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Mysteries can be
buried anywhere,
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00:00:11,500 --> 00:00:15,207
under the earth,
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00:00:15,208 --> 00:00:17,374
beneath the sea,
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00:00:17,375 --> 00:00:19,291
or even right
under our own feet.
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00:00:24,167 --> 00:00:26,041
And when we stumble upon them,
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00:00:26,042 --> 00:00:29,667
sometimes what we find
can change history.
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00:00:32,333 --> 00:00:32,916
Tonight,
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00:00:32,917 --> 00:00:35,207
Divine Discoveries,
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00:00:35,208 --> 00:00:38,207
from a sacred fortress
in the heart of Rome.
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00:00:38,208 --> 00:00:41,624
The whole place is buttressed
like a defensive stronghold.
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00:00:41,625 --> 00:00:42,999
They have uncovered one
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00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:44,332
of the most important religious
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00:00:44,333 --> 00:00:46,792
institutions in
the entire world.
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00:00:48,417 --> 00:00:51,374
To a stone tablet
with a sacred message.
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00:00:51,375 --> 00:00:54,749
He does his best
to read the writing
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00:00:54,750 --> 00:00:55,874
and what he's got
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00:00:55,875 --> 00:00:57,375
astonishes him.
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00:00:58,667 --> 00:01:00,999
To the oldest
temple in the world.
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00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:02,457
It's so ancient
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00:01:02,458 --> 00:01:04,832
that it predates the
construction of Stonehenge
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00:01:04,833 --> 00:01:06,541
and the Pyramids at Giza.
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00:01:06,542 --> 00:01:09,832
And the fact that it
survived for over 11,000 years
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00:01:09,833 --> 00:01:12,541
only to be discovered by chance
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00:01:12,542 --> 00:01:14,417
makes that even
more extraordinary.
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Join us now, because
nothing stays hidden forever.
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00:01:30,042 --> 00:01:31,999
Sometimes just
doing your job
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results in astonishing finds,
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00:01:34,042 --> 00:01:37,457
especially when that
job is construction
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00:01:37,458 --> 00:01:40,082
in an area rich in
biblical history.
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00:01:40,083 --> 00:01:42,833
It's 1913,
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and construction of the
Palestine-Egypt railway
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is moving full steam
ahead along the coast
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00:01:48,375 --> 00:01:51,083
of what is now the
modern state of Israel.
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But as these railroad workers
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are clearing out
space to lay track,
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00:01:58,292 --> 00:02:02,667
they strike a large stone
that seems out of place.
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00:02:04,792 --> 00:02:07,624
In this sandy earth, they
find a flat piece of marble
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00:02:07,625 --> 00:02:10,500
about two feet tall
and two feet wide.
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00:02:11,875 --> 00:02:16,249
As a few workers start to
excavate it from the ground,
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00:02:16,250 --> 00:02:19,374
they notice that there is
very faint writing on it.
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It's been etched into the marble
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and it's in a language
that they can't understand.
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00:02:25,458 --> 00:02:28,666
intrigued by the
find, one worker decides
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00:02:28,667 --> 00:02:31,792
to take the large marble
slab home with him.
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00:02:33,958 --> 00:02:35,582
When he gets it to his house,
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he puts it in his courtyard and
uses it as a stepping stone.
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The inscription
is placed face up,
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and it stays that
way for 30 years.
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00:02:46,542 --> 00:02:50,541
Then, in 1943, he
puts the stone up for sale,
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00:02:50,542 --> 00:02:55,542
and it attracts the attention
of archaeologist Jacob Kaplan.
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Kaplan heads to the house,
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and when he takes a
look at the inscription,
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00:03:00,167 --> 00:03:02,292
he immediately
recognizes the writing.
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00:03:05,375 --> 00:03:07,957
It's Paleo-Hebrew, which
is a style of writing
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00:03:07,958 --> 00:03:12,750
that was used from 1000
BC up until about 135 AD.
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So right off the bat,
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Kaplan knows that this
thing is really, really old.
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00:03:19,125 --> 00:03:21,291
And although he can
identify the script,
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00:03:21,292 --> 00:03:23,832
he can't actually understand it.
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00:03:23,833 --> 00:03:26,082
Nevertheless he goes
ahead and he buys the slab
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00:03:26,083 --> 00:03:27,374
and he takes it home
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00:03:27,375 --> 00:03:28,791
and enlists some
of his colleagues
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to help him to decipher it.
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00:03:31,583 --> 00:03:33,624
As they start to translate,
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the first line grabs
their attention.
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00:03:36,500 --> 00:03:41,291
It reads, "I will call you to
remember for goodness forever,
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00:03:41,292 --> 00:03:43,667
God spoke all these words."
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00:03:45,042 --> 00:03:49,667
Then, further down the stone,
they identify other words.
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00:03:50,458 --> 00:03:52,207
"You shall not murder."
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00:03:52,208 --> 00:03:54,124
"You shall not commit adultery."
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00:03:54,125 --> 00:03:55,707
"You shall not steal."
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00:03:55,708 --> 00:04:00,667
Kaplan has found a
fully intact stone
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of the Ten Commandments,
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that dates back to the
era of the Old Testament.
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00:04:08,250 --> 00:04:09,708
In the Bible,
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00:04:09,875 --> 00:04:12,541
the Ten Commandments were
famously given to Moses by God
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at the top of Mount Sinai.
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00:04:15,375 --> 00:04:17,541
But those tablets
are smashed by Moses
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00:04:17,542 --> 00:04:20,833
when he sees the Israelites
worshiping the golden calf.
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00:04:22,750 --> 00:04:25,416
God later dictated the
commandments back to Moses
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00:04:25,417 --> 00:04:28,041
who inscribed them onto
a second set of tablets
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00:04:28,042 --> 00:04:30,624
in the 13th Century BC.
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00:04:30,625 --> 00:04:32,041
And then according to the Bible,
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00:04:32,042 --> 00:04:34,499
those tablets are stored
in the Ark of the Covenant,
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00:04:34,500 --> 00:04:38,583
but then later on, the Ark
and those tablets go missing.
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00:04:39,625 --> 00:04:41,582
For a moment,
it seems the mystery
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00:04:41,583 --> 00:04:44,874
of the missing tablets
may finally be solved.
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00:04:44,875 --> 00:04:47,791
but as researchers study
the stone more closely,
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00:04:47,792 --> 00:04:51,041
they realize something
doesn't add up.
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00:04:51,042 --> 00:04:54,207
Only nine of the 10
commandments from the Bible
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00:04:54,208 --> 00:04:56,749
are present on this stone.
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00:04:56,750 --> 00:04:59,333
The third commandment
is missing.
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00:05:01,625 --> 00:05:04,957
The replacement commandment
is an order to build a temple
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00:05:04,958 --> 00:05:09,541
on Mount Gerizim, which is a
sacred site for Samaritans.
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00:05:09,542 --> 00:05:13,707
Further research discovers
that a Samaritan synagogue
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00:05:13,708 --> 00:05:18,000
was built in the place where
this stone tablet was found.
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00:05:19,375 --> 00:05:21,166
That temple
was constructed
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00:05:21,167 --> 00:05:24,374
between 300 and 800 AD.
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00:05:24,375 --> 00:05:26,707
So the stone, while old,
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00:05:26,708 --> 00:05:31,791
was likely created hundreds
of years after Moses's time.
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00:05:31,792 --> 00:05:36,207
Dr. Kaplan holds onto this
stone for the next 50 years,
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00:05:36,208 --> 00:05:41,417
until finally his wife sells
it after his death in 1995.
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00:05:42,250 --> 00:05:43,624
Over the following decades,
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00:05:43,625 --> 00:05:46,832
it changes hands a few
times without much fanfare.
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00:05:46,833 --> 00:05:51,874
Then in December of 2024, the
stone goes up for auction.
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00:05:51,875 --> 00:05:55,541
The stone's age, its
distinct third commandment,
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00:05:55,542 --> 00:05:59,207
and the unusual story
of its chance discovery,
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00:05:59,208 --> 00:06:00,917
ignite interest in the sale.
