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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:08,750 --> 00:00:11,499 Mysteries can be buried anywhere, 2 00:00:11,500 --> 00:00:15,207 under the earth, 3 00:00:15,208 --> 00:00:17,374 beneath the sea, 4 00:00:17,375 --> 00:00:19,291 or even right under our own feet. 5 00:00:24,167 --> 00:00:26,041 And when we stumble upon them, 6 00:00:26,042 --> 00:00:29,667 sometimes what we find can change history. 7 00:00:32,333 --> 00:00:32,916 Tonight, 8 00:00:32,917 --> 00:00:35,207 Divine Discoveries, 9 00:00:35,208 --> 00:00:38,207 from a sacred fortress in the heart of Rome. 10 00:00:38,208 --> 00:00:41,624 The whole place is buttressed like a defensive stronghold. 11 00:00:41,625 --> 00:00:42,999 They have uncovered one 12 00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:44,332 of the most important religious 13 00:00:44,333 --> 00:00:46,792 institutions in the entire world. 14 00:00:48,417 --> 00:00:51,374 To a stone tablet with a sacred message. 15 00:00:51,375 --> 00:00:54,749 He does his best to read the writing 16 00:00:54,750 --> 00:00:55,874 and what he's got 17 00:00:55,875 --> 00:00:57,375 astonishes him. 18 00:00:58,667 --> 00:01:00,999 To the oldest temple in the world. 19 00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:02,457 It's so ancient 20 00:01:02,458 --> 00:01:04,832 that it predates the construction of Stonehenge 21 00:01:04,833 --> 00:01:06,541 and the Pyramids at Giza. 22 00:01:06,542 --> 00:01:09,832 And the fact that it survived for over 11,000 years 23 00:01:09,833 --> 00:01:12,541 only to be discovered by chance 24 00:01:12,542 --> 00:01:14,417 makes that even more extraordinary. 25 00:01:15,667 --> 00:01:19,541 Join us now, because nothing stays hidden forever. 26 00:01:30,042 --> 00:01:31,999 Sometimes just doing your job 27 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:34,041 results in astonishing finds, 28 00:01:34,042 --> 00:01:37,457 especially when that job is construction 29 00:01:37,458 --> 00:01:40,082 in an area rich in biblical history. 30 00:01:40,083 --> 00:01:42,833 It's 1913, 31 00:01:44,167 --> 00:01:46,541 and construction of the Palestine-Egypt railway 32 00:01:46,542 --> 00:01:48,374 is moving full steam ahead along the coast 33 00:01:48,375 --> 00:01:51,083 of what is now the modern state of Israel. 34 00:01:52,750 --> 00:01:54,374 But as these railroad workers 35 00:01:54,375 --> 00:01:56,667 are clearing out space to lay track, 36 00:01:58,292 --> 00:02:02,667 they strike a large stone that seems out of place. 37 00:02:04,792 --> 00:02:07,624 In this sandy earth, they find a flat piece of marble 38 00:02:07,625 --> 00:02:10,500 about two feet tall and two feet wide. 39 00:02:11,875 --> 00:02:16,249 As a few workers start to excavate it from the ground, 40 00:02:16,250 --> 00:02:19,374 they notice that there is very faint writing on it. 41 00:02:19,375 --> 00:02:21,291 It's been etched into the marble 42 00:02:21,292 --> 00:02:25,457 and it's in a language that they can't understand. 43 00:02:25,458 --> 00:02:28,666 intrigued by the find, one worker decides 44 00:02:28,667 --> 00:02:31,792 to take the large marble slab home with him. 45 00:02:33,958 --> 00:02:35,582 When he gets it to his house, 46 00:02:35,583 --> 00:02:39,207 he puts it in his courtyard and uses it as a stepping stone. 47 00:02:39,208 --> 00:02:42,374 The inscription is placed face up, 48 00:02:42,375 --> 00:02:46,541 and it stays that way for 30 years. 49 00:02:46,542 --> 00:02:50,541 Then, in 1943, he puts the stone up for sale, 50 00:02:50,542 --> 00:02:55,542 and it attracts the attention of archaeologist Jacob Kaplan. 51 00:02:56,333 --> 00:02:58,166 Kaplan heads to the house, 52 00:02:58,167 --> 00:03:00,166 and when he takes a look at the inscription, 53 00:03:00,167 --> 00:03:02,292 he immediately recognizes the writing. 54 00:03:05,375 --> 00:03:07,957 It's Paleo-Hebrew, which is a style of writing 55 00:03:07,958 --> 00:03:12,750 that was used from 1000 BC up until about 135 AD. 56 00:03:14,042 --> 00:03:15,541 So right off the bat, 57 00:03:15,542 --> 00:03:19,124 Kaplan knows that this thing is really, really old. 58 00:03:19,125 --> 00:03:21,291 And although he can identify the script, 59 00:03:21,292 --> 00:03:23,832 he can't actually understand it. 60 00:03:23,833 --> 00:03:26,082 Nevertheless he goes ahead and he buys the slab 61 00:03:26,083 --> 00:03:27,374 and he takes it home 62 00:03:27,375 --> 00:03:28,791 and enlists some of his colleagues 63 00:03:28,792 --> 00:03:30,708 to help him to decipher it. 64 00:03:31,583 --> 00:03:33,624 As they start to translate, 65 00:03:33,625 --> 00:03:36,499 the first line grabs their attention. 66 00:03:36,500 --> 00:03:41,291 It reads, "I will call you to remember for goodness forever, 67 00:03:41,292 --> 00:03:43,667 God spoke all these words." 68 00:03:45,042 --> 00:03:49,667 Then, further down the stone, they identify other words. 69 00:03:50,458 --> 00:03:52,207 "You shall not murder." 70 00:03:52,208 --> 00:03:54,124 "You shall not commit adultery." 71 00:03:54,125 --> 00:03:55,707 "You shall not steal." 72 00:03:55,708 --> 00:04:00,667 Kaplan has found a fully intact stone 73 00:04:01,333 --> 00:04:04,207 of the Ten Commandments, 74 00:04:04,208 --> 00:04:08,249 that dates back to the era of the Old Testament. 75 00:04:08,250 --> 00:04:09,708 In the Bible, 76 00:04:09,875 --> 00:04:12,541 the Ten Commandments were famously given to Moses by God 77 00:04:12,542 --> 00:04:13,958 at the top of Mount Sinai. 78 00:04:15,375 --> 00:04:17,541 But those tablets are smashed by Moses 79 00:04:17,542 --> 00:04:20,833 when he sees the Israelites worshiping the golden calf. 80 00:04:22,750 --> 00:04:25,416 God later dictated the commandments back to Moses 81 00:04:25,417 --> 00:04:28,041 who inscribed them onto a second set of tablets 82 00:04:28,042 --> 00:04:30,624 in the 13th Century BC. 83 00:04:30,625 --> 00:04:32,041 And then according to the Bible, 84 00:04:32,042 --> 00:04:34,499 those tablets are stored in the Ark of the Covenant, 85 00:04:34,500 --> 00:04:38,583 but then later on, the Ark and those tablets go missing. 86 00:04:39,625 --> 00:04:41,582 For a moment, it seems the mystery 87 00:04:41,583 --> 00:04:44,874 of the missing tablets may finally be solved. 88 00:04:44,875 --> 00:04:47,791 but as researchers study the stone more closely, 89 00:04:47,792 --> 00:04:51,041 they realize something doesn't add up. 90 00:04:51,042 --> 00:04:54,207 Only nine of the 10 commandments from the Bible 91 00:04:54,208 --> 00:04:56,749 are present on this stone. 92 00:04:56,750 --> 00:04:59,333 The third commandment is missing. 93 00:05:01,625 --> 00:05:04,957 The replacement commandment is an order to build a temple 94 00:05:04,958 --> 00:05:09,541 on Mount Gerizim, which is a sacred site for Samaritans. 95 00:05:09,542 --> 00:05:13,707 Further research discovers that a Samaritan synagogue 96 00:05:13,708 --> 00:05:18,000 was built in the place where this stone tablet was found. 97 00:05:19,375 --> 00:05:21,166 That temple was constructed 98 00:05:21,167 --> 00:05:24,374 between 300 and 800 AD. 99 00:05:24,375 --> 00:05:26,707 So the stone, while old, 100 00:05:26,708 --> 00:05:31,791 was likely created hundreds of years after Moses's time. 101 00:05:31,792 --> 00:05:36,207 Dr. Kaplan holds onto this stone for the next 50 years, 102 00:05:36,208 --> 00:05:41,417 until finally his wife sells it after his death in 1995. 