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00:00:02,266 --> 00:00:05,766
♪
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00:00:09,200 --> 00:00:12,366
(cars rushing past)
3
00:00:17,900 --> 00:00:21,566
MARK BLOOM:
We had to be at the Cape
real early.
4
00:00:21,566 --> 00:00:25,066
And got in the car,
start heading out for the Cape.
5
00:00:25,066 --> 00:00:26,866
Huge crowds!
6
00:00:26,866 --> 00:00:29,166
The roads--
you couldn't get through.
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00:00:29,166 --> 00:00:30,400
And I began to think,
8
00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:33,166
"I'm not even going to get there
in time."
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00:00:33,166 --> 00:00:34,600
WALTER CRONKITE:
The goal is the moon,
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00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:37,033
perhaps man's oldest dream.
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00:00:37,033 --> 00:00:41,600
If all goes well, some 112 hours
and 50 minutes after liftoff,
12
00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:44,366
Neil Armstrong will step
on the lunar surface.
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00:00:44,366 --> 00:00:49,133
It shows what this,
the richest nation in history,
14
00:00:49,133 --> 00:00:51,900
can do
when it puts its mind to it.
15
00:00:51,900 --> 00:00:57,433
♪
16
00:00:57,433 --> 00:01:00,800
JOHN LOGSDON:
My very first launch was
Apollo 11.
17
00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:03,033
(applause)
18
00:01:03,033 --> 00:01:05,733
I had a press pass,
and so I was there
19
00:01:05,733 --> 00:01:08,133
and had access.
20
00:01:08,133 --> 00:01:11,000
I went up 3:00 or 4:00
in the morning,
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00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:12,733
stood by
the operations building,
22
00:01:12,733 --> 00:01:15,633
and watched these three guys
walk by me
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00:01:15,633 --> 00:01:18,066
on the way to the moon.
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00:01:18,066 --> 00:01:20,333
That's like seeing Columbus
sail out of port.
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00:01:20,333 --> 00:01:22,600
♪
26
00:01:24,600 --> 00:01:27,566
FRANK MCGEE:
We all realize
that this is the beginning
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00:01:27,566 --> 00:01:29,166
of the most audacious
undertaking
28
00:01:29,166 --> 00:01:30,466
that man has ever attempted.
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00:01:30,466 --> 00:01:33,500
♪
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00:01:33,500 --> 00:01:37,800
BLOOM:
Historically,
man going to the moon--
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that was an amazing thing.
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00:01:42,100 --> 00:01:48,000
The question was whether this
would represent a cosmic quest
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00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:51,333
that mankind is going to pursue
as a destiny.
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00:01:51,333 --> 00:01:55,433
♪
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00:01:57,700 --> 00:02:01,300
♪
36
00:02:01,300 --> 00:02:06,466
ARMSTRONG:
That's one small step for a man.
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00:02:06,466 --> 00:02:10,666
One giant leap for mankind.
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♪
39
00:02:33,500 --> 00:02:37,966
♪
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00:02:57,100 --> 00:03:00,733
♪
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
41
00:03:30,733 --> 00:03:32,900
(helicopter rotors droning)
42
00:03:42,933 --> 00:03:46,933
("Wait" by M83 playing)
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00:03:56,466 --> 00:03:59,666
(talking in background,
applauding)
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00:03:59,666 --> 00:04:06,500
RALPH ABERNATHY:
We may go on from this day
to Mars and to Jupiter,
45
00:04:06,500 --> 00:04:10,200
and even to the heavens beyond,
46
00:04:10,200 --> 00:04:15,600
but as long as racism,
poverty,
47
00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:17,866
hunger, and war
48
00:04:17,866 --> 00:04:21,166
prevail on the Earth,
49
00:04:21,166 --> 00:04:25,900
we as a civilized nation
have failed.