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00:06:01,708 --> 00:06:03,166
Bidding starts
out high,
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00:06:03,167 --> 00:06:05,707
and then the price just
keeps going up and up and up,
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00:06:05,708 --> 00:06:08,832
'til finally, when
the final gavel falls,
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00:06:08,833 --> 00:06:12,541
the selling price is
$5 million dollars.
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00:06:12,542 --> 00:06:15,582
The marble tablet
goes to an anonymous buyer
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00:06:15,583 --> 00:06:19,624
who pledges to donate it
to an Israeli institution.
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In the end, this humble relic
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00:06:21,583 --> 00:06:25,542
will be preserved and
admired for generations.
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00:06:27,792 --> 00:06:30,791
Next, a different kind
of sacred discovery,
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one frozen in time
high up in the Andes.
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On September 18th, 1995,
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00:06:39,667 --> 00:06:42,957
a mountain climber named
Johan Reinhard and his guide
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00:06:42,958 --> 00:06:45,583
are climbing Ampato
mountain in Southern Peru.
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They are hoping to get a photo
of an active volcano nearby,
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00:06:50,667 --> 00:06:52,457
but as they get
close to the volcano,
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the sky fills with
smoke and ash,
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00:06:58,417 --> 00:06:59,917
begins to rain down on them.
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00:07:01,208 --> 00:07:03,874
The ash fall is melting
the snow under their feet,
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00:07:03,875 --> 00:07:05,707
exposing rock that
has been covered
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00:07:05,708 --> 00:07:08,707
by ice caps for centuries.
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00:07:08,708 --> 00:07:10,749
And as they near the peak,
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00:07:10,750 --> 00:07:12,707
there's something bright
and red on the ground
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00:07:12,708 --> 00:07:15,124
catching Johan's attention.
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00:07:15,125 --> 00:07:18,083
As he gets closer,
he sees that the red
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00:07:19,333 --> 00:07:23,374
is in fact red feathers
sticking out from some rocks.
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00:07:23,375 --> 00:07:25,249
And when he looks, he
sees that the feathers
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00:07:25,250 --> 00:07:27,749
seem to be part of a hat.
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00:07:27,750 --> 00:07:32,750
Johan moves away some of the
stones, and he is astonished.
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00:07:35,375 --> 00:07:37,041
Looking up at him from the rocks
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is the face of a young girl,
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00:07:39,708 --> 00:07:41,874
no more than 12 or 13 years old.
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00:07:41,875 --> 00:07:43,749
The body looks
very well preserved,
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00:07:43,750 --> 00:07:47,707
she's wrapped in beautiful
colorful textiles,
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00:07:47,708 --> 00:07:51,082
and she's surrounded by
gold and silver figurines
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and pottery vessels.
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00:07:53,375 --> 00:07:55,541
It's a
breathtaking discovery,
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00:07:55,542 --> 00:07:58,083
but one that's also
incredibly fragile.
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00:07:59,542 --> 00:08:02,166
Johan's worried that the
heat from the active volcano
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00:08:02,167 --> 00:08:06,041
will soon destroy this
naturally-preserved mummy.
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00:08:06,042 --> 00:08:09,082
He carefully picks
up the girl's body,
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00:08:09,083 --> 00:08:10,457
and begins with his guide
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00:08:10,458 --> 00:08:12,542
the dangerous descent
down the mountain.
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00:08:14,042 --> 00:08:18,542
It is a perilous journey, a
treacherous 45-degree descent.
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00:08:19,250 --> 00:08:21,124
It takes two full days.
153
00:08:21,125 --> 00:08:23,707
And then when he and the
guide are down at the bottom,
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00:08:23,708 --> 00:08:27,332
it takes another 13 hours to
walk to the nearest village.
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Safely recovered,
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the mummy becomes
known as "Juanita"
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00:08:31,458 --> 00:08:33,332
and is an international
sensation,
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hailed as one of the greatest
discoveries of the century.
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00:08:37,250 --> 00:08:40,416
But when researchers begin
to study her more closely,
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they uncover
something surprising.
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Juanita is sent to Johns
Hopkins University in Baltimore
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where she's scanned, and
researchers determine
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that she was likely killed
between the ages of 11 and 15.
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Cause of death?
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Blunt force trauma to the head.
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00:08:58,792 --> 00:09:01,625
But the evidence suggests
that this was no accident,
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00:09:02,750 --> 00:09:05,457
that Juanita was
intentionally killed.
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Her death
may have been brutal,
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00:09:07,375 --> 00:09:08,874
but the treasures
buried with her
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00:09:08,875 --> 00:09:12,332
point to something far
more sacred than murder.
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00:09:12,333 --> 00:09:15,832
Several of the items
Johan finds with her remains
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00:09:15,833 --> 00:09:18,582
are fashioned of
precious metals.
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00:09:18,583 --> 00:09:20,082
It's not likely these
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00:09:20,083 --> 00:09:22,207
would have been
left accidentally behind
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00:09:22,208 --> 00:09:23,291
by a murderer.
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00:09:23,292 --> 00:09:24,916
It's much more likely
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that they were
intentionally left behind
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as a sacrificial offering.
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The figures and ceramics
feature Incan designs,
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which suggest that Juanita had
been sacrificed to the gods.
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00:09:39,792 --> 00:09:43,457
Child sacrifice is
of course abhorrent,
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but at the time it
was a sacred duty,
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and this places her death to
sometime in the Incan empire,
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between 1400 and 1450.
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00:09:53,375 --> 00:09:56,249
Juanita's sacrifice
wasn't just ceremonial,
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00:09:56,250 --> 00:10:01,374
it may have been a plea to
calm a furious natural force.
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00:10:01,375 --> 00:10:03,124
Historians believe
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00:10:03,125 --> 00:10:05,541
that the nearby Misti
and Sabancaya volcanoes
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were really at the
point of erupting,
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00:10:07,958 --> 00:10:09,874
and that Juanita may
have been sacrificed
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00:10:09,875 --> 00:10:12,291
in order to placate the gods
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00:10:12,292 --> 00:10:16,541
and maybe make that
eruption less catastrophic.
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00:10:16,542 --> 00:10:19,457
There is something almost
poetic if you think about it,
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00:10:19,458 --> 00:10:23,541
that Juanita may have been
sacrificed to stop the eruption,
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only to be discovered
as the ash melted away
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and revealed her grave.
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00:10:35,083 --> 00:10:36,124
Let's say you're a
regular guy
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00:10:36,125 --> 00:10:38,666
with a passion for scuba diving.
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00:10:38,667 --> 00:10:42,249
You love looking at coral
reefs and tropical fish.
200
00:10:42,250 --> 00:10:46,582
Then, one day, you accidentally
spot something surprising
201
00:10:46,583 --> 00:10:48,874
under the waves.
202
00:10:51,375 --> 00:10:53,249
It's 1998 in Guatemala.
203
00:10:53,250 --> 00:10:56,707
A local businessman
named Roberto Samayoa
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00:10:56,708 --> 00:10:59,499
is out enjoying one of
his favorite pastimes,
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00:10:59,500 --> 00:11:01,750
scuba diving in Lake Atitlan.
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00:11:03,375 --> 00:11:06,707
This is a picturesque
lake flanked by volcanoes,
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00:11:06,708 --> 00:11:09,750
and mountain peaks
and charming villages.
208
00:11:12,167 --> 00:11:16,999
Around 50 feet below the
surface, in very murky waters,
209
00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:19,791
Samayoa sees something
out of place.
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00:11:19,792 --> 00:11:22,582
He sees a shape start to emerge.
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00:11:22,583 --> 00:11:27,625
Getting closer, he discovers
it's a large stone structure.
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00:11:28,500 --> 00:11:30,082
As he continues to explore,
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00:11:30,083 --> 00:11:34,374
he finds a series of
staircases, temples, plazas.
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00:11:34,375 --> 00:11:37,166
This is not just one structure.
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00:11:37,167 --> 00:11:40,875
In essence, it looks like
some kind of underwater city.
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00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:47,374
Samayoa
reports his findings
217
00:11:47,375 --> 00:11:51,249
to local archaeologists,
but no one believes him.
218
00:11:51,250 --> 00:11:55,458
Frustrated, he leaves the
site untouched until 2007.