103 00:05:42,250 --> 00:05:43,624 Over the following decades, 104 00:05:43,625 --> 00:05:46,832 it changes hands a few times without much fanfare. 105 00:05:46,833 --> 00:05:51,874 Then in December of 2024, the stone goes up for auction. 106 00:05:51,875 --> 00:05:55,541 The stone's age, its distinct third commandment, 107 00:05:55,542 --> 00:05:59,207 and the unusual story of its chance discovery, 108 00:05:59,208 --> 00:06:00,917 ignite interest in the sale. 109 00:06:01,708 --> 00:06:03,166 Bidding starts out high, 110 00:06:03,167 --> 00:06:05,707 and then the price just keeps going up and up and up, 111 00:06:05,708 --> 00:06:08,832 'til finally, when the final gavel falls, 112 00:06:08,833 --> 00:06:12,541 the selling price is $5 million dollars. 113 00:06:12,542 --> 00:06:15,582 The marble tablet goes to an anonymous buyer 114 00:06:15,583 --> 00:06:19,624 who pledges to donate it to an Israeli institution. 115 00:06:19,625 --> 00:06:21,582 In the end, this humble relic 116 00:06:21,583 --> 00:06:25,542 will be preserved and admired for generations. 117 00:06:27,792 --> 00:06:30,791 Next, a different kind of sacred discovery, 118 00:06:30,792 --> 00:06:33,875 one frozen in time high up in the Andes. 119 00:06:37,208 --> 00:06:39,666 On September 18th, 1995, 120 00:06:39,667 --> 00:06:42,957 a mountain climber named Johan Reinhard and his guide 121 00:06:42,958 --> 00:06:45,583 are climbing Ampato mountain in Southern Peru. 122 00:06:46,958 --> 00:06:50,666 They are hoping to get a photo of an active volcano nearby, 123 00:06:50,667 --> 00:06:52,457 but as they get close to the volcano, 124 00:06:55,792 --> 00:06:58,416 the sky fills with smoke and ash, 125 00:06:58,417 --> 00:06:59,917 begins to rain down on them. 126 00:07:01,208 --> 00:07:03,874 The ash fall is melting the snow under their feet, 127 00:07:03,875 --> 00:07:05,707 exposing rock that has been covered 128 00:07:05,708 --> 00:07:08,707 by ice caps for centuries. 129 00:07:08,708 --> 00:07:10,749 And as they near the peak, 130 00:07:10,750 --> 00:07:12,707 there's something bright and red on the ground 131 00:07:12,708 --> 00:07:15,124 catching Johan's attention. 132 00:07:15,125 --> 00:07:18,083 As he gets closer, he sees that the red 133 00:07:19,333 --> 00:07:23,374 is in fact red feathers sticking out from some rocks. 134 00:07:23,375 --> 00:07:25,249 And when he looks, he sees that the feathers 135 00:07:25,250 --> 00:07:27,749 seem to be part of a hat. 136 00:07:27,750 --> 00:07:32,750 Johan moves away some of the stones, and he is astonished. 137 00:07:35,375 --> 00:07:37,041 Looking up at him from the rocks 138 00:07:37,042 --> 00:07:39,707 is the face of a young girl, 139 00:07:39,708 --> 00:07:41,874 no more than 12 or 13 years old. 140 00:07:41,875 --> 00:07:43,749 The body looks very well preserved, 141 00:07:43,750 --> 00:07:47,707 she's wrapped in beautiful colorful textiles, 142 00:07:47,708 --> 00:07:51,082 and she's surrounded by gold and silver figurines 143 00:07:51,083 --> 00:07:53,374 and pottery vessels. 144 00:07:53,375 --> 00:07:55,541 It's a breathtaking discovery, 145 00:07:55,542 --> 00:07:58,083 but one that's also incredibly fragile. 146 00:07:59,542 --> 00:08:02,166 Johan's worried that the heat from the active volcano 147 00:08:02,167 --> 00:08:06,041 will soon destroy this naturally-preserved mummy. 148 00:08:06,042 --> 00:08:09,082 He carefully picks up the girl's body, 149 00:08:09,083 --> 00:08:10,457 and begins with his guide 150 00:08:10,458 --> 00:08:12,542 the dangerous descent down the mountain. 151 00:08:14,042 --> 00:08:18,542 It is a perilous journey, a treacherous 45-degree descent. 152 00:08:19,250 --> 00:08:21,124 It takes two full days. 153 00:08:21,125 --> 00:08:23,707 And then when he and the guide are down at the bottom, 154 00:08:23,708 --> 00:08:27,332 it takes another 13 hours to walk to the nearest village. 155 00:08:27,333 --> 00:08:28,541 Safely recovered, 156 00:08:28,542 --> 00:08:31,457 the mummy becomes known as "Juanita" 157 00:08:31,458 --> 00:08:33,332 and is an international sensation, 158 00:08:33,333 --> 00:08:37,249 hailed as one of the greatest discoveries of the century. 159 00:08:37,250 --> 00:08:40,416 But when researchers begin to study her more closely, 160 00:08:40,417 --> 00:08:43,332 they uncover something surprising. 161 00:08:43,333 --> 00:08:46,582 Juanita is sent to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore 162 00:08:46,583 --> 00:08:50,332 where she's scanned, and researchers determine 163 00:08:50,333 --> 00:08:53,457 that she was likely killed between the ages of 11 and 15. 164 00:08:53,458 --> 00:08:55,707 Cause of death? 165 00:08:55,708 --> 00:08:57,500 Blunt force trauma to the head. 166 00:08:58,792 --> 00:09:01,625 But the evidence suggests that this was no accident, 167 00:09:02,750 --> 00:09:05,457 that Juanita was intentionally killed. 168 00:09:05,458 --> 00:09:07,374 Her death may have been brutal, 169 00:09:07,375 --> 00:09:08,874 but the treasures buried with her 170 00:09:08,875 --> 00:09:12,332 point to something far more sacred than murder. 171 00:09:12,333 --> 00:09:15,832 Several of the items Johan finds with her remains 172 00:09:15,833 --> 00:09:18,582 are fashioned of precious metals. 173 00:09:18,583 --> 00:09:20,082 It's not likely these 174 00:09:20,083 --> 00:09:22,207 would have been left accidentally behind 175 00:09:22,208 --> 00:09:23,291 by a murderer. 176 00:09:23,292 --> 00:09:24,916 It's much more likely 177 00:09:24,917 --> 00:09:26,166 that they were intentionally left behind 178 00:09:26,167 --> 00:09:28,250 as a sacrificial offering. 179 00:09:30,792 --> 00:09:35,791 The figures and ceramics feature Incan designs, 180 00:09:35,792 --> 00:09:39,791 which suggest that Juanita had been sacrificed to the gods. 181 00:09:39,792 --> 00:09:43,457 Child sacrifice is of course abhorrent, 182 00:09:43,458 --> 00:09:46,749 but at the time it was a sacred duty, 183 00:09:46,750 --> 00:09:50,291 and this places her death to sometime in the Incan empire, 184 00:09:50,292 --> 00:09:52,083 between 1400 and 1450. 185 00:09:53,375 --> 00:09:56,249 Juanita's sacrifice wasn't just ceremonial, 186 00:09:56,250 --> 00:10:01,374 it may have been a plea to calm a furious natural force. 187 00:10:01,375 --> 00:10:03,124 Historians believe 188 00:10:03,125 --> 00:10:05,541 that the nearby Misti and Sabancaya volcanoes 189 00:10:05,542 --> 00:10:07,957 were really at the point of erupting, 190 00:10:07,958 --> 00:10:09,874 and that Juanita may have been sacrificed 191 00:10:09,875 --> 00:10:12,291 in order to placate the gods 192 00:10:12,292 --> 00:10:16,541 and maybe make that eruption less catastrophic. 193 00:10:16,542 --> 00:10:19,457 There is something almost poetic if you think about it, 194 00:10:19,458 --> 00:10:23,541 that Juanita may have been sacrificed to stop the eruption, 195 00:10:23,542 --> 00:10:26,749 only to be discovered as the ash melted away 196 00:10:26,750 --> 00:10:28,167 and revealed her grave. 