated three years later. {41956}{42103}The democratically-elected Arbenz warned that|20 years of fascist bloody tyranny was coming. {42107}{42138}He was wrong. {42142}{42210}The tyranny that followed|actually lasted 40 years... {42214}{42294}...and took the lives of|some 200,000 people. {42298}{42460}The word communism was now being used as a|description of not only the Soviet system... {42464}{42611}...but for anyone, anyplace, anytime who|wanted change their way in their country... {42615}{42728}...be it a labor leader, a reformer, a|peasant activist, a human rights worker... {42732}{42824}...or even a priest reading the gospel|and organizing self-help groups... {42828}{42919}...based on radical or pacifist messages. {42985}{43122}Events of even greater significance|were unfolding simultaneously in Vietnam. {43126}{43225}The British had yielded much of their empire,|but the French, who had been humiliated... {43229}{43279}...by the German|invasion of World War II... {43283}{43415}...were still fighting for their enormous|colonies in Indochina and Africa. {43419}{43532}As the British in Iran had done|in order to receive American aid... {43536}{43654}...the French demonized their enemy,|Ho Chi Minh, as a communist fanatic... {43658}{43745}...although they knew|that he represented the same rebellion... {43749}{43850}...they had been fighting|since the late 18003. {43889}{44014}For the Vietnamese people, it had always|been a struggle for their independence... {44018}{44138}...well before the Russian Revolution and|the concept of communism had taken root. {44163}{44236}But, in this time period,|it was naturally assumed... {44240}{44316}...that Asian communism|was directed from Moscow. {44320}{44410}The truth was that Stalin had|always shown caution in Asia... {44414}{44526}...denying significant aid to Mao,|as he would for Ho Chi Minh... {44530}{44619}...seeing little to gain|by enflaming the French. {44674}{44761}Ho, who'd received U.S. assistance|when he led the resistance... {44765}{44826}...to the Japanese during World War II... {44831}{44946}...had asked President Truman for help in|setting up an independent Vietnamese state. {44950}{44982}He received no response. {44986}{45116}In 1950, he found out why.|Truman was backing the other side. {45120}{45172}By April of 1954... {45176}{45234}...Ho Chi Minh's peasant army|had finished hauling... {45238}{45326}...extremely heavy anti-aircraft guns|and howitzers... {45330}{45404}...through almost impassible jungle|and mountain terrain... {45408}{45510}...to lay siege to an encircled French army|at Dien Bien Phu. {45618}{45677}ANNOUNCER: A battle to the death is joined|at Dien Bier? Phu... {45680}{45795}...an isolated French Union stronghold deep|in communist held territory of Indochina. {45799}{45860}The battle is at its height|as French forces repulse... {45864}{45937}...repeated fanatical|charges by 40, 000 reds. {45941}{46038}Supplied by airlift reinforcements,|the garrison, outnumbered four-to-one... {46042}{46095}...kills or wounds|10,000 of the attackers... {46099}{46164}...but sustains severe losses of its own... {46168}{46250}...in the fiercest single battle|of the eight-year war. {46285}{46358}NARRATOR: Incredibly,|the United States was paying 80 percent... {46362}{46395}...of the French War costs. {46399}{46546}Eisenhower justified it by describing the|countries in the region falling like dominos... {46550}{46691}...ultimately leading from Thailand,|Indonesia and Malaysia to Japan itself. {46696}{46771}Though Eisenhower ruled out sending|U.S. ground forces... {46775}{46867}...the joint chiefs drew up plans|for Operation Vulture... {46871}{46941}...an air campaign|against Viet-Minh positions... {46945}{47087}...Which included the possibility|of using three small, tactical A-bombs. {47091}{47182}Nonetheless, the French, alongside|the British, rejected this option... {47186}{47290}...and on May 7, after 56 grueling days... {47294}{47354}...the French garrison fell... {47358}{47455}...and France's days of colonial conquest|in Asia were over. {47459}{47537}Despite the fact that his forces controlled|most of the country... {47541}{47658}...Ho gave in to pressure