219
00:11:57,125 --> 00:12:01,666
Samayoa decides to
take matters into his own hands.
220
00:12:01,667 --> 00:12:06,041
He dives upon his find
once more, but this time,
221
00:12:06,042 --> 00:12:09,083
he comes equipped with an
underwater digital camera.
222
00:12:09,875 --> 00:12:11,874
He snaps a few photos,
223
00:12:11,875 --> 00:12:14,958
and now, everyone is
beginning to believe him.
224
00:12:16,292 --> 00:12:19,792
Researchers spend the
next five years using sonar
225
00:12:21,125 --> 00:12:24,207
to map out this
underwater metropolis.
226
00:12:24,208 --> 00:12:26,832
What they
uncover is more than ruins,
227
00:12:26,833 --> 00:12:32,416
it's the remains of a
2,500-year-old Mayan city.
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00:12:32,417 --> 00:12:37,207
Once thought to be just a
legend, they name it Samabaj,
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00:12:37,208 --> 00:12:41,375
a blend of Samayoa's name
and the Mayan word for stone.
230
00:12:43,042 --> 00:12:44,749
As researchers
explore further,
231
00:12:44,750 --> 00:12:46,207
it's the religious elements
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00:12:46,208 --> 00:12:49,000
that unlock the
mystery of Samabaj.
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00:12:49,875 --> 00:12:51,375
Within the ruins,
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00:12:51,542 --> 00:12:55,041
they find 16 different religious
structures, and two saunas,
235
00:12:55,042 --> 00:12:57,499
which the Maya would use
to cleanse themselves
236
00:12:57,500 --> 00:12:59,374
before religious ceremonies.
237
00:12:59,375 --> 00:13:01,541
And then there's a
large central square
238
00:13:01,542 --> 00:13:05,292
with a stone altar and a
sacred pillar at one end.
239
00:13:06,375 --> 00:13:08,791
When the Maya were
thriving in this area,
240
00:13:08,792 --> 00:13:11,874
around 350 BC to 250 AD,
241
00:13:11,875 --> 00:13:15,832
this city sat on an island
in the middle of this lake.
242
00:13:15,833 --> 00:13:18,374
For
centuries, Samabaj stood
243
00:13:18,375 --> 00:13:20,291
as a sacred sanctuary.
244
00:13:20,292 --> 00:13:24,874
so how did this entire ancient
city wind up underwater?
245
00:13:27,042 --> 00:13:29,291
One of the volcanoes
along the shore
246
00:13:29,292 --> 00:13:31,874
of Lake Atitlan erupted.
247
00:13:31,875 --> 00:13:34,082
Lava flowed down toward the lake
248
00:13:34,083 --> 00:13:35,999
and plugged up a
drainage channel
249
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:38,541
that carried overflow
down the mountain.
250
00:13:38,542 --> 00:13:40,041
It's kind of like when
you plug up your bathtub
251
00:13:40,042 --> 00:13:41,541
while the water's running,
252
00:13:41,542 --> 00:13:44,499
the water just continues
to rise and rise and rise.
253
00:13:44,500 --> 00:13:46,791
By the time the
water stopped rising,
254
00:13:46,792 --> 00:13:49,249
Samabaj was deep under the lake,
255
00:13:49,250 --> 00:13:52,541
and stayed out of
sight for 1,700 years,
256
00:13:52,542 --> 00:13:54,333
until Samayoa found it.
257
00:13:55,625 --> 00:13:59,457
Ironically, the same
water that drowned Samabaj
258
00:13:59,458 --> 00:14:00,791
helped preserve it.
259
00:14:00,792 --> 00:14:02,374
Because of the
island's location
260
00:14:02,375 --> 00:14:04,041
deep down in murky waters,
261
00:14:04,042 --> 00:14:07,541
the site has not fallen
victim to things like looting,
262
00:14:07,542 --> 00:14:09,332
which has caused desecration
263
00:14:09,333 --> 00:14:12,999
of other historical sites all
throughout Central America.
264
00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:14,874
So thanks to that
volcanic eruption,
265
00:14:14,875 --> 00:14:17,207
combined with
Samayoa's discovery,
266
00:14:17,208 --> 00:14:20,499
Samabaj is probably the
most well-preserved site
267
00:14:20,500 --> 00:14:22,833
of Mayan culture to this day.
268
00:14:25,625 --> 00:14:28,791
From an ancient city
lost below the waves,
269
00:14:28,792 --> 00:14:32,207
to an even older site
buried under the earth,
270
00:14:32,208 --> 00:14:36,249
our next story takes us
to a hilltop in Turkey.
271
00:14:37,875 --> 00:14:40,999
Back in 1986, in
Southeastern Turkey,
272
00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:43,082
a farmer is plowing his property
273
00:14:43,083 --> 00:14:45,250
along the foothills of
the Taurus Mountains.
274
00:14:46,708 --> 00:14:49,249
He reaches this area which
is called Belly Hill,
275
00:14:49,250 --> 00:14:52,791
a mound of land that
stands about 50 feet higher
276
00:14:52,792 --> 00:14:55,207
than the surrounding plateaus.
277
00:14:55,208 --> 00:14:58,041
This area is filled
with large stones
278
00:14:58,042 --> 00:14:59,916
that all poke up
through the earth,
279
00:14:59,917 --> 00:15:02,291
threatening to
break his equipment.
280
00:15:02,292 --> 00:15:04,999
The farmer's been trying to
remove some of these stones,
281
00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:07,291
most of them are too large
to get out of the ground.
282
00:15:07,292 --> 00:15:08,832
But on this day in particular,
283
00:15:08,833 --> 00:15:11,375
one of these stones
catches his attention.
284
00:15:12,833 --> 00:15:14,207
He takes a
closer look
285
00:15:14,208 --> 00:15:16,875
and he clears away some
of the surrounding dirt.
286
00:15:17,958 --> 00:15:20,249
It's a limestone statue
of a human figure,
287
00:15:20,250 --> 00:15:23,957
with finely carved
eyes, nose and mouth.
288
00:15:23,958 --> 00:15:26,041
Below that there's
not much of a body,
289
00:15:26,042 --> 00:15:28,375
except for a large phallus.
290
00:15:30,917 --> 00:15:32,707
The statue looks really old,
291
00:15:32,708 --> 00:15:35,916
and so the farmer decides
to take this to a museum
292
00:15:35,917 --> 00:15:37,166
about 12 miles away.
293
00:15:37,167 --> 00:15:38,374
The director of the museum
294
00:15:38,375 --> 00:15:40,291
does not seem very
interested in this find,
295
00:15:40,292 --> 00:15:42,666
but when the farmer
threatens to throw it away,
296
00:15:42,667 --> 00:15:44,041
they do reach a compromise
297
00:15:44,042 --> 00:15:47,041
and decide to place the
statue in the museum garden.
298
00:15:47,042 --> 00:15:50,666
The statue
sits there until 1992,
299
00:15:50,667 --> 00:15:54,458
when a visiting archaeologist
named Klaus Schmidt sees it.
300
00:15:55,708 --> 00:15:58,332
Dr. Schmidt has been
doing excavation work nearby
301
00:15:58,333 --> 00:16:01,041
and recognizes this
as a neolithic figure,
302
00:16:01,042 --> 00:16:03,457
at least several
thousand years old.
303
00:16:03,458 --> 00:16:04,582
He wants to know more,
304
00:16:04,583 --> 00:16:06,374
so he travels to the
farm where it was found.
305
00:16:06,375 --> 00:16:08,957
When he sees the
large mound of land
306
00:16:08,958 --> 00:16:10,957
that rises up above the plateau,
307
00:16:10,958 --> 00:16:12,624
he can tell that it's man-made,
308
00:16:12,625 --> 00:16:16,166
and these large stones that
keep getting in the farmer's way
309
00:16:16,167 --> 00:16:19,541
are actually the tops
of limestone structures.
310
00:16:19,542 --> 00:16:22,457
Schmidt turns
his attention to the mound
311
00:16:22,458 --> 00:16:23,958
and begins to dig.