50
00:04:25,900 --> 00:04:29,033
("Wait" continues)
51
00:04:29,033 --> 00:04:30,200
HEYWOOD BROUN:
Some of us think
52
00:04:30,200 --> 00:04:32,733
that the tremendous interest
in space travel
53
00:04:32,733 --> 00:04:33,700
is, in a sense,
54
00:04:33,700 --> 00:04:36,666
a search for another Eden--
55
00:04:36,666 --> 00:04:38,966
that man has a kind of guilt
56
00:04:38,966 --> 00:04:41,233
about the world
in which he lives
57
00:04:41,233 --> 00:04:44,400
and that he has despoiled
the place where he is,
58
00:04:44,400 --> 00:04:48,000
and that perhaps he ought,
now in his maturity,
59
00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:50,833
to set out to find
another place,
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00:04:50,833 --> 00:04:53,700
a place which man could go to,
61
00:04:53,700 --> 00:04:56,633
leaving behind the rusty cage
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00:04:56,633 --> 00:05:01,400
in which his own mistakes
have held him.
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00:05:01,400 --> 00:05:04,533
("Wait" continues)
64
00:05:16,333 --> 00:05:20,033
JACK KING:
Four minutes and counting,
we are a go for Apollo 11.
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00:05:20,033 --> 00:05:21,166
Firing command coming in now,
66
00:05:21,166 --> 00:05:24,733
we are
on the automatic sequence.
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00:05:24,733 --> 00:05:28,200
THEO KAMECKE:
I was standing near
the giant windows
68
00:05:28,200 --> 00:05:30,166
in the launch control center
69
00:05:30,166 --> 00:05:32,500
right alongside
Wernher von Braun
70
00:05:32,500 --> 00:05:35,266
and the other people
who were responsible for it.
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00:05:35,266 --> 00:05:39,866
KING:
Ten, nine,
ignition sequence start,
72
00:05:39,866 --> 00:05:46,600
six, five, four, three,
two, one, zero.
73
00:05:46,600 --> 00:05:48,566
(engines roaring)
74
00:05:48,566 --> 00:05:51,000
Liftoff, we have a liftoff...
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KAMECKE:
I was thinking,
"What a wonderful animal we are,
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
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00:06:04,133 --> 00:06:07,033
KAMECKE:
I was thinking,
"What a wonderful animal we are,
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00:06:07,033 --> 00:06:12,066
"and get ourselves off
this planet that we were born on
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00:06:12,066 --> 00:06:14,766
and off to another world."
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♪ No time
80
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♪
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00:06:23,800 --> 00:06:24,900
MISSION CONTROL (on radio):
Apollo 11, Houston,
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you're good at one minute.
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♪ No time
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POPPY NORTHCUTT:
One of the joys
85
00:06:30,333 --> 00:06:32,466
about the space program--
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00:06:32,466 --> 00:06:34,533
everybody felt
they had a piece of it,
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and they did.
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MISSION CONTROL:
Velocity 2,195 feet per second.
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00:06:40,566 --> 00:06:43,500
♪ No time
90
00:06:47,966 --> 00:06:53,466
♪
91
00:06:53,466 --> 00:06:56,066
♪ No time
92
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MISSION CONTROL:
We're through the region
of maximum dynamic pressure now.
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♪
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00:07:04,066 --> 00:07:07,033
ERIC SEVAREID:
This is just the beginning,
perhaps,
95
00:07:07,033 --> 00:07:09,800
of a new stage in the evolution
of the species--
96
00:07:09,800 --> 00:07:10,966
something comparable
97
00:07:10,966 --> 00:07:13,200
to the crawling
of the first amphibian creature
98
00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:15,866
out of the primeval swamp
onto dry land.
99
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♪
100
00:07:21,066 --> 00:07:24,500
♪ Oh
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00:07:24,500 --> 00:07:26,666
♪
102
00:07:34,366 --> 00:07:37,100
♪ Oh
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DAVID BRINKLEY:
The astronauts are talking
to the ground
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00:07:39,366 --> 00:07:41,600
and reporting on the facts
and figures of the flight,
105
00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:43,666
and somebody here a minute ago
was saying
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00:07:43,666 --> 00:07:46,633
they are as matter-of-fact
and unexcited and calm
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00:07:46,633 --> 00:07:48,766
as if they were taxicab drivers
reporting in
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00:07:48,766 --> 00:07:51,400
and saying,
"We're on Maple Street
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headed for downtown."