from the Soviets|and Chinese who feared U.S. intervention... {47662}{47768}...and at Geneva, accepted a proposal|that would temporarily divide Vietnam... {47772}{47822}...at the 17th Parallel... {47826}{47977}...with Ho's forces withdrawing to the north and|French-backed forces retreating to the south. {47981}{48090}A national election was scheduled for 1956|to unify the country. {48094}{48181}The U.S. promised not to interfere,|but it did... {48185}{48271}...installing a conservative, corrupt|Catholic in a Buddhist country. {48292}{48431}Ngo Dinh Diem wasted no time in|crushing rivals and failing communists... {48435}{48483}...thousands of whom were executed. {48487}{48579}With US. backing, Diem then subverted|the most important provision... {48583}{48710}...of the Geneva agreement,|canceling the 1956 election. {48714}{48812}Eisenhower later explained that|had the elections been held: {48816}{48867}"As of the time of the|time of the fighting... {48871}{48988}...possibly 80 percent of the population would|have voted for the communist Ho Chi Minh." {48992}{49062}As a result,|the insurgency was soon rekindled... {49066}{49186}...and within a few short years,|the French War would become the American. {49306}{49398}[SPEAKING IN VIETNAM ESE] {49402}{49438}NARRATOR:|Across the globe in Africa... {49442}{49501}...the Vietnamese struggle|became an inspiration... {49505}{49626}...for the Algerian revolutionaries|who would outlast the French... {49630}{49730}...in a brutal eight-year war|from 1954 to '62. {49734}{49837}This finally gutted the French empire|in Africa. {49889}{49992}In 1953,|Eisenhower symbolically went to Madrid... {49996}{50111}...to offer a huge loan to feared|fascist dictator Francisco Franco... {50116}{50193}...in return|for the establishment of nuclear bases. {50197}{50314}Spain was then admitted|to the United Nations in 1955... {50318}{50402}...although communist China|was still denied membership. {50410}{50474}The U.S. also supported Portugal... {50478}{50551}...which clung to an enormous|ramshackle plantation... {50555}{50627}...and Apartheid empire|in Southern Africa... {50631}{50702}...as well as neighboring South Africa,|where minority whites... {50706}{50781}...strictly suppressed the black majority. {50808}{50893}By the mid-19508,|the reputation of the United States... {50897}{50951}...in the Third World|reached rock-bottom... {50955}{51073}...as it allied itself with some|of the world's most reactionary regimes. {51077}{51222}America's capacity for massive retaliation might|keep the balance of power with the Soviets... {51226}{51323}...but it would prove useless|in preventing the revolutionary upsurge... {51327}{51362}...in the developing world... {51366}{51496}...which wished to steer a non-aligned course|between capitalist and socialist blocs... {51500}{51574}...and thought it obscene|to spend billions of dollars on arms... {51578}{51676}...when money for survival|was in short supply. {51680}{51772}To the non-aligned point of view, the|American Cold War on Eisenhower's watch... {51776}{51843}...was not really a war|against communism... {51847}{51946}...as much as it was a war|against the poor peoples of the earth... {51950}{52014}...for the resources of the earth. {52041}{52141}Twenty-nine Asian and African leaders|met for the first time in 1955... {52145}{52195}...at Bandung in Indonesia. {52199}{52270}The host was Indonesia's Achmed Sukarno... {52274}{52348}...who had led the fight|against Dutch colonialism. {52352}{52444}The stars were Yugoslavia's leader|Marshal Tito... {52448}{52522}...who had,|despite several assassination attempts... {52526}{52598}...freed himself from|Stalin's Soviet grip... {52602}{52640}...along with Nasser of Egypt... {52644}{52701}...who had taken on the British Empire... {52705}{52814}...Nehru, independent India's first leader,|and Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh. {52818}{52950}Israel, perceived as a U.S. ally,|was not invited to avoid an Arab boycott. {52954}{52986}Communist China was. {52991}{53110}They met on the beautiful island of Java,|in the world's fourth-largest nation... {53114}{53194}...which combined|the world's largest