312
00:16:28,042 --> 00:16:30,332
Not very long after
these excavations begin,
313
00:16:30,333 --> 00:16:33,707
archaeologists find massive
limestone megaliths
314
00:16:33,708 --> 00:16:35,332
that are so close to the surface
315
00:16:35,333 --> 00:16:37,124
that some of them have
actually been scraped
316
00:16:37,125 --> 00:16:38,791
by the farmer's equipment.
317
00:16:38,792 --> 00:16:42,457
Further down, they find
16-foot-tall stone pillars,
318
00:16:42,458 --> 00:16:45,457
each weighing between
seven and 10 tons.
319
00:16:45,458 --> 00:16:49,207
Some of them are carved with
detailed reliefs of animals
320
00:16:49,208 --> 00:16:53,416
like lions, foxes,
snakes and vultures.
321
00:16:53,417 --> 00:16:56,457
There are also enormous
megaliths arranged
322
00:16:56,458 --> 00:16:59,958
in a circular pattern,
over 90 feet in diameter.
323
00:17:01,208 --> 00:17:03,541
Altogether the site leads
archaeologists to believe
324
00:17:03,542 --> 00:17:06,667
that they've uncovered
some kind of giant temple.
325
00:17:08,542 --> 00:17:11,499
The site is
called Gobekli Tepe,
326
00:17:11,500 --> 00:17:14,041
and carbon dating
puts its construction
327
00:17:14,042 --> 00:17:18,291
between 9500 and 9000 BC,
328
00:17:18,292 --> 00:17:21,583
making it the oldest temple
ever discovered in the world.
329
00:17:23,375 --> 00:17:26,249
It's so ancient that
it predates writing
330
00:17:26,250 --> 00:17:28,291
and the invention of the wheel.
331
00:17:28,292 --> 00:17:32,041
It was constructed 6,000
years before Stonehenge
332
00:17:32,042 --> 00:17:33,292
or the Pyramids at Giza.
333
00:17:34,333 --> 00:17:36,249
Its age
is astonishing,
334
00:17:36,250 --> 00:17:39,583
but what's even more
surprising is how it was built.
335
00:17:41,708 --> 00:17:45,916
Schmidt estimates it would
have taken over 500 people
336
00:17:45,917 --> 00:17:47,874
to build Gobekli.
337
00:17:47,875 --> 00:17:49,541
But humans were believed
338
00:17:49,542 --> 00:17:51,874
to be hunter-gatherers
at this time,
339
00:17:51,875 --> 00:17:53,416
and this site suggests
340
00:17:53,417 --> 00:17:55,707
that there was much
more intelligence,
341
00:17:55,708 --> 00:17:58,874
cooperation and planning
that went into this
342
00:17:58,875 --> 00:18:01,708
than archaeologists could
have possibly thought.
343
00:18:02,875 --> 00:18:05,041
Gobekli Tepe was
a truly epic feat
344
00:18:05,042 --> 00:18:07,167
of design and
construction for its time.
345
00:18:08,667 --> 00:18:12,666
And the fact that it
survived for over 11,000 years
346
00:18:12,667 --> 00:18:16,041
only to be discovered
by chance, by a farmer,
347
00:18:16,042 --> 00:18:18,332
makes that history even
more extraordinary.
348
00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:25,999
When we think
of papal palaces,
349
00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:28,041
we usually think of the Vatican.
350
00:18:28,042 --> 00:18:31,041
But the popes actually
had an earlier home,
351
00:18:31,042 --> 00:18:34,250
one lost to time
until very recently.
352
00:18:35,875 --> 00:18:39,416
It's the summer of 2024.
353
00:18:39,417 --> 00:18:41,874
And the city of Rome
in Italy is gearing up
354
00:18:41,875 --> 00:18:44,250
for Jubilee 2025.
355
00:18:45,250 --> 00:18:47,791
It's a massive
Catholic celebration,
356
00:18:47,792 --> 00:18:51,707
and it's expected to draw
roughly 30 million pilgrims
357
00:18:51,708 --> 00:18:52,542
to the city.
358
00:18:53,625 --> 00:18:55,791
To prepare for the
influx of tourists,
359
00:18:55,792 --> 00:18:58,207
the city undergoes
a lot of upgrades.
360
00:18:58,208 --> 00:19:00,207
One major project is renovating
361
00:19:00,208 --> 00:19:02,249
and repaving the public square
362
00:19:02,250 --> 00:19:06,416
in front of Basilica di
San Giovanni in Laterano,
363
00:19:06,417 --> 00:19:09,249
the oldest public
Catholic church in Rome,
364
00:19:09,250 --> 00:19:13,332
which was founded in 324.
365
00:19:13,333 --> 00:19:15,874
The plan is to
add new landscaping,
366
00:19:15,875 --> 00:19:17,666
lighting, even a fountain.
367
00:19:17,667 --> 00:19:20,874
But not long after
shovels hit the ground,
368
00:19:20,875 --> 00:19:25,542
workers strike something that
appears to be an ancient wall,
369
00:19:28,417 --> 00:19:31,542
then another, then another.
370
00:19:33,333 --> 00:19:37,374
It seems they've stumbled
on some kind of structure.
371
00:19:37,375 --> 00:19:39,582
They call in a team
of archaeologists,
372
00:19:39,583 --> 00:19:41,999
largely led by Daniela Porro.
373
00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:46,374
She's the special superintendent
of archeology in Rome.
374
00:19:46,375 --> 00:19:48,749
She analyzes these
walls and sees
375
00:19:48,750 --> 00:19:50,207
that they're made of tuff,
376
00:19:50,208 --> 00:19:54,207
basically an amalgam of
stone from volcanic ash,
377
00:19:54,208 --> 00:19:56,541
buttressed by wood.
378
00:19:56,542 --> 00:19:59,416
She's able to realize
through her analysis
379
00:19:59,417 --> 00:20:03,499
that these walls date
back to the ninth century,
380
00:20:03,500 --> 00:20:06,750
which means they have found
something incredibly special.
381
00:20:08,625 --> 00:20:10,749
These are
the fortification walls
382
00:20:10,750 --> 00:20:14,333
that protected the original
palace of the pope.
383
00:20:16,583 --> 00:20:18,541
Before the Pope and
the Catholic church
384
00:20:18,542 --> 00:20:20,999
were based in
nearby Vatican City,
385
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:22,874
the head of the church resided
386
00:20:22,875 --> 00:20:25,750
in an elaborate papal
palace in the heart of Rome.
387
00:20:26,500 --> 00:20:28,749
It was built around 312 AD,
388
00:20:28,750 --> 00:20:31,624
during the reign of the
emperor Constantine the Great.
389
00:20:31,625 --> 00:20:35,166
The palace would undergo
several expansions and upgrades
390
00:20:35,167 --> 00:20:38,625
over the next 500 years as
the church grew in power.
391
00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:43,916
As the Church expanded,
the papal palace became a target
392
00:20:43,917 --> 00:20:47,041
for Arab Anti-Catholic invaders
393
00:20:47,042 --> 00:20:50,291
and even Roman
aristocratic infighting
394
00:20:50,292 --> 00:20:51,500
right at its doorstep.
395
00:20:52,750 --> 00:20:55,541
In fact, the violence and
the conflict got so bad
396
00:20:55,542 --> 00:21:00,374
that in 1309, the papacy
left the basilica,
397
00:21:00,375 --> 00:21:03,041
and actually relocated
the seat of the pope
398
00:21:03,042 --> 00:21:05,124
to Avignon, France.
399
00:21:05,125 --> 00:21:06,457
Abandoned and empty,
400
00:21:06,458 --> 00:21:08,707
the palace falls into neglect,
401
00:21:08,708 --> 00:21:11,707
and ultimately is
decimated by fire.
402
00:21:13,708 --> 00:21:17,874
In 1377, the papacy finally
made its way back to Italy,
403
00:21:17,875 --> 00:21:20,207
this time to Vatican City.
404
00:21:20,208 --> 00:21:21,749
A few hundred years later,
405
00:21:21,750 --> 00:21:25,791
Pope Sixtus V decided to tear
down most of what remained
406
00:21:25,792 --> 00:21:27,667
of the original palace complex.