110
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(device beeping,
"Wait" continues)
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MISSION CONTROL:
What's your staging status?
112
00:08:02,466 --> 00:08:04,333
LAUNCH CONTROL:
Houston, you are go
for staging.
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00:08:04,333 --> 00:08:05,833
(device beeps)
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00:08:05,833 --> 00:08:12,900
("Wait" continues)
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♪ Oh
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KING:
The circumstances were such that
we had the nation behind us,
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everybody was sitting
on the edge of their seat,
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and the awe
of the first time we did it--
119
00:08:26,166 --> 00:08:27,966
something you never forget.
120
00:08:27,966 --> 00:08:32,300
("Wait" continues)
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00:08:32,300 --> 00:08:34,533
MISSION CONTROL:
Standing by for the
outboard engine...
122
00:08:39,866 --> 00:08:41,900
("Wait" ends)
123
00:08:47,933 --> 00:08:49,133
(beeping)
124
00:08:49,133 --> 00:08:50,300
Until two days ago,
125
00:08:50,300 --> 00:08:53,100
that sound had never been heard
on this Earth.
126
00:08:53,100 --> 00:08:56,033
Suddenly it has become as much
a part of 20th-century life
127
00:08:56,033 --> 00:08:58,400
as the whir
of your vacuum cleaner.
128
00:08:58,400 --> 00:09:00,900
It's a report
from man's farthest frontier,
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00:09:00,900 --> 00:09:04,566
the radio signal transmitted
by the Soviet Sputnik,
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
130
00:09:04,566 --> 00:09:05,900
the radio signal transmitted
by the Soviet Sputnik,
131
00:09:05,900 --> 00:09:08,166
as it passed over New York
earlier today.
132
00:09:08,166 --> 00:09:11,000
Right now, it's over Auckland,
New Zealand.
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00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:12,766
According the latest
Soviet announcement,
134
00:09:12,766 --> 00:09:15,066
the satellite is still
maintaining its speed
135
00:09:15,066 --> 00:09:17,166
of 18,000 miles an hour,
136
00:09:17,166 --> 00:09:20,733
meeting no resistance
560 miles out in space.
137
00:09:20,733 --> 00:09:23,500
The Russians say it'll be joined
by another very shortly,
138
00:09:23,500 --> 00:09:25,766
and there will be advance notice
this time.
139
00:09:25,766 --> 00:09:28,966
What the Sputnik signal means
we still don't know.
140
00:09:28,966 --> 00:09:31,466
The Russians haven't said
anything about that.
141
00:09:31,466 --> 00:09:34,900
Our own experts haven't found
any coded information in it.
142
00:09:34,900 --> 00:09:37,633
The sound may be no more
than a means of identification,
143
00:09:37,633 --> 00:09:41,333
a way to keep track of the
beach-ball-sized metal sphere
144
00:09:41,333 --> 00:09:44,300
as it hurtles around the world
16 times every day,
145
00:09:44,300 --> 00:09:47,900
a dozen times faster
than any man has ever flown.
146
00:09:47,900 --> 00:09:51,400
♪
147
00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:54,566
ED BUCKBEE:
The night that Sputnik
was launched,
148
00:09:54,566 --> 00:09:57,200
I was on the newspaper desk,
149
00:09:57,200 --> 00:10:00,500
and lo and behold,
the flash came across,
150
00:10:00,500 --> 00:10:03,966
"Russia has launched Sputnik."
151
00:10:03,966 --> 00:10:06,800
And we couldn't figure out
the spelling of Sputnik,
152
00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:08,900
we couldn't figure out
what Sputnik meant.
153
00:10:08,900 --> 00:10:13,133
That was the first indication
that I had
154
00:10:13,133 --> 00:10:16,400
that there was some
serious stuff going on in space.