Muslim community... {53198}{53267}...and the third largest|Communist Party. {53271}{53418}This conference is not to oppose each|other. It is a conference of brotherhood. {53422}{53464}NARRATOR:|Dulles proclaimed neutrality... {53468}{53542}...an obsolete conception,|immoral and short-sighted. {53546}{53656}And in one of the strangest and|little-known episodes of this time period... {53660}{53718}...the Prime Minister|of China, Zhou Enlai... {53722}{53826}...was targeted by Jiang Jieshi's|nationalist government in Taiwan... {53830}{53902}...secretly abetted by the CIA. {53906}{53967}A detonator and bomb were placed|on his plane... {53971}{54047}...but Zhou survived|when he changed planes... {54051}{54118}...although the 16 people aboard|were blown out of the sky... {54122}{54182}...under mysterious circumstances. {54186}{54246}Zhou maintained an enigmatic silence... {54250}{54334}...and the conference was considered|a great success. {54338}{54462}But many of these independent leaders|would, in time, be toppled by the U.S. {54510}{54599}The Soviet Union,|which at first ignored the neutral bloc... {54603}{54678}...was beginning to confront its own past. {54726}{54788}NARRATOR: Premier Nikita Khrushchev,|who, like Eisenhower... {54792}{54827}...had come from humble origins... {54831}{54980}...and seen the worst of World War II up close as a|political organizer at the Battle of Stalingrad... {54984}{55102}...shocked the communist world|in February 1956... {55106}{55246}...emotionally giving voice to what no one|had ever publicly said without being punished. {55250}{55304}He detailed Stalin's murderous terror... {55308}{55404}...which had left his society frightened|into a conformity... {55408}{55530}...even greater than that in the U.S. which|had not suffered the physical terrors. {55534}{55611}He decried Stalin's cult of personality... {55615}{55741}...and initiated|a much-needed policy of de-Stalinization. {55745}{55840}The reaction across the communist world|was incendiary. {55844}{55941}Hardliners were stunned,|Mao in China infuriated... {55945}{56005}...unrest swept much of Eastern Europe... {56009}{56070}...crowds gathered outside|the parliament in Hungary... {56074}{56138}...and toppled the enormous statue|of Stalin... {56142}{56233}...even lynching secret police officers|in the streets. {56237}{56298}Khrushchev allowed the revolt|to take its course... {56302}{56388}...but when the moderate Hungarian|Prime Minister announced free elections... {56392}{56495}...and said that Hungary was withdrawing|from the Warsaw Pact of 1955... {56499}{56618}...which was a new parallel organization|to the west's NATO... {56622}{56748}...Khrushchev felt he had no other choice,|or he would be removed by his hardliners. {56752}{56826}Russian tanks rolled into the old city|and the resistance ended... {56830}{56914}...with the death of|around 2500 Hungarians. {56918}{56974}Although this number pales|in comparison... {56978}{57099}...to the total casualties from America's|interventions in Third World countries... {57103}{57195}...Hungary became one of the|biggest stories of the Cold War... {57199}{57294}...clearly pointing to Soviet evil|and domination. {57298}{57357}AN NOUNCER:|This is battered Budapest... {57361}{57405}...under the brutal Russian boot. {57409}{57490}Communist secret police hunt down|heroic freedom fighters. {57494}{57619}NARRATOR: Time Magazine called the Hungarian|freedom fighter the Man of the Year. {57676}{57738}At the same time,|unknown to the American public... {57742}{57846}...the U.S.A.'s hard power continued|to manifest globally. {57850}{57999}We were not very happy with Mr. Sukarno|in... What was that year? 19...? 