407
00:21:29,083 --> 00:21:30,416
When
construction crews
408
00:21:30,417 --> 00:21:34,207
rediscover the palace
ruins 500 years later,
409
00:21:34,208 --> 00:21:36,207
archaeologists turn
their attention
410
00:21:36,208 --> 00:21:38,541
to preserving the site.
411
00:21:38,542 --> 00:21:40,499
Antiquity experts
and archaeologists
412
00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:42,582
feel it may take years to fully
413
00:21:42,583 --> 00:21:46,958
grasp the enormity
of what is in this structure.
414
00:21:48,125 --> 00:21:49,791
What they do know is
that they have uncovered
415
00:21:49,792 --> 00:21:52,707
an incredibly
well-preserved time capsule
416
00:21:52,708 --> 00:21:55,874
of one of the most important
religious institutions
417
00:21:55,875 --> 00:21:58,708
and religious titles
in the entire world.
418
00:22:01,625 --> 00:22:04,582
Next, a casual
walk in the woods
419
00:22:04,583 --> 00:22:08,541
leads to finding another
piece of papal history,
420
00:22:08,542 --> 00:22:11,000
one that dates back
hundreds of years.
421
00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:15,541
It's January 2024.
422
00:22:15,542 --> 00:22:20,249
Jacek Ukowski is walking
along railroad tracks
423
00:22:20,250 --> 00:22:22,583
in northwest Poland
near the German border.
424
00:22:23,875 --> 00:22:26,749
This area was used as
a Nazi escape route
425
00:22:26,750 --> 00:22:28,666
at the end of World War II,
426
00:22:28,667 --> 00:22:31,666
so people sometimes find
remnants of the past here,
427
00:22:31,667 --> 00:22:35,874
helmets, firearms or
other military artifacts.
428
00:22:35,875 --> 00:22:39,916
As he's walking, his eye
catches something half-buried
429
00:22:39,917 --> 00:22:41,000
under the base of a tree.
430
00:22:43,708 --> 00:22:46,416
He realizes it's a
wedge-shaped object,
431
00:22:46,417 --> 00:22:49,457
it's made of metal, but
upon closer inspection,
432
00:22:49,458 --> 00:22:51,832
he sees this is not
a Nazi war relic,
433
00:22:51,833 --> 00:22:54,957
in fact he doesn't even think
it's from the modern era.
434
00:22:54,958 --> 00:22:58,375
It's nothing like
he's ever seen before.
435
00:22:59,708 --> 00:23:02,541
Ukowski brings his
discovery to a local museum,
436
00:23:02,542 --> 00:23:05,666
hoping their experts can
shed some light on this find.
437
00:23:05,667 --> 00:23:09,207
There, archaeologist
Grzegorz Kurka identifies
438
00:23:09,208 --> 00:23:11,207
that the object is made of lead.
439
00:23:11,208 --> 00:23:14,874
He examines it, and on
one side, he sees letters
440
00:23:14,875 --> 00:23:18,582
and some Roman numerals
which captures his attention.
441
00:23:18,583 --> 00:23:22,166
Kurka has seen an
artifact like this before,
442
00:23:22,167 --> 00:23:24,166
it's a lead papal bull seal,
443
00:23:24,167 --> 00:23:28,041
or bulla used to
authenticate papal decrees.
444
00:23:28,042 --> 00:23:31,499
Kurka is now all in,
and he wants to find out
445
00:23:31,500 --> 00:23:34,291
which pope this
actually belonged to.
446
00:23:34,292 --> 00:23:35,707
Every pope's bulla
447
00:23:35,708 --> 00:23:40,166
has on one side an image
of Saints Peter and Paul.
448
00:23:40,167 --> 00:23:44,417
But the other side is always
unique, it has the Pope's name.
449
00:23:45,542 --> 00:23:47,124
Unfortunately,
this seal is cracked,
450
00:23:47,125 --> 00:23:50,207
but he's able to
decipher certain things
451
00:23:50,208 --> 00:23:53,832
that give him clues as to
which pope this might be from.
452
00:23:53,833 --> 00:23:58,416
He's able to see the
letters E and U-S.
453
00:23:58,417 --> 00:24:01,249
And based on these clues,
he's able to deduce
454
00:24:01,250 --> 00:24:03,832
that this was the
papal bull seal
455
00:24:03,833 --> 00:24:06,917
of one of four possible popes,
456
00:24:08,208 --> 00:24:13,083
Benedict XI, Clement V,
Benedict XII, or Clement VI,
457
00:24:14,958 --> 00:24:19,833
all of which will date the
seal between 1303 and 1352.
458
00:24:20,542 --> 00:24:23,124
Unfortunately, the
document the seal
459
00:24:23,125 --> 00:24:24,417
was attached to
460
00:24:24,542 --> 00:24:28,374
decayed long ago, so we
may never know exactly
461
00:24:28,375 --> 00:24:30,542
which Pope this
bull belonged to.
462
00:24:32,042 --> 00:24:35,249
In any case, the seal survived
in that spot for centuries,
463
00:24:35,250 --> 00:24:38,458
but the mystery will likely
survive for many, many more.
464
00:24:43,958 --> 00:24:46,916
Imagine finding an unusual
stone in a pile of rubble,
465
00:24:46,917 --> 00:24:49,249
and learning it's
covered in writing
466
00:24:49,250 --> 00:24:51,082
dating back thousands of years.
467
00:24:51,083 --> 00:24:54,124
What happens next is
an adventure story
468
00:24:54,125 --> 00:24:56,791
straight out of the movies.
469
00:24:56,792 --> 00:25:00,541
In 1868, a French
missionary is traveling
470
00:25:00,542 --> 00:25:02,916
in what is now
modern day Jordan,
471
00:25:02,917 --> 00:25:06,082
delivering aid and spreading
Christianity in the region.
472
00:25:06,083 --> 00:25:09,207
His work takes him to
a small abandoned area
473
00:25:09,208 --> 00:25:12,583
near the village of Dibon,
where something catches his eye.
474
00:25:14,292 --> 00:25:16,874
In a pile of rubble, in ruins,
475
00:25:16,875 --> 00:25:21,917
there's one stone that
looks out of place.
476
00:25:23,417 --> 00:25:25,124
It's about four feet tall,
477
00:25:25,125 --> 00:25:28,917
it's black, and it's covered
in strange characters.
478
00:25:30,333 --> 00:25:31,957
He can't read
the writing on it,
479
00:25:31,958 --> 00:25:36,582
but he does his best to
copy out some of the script
480
00:25:36,583 --> 00:25:38,042
with a quick sketch.
481
00:25:39,875 --> 00:25:43,832
Later, he returns to Jerusalem
and shows it to a friend,
482
00:25:43,833 --> 00:25:46,832
who thinks that the writing
looks like Phoenician,
483
00:25:46,833 --> 00:25:49,832
an ancient script that
was the foundation
484
00:25:49,833 --> 00:25:52,541
of the Greek and
Hebrew alphabets.
485
00:25:52,542 --> 00:25:55,124
Soon, news
of the Phoenician stone
486
00:25:55,125 --> 00:25:58,332
catches the ear of
Charles Clermont-Ganneau,
487
00:25:58,333 --> 00:26:01,749
a French translator and
amateur archaeologist
488
00:26:01,750 --> 00:26:03,416
based in Jerusalem.
489
00:26:03,417 --> 00:26:04,916
Charles is intrigued,
490
00:26:04,917 --> 00:26:07,957
and so he dispatches a friend
called Ya'qub Karavaca,
491
00:26:07,958 --> 00:26:10,208
to go make what's
called a squeeze.
492
00:26:11,667 --> 00:26:13,624
A squeeze is a
paper impression
493
00:26:13,625 --> 00:26:14,917
when the paper is wet,
494
00:26:15,042 --> 00:26:17,791
pressed in the inscription
and then pulled away,
495
00:26:17,792 --> 00:26:20,207
sort of like when
you rub a tombstone
496
00:26:20,208 --> 00:26:22,624
to get the inscription
off the front of it.
497
00:26:22,625 --> 00:26:25,291
But before
the impression can set,
498
00:26:25,292 --> 00:26:30,291
rising tensions between nearby
tribes take a dangerous turn.