155
00:10:16,400 --> 00:10:19,733
JOHN GLENN:
Uh, this is really quite
an advancement
156
00:10:19,733 --> 00:10:22,433
for not only the Russians,
but for international science.
157
00:10:22,433 --> 00:10:24,133
I think we all agree on that.
158
00:10:24,133 --> 00:10:25,700
It's the first time
anybody has ever been able
159
00:10:25,700 --> 00:10:28,033
to get anything out
that far in space
160
00:10:28,033 --> 00:10:30,300
and keep it there
for any length of time.
161
00:10:30,300 --> 00:10:32,066
Do you admire the Russians
for doing it,
162
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or no?
No, definitely not.
163
00:10:33,800 --> 00:10:35,566
I think we should have been
the first ones to have it,
164
00:10:35,566 --> 00:10:36,833
if there is such a thing.
165
00:10:36,833 --> 00:10:38,800
It gets the American people
alarmed
166
00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:39,866
that a foreign country,
167
00:10:39,866 --> 00:10:42,866
especially an enemy country,
can do this.
168
00:10:42,866 --> 00:10:45,433
It... we fear this.
169
00:10:45,433 --> 00:10:46,933
We fear
that they have something out
170
00:10:46,933 --> 00:10:49,866
that majority of the people
don't know about.
171
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BUCKBEE:
I thought, "We must be at war."
172
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ROGER LAUNIUS:
It's hard to appreciate
173
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how truly desperate
this rivalry was,
174
00:11:00,233 --> 00:11:03,766
with competing economic
and political systems,
175
00:11:03,766 --> 00:11:07,400
each out to destroy the other.
176
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Let's not fool ourselves,
177
00:11:09,300 --> 00:11:14,933
this may be our last chance
to provide the means
178
00:11:14,933 --> 00:11:18,766
of saving Western civilization
from annihilation.
179
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LAUNIUS:
This was not an attack
on the United States.
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00:11:22,733 --> 00:11:25,466
This was a scientific satellite
launched into orbit.
181
00:11:25,466 --> 00:11:29,300
But it does suggest that
the Soviet Union has a rocket
182
00:11:29,300 --> 00:11:31,866
that is powerful enough
to send a nuclear weapon
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to the United States.
184
00:11:35,500 --> 00:11:37,733
(siren blaring)
185
00:11:37,733 --> 00:11:40,066
I mean, we honestly believed
186
00:11:40,066 --> 00:11:43,466
that we could be annihilated
with nuclear weapons
187
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at any time.
188
00:11:45,433 --> 00:11:49,700
When I was in elementary school,
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we would have
duck-and-cover exercises
190
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and crawl under our desks
191
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like that would protect us
from a nuclear blast.
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♪
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(explosion roars)
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
194
00:12:04,166 --> 00:12:07,533
Well, I think the Russians are
ahead of us in some respects,
195
00:12:07,533 --> 00:12:11,233
and I think their achievements
are rather remarkable,
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00:12:11,233 --> 00:12:14,566
but there, there's no reason
for panic,
197
00:12:14,566 --> 00:12:18,300
because there's never
any solution in panic.
198
00:12:18,300 --> 00:12:23,166
Progress is going to result only
from bold decisions
199
00:12:23,166 --> 00:12:26,000
that are made by cool heads.
200
00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:28,033
(bell tolling)
201
00:12:28,033 --> 00:12:31,766
♪
202
00:12:35,966 --> 00:12:37,733
SERGEI KHRUSHCHEV:
Before the launch,
203
00:12:37,733 --> 00:12:41,000
my father did not show
too big interest to the Sputnik.
204
00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:46,900
But next day, when my father
realized American reaction,
205
00:12:46,900 --> 00:12:50,066
the shock and the fear,
206
00:12:50,066 --> 00:12:52,666
next day, it was all headlines
in the Soviet newspapers:
207
00:12:52,666 --> 00:12:54,700
"We Are the First!"
208
00:12:54,700 --> 00:12:56,966
Yes, we were surprised,
209
00:12:56,966 --> 00:13:00,333
the same like
everybody was surprised.