197 00:10:35,083 --> 00:10:36,124 Let's say you're a regular guy 198 00:10:36,125 --> 00:10:38,666 with a passion for scuba diving. 199 00:10:38,667 --> 00:10:42,249 You love looking at coral reefs and tropical fish. 200 00:10:42,250 --> 00:10:46,582 Then, one day, you accidentally spot something surprising 201 00:10:46,583 --> 00:10:48,874 under the waves. 202 00:10:51,375 --> 00:10:53,249 It's 1998 in Guatemala. 203 00:10:53,250 --> 00:10:56,707 A local businessman named Roberto Samayoa 204 00:10:56,708 --> 00:10:59,499 is out enjoying one of his favorite pastimes, 205 00:10:59,500 --> 00:11:01,750 scuba diving in Lake Atitlan. 206 00:11:03,375 --> 00:11:06,707 This is a picturesque lake flanked by volcanoes, 207 00:11:06,708 --> 00:11:09,750 and mountain peaks and charming villages. 208 00:11:12,167 --> 00:11:16,999 Around 50 feet below the surface, in very murky waters, 209 00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:19,791 Samayoa sees something out of place. 210 00:11:19,792 --> 00:11:22,582 He sees a shape start to emerge. 211 00:11:22,583 --> 00:11:27,625 Getting closer, he discovers it's a large stone structure. 212 00:11:28,500 --> 00:11:30,082 As he continues to explore, 213 00:11:30,083 --> 00:11:34,374 he finds a series of staircases, temples, plazas. 214 00:11:34,375 --> 00:11:37,166 This is not just one structure. 215 00:11:37,167 --> 00:11:40,875 In essence, it looks like some kind of underwater city. 216 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:47,374 Samayoa reports his findings 217 00:11:47,375 --> 00:11:51,249 to local archaeologists, but no one believes him. 218 00:11:51,250 --> 00:11:55,458 Frustrated, he leaves the site untouched until 2007. 219 00:11:57,125 --> 00:12:01,666 Samayoa decides to take matters into his own hands. 220 00:12:01,667 --> 00:12:06,041 He dives upon his find once more, but this time, 221 00:12:06,042 --> 00:12:09,083 he comes equipped with an underwater digital camera. 222 00:12:09,875 --> 00:12:11,874 He snaps a few photos, 223 00:12:11,875 --> 00:12:14,958 and now, everyone is beginning to believe him. 224 00:12:16,292 --> 00:12:19,792 Researchers spend the next five years using sonar 225 00:12:21,125 --> 00:12:24,207 to map out this underwater metropolis. 226 00:12:24,208 --> 00:12:26,832 What they uncover is more than ruins, 227 00:12:26,833 --> 00:12:32,416 it's the remains of a 2,500-year-old Mayan city. 228 00:12:32,417 --> 00:12:37,207 Once thought to be just a legend, they name it Samabaj, 229 00:12:37,208 --> 00:12:41,375 a blend of Samayoa's name and the Mayan word for stone. 230 00:12:43,042 --> 00:12:44,749 As researchers explore further, 231 00:12:44,750 --> 00:12:46,207 it's the religious elements 232 00:12:46,208 --> 00:12:49,000 that unlock the mystery of Samabaj. 233 00:12:49,875 --> 00:12:51,375 Within the ruins, 234 00:12:51,542 --> 00:12:55,041 they find 16 different religious structures, and two saunas, 235 00:12:55,042 --> 00:12:57,499 which the Maya would use to cleanse themselves 236 00:12:57,500 --> 00:12:59,374 before religious ceremonies. 237 00:12:59,375 --> 00:13:01,541 And then there's a large central square 238 00:13:01,542 --> 00:13:05,292 with a stone altar and a sacred pillar at one end. 239 00:13:06,375 --> 00:13:08,791 When the Maya were thriving in this area, 240 00:13:08,792 --> 00:13:11,874 around 350 BC to 250 AD, 241 00:13:11,875 --> 00:13:15,832 this city sat on an island in the middle of this lake. 242 00:13:15,833 --> 00:13:18,374 For centuries, Samabaj stood 243 00:13:18,375 --> 00:13:20,291 as a sacred sanctuary. 244 00:13:20,292 --> 00:13:24,874 so how did this entire ancient city wind up underwater? 245 00:13:27,042 --> 00:13:29,291 One of the volcanoes along the shore 246 00:13:29,292 --> 00:13:31,874 of Lake Atitlan erupted. 247 00:13:31,875 --> 00:13:34,082 Lava flowed down toward the lake 248 00:13:34,083 --> 00:13:35,999 and plugged up a drainage channel 249 00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:38,541 that carried overflow down the mountain. 250 00:13:38,542 --> 00:13:40,041 It's kind of like when you plug up your bathtub 251 00:13:40,042 --> 00:13:41,541 while the water's running, 252 00:13:41,542 --> 00:13:44,499 the water just continues to rise and rise and rise. 253 00:13:44,500 --> 00:13:46,791 By the time the water stopped rising, 254 00:13:46,792 --> 00:13:49,249 Samabaj was deep under the lake, 255 00:13:49,250 --> 00:13:52,541 and stayed out of sight for 1,700 years, 256 00:13:52,542 --> 00:13:54,333 until Samayoa found it. 257 00:13:55,625 --> 00:13:59,457 Ironically, the same water that drowned Samabaj 258 00:13:59,458 --> 00:14:00,791 helped preserve it. 259 00:14:00,792 --> 00:14:02,374 Because of the island's location 260 00:14:02,375 --> 00:14:04,041 deep down in murky waters, 261 00:14:04,042 --> 00:14:07,541 the site has not fallen victim to things like looting, 262 00:14:07,542 --> 00:14:09,332 which has caused desecration 263 00:14:09,333 --> 00:14:12,999 of other historical sites all throughout Central America. 264 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:14,874 So thanks to that volcanic eruption, 265 00:14:14,875 --> 00:14:17,207 combined with Samayoa's discovery, 266 00:14:17,208 --> 00:14:20,499 Samabaj is probably the most well-preserved site 267 00:14:20,500 --> 00:14:22,833 of Mayan culture to this day. 268 00:14:25,625 --> 00:14:28,791 From an ancient city lost below the waves, 269 00:14:28,792 --> 00:14:32,207 to an even older site buried under the earth, 270 00:14:32,208 --> 00:14:36,249 our next story takes us to a hilltop in Turkey. 271 00:14:37,875 --> 00:14:40,999 Back in 1986, in Southeastern Turkey, 272 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:43,082 a farmer is plowing his property 273 00:14:43,083 --> 00:14:45,250 along the foothills of the Taurus Mountains. 274 00:14:46,708 --> 00:14:49,249 He reaches this area which is called Belly Hill, 275 00:14:49,250 --> 00:14:52,791 a mound of land that stands about 50 feet higher 276 00:14:52,792 --> 00:14:55,207 than the surrounding plateaus. 277 00:14:55,208 --> 00:14:58,041 This area is filled with large stones 278 00:14:58,042 --> 00:14:59,916 that all poke up through the earth, 279 00:14:59,917 --> 00:15:02,291 threatening to break his equipment. 280 00:15:02,292 --> 00:15:04,999 The farmer's been trying to remove some of these stones, 281 00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:07,291 most of them are too large to get out of the ground. 282 00:15:07,292 --> 00:15:08,832 But on this day in particular, 283 00:15:08,833 --> 00:15:11,375 one of these stones catches his attention. 284 00:15:12,833 --> 00:15:14,207 He takes a closer look 285 00:15:14,208 --> 00:15:16,875 and he clears away some of the surrounding dirt. 286 00:15:17,958 --> 00:15:20,249 It's a limestone statue of a human figure, 287 00:15:20,250 --> 00:15:23,957 with finely carved eyes, nose and mouth. 288 00:15:23,958 --> 00:15:26,041 Below that there's not much of a body, 289 00:15:26,042 --> 00:15:28,375 except for a large phallus. 