499
00:26:31,708 --> 00:26:34,332
Ya'qub and the stone
are surrounded by
500
00:26:34,333 --> 00:26:36,082
two Bedouin tribes.
501
00:26:36,083 --> 00:26:37,957
And it seems that the
locals have understood
502
00:26:37,958 --> 00:26:40,874
that there is something
significant about this monument,
503
00:26:40,875 --> 00:26:42,749
and they're now
fighting over it.
504
00:26:44,792 --> 00:26:48,207
In the melee, the paper
impression is torn up,
505
00:26:48,208 --> 00:26:53,250
and then suddenly, Ya'qub
gets stabbed in the leg.
506
00:26:55,208 --> 00:26:57,916
Ya'qub narrowly
escapes on horseback,
507
00:26:57,917 --> 00:27:01,625
and brings the torn inscription
fragments to Charles.
508
00:27:02,458 --> 00:27:04,457
Slowly, one by one,
509
00:27:04,458 --> 00:27:07,916
Charles begins to piece these
pieces of paper together.
510
00:27:07,917 --> 00:27:09,916
And what he's got in the end
511
00:27:09,917 --> 00:27:12,832
is something that
astonishes him.
512
00:27:12,833 --> 00:27:15,749
It's 34 lines of text
513
00:27:15,750 --> 00:27:19,917
written in first person by
somebody called King Mesha.
514
00:27:20,917 --> 00:27:22,416
According
to the Bible,
515
00:27:22,417 --> 00:27:24,832
back in the ninth century BC,
516
00:27:24,833 --> 00:27:27,749
Mesha rebelled against
the kingdom of Israel
517
00:27:27,750 --> 00:27:29,374
and ruled Moab,
518
00:27:29,375 --> 00:27:33,957
an ancient territory,
located in modern-day Jordan.
519
00:27:33,958 --> 00:27:37,332
The writing is
mostly a recounting
520
00:27:37,333 --> 00:27:39,832
of Mesha's military victories
521
00:27:39,833 --> 00:27:41,874
and other history of the region.
522
00:27:41,875 --> 00:27:44,541
But what really
gets Charles excited
523
00:27:44,542 --> 00:27:48,791
is that the text contains
historical references to Israel,
524
00:27:48,792 --> 00:27:51,582
the House of David,
biblical events.
525
00:27:51,583 --> 00:27:54,041
It even gives the
Hebrew name for God.
526
00:27:54,042 --> 00:27:56,374
These are some of the
earliest references
527
00:27:56,375 --> 00:27:59,082
to events in the Bible
in the historical record.
528
00:27:59,083 --> 00:28:02,082
Basically, this rock
could be evidence
529
00:28:02,083 --> 00:28:06,083
that the events of the Bible
are based in real history.
530
00:28:08,292 --> 00:28:11,582
They call
it the Moabite Stone.
531
00:28:11,583 --> 00:28:13,166
But as word spreads,
532
00:28:13,167 --> 00:28:17,749
the locals fear the stone will
be plundered by Westerners,
533
00:28:17,750 --> 00:28:19,792
so they decide to destroy it.
534
00:28:21,750 --> 00:28:24,749
So they pour
water on the stone,
535
00:28:24,750 --> 00:28:26,958
and then they light
a fire underneath it.
536
00:28:28,125 --> 00:28:31,332
When the water gets
hot, it turns to steam,
537
00:28:31,333 --> 00:28:32,833
and the steam expands,
538
00:28:34,750 --> 00:28:39,041
and effectively blows
the stone to pieces.
539
00:28:39,042 --> 00:28:41,166
The Moabite
Stone fragments
540
00:28:41,167 --> 00:28:45,082
are then hidden among the
members of the local tribe,
541
00:28:45,083 --> 00:28:48,707
and Charles spends three
years trying to find them.
542
00:28:48,708 --> 00:28:53,666
Initially he's able
to find 38 pieces,
543
00:28:53,667 --> 00:28:56,207
and then eventually another 19
544
00:28:56,208 --> 00:28:58,207
are either recovered or donated.
545
00:28:58,208 --> 00:29:01,416
And then utilizing the
squeeze as reference,
546
00:29:01,417 --> 00:29:05,250
he begins to painstakingly
reassemble the shattered stone.
547
00:29:08,375 --> 00:29:11,875
In 1873, it makes its
debut at the Louvre.
548
00:29:13,542 --> 00:29:15,791
It's an absolute sensation.
549
00:29:15,792 --> 00:29:18,207
People flock to
get a personal look
550
00:29:18,208 --> 00:29:22,124
at this real-world piece
of biblical history.
551
00:29:22,125 --> 00:29:25,707
And the story of how
it was discovered,
552
00:29:25,708 --> 00:29:28,707
destroyed and pieced
back together again,
553
00:29:28,708 --> 00:29:31,417
only adds to the
mystique of this relic.
554
00:29:34,667 --> 00:29:36,832
Over 2,000 miles away,
555
00:29:36,833 --> 00:29:39,666
another hidden box holds proof
556
00:29:39,667 --> 00:29:41,917
of a different kind
of worshiped figure.
557
00:29:43,875 --> 00:29:47,499
In 1827, an English soldier
558
00:29:47,500 --> 00:29:52,457
named James Lewis is posted
with the army in Agra, India.
559
00:29:52,458 --> 00:29:57,041
He fakes his own death
and deserts the army,
560
00:29:57,042 --> 00:29:59,832
a crime, by the way, which
is punishable by death.
561
00:29:59,833 --> 00:30:01,874
He then changes his
name to Charles Masson,
562
00:30:01,875 --> 00:30:04,541
and for the next few
years, goes adventuring
563
00:30:04,542 --> 00:30:06,291
and seeks fame and fortune
564
00:30:06,292 --> 00:30:09,249
in places like India
and the Middle East.
565
00:30:09,250 --> 00:30:12,332
Charles, as he's known,
is quite the character.
566
00:30:12,333 --> 00:30:16,332
During his travels he
assumes several identities.
567
00:30:16,333 --> 00:30:18,041
He poses as a monk,
568
00:30:18,042 --> 00:30:21,249
as a Frenchman, as
a haji, as a healer,
569
00:30:21,250 --> 00:30:25,833
all the while developing a
keen eye for ancient artifacts.
570
00:30:26,208 --> 00:30:31,249
In 1833, the British
East India Company hires him
571
00:30:31,250 --> 00:30:34,541
to explore and
document ancient sites
572
00:30:34,542 --> 00:30:37,416
in what's now Afghanistan.
573
00:30:37,417 --> 00:30:39,957
Charles arrives in
the Gandhara Valley,
574
00:30:39,958 --> 00:30:44,958
and he sees there a series
of ruined, domed buildings.
575
00:30:45,833 --> 00:30:47,250
And he goes in to explore them,
576
00:30:48,458 --> 00:30:52,124
he is hoping to find
some ancient coins
577
00:30:52,125 --> 00:30:53,707
that might have some value.
578
00:30:53,708 --> 00:30:58,917
But instead he finds a round
soapstone box with a lid.
579
00:31:00,208 --> 00:31:02,832
Charles opens the container,
and discovers pearls,
580
00:31:02,833 --> 00:31:07,124
and coral and sapphire
beads, all burnt.
581
00:31:07,125 --> 00:31:09,249
And at the center
of the container,
582
00:31:09,250 --> 00:31:11,666
he finds an intricate
gold cylinder,
583
00:31:11,667 --> 00:31:14,457
adorned with
carvings and rubies.
584
00:31:14,458 --> 00:31:18,332
The gold cylinder
is a reliquary, or casket,
585
00:31:18,333 --> 00:31:21,499
which would traditionally
hold sacred offerings
586
00:31:21,500 --> 00:31:25,291
and physical remains
of a holy person.
587
00:31:25,292 --> 00:31:29,207
This reliquary doesn't
contain any human remains.
588
00:31:29,208 --> 00:31:33,332
Instead it's carved with a
series of eight human figures,
589
00:31:33,333 --> 00:31:37,666
and Charles recognizes
one of them as the Buddha.
590
00:31:37,667 --> 00:31:41,374
We typically associate
Afghanistan with Islam.