1958. {58003}{58086}And I don't think we're very happy with him|in 1965. {58090}{58162}NARRATOR:|Sukarno in Indonesia became a major target. {58166}{58245}The CIA plans to unseat him|were sometimes ludicrous... {58249}{58335}...involving porno films,|and beautiful Russian blonds... {58339}{58486}...and supporting a military coup in 1957|in which CIA pilots bombed targets. {58490}{58554}When Eisenhower denied|U.S. involvement... {58558}{58686}...he was embarrassed when one such pilot,|AI Pope, was shot down in a B-26... {58690}{58735}...and presented at a news conference. {58739}{58863}The result of these efforts pushed Sukarno|towards accepting more and more Soviet aid. {58867}{58986}It would take the US. another eight years to|change the power structure in Indonesia... {58990}{59073}...in one of the bloodiest massacres|of the century. {59111}{59176}An extreme situation has been created|in Little Rock. {59180}{59284}NARRATOR: Projecting a negative|international image of the United States... {59288}{59391}...federal troops were sent in|the fall of 1957 to Arkansas... {59395}{59522}...to protect newly-enrolled black high|school students from violent hateful mobs. {59526}{59604}REPORTER: We've just got a|report that the students are in. {59608}{59722}NARRATOR: Whereas the progressive|Soviet Union was seen by all... {59726}{59838}...to be launching the satellite Sputnik|into the night sky. {59842}{59955}TELLER: {60364}{60442}NARRATOR: We had bombs.|But suddenly, the Soviets had space. {60451}{60502}They had rockets and missiles. {60506}{60591}Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson|said that the Soviets would soon: {60595}{60654}"Be dropping bombs on us from space... {60658}{60776}...like kids dropping rocks onto cars|from freeway overpasses." {60780}{60853}Eisenhower's response was lackadaisical. {60857}{60960}"They put one small ball into the air,"|he said. {60964}{61091}And to drive his point home, he reportedly|played five rounds of golf that week. {61095}{61189}The reason was, he knew the truth|and could not reveal it... {61193}{61305}...that U.S. technology had developed|highly secret U-2 reconnaissance planes... {61309}{61452}...which had, for over a year,|flown 70,000 feet above Soviet airspace... {61456}{61592}...photographing how far the Russians|really lagged behind in the arms race. {61596}{61674}CIA Director Allen Dulles, later gloated: {61678}{61792}"I was able to get a look at every|blade of grass in the Soviet Union." {61796}{61923}A month later, the Soviets launched|the massive 6-ton Sputnik 2. {61956}{62038}Nonetheless, Khrushchev|reached out to Eisenhower... {62042}{62139}...calling for a peaceful space competition|and an end to the Cold War. {62143}{62238}But Ike, feeling enormous|political pressure, gloated publicly... {62242}{62330}...about America's vast|and growing military superiority. {62334}{62378}EISENHOWER:|We are well ahead of the Soviets... {62382}{62482}...both in quality and in quantity.|We intend to stay ahead. {62486}{62558}NARRATOR: Pointing to its submarines|and huge aircraft carriers... {62562}{62644}...now supplied with nuclear weapons. {62648}{62724}Nonetheless,|the Democrats seized the initiative. {62728}{62774}Respected House Leader John McCormack... {62778}{62872}...declared that the U.S.|faced "National extinction." {62876}{62986}Among those who jumped enthusiastically|on this missile gap bandwagon... {62990}{63103}...was the junior senator from|Massachusetts, John F. Kennedy. {63107}{63261}Eisenhower dismissed these critics|as "sanctimonious hypocritical bastards." {63265}{63308}But gloom abounded. {63312}{63430}He now commissioned a secret security review|that was authored essentially by Paul Nitze... {63434}{63540}...the anti-communist|Wall Street protégé of James Forrestal. {63544}{63626}His report, the Gaither report,|was devastating... {63630}{63701}...and it was leaked,|apparently by Nitze himself... {63705}{63736}...to the Washington Post... {63740}{63870}...which wrote that it "portrays a United|States in the gravest danger in its history." {63874}{63937}In the best tradition|of the yellow press... {63941}{64047}...the newspaper pictured the nation moving|to the status of a second-class power... {64051}{64147}...and urgently called for an|enormous increase in military spending... {64151}{64238}...from now through 1970. {64242}{64363}The publication of Nevil Shute's|On The Beach in 1957... {64367}{64445}...followed by an internationally|popular movie... {64449}{64524}...chillingly showed|a handful of survivors of nuclear war... {64534}{64605}...waiting in Melbourne, Australia... {64609}{64730}...the world's southernmost