290 00:15:30,917 --> 00:15:32,707 The statue looks really old, 291 00:15:32,708 --> 00:15:35,916 and so the farmer decides to take this to a museum 292 00:15:35,917 --> 00:15:37,166 about 12 miles away. 293 00:15:37,167 --> 00:15:38,374 The director of the museum 294 00:15:38,375 --> 00:15:40,291 does not seem very interested in this find, 295 00:15:40,292 --> 00:15:42,666 but when the farmer threatens to throw it away, 296 00:15:42,667 --> 00:15:44,041 they do reach a compromise 297 00:15:44,042 --> 00:15:47,041 and decide to place the statue in the museum garden. 298 00:15:47,042 --> 00:15:50,666 The statue sits there until 1992, 299 00:15:50,667 --> 00:15:54,458 when a visiting archaeologist named Klaus Schmidt sees it. 300 00:15:55,708 --> 00:15:58,332 Dr. Schmidt has been doing excavation work nearby 301 00:15:58,333 --> 00:16:01,041 and recognizes this as a neolithic figure, 302 00:16:01,042 --> 00:16:03,457 at least several thousand years old. 303 00:16:03,458 --> 00:16:04,582 He wants to know more, 304 00:16:04,583 --> 00:16:06,374 so he travels to the farm where it was found. 305 00:16:06,375 --> 00:16:08,957 When he sees the large mound of land 306 00:16:08,958 --> 00:16:10,957 that rises up above the plateau, 307 00:16:10,958 --> 00:16:12,624 he can tell that it's man-made, 308 00:16:12,625 --> 00:16:16,166 and these large stones that keep getting in the farmer's way 309 00:16:16,167 --> 00:16:19,541 are actually the tops of limestone structures. 310 00:16:19,542 --> 00:16:22,457 Schmidt turns his attention to the mound 311 00:16:22,458 --> 00:16:23,958 and begins to dig. 312 00:16:28,042 --> 00:16:30,332 Not very long after these excavations begin, 313 00:16:30,333 --> 00:16:33,707 archaeologists find massive limestone megaliths 314 00:16:33,708 --> 00:16:35,332 that are so close to the surface 315 00:16:35,333 --> 00:16:37,124 that some of them have actually been scraped 316 00:16:37,125 --> 00:16:38,791 by the farmer's equipment. 317 00:16:38,792 --> 00:16:42,457 Further down, they find 16-foot-tall stone pillars, 318 00:16:42,458 --> 00:16:45,457 each weighing between seven and 10 tons. 319 00:16:45,458 --> 00:16:49,207 Some of them are carved with detailed reliefs of animals 320 00:16:49,208 --> 00:16:53,416 like lions, foxes, snakes and vultures. 321 00:16:53,417 --> 00:16:56,457 There are also enormous megaliths arranged 322 00:16:56,458 --> 00:16:59,958 in a circular pattern, over 90 feet in diameter. 323 00:17:01,208 --> 00:17:03,541 Altogether the site leads archaeologists to believe 324 00:17:03,542 --> 00:17:06,667 that they've uncovered some kind of giant temple. 325 00:17:08,542 --> 00:17:11,499 The site is called Gobekli Tepe, 326 00:17:11,500 --> 00:17:14,041 and carbon dating puts its construction 327 00:17:14,042 --> 00:17:18,291 between 9500 and 9000 BC, 328 00:17:18,292 --> 00:17:21,583 making it the oldest temple ever discovered in the world. 329 00:17:23,375 --> 00:17:26,249 It's so ancient that it predates writing 330 00:17:26,250 --> 00:17:28,291 and the invention of the wheel. 331 00:17:28,292 --> 00:17:32,041 It was constructed 6,000 years before Stonehenge 332 00:17:32,042 --> 00:17:33,292 or the Pyramids at Giza. 333 00:17:34,333 --> 00:17:36,249 Its age is astonishing, 334 00:17:36,250 --> 00:17:39,583 but what's even more surprising is how it was built. 335 00:17:41,708 --> 00:17:45,916 Schmidt estimates it would have taken over 500 people 336 00:17:45,917 --> 00:17:47,874 to build Gobekli. 337 00:17:47,875 --> 00:17:49,541 But humans were believed 338 00:17:49,542 --> 00:17:51,874 to be hunter-gatherers at this time, 339 00:17:51,875 --> 00:17:53,416 and this site suggests 340 00:17:53,417 --> 00:17:55,707 that there was much more intelligence, 341 00:17:55,708 --> 00:17:58,874 cooperation and planning that went into this 342 00:17:58,875 --> 00:18:01,708 than archaeologists could have possibly thought. 343 00:18:02,875 --> 00:18:05,041 Gobekli Tepe was a truly epic feat 344 00:18:05,042 --> 00:18:07,167 of design and construction for its time. 345 00:18:08,667 --> 00:18:12,666 And the fact that it survived for over 11,000 years 346 00:18:12,667 --> 00:18:16,041 only to be discovered by chance, by a farmer, 347 00:18:16,042 --> 00:18:18,332 makes that history even more extraordinary. 348 00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:25,999 When we think of papal palaces, 349 00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:28,041 we usually think of the Vatican. 350 00:18:28,042 --> 00:18:31,041 But the popes actually had an earlier home, 351 00:18:31,042 --> 00:18:34,250 one lost to time until very recently. 352 00:18:35,875 --> 00:18:39,416 It's the summer of 2024. 353 00:18:39,417 --> 00:18:41,874 And the city of Rome in Italy is gearing up 354 00:18:41,875 --> 00:18:44,250 for Jubilee 2025. 355 00:18:45,250 --> 00:18:47,791 It's a massive Catholic celebration, 356 00:18:47,792 --> 00:18:51,707 and it's expected to draw roughly 30 million pilgrims 357 00:18:51,708 --> 00:18:52,542 to the city. 358 00:18:53,625 --> 00:18:55,791 To prepare for the influx of tourists, 359 00:18:55,792 --> 00:18:58,207 the city undergoes a lot of upgrades. 360 00:18:58,208 --> 00:19:00,207 One major project is renovating 361 00:19:00,208 --> 00:19:02,249 and repaving the public square 362 00:19:02,250 --> 00:19:06,416 in front of Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, 363 00:19:06,417 --> 00:19:09,249 the oldest public Catholic church in Rome, 364 00:19:09,250 --> 00:19:13,332 which was founded in 324. 365 00:19:13,333 --> 00:19:15,874 The plan is to add new landscaping, 366 00:19:15,875 --> 00:19:17,666 lighting, even a fountain. 367 00:19:17,667 --> 00:19:20,874 But not long after shovels hit the ground, 368 00:19:20,875 --> 00:19:25,542 workers strike something that appears to be an ancient wall, 369 00:19:28,417 --> 00:19:31,542 then another, then another. 370 00:19:33,333 --> 00:19:37,374 It seems they've stumbled on some kind of structure. 371 00:19:37,375 --> 00:19:39,582 They call in a team of archaeologists, 372 00:19:39,583 --> 00:19:41,999 largely led by Daniela Porro. 373 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:46,374 She's the special superintendent of archeology in Rome. 374 00:19:46,375 --> 00:19:48,749 She analyzes these walls and sees 375 00:19:48,750 --> 00:19:50,207 that they're made of tuff, 376 00:19:50,208 --> 00:19:54,207 basically an amalgam of stone from volcanic ash, 377 00:19:54,208 --> 00:19:56,541 buttressed by wood. 378 00:19:56,542 --> 00:19:59,416 She's able to realize through her analysis 379 00:19:59,417 --> 00:20:03,499 that these walls date back to the ninth century, 380 00:20:03,500 --> 00:20:06,750 which means they have found something incredibly special. 381 00:20:08,625 --> 00:20:10,749 These are the fortification walls 382 00:20:10,750 --> 00:20:14,333 that protected the original palace of the pope. 383 00:20:16,583 --> 00:20:18,541 Before the Pope and the Catholic church 384 00:20:18,542 --> 00:20:20,999 were based in nearby Vatican City, 385 00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:22,874 the head of the church resided 386 00:20:22,875 --> 00:20:25,750 in an elaborate papal palace in the heart of Rome. 387 00:20:26,500 --> 00:20:28,749 It was built around 312 AD, 388 00:20:28,750 --> 00:20:31,624 during the reign of the emperor Constantine the Great. 389 00:20:31,625 --> 00:20:35,166 The palace would undergo several expansions and upgrades 390 00:20:35,167 --> 00:20:38,625 over the next 500 years as the church grew in power. 