591
00:31:41,375 --> 00:31:44,916
But early trade routes actually
brought Buddhism to the area
592
00:31:44,917 --> 00:31:46,957
around the fourth century BC,
593
00:31:46,958 --> 00:31:50,249
about 1,000 years before
the arrival of Islam.
594
00:31:50,250 --> 00:31:52,707
While Charles thinks
he's uncovered a treasure
595
00:31:52,708 --> 00:31:56,499
nearly 2,000 years old,
it takes another 50 years
596
00:31:56,500 --> 00:31:59,582
before the true significance
of his discovery
597
00:31:59,583 --> 00:32:01,832
is fully understood.
598
00:32:01,833 --> 00:32:03,332
In the late 19th century,
599
00:32:03,333 --> 00:32:05,916
Western scholars start to
take more of an interest
600
00:32:05,917 --> 00:32:09,082
in Buddhism and its
teachings in Gandhara.
601
00:32:09,083 --> 00:32:11,207
They soon realized that
the image of Buddha
602
00:32:11,208 --> 00:32:13,041
that Charles saw on the casket
603
00:32:13,042 --> 00:32:17,125
was the earliest depiction
of Buddha ever found.
604
00:32:18,083 --> 00:32:20,207
Today,
statues and images
605
00:32:20,208 --> 00:32:23,249
of the human figure of
the Buddha are common.
606
00:32:23,250 --> 00:32:25,874
But before the first century AD,
607
00:32:25,875 --> 00:32:29,416
the Buddha was typically
depicted with symbolic images
608
00:32:29,417 --> 00:32:33,666
like footprints, the lotus
flower, or an empty throne.
609
00:32:33,667 --> 00:32:37,249
On this reliquary, the
Buddha is clothed in a robe
610
00:32:37,250 --> 00:32:40,333
and holds up his hand
in a mudra position.
611
00:32:42,417 --> 00:32:44,832
The amazing
find becomes known
612
00:32:44,833 --> 00:32:46,624
as the Bimaran Casket,
613
00:32:46,625 --> 00:32:51,666
and it goes on display at
the British Museum in 1900.
614
00:32:51,667 --> 00:32:53,082
Yet the story behind it,
615
00:32:53,083 --> 00:32:55,166
and the man who
brought it to light,
616
00:32:55,167 --> 00:32:59,082
is almost as extraordinary
as the relic itself.
617
00:32:59,083 --> 00:33:01,041
While there's no
doubt that Charles
618
00:33:01,042 --> 00:33:04,207
was a colorful character
and a skillful liar,
619
00:33:04,208 --> 00:33:06,666
it's undeniable that
he's also responsible
620
00:33:06,667 --> 00:33:08,874
for one of the most important
Buddhist discoveries
621
00:33:08,875 --> 00:33:10,000
of all time.
622
00:33:15,292 --> 00:33:16,541
The old city of Jerusalem
623
00:33:16,542 --> 00:33:18,749
is known for its rich
religious history.
624
00:33:18,750 --> 00:33:21,207
One small stone box found there
625
00:33:21,208 --> 00:33:24,291
contains a stunning
link to the past,
626
00:33:24,292 --> 00:33:27,125
one dating back to
the time of Jesus.
627
00:33:28,417 --> 00:33:31,667
It's early 1976 in the
old city of Jerusalem.
628
00:33:32,958 --> 00:33:36,416
A 25-year-old engineer
named Oded Golan
629
00:33:36,417 --> 00:33:40,082
is looking through items
in an antiquities market,
630
00:33:40,083 --> 00:33:44,041
when his eye is drawn
to a limestone box.
631
00:33:44,042 --> 00:33:45,666
The dealer tells him
632
00:33:45,667 --> 00:33:48,082
that it comes from a nearby
neighborhood called Silwan,
633
00:33:48,083 --> 00:33:50,499
but he doesn't know
anything else about it,
634
00:33:50,500 --> 00:33:54,041
other than the fact that it
is an ossuary, or a bone box.
635
00:33:56,708 --> 00:34:00,582
Ossuaries were very common
in the first century AD.
636
00:34:00,583 --> 00:34:03,291
People would be buried
for about a year,
637
00:34:03,292 --> 00:34:05,166
and then their bodies
would be exhumed
638
00:34:05,167 --> 00:34:08,499
and their bones would be
placed in a limestone box.
639
00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:11,041
It was a way of dealing
with space issues,
640
00:34:11,042 --> 00:34:13,374
if you didn't have
enough room for burials.
641
00:34:13,375 --> 00:34:15,999
They were often
elaborately decorated,
642
00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:18,041
sometimes the name of the person
643
00:34:18,042 --> 00:34:20,791
or a phrase was
inscribed on the side.
644
00:34:20,792 --> 00:34:24,041
The box that
Golan discovers
645
00:34:24,042 --> 00:34:25,541
is relatively
unremarkable,
646
00:34:25,542 --> 00:34:27,666
but on the front of it
there is some script
647
00:34:27,667 --> 00:34:29,957
in a language that
he doesn't recognize.
648
00:34:29,958 --> 00:34:31,541
He likes collecting antiques,
649
00:34:31,542 --> 00:34:33,207
the dealer isn't
asking very much,
650
00:34:33,208 --> 00:34:35,541
so he buys the
box for about $200
651
00:34:35,542 --> 00:34:38,499
and puts it on a shelf
in his parent's house.
652
00:34:38,500 --> 00:34:42,374
The box sits
untouched for 26 years.
653
00:34:42,375 --> 00:34:47,333
Then in 2001, Golan meets
an ancient language expert
654
00:34:48,375 --> 00:34:50,374
named Andre Lemaire
at a dinner party
655
00:34:50,375 --> 00:34:54,500
and asks for help deciphering
the inscription on the box.
656
00:34:55,292 --> 00:34:57,041
Lemaire is amazed.
657
00:34:57,042 --> 00:35:01,166
It's written in Aramaic,
and it says on it,
658
00:35:01,167 --> 00:35:05,707
"James, son of Joseph,
brother of Jesus."
659
00:35:08,375 --> 00:35:12,166
Names like Jesus and Joseph
were common at the time,
660
00:35:12,167 --> 00:35:13,832
as was James.
661
00:35:13,833 --> 00:35:16,874
On the other hand, ossuaries
don't normally list the names
662
00:35:16,875 --> 00:35:18,457
of siblings of the deceased,
663
00:35:18,458 --> 00:35:20,832
so it may be that this Jesus
664
00:35:20,833 --> 00:35:22,582
had to have been
pretty important
665
00:35:22,583 --> 00:35:25,624
to be name checked on
his brother's bone box.
666
00:35:25,625 --> 00:35:27,707
That name-drop
raises eyebrows,
667
00:35:27,708 --> 00:35:32,166
along with questions
about Jesus's family ties.
668
00:35:32,167 --> 00:35:33,499
In the Bible,
669
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:36,457
we do know there was a
figure named James the Just,
670
00:35:36,458 --> 00:35:38,749
who was said to
be Jesus's brother
671
00:35:38,750 --> 00:35:41,374
and he was a leader
after Jesus's death,
672
00:35:41,375 --> 00:35:44,541
of the first generation
of Jesus's followers.
673
00:35:44,542 --> 00:35:47,707
We also know James
the Just was martyred,
674
00:35:47,708 --> 00:35:51,791
he was stoned to death very
violently around the year 62 AD.
675
00:35:51,792 --> 00:35:55,457
If authentic, this
would make the James ossuary
676
00:35:55,458 --> 00:35:57,499
the earliest written reference
677
00:35:57,500 --> 00:35:59,916
and very first physical
piece of evidence
678
00:35:59,917 --> 00:36:03,917
connected to Jesus ever
found in Jerusalem.
679
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:08,374
Golan allows Lemaire
to borrow the box
680
00:36:08,375 --> 00:36:10,249
to check its authenticity.
681
00:36:10,250 --> 00:36:13,541
Lemaire first examines
the style of the script,
682
00:36:13,542 --> 00:36:17,707
which he dates to
around 60 or 70 AD.
683
00:36:17,708 --> 00:36:20,457
This just happens to
correlate historically
684
00:36:20,458 --> 00:36:22,708
with when James actually died.