210
00:13:00,333 --> 00:13:02,600
And all the Soviet people want
to show America
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00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:06,233
that we are ahead of them,
not only me or my father.
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00:13:06,233 --> 00:13:08,000
♪
213
00:13:10,066 --> 00:13:12,633
Good afternoon.
214
00:13:12,633 --> 00:13:16,666
A dog knocked a goat right out
of the world's attention today.
215
00:13:16,666 --> 00:13:19,233
In a masterpiece
of propaganda timing,
216
00:13:19,233 --> 00:13:20,633
the Soviet Union announced
217
00:13:20,633 --> 00:13:22,533
it had launched
Sputnik Number Two,
218
00:13:22,533 --> 00:13:23,966
carrying a live dog.
219
00:13:23,966 --> 00:13:27,166
Confirmed now
by Anglo-American scientists,
220
00:13:27,166 --> 00:13:30,033
the rocket that launched
Sputnik Number Two
221
00:13:30,033 --> 00:13:31,366
is capable of carrying
222
00:13:31,366 --> 00:13:33,333
a ton-and-a-half
hydrogen bomb warhead
223
00:13:33,333 --> 00:13:36,333
more than 5,000 miles
to a target.
224
00:13:36,333 --> 00:13:39,066
KHRUSHCHEV:
So it was second satellite
225
00:13:39,066 --> 00:13:43,366
that would launch
with the dog in orbit.
226
00:13:43,366 --> 00:13:48,533
We wanted to see
what will be the conditions
227
00:13:48,533 --> 00:13:50,933
of the first man in space.
228
00:13:50,933 --> 00:13:55,466
Mentally, will he be stable?
229
00:13:55,466 --> 00:13:58,533
But what was inside
the dog's head,
230
00:13:58,533 --> 00:14:02,566
we don't know.
231
00:14:02,566 --> 00:14:04,166
And now,
the Russians are talking
232
00:14:04,166 --> 00:14:06,733
about shooting up something
that will hit the moon
233
00:14:06,733 --> 00:14:09,300
and possibly even make
some kind of mark on it,
234
00:14:09,300 --> 00:14:10,966
visible from the Earth,
235
00:14:10,966 --> 00:14:12,933
the kind of thing
that a month ago
236
00:14:12,933 --> 00:14:14,266
would have sounded like a joke.
237
00:14:14,266 --> 00:14:17,633
But in Washington now, anyone
who cares to laugh at this
238
00:14:17,633 --> 00:14:20,300
does so at his own risk.
239
00:14:20,300 --> 00:14:24,633
♪
240
00:14:24,633 --> 00:14:26,366
JOHNSON:
It took the Soviets four years
241
00:14:26,366 --> 00:14:29,933
to catch up
with the atomic bomb.
242
00:14:29,933 --> 00:14:31,700
It took the Soviets nine months
243
00:14:31,700 --> 00:14:34,666
to catch up
with the hydrogen bomb.
244
00:14:34,666 --> 00:14:38,466
And now the Communists have
established a foothold
245
00:14:38,466 --> 00:14:40,100
in outer space.
246
00:14:40,100 --> 00:14:45,200
♪
247
00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:48,400
It is not very reassuring
to be told
248
00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:53,033
that next year, we will put
a better satellite into the air.
249
00:14:53,033 --> 00:14:55,466
Perhaps it will even have
chrome trim
250
00:14:55,466 --> 00:14:58,933
and automatic windshield wipers.
251
00:15:01,300 --> 00:15:07,133
LAUNIUS:
The Sputnik event sparked
a political response,
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252
00:15:07,133 --> 00:15:09,466
LAUNIUS:
The Sputnik event sparked
a political response,
253
00:15:09,466 --> 00:15:11,533
was the senior person
in the U.S. Senate,
254
00:15:11,533 --> 00:15:16,033
took the lead in making this
a national security issue.
255
00:15:18,300 --> 00:15:20,466
I'm convinced that
the Russian concept,
256
00:15:20,466 --> 00:15:23,266
that's, as demonstrated
by Sputnik Number Two
257
00:15:23,266 --> 00:15:27,300
carrying this animal,
is very clear.