391 00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:43,916 As the Church expanded, the papal palace became a target 392 00:20:43,917 --> 00:20:47,041 for Arab Anti-Catholic invaders 393 00:20:47,042 --> 00:20:50,291 and even Roman aristocratic infighting 394 00:20:50,292 --> 00:20:51,500 right at its doorstep. 395 00:20:52,750 --> 00:20:55,541 In fact, the violence and the conflict got so bad 396 00:20:55,542 --> 00:21:00,374 that in 1309, the papacy left the basilica, 397 00:21:00,375 --> 00:21:03,041 and actually relocated the seat of the pope 398 00:21:03,042 --> 00:21:05,124 to Avignon, France. 399 00:21:05,125 --> 00:21:06,457 Abandoned and empty, 400 00:21:06,458 --> 00:21:08,707 the palace falls into neglect, 401 00:21:08,708 --> 00:21:11,707 and ultimately is decimated by fire. 402 00:21:13,708 --> 00:21:17,874 In 1377, the papacy finally made its way back to Italy, 403 00:21:17,875 --> 00:21:20,207 this time to Vatican City. 404 00:21:20,208 --> 00:21:21,749 A few hundred years later, 405 00:21:21,750 --> 00:21:25,791 Pope Sixtus V decided to tear down most of what remained 406 00:21:25,792 --> 00:21:27,667 of the original palace complex. 407 00:21:29,083 --> 00:21:30,416 When construction crews 408 00:21:30,417 --> 00:21:34,207 rediscover the palace ruins 500 years later, 409 00:21:34,208 --> 00:21:36,207 archaeologists turn their attention 410 00:21:36,208 --> 00:21:38,541 to preserving the site. 411 00:21:38,542 --> 00:21:40,499 Antiquity experts and archaeologists 412 00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:42,582 feel it may take years to fully 413 00:21:42,583 --> 00:21:46,958 grasp the enormity of what is in this structure. 414 00:21:48,125 --> 00:21:49,791 What they do know is that they have uncovered 415 00:21:49,792 --> 00:21:52,707 an incredibly well-preserved time capsule 416 00:21:52,708 --> 00:21:55,874 of one of the most important religious institutions 417 00:21:55,875 --> 00:21:58,708 and religious titles in the entire world. 418 00:22:01,625 --> 00:22:04,582 Next, a casual walk in the woods 419 00:22:04,583 --> 00:22:08,541 leads to finding another piece of papal history, 420 00:22:08,542 --> 00:22:11,000 one that dates back hundreds of years. 421 00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:15,541 It's January 2024. 422 00:22:15,542 --> 00:22:20,249 Jacek Ukowski is walking along railroad tracks 423 00:22:20,250 --> 00:22:22,583 in northwest Poland near the German border. 424 00:22:23,875 --> 00:22:26,749 This area was used as a Nazi escape route 425 00:22:26,750 --> 00:22:28,666 at the end of World War II, 426 00:22:28,667 --> 00:22:31,666 so people sometimes find remnants of the past here, 427 00:22:31,667 --> 00:22:35,874 helmets, firearms or other military artifacts. 428 00:22:35,875 --> 00:22:39,916 As he's walking, his eye catches something half-buried 429 00:22:39,917 --> 00:22:41,000 under the base of a tree. 430 00:22:43,708 --> 00:22:46,416 He realizes it's a wedge-shaped object, 431 00:22:46,417 --> 00:22:49,457 it's made of metal, but upon closer inspection, 432 00:22:49,458 --> 00:22:51,832 he sees this is not a Nazi war relic, 433 00:22:51,833 --> 00:22:54,957 in fact he doesn't even think it's from the modern era. 434 00:22:54,958 --> 00:22:58,375 It's nothing like he's ever seen before. 435 00:22:59,708 --> 00:23:02,541 Ukowski brings his discovery to a local museum, 436 00:23:02,542 --> 00:23:05,666 hoping their experts can shed some light on this find. 437 00:23:05,667 --> 00:23:09,207 There, archaeologist Grzegorz Kurka identifies 438 00:23:09,208 --> 00:23:11,207 that the object is made of lead. 439 00:23:11,208 --> 00:23:14,874 He examines it, and on one side, he sees letters 440 00:23:14,875 --> 00:23:18,582 and some Roman numerals which captures his attention. 441 00:23:18,583 --> 00:23:22,166 Kurka has seen an artifact like this before, 442 00:23:22,167 --> 00:23:24,166 it's a lead papal bull seal, 443 00:23:24,167 --> 00:23:28,041 or bulla used to authenticate papal decrees. 444 00:23:28,042 --> 00:23:31,499 Kurka is now all in, and he wants to find out 445 00:23:31,500 --> 00:23:34,291 which pope this actually belonged to. 446 00:23:34,292 --> 00:23:35,707 Every pope's bulla 447 00:23:35,708 --> 00:23:40,166 has on one side an image of Saints Peter and Paul. 448 00:23:40,167 --> 00:23:44,417 But the other side is always unique, it has the Pope's name. 449 00:23:45,542 --> 00:23:47,124 Unfortunately, this seal is cracked, 450 00:23:47,125 --> 00:23:50,207 but he's able to decipher certain things 451 00:23:50,208 --> 00:23:53,832 that give him clues as to which pope this might be from. 452 00:23:53,833 --> 00:23:58,416 He's able to see the letters E and U-S. 453 00:23:58,417 --> 00:24:01,249 And based on these clues, he's able to deduce 454 00:24:01,250 --> 00:24:03,832 that this was the papal bull seal 455 00:24:03,833 --> 00:24:06,917 of one of four possible popes, 456 00:24:08,208 --> 00:24:13,083 Benedict XI, Clement V, Benedict XII, or Clement VI, 457 00:24:14,958 --> 00:24:19,833 all of which will date the seal between 1303 and 1352. 458 00:24:20,542 --> 00:24:23,124 Unfortunately, the document the seal 459 00:24:23,125 --> 00:24:24,417 was attached to 460 00:24:24,542 --> 00:24:28,374 decayed long ago, so we may never know exactly 461 00:24:28,375 --> 00:24:30,542 which Pope this bull belonged to. 462 00:24:32,042 --> 00:24:35,249 In any case, the seal survived in that spot for centuries, 463 00:24:35,250 --> 00:24:38,458 but the mystery will likely survive for many, many more. 464 00:24:43,958 --> 00:24:46,916 Imagine finding an unusual stone in a pile of rubble, 465 00:24:46,917 --> 00:24:49,249 and learning it's covered in writing 466 00:24:49,250 --> 00:24:51,082 dating back thousands of years. 467 00:24:51,083 --> 00:24:54,124 What happens next is an adventure story 468 00:24:54,125 --> 00:24:56,791 straight out of the movies. 469 00:24:56,792 --> 00:25:00,541 In 1868, a French missionary is traveling 470 00:25:00,542 --> 00:25:02,916 in what is now modern day Jordan, 471 00:25:02,917 --> 00:25:06,082 delivering aid and spreading Christianity in the region. 472 00:25:06,083 --> 00:25:09,207 His work takes him to a small abandoned area 473 00:25:09,208 --> 00:25:12,583 near the village of Dibon, where something catches his eye. 474 00:25:14,292 --> 00:25:16,874 In a pile of rubble, in ruins, 475 00:25:16,875 --> 00:25:21,917 there's one stone that looks out of place. 476 00:25:23,417 --> 00:25:25,124 It's about four feet tall, 477 00:25:25,125 --> 00:25:28,917 it's black, and it's covered in strange characters. 478 00:25:30,333 --> 00:25:31,957 He can't read the writing on it, 479 00:25:31,958 --> 00:25:36,582 but he does his best to copy out some of the script 480 00:25:36,583 --> 00:25:38,042 with a quick sketch. 481 00:25:39,875 --> 00:25:43,832 Later, he returns to Jerusalem and shows it to a friend, 482 00:25:43,833 --> 00:25:46,832 who thinks that the writing looks like Phoenician, 483 00:25:46,833 --> 00:25:49,832 an ancient script that was the foundation 484 00:25:49,833 --> 00:25:52,541 of the Greek and Hebrew alphabets. 