685
00:36:23,792 --> 00:36:26,916
Then he takes bits
of limestone flecks
686
00:36:26,917 --> 00:36:28,457
from the surface of the box,
687
00:36:28,458 --> 00:36:32,041
and he has them sent away to
the geological survey of Israel
688
00:36:32,042 --> 00:36:33,333
in order to get tested.
689
00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:37,832
They determine that the script
690
00:36:37,833 --> 00:36:40,749
could not have been
carved with modern tools,
691
00:36:40,750 --> 00:36:44,541
and they also say that the
aged patina of the stone
692
00:36:44,542 --> 00:36:46,332
could not have been forged.
693
00:36:46,333 --> 00:36:47,957
Lemaire publishes his findings
694
00:36:47,958 --> 00:36:49,541
and then begins a press tour
695
00:36:49,542 --> 00:36:52,250
to publicize this
amazing discovery.
696
00:36:53,250 --> 00:36:54,416
Even with
all the evidence,
697
00:36:54,417 --> 00:36:56,166
there's no definitive proof
698
00:36:56,167 --> 00:36:58,707
of whose remains
the box once held,
699
00:36:58,708 --> 00:37:01,249
leading the Israel
Antiquities Authority
700
00:37:01,250 --> 00:37:04,333
and others to question
its authenticity.
701
00:37:05,917 --> 00:37:09,832
Today, Golan loans it
to museums around the world,
702
00:37:09,833 --> 00:37:11,874
where visitors can
get an up-close look
703
00:37:11,875 --> 00:37:16,333
at what might be an
artifact of Jesus's life.
704
00:37:21,833 --> 00:37:23,499
They say history can
be stranger than fiction,
705
00:37:23,500 --> 00:37:25,082
which is the case
706
00:37:25,083 --> 00:37:28,875
with what one young fisherman
pulls from the sea in 2013.
707
00:37:30,167 --> 00:37:33,582
August 16th, 2013.
708
00:37:33,583 --> 00:37:36,457
A young Palestinian
fisherman named Judah Ghurab
709
00:37:36,458 --> 00:37:38,249
takes his small boat
out into the waters
710
00:37:38,250 --> 00:37:39,416
off the coast of Gaza.
711
00:37:39,417 --> 00:37:41,500
He's looking in the
shallow waters for fish.
712
00:37:43,125 --> 00:37:44,875
As he's looking
down from his boat,
713
00:37:46,208 --> 00:37:50,792
he sees a dark figure
maybe 15 feet down.
714
00:37:52,417 --> 00:37:56,957
It looks like a man, so
he's startled at first,
715
00:37:56,958 --> 00:38:00,416
but then curiosity
gets the better of him
716
00:38:00,417 --> 00:38:03,874
and he jumps out of his
boat and dives down,
717
00:38:03,875 --> 00:38:08,124
and what he finds is there's
a large statue down there,
718
00:38:10,917 --> 00:38:12,542
half buried in the sand.
719
00:38:13,958 --> 00:38:17,749
It's dark metal with
hints of green and gold
720
00:38:17,750 --> 00:38:20,833
and Judah wonders if he's
found something valuable.
721
00:38:22,042 --> 00:38:24,292
But it's too heavy for
him to lift by himself.
722
00:38:25,917 --> 00:38:27,832
Judah heads back to land,
723
00:38:27,833 --> 00:38:30,792
gathers up some friends and
family and they head back out
724
00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:34,291
and they try to bring
the statue to the surface
725
00:38:34,292 --> 00:38:36,667
by tying around
it a clothesline.
726
00:38:37,875 --> 00:38:39,749
For four arduous hours,
727
00:38:39,750 --> 00:38:43,207
they take turns diving
down to the bottom,
728
00:38:43,208 --> 00:38:44,708
yanking on the clothesline,
729
00:38:45,917 --> 00:38:49,207
dragging the statue
across the seafloor
730
00:38:49,208 --> 00:38:51,333
until they finally
reach the shore.
731
00:38:53,375 --> 00:38:57,416
They're able to heave the
statue onto a donkey cart,
732
00:38:57,417 --> 00:39:00,749
and take it to Judah's
house for closer inspection.
733
00:39:00,750 --> 00:39:04,541
The statue is a
six-foot-tall naked man,
734
00:39:04,542 --> 00:39:07,124
with dark curly hair.
735
00:39:07,125 --> 00:39:11,333
Judah thinks it's made of gold
and that he's hit pay dirt.
736
00:39:13,292 --> 00:39:14,707
And then about a month later,
737
00:39:14,708 --> 00:39:17,875
the statue makes a surprise
appearance on eBay.
738
00:39:19,208 --> 00:39:23,124
It includes a few
blurry photos of the statue
739
00:39:23,125 --> 00:39:28,083
laying on a bed in a child's
bedroom, with smurf sheets.
740
00:39:28,208 --> 00:39:32,207
Even by eBay standards,
this is a strange listing.
741
00:39:32,208 --> 00:39:36,291
Bidding opens at
a mere $500,000.
742
00:39:36,292 --> 00:39:39,457
The post and asking
price gets the attention
743
00:39:39,458 --> 00:39:42,624
of Gaza archaeologist
Fadel Al-Utol,
744
00:39:42,625 --> 00:39:44,541
who identifies the statue
745
00:39:44,542 --> 00:39:47,207
as an incredibly
well-preserved bronze
746
00:39:47,208 --> 00:39:49,917
of the Greco-Roman god, Apollo.
747
00:39:51,208 --> 00:39:54,582
One of the 12 Olympians,
Apollo is a son of Zeus,
748
00:39:54,583 --> 00:39:59,207
and he's the god of archery,
music, truth and healing.
749
00:39:59,208 --> 00:40:02,166
He's also considered to be one
of the most beautiful gods,
750
00:40:02,167 --> 00:40:05,291
and this statue
does him justice.
751
00:40:05,292 --> 00:40:07,416
Al-Utol is amazed
752
00:40:07,417 --> 00:40:10,916
by how beautifully well
preserved this statue is.
753
00:40:10,917 --> 00:40:14,707
He estimates it weighs
more than half a ton.
754
00:40:14,708 --> 00:40:18,541
Given its purported
size, condition and rarity,
755
00:40:18,542 --> 00:40:20,707
this Apollo of Gaza
756
00:40:20,708 --> 00:40:24,417
could fetch anywhere between
$20 and $45 million dollars.
757
00:40:25,542 --> 00:40:27,957
Unfortunately,
before Al-Utol
758
00:40:27,958 --> 00:40:30,416
can examine the
statue in person,
759
00:40:30,417 --> 00:40:32,874
the Gaza authorities swoop in.
760
00:40:32,875 --> 00:40:36,042
Immediately, police arrive
to the statue's location
761
00:40:37,458 --> 00:40:38,542
and haul it away.
762
00:40:40,042 --> 00:40:45,082
Soon after in 2023,
war breaks out in the region,
763
00:40:45,083 --> 00:40:49,667
and news about the Apollo
statue all but disappears.
764
00:40:50,875 --> 00:40:53,374
Whatever the fate of
this particular statue,
765
00:40:53,375 --> 00:40:57,207
there is still the hope of
other very similar discoveries,
766
00:40:57,208 --> 00:40:59,791
because we know that this statue
767
00:40:59,792 --> 00:41:02,041
was actually made from a cast.
768
00:41:02,042 --> 00:41:03,541
And so maybe there
were other copies
769
00:41:03,542 --> 00:41:05,874
that were made at the same time.
770
00:41:05,875 --> 00:41:07,624
Maybe they're still out there,
771
00:41:07,625 --> 00:41:10,374
whether under the
water or on land,
772
00:41:10,375 --> 00:41:11,875
just waiting to be discovered.
773
00:41:15,083 --> 00:41:19,124
A long lost papal palace,
a statue of a Greek god,
774
00:41:19,125 --> 00:41:21,207
fragments of a priceless text,
775
00:41:21,208 --> 00:41:24,374
these are just some of
the divine discoveries
776
00:41:24,375 --> 00:41:27,916
that give us new
insight into the past.
777
00:41:27,917 --> 00:41:32,167
I'm Danny Trejo, thanks for
watching Mysteries Unearthed.
64863
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