city, for the fallout|that had already wiped out the rest of humanity. {64777}{64865}Winston Churchill, now in retirement,|was attending a party... {64869}{64970}...when asked if he would send|a copy of the novel to Eisenhower. {64974}{65078}The one-time ferocious cold warrior|responded with despair. {65082}{65123}CHURCHILL:|It would be a waste of money. {65127}{65254}He is so muddle-headed now,|I think the Earth will soon be destroyed. {65258}{65306}And if I were the almighty... {65310}{65442}...I would not recreate it in case|they destroyed him too the next time. {65446}{65570}After two heart attacks, Eisenhower|still seemed a decent, well-meaning man... {65574}{65664}...but lost, out of touch. {65788}{65902}Right under his nose,|in America's backyard in early 1959... {65906}{66038}...Fidel Castro and his revolutionaries|finally toppled Cuba's Batista dictatorship... {66042}{66169}...under which American business interests|controlled over 80 percent of Cuba's resources. {66202}{66309}Castro set about redistributing land|and reforming the education system. {66313}{66421}He seized large Cuban land holdings and|over a million acres from United Fruit... {66425}{66474}...and two other companies... {66478}{66550}...offering compensation|which was rejected. {66554}{66694}Like many non-aligned Third World leaders,|Castro accepted offers of Soviet aid. {66698}{66833}In April of '59, he visited the us. and|met briefly with Vice President Nixon... {66837}{66917}...who dismissed Castro|as naive about communism... {66921}{66996}...and later supported his elimination. {67000}{67121}And when U.S. and British oil companies|refused to process Russian crude... {67125}{67162}...at their Cuban refineries... {67166}{67245}...Castro nationalized them|and threatened to expropriate... {67249}{67310}...all American property on the island. {67314}{67390}Eisenhower announced|a punishing trade embargo... {67394}{67502}...denying the Cuban people, among|other things, markets for their sugar... {67506}{67587}...which the Soviets and Chinese|offered to buy. {67591}{67647}The embargo would take a terrible to”. {67651}{67736}Though it would be eased by the U.S.|at the turn of the century... {67740}{67818}...it would last for more than 50 years|and 10 administrations. {67842}{67950}Condemned repeatedly by a huge|majority of the general assembly... {67954}{68053}...in 2011,|186 nations were against it... {68057}{68151}...two nations supported it,|the us and Israel. {68155}{68262}In March 1960,|Eisenhower approved a CIA plan... {68266}{68405}...to organize a paramilitary force|of Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro. {68409}{68483}This plan included|the possibility of assassination. {68505}{68621}As a symbol to the rest of the world,|Castro could not be allowed to succeed. {68656}{68722}NARRATOR: The Belgian Congo|had been infamously portrayed... {68726}{68779}...in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness... {68783}{68902}...in the early part of the century.|Nothing much had changed. {68907}{68990}When the Belgians left in 1960... {68994}{69062}...new socialist premier Patrice Lumumba... {69066}{69178}...desperate for help, flew to Washington,|but Eisenhower refused to see him. {69183}{69322}CIA Chief Allen Dulles told Ike|that Lumumba was an African Fidel Castro... {69326}{69400}...and persuaded him|to authorize a plan to assassinate him. {69427}{69568}It was bungled, but as the Congo|descended into an anarchic civil war... {69572}{69688}...Lumumba was removed in January of '61|by army mutineers... {69692}{69764}...in the presence of Belgian officers. {69768}{69831}He was tortured and murdered... {69835}{69946}...and quickly became a martyred|nationalist hero to the Third World. {69950}{70015}The U.S. was blamed by many. {70019}{70152}The CIA, abandoning the UN. peace plan,|backed Joseph Mobutu. {70156}{70247}Stealing billions of dollars|in natural resources from the land... {70251}{70302}...as well as from his U.S. supporters... {70306}{70384}...and slaughtering multitudes|to preserve his power... {70388}{70454}...Mobutu ruled for three decades... {70458}{70620}...as a billionaire dictator and as|the CIA's