485 00:25:52,542 --> 00:25:55,124 Soon, news of the Phoenician stone 486 00:25:55,125 --> 00:25:58,332 catches the ear of Charles Clermont-Ganneau, 487 00:25:58,333 --> 00:26:01,749 a French translator and amateur archaeologist 488 00:26:01,750 --> 00:26:03,416 based in Jerusalem. 489 00:26:03,417 --> 00:26:04,916 Charles is intrigued, 490 00:26:04,917 --> 00:26:07,957 and so he dispatches a friend called Ya'qub Karavaca, 491 00:26:07,958 --> 00:26:10,208 to go make what's called a squeeze. 492 00:26:11,667 --> 00:26:13,624 A squeeze is a paper impression 493 00:26:13,625 --> 00:26:14,917 when the paper is wet, 494 00:26:15,042 --> 00:26:17,791 pressed in the inscription and then pulled away, 495 00:26:17,792 --> 00:26:20,207 sort of like when you rub a tombstone 496 00:26:20,208 --> 00:26:22,624 to get the inscription off the front of it. 497 00:26:22,625 --> 00:26:25,291 But before the impression can set, 498 00:26:25,292 --> 00:26:30,291 rising tensions between nearby tribes take a dangerous turn. 499 00:26:31,708 --> 00:26:34,332 Ya'qub and the stone are surrounded by 500 00:26:34,333 --> 00:26:36,082 two Bedouin tribes. 501 00:26:36,083 --> 00:26:37,957 And it seems that the locals have understood 502 00:26:37,958 --> 00:26:40,874 that there is something significant about this monument, 503 00:26:40,875 --> 00:26:42,749 and they're now fighting over it. 504 00:26:44,792 --> 00:26:48,207 In the melee, the paper impression is torn up, 505 00:26:48,208 --> 00:26:53,250 and then suddenly, Ya'qub gets stabbed in the leg. 506 00:26:55,208 --> 00:26:57,916 Ya'qub narrowly escapes on horseback, 507 00:26:57,917 --> 00:27:01,625 and brings the torn inscription fragments to Charles. 508 00:27:02,458 --> 00:27:04,457 Slowly, one by one, 509 00:27:04,458 --> 00:27:07,916 Charles begins to piece these pieces of paper together. 510 00:27:07,917 --> 00:27:09,916 And what he's got in the end 511 00:27:09,917 --> 00:27:12,832 is something that astonishes him. 512 00:27:12,833 --> 00:27:15,749 It's 34 lines of text 513 00:27:15,750 --> 00:27:19,917 written in first person by somebody called King Mesha. 514 00:27:20,917 --> 00:27:22,416 According to the Bible, 515 00:27:22,417 --> 00:27:24,832 back in the ninth century BC, 516 00:27:24,833 --> 00:27:27,749 Mesha rebelled against the kingdom of Israel 517 00:27:27,750 --> 00:27:29,374 and ruled Moab, 518 00:27:29,375 --> 00:27:33,957 an ancient territory, located in modern-day Jordan. 519 00:27:33,958 --> 00:27:37,332 The writing is mostly a recounting 520 00:27:37,333 --> 00:27:39,832 of Mesha's military victories 521 00:27:39,833 --> 00:27:41,874 and other history of the region. 522 00:27:41,875 --> 00:27:44,541 But what really gets Charles excited 523 00:27:44,542 --> 00:27:48,791 is that the text contains historical references to Israel, 524 00:27:48,792 --> 00:27:51,582 the House of David, biblical events. 525 00:27:51,583 --> 00:27:54,041 It even gives the Hebrew name for God. 526 00:27:54,042 --> 00:27:56,374 These are some of the earliest references 527 00:27:56,375 --> 00:27:59,082 to events in the Bible in the historical record. 528 00:27:59,083 --> 00:28:02,082 Basically, this rock could be evidence 529 00:28:02,083 --> 00:28:06,083 that the events of the Bible are based in real history. 530 00:28:08,292 --> 00:28:11,582 They call it the Moabite Stone. 531 00:28:11,583 --> 00:28:13,166 But as word spreads, 532 00:28:13,167 --> 00:28:17,749 the locals fear the stone will be plundered by Westerners, 533 00:28:17,750 --> 00:28:19,792 so they decide to destroy it. 534 00:28:21,750 --> 00:28:24,749 So they pour water on the stone, 535 00:28:24,750 --> 00:28:26,958 and then they light a fire underneath it. 536 00:28:28,125 --> 00:28:31,332 When the water gets hot, it turns to steam, 537 00:28:31,333 --> 00:28:32,833 and the steam expands, 538 00:28:34,750 --> 00:28:39,041 and effectively blows the stone to pieces. 539 00:28:39,042 --> 00:28:41,166 The Moabite Stone fragments 540 00:28:41,167 --> 00:28:45,082 are then hidden among the members of the local tribe, 541 00:28:45,083 --> 00:28:48,707 and Charles spends three years trying to find them. 542 00:28:48,708 --> 00:28:53,666 Initially he's able to find 38 pieces, 543 00:28:53,667 --> 00:28:56,207 and then eventually another 19 544 00:28:56,208 --> 00:28:58,207 are either recovered or donated. 545 00:28:58,208 --> 00:29:01,416 And then utilizing the squeeze as reference, 546 00:29:01,417 --> 00:29:05,250 he begins to painstakingly reassemble the shattered stone. 547 00:29:08,375 --> 00:29:11,875 In 1873, it makes its debut at the Louvre. 548 00:29:13,542 --> 00:29:15,791 It's an absolute sensation. 549 00:29:15,792 --> 00:29:18,207 People flock to get a personal look 550 00:29:18,208 --> 00:29:22,124 at this real-world piece of biblical history. 551 00:29:22,125 --> 00:29:25,707 And the story of how it was discovered, 552 00:29:25,708 --> 00:29:28,707 destroyed and pieced back together again, 553 00:29:28,708 --> 00:29:31,417 only adds to the mystique of this relic. 554 00:29:34,667 --> 00:29:36,832 Over 2,000 miles away, 555 00:29:36,833 --> 00:29:39,666 another hidden box holds proof 556 00:29:39,667 --> 00:29:41,917 of a different kind of worshiped figure. 557 00:29:43,875 --> 00:29:47,499 In 1827, an English soldier 558 00:29:47,500 --> 00:29:52,457 named James Lewis is posted with the army in Agra, India. 559 00:29:52,458 --> 00:29:57,041 He fakes his own death and deserts the army, 560 00:29:57,042 --> 00:29:59,832 a crime, by the way, which is punishable by death. 561 00:29:59,833 --> 00:30:01,874 He then changes his name to Charles Masson, 562 00:30:01,875 --> 00:30:04,541 and for the next few years, goes adventuring 563 00:30:04,542 --> 00:30:06,291 and seeks fame and fortune 564 00:30:06,292 --> 00:30:09,249 in places like India and the Middle East. 565 00:30:09,250 --> 00:30:12,332 Charles, as he's known, is quite the character. 566 00:30:12,333 --> 00:30:16,332 During his travels he assumes several identities. 567 00:30:16,333 --> 00:30:18,041 He poses as a monk, 568 00:30:18,042 --> 00:30:21,249 as a Frenchman, as a haji, as a healer, 569 00:30:21,250 --> 00:30:25,833 all the while developing a keen eye for ancient artifacts. 570 00:30:26,208 --> 00:30:31,249 In 1833, the British East India Company hires him 571 00:30:31,250 --> 00:30:34,541 to explore and document ancient sites 572 00:30:34,542 --> 00:30:37,416 in what's now Afghanistan. 573 00:30:37,417 --> 00:30:39,957 Charles arrives in the Gandhara Valley, 574 00:30:39,958 --> 00:30:44,958 and he sees there a series of ruined, domed buildings. 575 00:30:45,833 --> 00:30:47,250 And he goes in to explore them, 576 00:30:48,458 --> 00:30:52,124 he is hoping to find some ancient coins 577 00:30:52,125 --> 00:30:53,707 that might have some value. 578 00:30:53,708 --> 00:30:58,917 But instead he finds a round soapstone box with a lid. 579 00:31:00,208 --> 00:31:02,832 Charles opens the container, and discovers pearls, 580 00:31:02,833 --> 00:31:07,124 and coral and sapphire beads, all burnt. 581 00:31:07,125 --> 00:31:09,249 And at the center of the container, 582 00:31:09,250 --> 00:31:11,666 he finds an intricate gold cylinder, 583 00:31:11,667 --> 00:31:14,457 adorned with carvings and rubies. 584 00:31:14,458 --> 00:31:18,332 The gold cylinder is a reliquary, or casket, 585 00:31:18,333 --> 00:31:21,499 which would traditionally hold sacred offerings 586 00:31:21,500 --> 00:31:25,291 and physical remains of a holy person. 