258
00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:31,400
They consider the control
of space around the Earth
259
00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:33,466
very much like, shall we say,
the great maritime powers
260
00:15:33,466 --> 00:15:34,833
considered the control
of the seas
261
00:15:34,833 --> 00:15:39,566
in the 16th
through the 18th century.
262
00:15:39,566 --> 00:15:41,166
And they say if we want
to control this planet,
263
00:15:41,166 --> 00:15:42,866
we have to control the space
around it.
264
00:15:42,866 --> 00:15:44,000
(zaps)
265
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,533
♪
266
00:15:47,533 --> 00:15:50,966
(device making blooping noise)
267
00:15:50,966 --> 00:15:53,066
(beeping)
268
00:15:53,066 --> 00:15:57,300
(blooping continues)
269
00:15:57,300 --> 00:15:59,733
LAUNIUS:
Wernher von Braun was
certainly motivated
270
00:15:59,733 --> 00:16:02,733
by this desire to explore
the heavens,
271
00:16:02,733 --> 00:16:03,966
no question about that.
272
00:16:03,966 --> 00:16:06,166
But he spent the bulk
of his life
273
00:16:06,166 --> 00:16:08,866
building ballistic missiles--
weapons of war--
274
00:16:08,866 --> 00:16:13,466
rather than vehicles
of exploration.
275
00:16:13,466 --> 00:16:16,266
VON BRAUN:
So as the target finally comes
in view--
276
00:16:16,266 --> 00:16:17,666
see, this is a target--
277
00:16:17,666 --> 00:16:19,533
the space station will still be
overhead,
278
00:16:19,533 --> 00:16:21,266
and the missile will be here.
279
00:16:21,266 --> 00:16:24,000
So as long as you see the object
280
00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:26,033
and can keep track
of your missile
281
00:16:26,033 --> 00:16:28,833
by means of a radar beacon,
you can shoot at it,
282
00:16:28,833 --> 00:16:31,033
even if you don't know
the exact location
283
00:16:31,033 --> 00:16:33,500
and even if
it's a moving target.
284
00:16:33,500 --> 00:16:36,500
LOGSDON:
Von Braun, to the public,
was a very charismatic figure,
285
00:16:36,500 --> 00:16:39,300
very well-known.
286
00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:42,800
He had proposed to launch
a small satellite.
287
00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:45,666
He pushed, saying,
"I could do it.
288
00:16:45,666 --> 00:16:47,400
Let me do it before Sputnik."
289
00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:49,133
And the answer came back,
"No,
290
00:16:49,133 --> 00:16:53,266
"we don't want you to be
the front person
291
00:16:53,266 --> 00:16:56,166
in the first U.S. space launch,"
292
00:16:56,166 --> 00:16:59,166
because von Braun was making
weapons.
293
00:16:59,166 --> 00:17:03,033
♪
294
00:17:04,800 --> 00:17:07,966
President Eisenhower decided
it was the Navy
295
00:17:07,966 --> 00:17:09,866
and its Vanguard project
that was going to be
296
00:17:09,866 --> 00:17:12,733
the first U.S. attempt to launch
a satellite,
297
00:17:12,733 --> 00:17:14,900
and, "We're not going to change
our mind
298
00:17:14,900 --> 00:17:18,466
just to beat the Soviets
into space."
299
00:17:18,466 --> 00:17:21,066
This is
a third-stage rocket motor
300
00:17:21,066 --> 00:17:25,333
that fits into the nose cone
of the entire Vanguard vehicle.
301
00:17:25,333 --> 00:17:28,800
When this motor reaches
orbital altitude,
302
00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:30,533
the nose cone separates,
303
00:17:30,533 --> 00:17:34,700
and the antennae
fall into place.