most trusted ally in Africa. {70689}{70799}In his remarkable farewell address|of January 1961... {70803}{70923}...Eisenhower seemed to understand|the monstrosity he had created... {70927}{71024}...and seemed almost to be asking|for absolution. {71028}{71152}We have been compelled to create a permanent|armaments industry of vast proportions. {71156}{71322}Three-and-a-half million men and women are|directly engaged in the defense establishment. {71326}{71438}The total influence,|economic, political, even spiritual... {71442}{71570}...is felt in every city, every statehouse,|every office of the federal government. {71574}{71633}In the councils of government|we must guard... {71637}{71716}...against the acquisition|of unwarranted influence... {71720}{71833}...whether sought or unsought,|by the military-industrial complex. {71837}{71893}We must never let|the weight of this combination... {71897}{71970}...endanger our liberties|or democratic processes. {72026}{72071}NARRATOR:|Privately, he told Allen Dulles: {72075}{72167}"I leave a legacy of|ashes to my successor." {72171}{72216}He was close to the truth. {72220}{72334}Aside from overthrowing foreign governments|and intervening freely around the globe... {72338}{72414}...it was Eisenhower|who did more than anyone else... {72418}{72550}...to create the very military|industrial complex he warned of. {72554}{72664}Under Ike, the us. arsenal expanded|from a little more than 1000... {72668}{72754}...to over 22,000 nuclear weapons. {72758}{72896}And continuing into the 1960's,|he authorized more than 30,000 weapons. {72900}{72997}Nuclear bombs were now|the foundation of America's empire... {73001}{73117}...and provided the new emperor,|its president, with a mystical power... {73121}{73198}...that required|more and more suffocating secrecy... {73202}{73330}...even if those powers went far beyond|the original limits of executive power... {73334}{73394}...defined in the constitution. {73428}{73577}And although the bombs themselves were not|expensive, the huge infrastructure was... {73581}{73634}...requiring bases in|the U.S. and abroad... {73638}{73806}...and enormous delivery systems by bomber,|missile, aircraft carrier and submarine. {73810}{73967}Eisenhower additionally made it acceptable|U.S. policy to threaten nuclear attack. {73993}{74071}In a Life Magazine interview in 1956... {74075}{74161}...Dulles, defending|his policy of brinksmanship... {74165}{74205}...pointed to three different occasions... {74209}{74295}...where the administration had walked|to the brink of nuclear war... {74299}{74394}...and forced the communists to back down: {74398}{74517}in Korea, Vietnam, and the Formosa Straits. {74521}{74587}The U.S. would actually do so again|against the Soviets... {74591}{74734}...who also threatened to use their nuclear|weapons during the Suez crisis of 1956. {74738}{74813}And once more in the crisis with China... {74817}{74946}...over the small islands|of Quemoy and Matsu in 1958. {74950}{75055}Eisenhower's successors in the White House|have all followed his example... {75059}{75202}...in threatening America's perceived|enemies if they didn't accede to its demands. {75206}{75299}Additionally, what is little-known,|is that Eisenhower had delegated... {75303}{75391}...to theater commanders|and other specified commanders... {75395}{75554}...the authority to launch a nuclear attack if|they believed it were mandated by circumstances... {75558}{75636}...and were out of communication|with the president. {75640}{75698}And with Eisenhower's approval... {75702}{75760}...some of these commanders|had in turn delegated... {75764}{75842}...the same authority|to lower-level officers. {75846}{75945}Thus there were now|dozens of fingers on the trigger... {75949}{76060}...at a time when there were no|locking devices on nuclear weapons. {76064}{76139}General Turgidson,|I find this very difficult to understand. {76143}{76210}I was under the impression|that I was the only one in authority... {76214}{76271}...to order the use of nuclear weapons. {76299}{76394}Uh, that's right, sir. You are the|only person authorized to do so. {76398}{76498}And although I hate to judge|before all the facts are in... {76503}{76590}...it's beginning to look like|General Ripper exceeded his authority. {76594}{76690}It certainly does. Far beyond the point|I would have imagined possible. {76694}{76777}Well, perhaps you're, um, forgetting|the provisions of plan R, sir. {76786}{76815}Plan R? {76850}{76932}Plan R is an emergency war plan... {76936}{77073}...in which a lower echelon commander may order|nuclear retaliation after a sneak attack... {77077}{77154}...if the normal chain of command|has been disrupted. {77159}{77211}You, uh, approved it, sir.