587 00:31:25,292 --> 00:31:29,207 This reliquary doesn't contain any human remains. 588 00:31:29,208 --> 00:31:33,332 Instead it's carved with a series of eight human figures, 589 00:31:33,333 --> 00:31:37,666 and Charles recognizes one of them as the Buddha. 590 00:31:37,667 --> 00:31:41,374 We typically associate Afghanistan with Islam. 591 00:31:41,375 --> 00:31:44,916 But early trade routes actually brought Buddhism to the area 592 00:31:44,917 --> 00:31:46,957 around the fourth century BC, 593 00:31:46,958 --> 00:31:50,249 about 1,000 years before the arrival of Islam. 594 00:31:50,250 --> 00:31:52,707 While Charles thinks he's uncovered a treasure 595 00:31:52,708 --> 00:31:56,499 nearly 2,000 years old, it takes another 50 years 596 00:31:56,500 --> 00:31:59,582 before the true significance of his discovery 597 00:31:59,583 --> 00:32:01,832 is fully understood. 598 00:32:01,833 --> 00:32:03,332 In the late 19th century, 599 00:32:03,333 --> 00:32:05,916 Western scholars start to take more of an interest 600 00:32:05,917 --> 00:32:09,082 in Buddhism and its teachings in Gandhara. 601 00:32:09,083 --> 00:32:11,207 They soon realized that the image of Buddha 602 00:32:11,208 --> 00:32:13,041 that Charles saw on the casket 603 00:32:13,042 --> 00:32:17,125 was the earliest depiction of Buddha ever found. 604 00:32:18,083 --> 00:32:20,207 Today, statues and images 605 00:32:20,208 --> 00:32:23,249 of the human figure of the Buddha are common. 606 00:32:23,250 --> 00:32:25,874 But before the first century AD, 607 00:32:25,875 --> 00:32:29,416 the Buddha was typically depicted with symbolic images 608 00:32:29,417 --> 00:32:33,666 like footprints, the lotus flower, or an empty throne. 609 00:32:33,667 --> 00:32:37,249 On this reliquary, the Buddha is clothed in a robe 610 00:32:37,250 --> 00:32:40,333 and holds up his hand in a mudra position. 611 00:32:42,417 --> 00:32:44,832 The amazing find becomes known 612 00:32:44,833 --> 00:32:46,624 as the Bimaran Casket, 613 00:32:46,625 --> 00:32:51,666 and it goes on display at the British Museum in 1900. 614 00:32:51,667 --> 00:32:53,082 Yet the story behind it, 615 00:32:53,083 --> 00:32:55,166 and the man who brought it to light, 616 00:32:55,167 --> 00:32:59,082 is almost as extraordinary as the relic itself. 617 00:32:59,083 --> 00:33:01,041 While there's no doubt that Charles 618 00:33:01,042 --> 00:33:04,207 was a colorful character and a skillful liar, 619 00:33:04,208 --> 00:33:06,666 it's undeniable that he's also responsible 620 00:33:06,667 --> 00:33:08,874 for one of the most important Buddhist discoveries 621 00:33:08,875 --> 00:33:10,000 of all time. 622 00:33:15,292 --> 00:33:16,541 The old city of Jerusalem 623 00:33:16,542 --> 00:33:18,749 is known for its rich religious history. 624 00:33:18,750 --> 00:33:21,207 One small stone box found there 625 00:33:21,208 --> 00:33:24,291 contains a stunning link to the past, 626 00:33:24,292 --> 00:33:27,125 one dating back to the time of Jesus. 627 00:33:28,417 --> 00:33:31,667 It's early 1976 in the old city of Jerusalem. 628 00:33:32,958 --> 00:33:36,416 A 25-year-old engineer named Oded Golan 629 00:33:36,417 --> 00:33:40,082 is looking through items in an antiquities market, 630 00:33:40,083 --> 00:33:44,041 when his eye is drawn to a limestone box. 631 00:33:44,042 --> 00:33:45,666 The dealer tells him 632 00:33:45,667 --> 00:33:48,082 that it comes from a nearby neighborhood called Silwan, 633 00:33:48,083 --> 00:33:50,499 but he doesn't know anything else about it, 634 00:33:50,500 --> 00:33:54,041 other than the fact that it is an ossuary, or a bone box. 635 00:33:56,708 --> 00:34:00,582 Ossuaries were very common in the first century AD. 636 00:34:00,583 --> 00:34:03,291 People would be buried for about a year, 637 00:34:03,292 --> 00:34:05,166 and then their bodies would be exhumed 638 00:34:05,167 --> 00:34:08,499 and their bones would be placed in a limestone box. 639 00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:11,041 It was a way of dealing with space issues, 640 00:34:11,042 --> 00:34:13,374 if you didn't have enough room for burials. 641 00:34:13,375 --> 00:34:15,999 They were often elaborately decorated, 642 00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:18,041 sometimes the name of the person 643 00:34:18,042 --> 00:34:20,791 or a phrase was inscribed on the side. 644 00:34:20,792 --> 00:34:24,041 The box that Golan discovers 645 00:34:24,042 --> 00:34:25,541 is relatively unremarkable, 646 00:34:25,542 --> 00:34:27,666 but on the front of it there is some script 647 00:34:27,667 --> 00:34:29,957 in a language that he doesn't recognize. 648 00:34:29,958 --> 00:34:31,541 He likes collecting antiques, 649 00:34:31,542 --> 00:34:33,207 the dealer isn't asking very much, 650 00:34:33,208 --> 00:34:35,541 so he buys the box for about $200 651 00:34:35,542 --> 00:34:38,499 and puts it on a shelf in his parent's house. 652 00:34:38,500 --> 00:34:42,374 The box sits untouched for 26 years. 653 00:34:42,375 --> 00:34:47,333 Then in 2001, Golan meets an ancient language expert 654 00:34:48,375 --> 00:34:50,374 named Andre Lemaire at a dinner party 655 00:34:50,375 --> 00:34:54,500 and asks for help deciphering the inscription on the box. 656 00:34:55,292 --> 00:34:57,041 Lemaire is amazed. 657 00:34:57,042 --> 00:35:01,166 It's written in Aramaic, and it says on it, 658 00:35:01,167 --> 00:35:05,707 "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus." 659 00:35:08,375 --> 00:35:12,166 Names like Jesus and Joseph were common at the time, 660 00:35:12,167 --> 00:35:13,832 as was James. 661 00:35:13,833 --> 00:35:16,874 On the other hand, ossuaries don't normally list the names 662 00:35:16,875 --> 00:35:18,457 of siblings of the deceased, 663 00:35:18,458 --> 00:35:20,832 so it may be that this Jesus 664 00:35:20,833 --> 00:35:22,582 had to have been pretty important 665 00:35:22,583 --> 00:35:25,624 to be name checked on his brother's bone box. 666 00:35:25,625 --> 00:35:27,707 That name-drop raises eyebrows, 667 00:35:27,708 --> 00:35:32,166 along with questions about Jesus's family ties. 668 00:35:32,167 --> 00:35:33,499 In the Bible, 669 00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:36,457 we do know there was a figure named James the Just, 670 00:35:36,458 --> 00:35:38,749 who was said to be Jesus's brother 671 00:35:38,750 --> 00:35:41,374 and he was a leader after Jesus's death, 672 00:35:41,375 --> 00:35:44,541 of the first generation of Jesus's followers. 673 00:35:44,542 --> 00:35:47,707 We also know James the Just was martyred, 674 00:35:47,708 --> 00:35:51,791 he was stoned to death very violently around the year 62 AD. 675 00:35:51,792 --> 00:35:55,457 If authentic, this would make the James ossuary 676 00:35:55,458 --> 00:35:57,499 the earliest written reference 677 00:35:57,500 --> 00:35:59,916 and very first physical piece of evidence 678 00:35:59,917 --> 00:36:03,917 connected to Jesus ever found in Jerusalem. 679 00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:08,374 Golan allows Lemaire to borrow the box 680 00:36:08,375 --> 00:36:10,249 to check its authenticity. 681 00:36:10,250 --> 00:36:13,541 Lemaire first examines the style of the script, 682 00:36:13,542 --> 00:36:17,707 which he dates to around 60 or 70 AD. 683 00:36:17,708 --> 00:36:20,457 This just happens to correlate historically 684 00:36:20,458 --> 00:36:22,708 with when James actually died. 685 00:36:23,792 --> 00:36:26,916 Then he takes bits of limestone flecks 686 00:36:26,917 --> 00:36:28,457 from the surface of the box, 687 00:36:28,458 --> 00:36:32,041 and he has them sent away to the geological survey of Israel 688 00:36:32,042 --> 00:36:33,333 in order to get tested. 689 00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:37,832 They determine that the script 690 00:36:37,833 --> 00:36:40,749 could not have been carved with modern tools, 691 00:36:40,750 --> 00:36:44,541 and they also say that the aged patina of the stone 692 00:36:44,542 --> 00:36:46,332 could not have been forged. 693 00:36:46,333 --> 00:36:47,957 Lemaire publishes his findings 694 00:36:47,958 --> 00:36:49,541 and then begins a press tour 695 00:36:49,542 --> 00:36:52,250 to publicize this amazing discovery. 696 00:36:53,250 --> 00:36:54,416 Even with all the evidence, 697 00:36:54,417 --> 00:36:56,166 there's no definitive proof 698 00:36:56,167 --> 00:36:58,707 of whose remains the box once held, 699 00:36:58,708 --> 00:37:01,249 leading the Israel Antiquities Authority 700 00:37:01,250 --> 00:37:04,333 and others to question its authenticity. 701 00:37:05,917 --> 00:37:09,832 Today, Golan loans it to museums around the world, 702 00:37:09,833 --> 00:37:11,874 where visitors can get an up-close look 703 00:37:11,875 --> 00:37:16,333 at what might be an artifact of Jesus's life. 704 00:37:21,833 --> 00:37:23,499 They say history can be stranger than fiction, 705 00:37:23,500 --> 00:37:25,082 which is the case 706 00:37:25,083 --> 00:37:28,875 with what one young fisherman pulls from the sea in 2013. 707 00:37:30,167 --> 00:37:33,582 August 16th, 2013. 708 00:37:33,583 --> 00:37:36,457 A young Palestinian fisherman named Judah Ghurab 709 00:37:36,458 --> 00:37:38,249 takes his small boat out into the waters 710 00:37:38,250 --> 00:37:39,416 off the coast of Gaza. 711 00:37:39,417 --> 00:37:41,500 He's looking in the shallow waters for fish. 712 00:37:43,125 --> 00:37:44,875 As he's looking down from his boat, 713 00:37:46,208 --> 00:37:50,792 he sees a dark figure maybe 15 feet down. 714 00:37:52,417 --> 00:37:56,957 It looks like a man, so he's startled at first, 715 00:37:56,958 --> 00:38:00,416 but then curiosity gets the better of him 716 00:38:00,417 --> 00:38:03,874 and he jumps out of his boat and dives down, 717 00:38:03,875 --> 00:38:08,124 and what he finds is there's a large statue down there, 718 00:38:10,917 --> 00:38:12,542 half buried in the sand. 719 00:38:13,958 --> 00:38:17,749 It's dark metal with hints of green and gold 720 00:38:17,750 --> 00:38:20,833 and Judah wonders if he's found something valuable. 721 00:38:22,042 --> 00:38:24,292 But it's too heavy for him to lift by himself. 722 00:38:25,917 --> 00:38:27,832 Judah heads back to land, 723 00:38:27,833 --> 00:38:30,792 gathers up some friends and family and they head back out 724 00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:34,291 and they try to bring the statue to the surface 725 00:38:34,292 --> 00:38:36,667 by tying around it a clothesline. 726 00:38:37,875 --> 00:38:39,749 For four arduous hours, 727 00:38:39,750 --> 00:38:43,207 they take turns diving down to the bottom, 728 00:38:43,208 --> 00:38:44,708 yanking on the clothesline, 729 00:38:45,917 --> 00:38:49,207 dragging the statue across the seafloor 730 00:38:49,208 --> 00:38:51,333 until they finally reach the shore. 731 00:38:53,375 --> 00:38:57,416 They're able to heave the statue onto a donkey cart, 732 00:38:57,417 --> 00:39:00,749 and take it to Judah's house for closer inspection. 733 00:39:00,750 --> 00:39:04,541 The statue is a six-foot-tall naked man, 734 00:39:04,542 --> 00:39:07,124 with dark curly hair. 735 00:39:07,125 --> 00:39:11,333 Judah thinks it's made of gold and that he's hit pay dirt. 736 00:39:13,292 --> 00:39:14,707 And then about a month later, 737 00:39:14,708 --> 00:39:17,875 the statue makes a surprise appearance on eBay. 738 00:39:19,208 --> 00:39:23,124 It includes a few blurry photos of the statue 739 00:39:23,125 --> 00:39:28,083 laying on a bed in a child's bedroom, with smurf sheets. 740 00:39:28,208 --> 00:39:32,207 Even by eBay standards, this is a strange listing. 741 00:39:32,208 --> 00:39:36,291 Bidding opens at a mere $500,000. 742 00:39:36,292 --> 00:39:39,457 The post and asking price gets the attention 743 00:39:39,458 --> 00:39:42,624 of Gaza archaeologist Fadel Al-Utol, 744 00:39:42,625 --> 00:39:44,541 who identifies the statue 745 00:39:44,542 --> 00:39:47,207 as an incredibly well-preserved bronze 746 00:39:47,208 --> 00:39:49,917 of the Greco-Roman god, Apollo. 747 00:39:51,208 --> 00:39:54,582 One of the 12 Olympians, Apollo is a son of Zeus, 748 00:39:54,583 --> 00:39:59,207 and he's the god of archery, music, truth and healing. 749 00:39:59,208 --> 00:40:02,166 He's also considered to be one of the most beautiful gods, 750 00:40:02,167 --> 00:40:05,291 and this statue does him justice. 751 00:40:05,292 --> 00:40:07,416 Al-Utol is amazed 752 00:40:07,417 --> 00:40:10,916 by how beautifully well preserved this statue is. 753 00:40:10,917 --> 00:40:14,707 He estimates it weighs more than half a ton. 754 00:40:14,708 --> 00:40:18,541 Given its purported size, condition and rarity, 755 00:40:18,542 --> 00:40:20,707 this Apollo of Gaza 756 00:40:20,708 --> 00:40:24,417 could fetch anywhere between $20 and $45 million dollars. 757 00:40:25,542 --> 00:40:27,957 Unfortunately, before Al-Utol 758 00:40:27,958 --> 00:40:30,416 can examine the statue in person, 759 00:40:30,417 --> 00:40:32,874 the Gaza authorities swoop in. 760 00:40:32,875 --> 00:40:36,042 Immediately, police arrive to the statue's location 761 00:40:37,458 --> 00:40:38,542 and haul it away. 762 00:40:40,042 --> 00:40:45,082 Soon after in 2023, war breaks out in the region, 763 00:40:45,083 --> 00:40:49,667 and news about the Apollo statue all but disappears. 764 00:40:50,875 --> 00:40:53,374 Whatever the fate of this particular statue, 765 00:40:53,375 --> 00:40:57,207 there is still the hope of other very similar discoveries, 766 00:40:57,208 --> 00:40:59,791 because we know that this statue 767 00:40:59,792 --> 00:41:02,041 was actually made from a cast. 768 00:41:02,042 --> 00:41:03,541 And so maybe there were other copies 769 00:41:03,542 --> 00:41:05,874 that were made at the same time. 770 00:41:05,875 --> 00:41:07,624 Maybe they're still out there, 771 00:41:07,625 --> 00:41:10,374 whether under the water or on land, 772 00:41:10,375 --> 00:41:11,875 just waiting to be discovered. 773 00:41:15,083 --> 00:41:19,124 A long lost papal palace, a statue of a Greek god, 774 00:41:19,125 --> 00:41:21,207 fragments of a priceless text, 775 00:41:21,208 --> 00:41:24,374 these are just some of the divine discoveries 776 00:41:24,375 --> 00:41:27,916 that give us new insight into the past. 777 00:41:27,917 --> 00:41:32,167 I'm Danny Trejo, thanks for watching Mysteries Unearthed. 64863

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