|You must remember. {77256}{77328}[YELLING] {77372}{77417}NARRATOR:|In August of 1960... {77421}{77479}...Eisenhower approved|an operational plan... {77483}{77610}...to launch a nuclear attack|simultaneously on the USSR and China... {77614}{77689}...within the first 24 hours of a war. {77693}{77798}The conservative estimate of the number|of dead from U.S. bombs and fallout... {77802}{77890}...was 600 million people,|more than 100 holocausts. {77922}{78078}Much less the possibility of a nuclear winter|across the globe that would have ended all life. {78082}{78212}In hindsight, Eisenhower, presiding over|the world's most powerful nation... {78216}{78321}...during perhaps the tensest|extended period in its history... {78325}{78451}...could have, with bold action,|put the world on a different path. {78455}{78611}Signs emanating from Moscow indicated|the Kremlin was ready to change course. {78615}{78702}But because of ideology,|political calculations... {78706}{78859}...the exigencies of a militarized state|and a limited imagination... {78863}{78982}...Eisenhower repeatedly failed|to seize the opportunities that emerged. {78986}{79054}JIM: Fathers make mistakes too, you know.|Lots of them. {79058}{79128}In fact, it's easy for us to make mistakes|because we're trying so hard... {79132}{79203}...to live up to the perfect picture|you paint of us. {79236}{79320}You're gonna have to learn|that I'm just an ordinary human being... {79324}{79438}...with a reasonable amount of intelligence,|capable of handling most situations. {79442}{79553}But I'm not 3 Superman.|I can't bring about miracles. {79557}{79641}Just because I'm your father|doesn't mean that I'm infallible. {79652}{79714}NARRATOR:|It's interesting to think that in 1953... {79718}{79813}...when Eisenhower was becoming|more of a cold warrior... {79817}{79893}...his mentor, General George Marshall... {79897}{80047}...became the only career military officer|to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. {80051}{80157}Emphasizing the need for|a better understanding of history... {80161}{80220}...and the causes of war, he said: {80224}{80303}MARSHALL: The cost of war|is constantly spread before me... {80307}{80446}...written neatly in many ledgers|whose columns are gravestones. {80476}{80520}NARRATOR:|Marshall, a conservative man... {80524}{80592}...who had lived through two World Wars|and a depression... {80596}{80701}...who unlike many generals,|rarely wore his medals in public... {80705}{80829}...and reportedly refused a large|sum of money for his memoirs... {80833}{80972}...stood till he died in 1959 in a sort|of respected but lonely grandeur... {80976}{81111}...still ostracized by many on the right|for moderation in a time of zealotry... {81115}{81225}...and a tolerance|he was truly the embodiment of. {81331}{81487}There is no question, the Eisenhower years|are remembered as peaceful and prosperous. {81619}{81728}And at a time when war with the|Soviet Union seemed quite possible... {81732}{81810}...he certainly deserves|credit for avoiding it. {81814}{81947}But the inescapable truth is that|the beloved Dwight Eisenhower... {81951}{82059}...put the world on a glide path|towards annihilation... {82063}{82158}...with the most gargantuan expansion|of military power in history... {82162}{82308}...and left the world a far more dangerous|place than when he first took office. {82312}{82403}We stand ready to engage|with any and all others... {82423}{82555}...in joint effort to remove the causes of|mutual fear and distress among nations... {82559}{82658}...so as to make|possible drastic reduction of armaments. 58985