304
00:17:34,700 --> 00:17:36,066
I'm very pleased
305
00:17:36,066 --> 00:17:39,066
to be associated
with the Vanguard project,
306
00:17:39,066 --> 00:17:41,100
and all of us here
at Grand Central
307
00:17:41,100 --> 00:17:44,033
are looking forward
with a great deal of enthusiasm
308
00:17:44,033 --> 00:17:48,900
and anticipation
to the firing of the satellite.
309
00:17:48,900 --> 00:17:52,833
This is Charles von Fremd
reporting from Cape Canaveral.
310
00:17:52,833 --> 00:17:55,033
Reporters and photographers have
gathered here
311
00:17:55,033 --> 00:17:56,866
throughout the night
and early morning.
312
00:17:56,866 --> 00:17:58,866
Now it is almost noon.
313
00:17:58,866 --> 00:18:01,866
We expect
the Project Vanguard missile
314
00:18:01,866 --> 00:18:04,266
carrying the first
United States Earth satellite
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315
00:18:04,266 --> 00:18:05,733
carrying the first
United States Earth satellite
316
00:18:05,733 --> 00:18:09,100
(alarm blaring)
317
00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:11,833
(radio squawking)
318
00:18:11,833 --> 00:18:15,000
RALPH RENICK:
It hasn't left the ground yet.
319
00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:21,100
MAN:
Seven, six, five, four,
three, two, one.
320
00:18:21,100 --> 00:18:22,800
(engines roaring)
321
00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:24,033
And there she goes,
322
00:18:24,033 --> 00:18:26,366
the Vanguard missile
is in the air.
323
00:18:26,366 --> 00:18:29,033
We see a tremendous cloud
of flames.
324
00:18:29,033 --> 00:18:34,533
(explosions roaring)
325
00:18:34,533 --> 00:18:36,100
I don't see it.
326
00:18:36,100 --> 00:18:38,133
I think the launching has been
unsuccessful.
327
00:18:38,133 --> 00:18:40,833
There's no trace of the missile
in the sky.
328
00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:47,766
(fire crackling,
explosions popping)
329
00:18:53,033 --> 00:18:56,833
RENICK:
Well, you have just witnessed
330
00:18:56,833 --> 00:19:02,333
what will undoubtedly be
a severe propaganda defeat
331
00:19:02,333 --> 00:19:04,933
for this country,
332
00:19:04,933 --> 00:19:10,900
$110 million having been spent
on the project so far.
333
00:19:16,466 --> 00:19:18,733
I don't view this situation
334
00:19:18,733 --> 00:19:22,333
as one in which we should get
emotionally aroused
335
00:19:22,333 --> 00:19:24,200
to a fever pitch.
336
00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:26,666
I think we are embarked
on an orderly,
337
00:19:26,666 --> 00:19:31,366
well-thought-out program,
which is producing results
338
00:19:31,366 --> 00:19:33,700
in the defense
of the United States.
339
00:19:33,700 --> 00:19:35,766
We are not looking
for headlines.
340
00:19:35,766 --> 00:19:42,100
We have not been trying to get
in first on headline situations.
341
00:19:42,100 --> 00:19:44,666
♪
342
00:19:52,566 --> 00:19:55,166
BUCKBEE:
My job was public relations.
343
00:19:55,166 --> 00:19:57,966
I graduated
with a journalism degree
344
00:19:57,966 --> 00:20:01,266
and a commission
in the United States Army.
345
00:20:01,266 --> 00:20:02,733
And guess where they sent me?
346
00:20:02,733 --> 00:20:04,533
Red Stone Arsenal
in Huntsville, Alabama.
347
00:20:04,533 --> 00:20:07,000
And I went to work
in the public affairs office,
348
00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:11,433
and that was the beginning
of my career with von Braun.
349
00:20:11,433 --> 00:20:17,266
Von Braun was there
with his missile team,
350
00:20:17,266 --> 00:20:21,066
and they were preparing
to launch a satellite.
351
00:20:21,066 --> 00:20:24,800
MAN:
Eight, seven, six, five...
352
00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:26,600
REPORTER:
The United States is ready
353
00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:27,933
to try and place
its first Earth satellite
354
00:20:27,933 --> 00:20:29,566
into orbit.
355
00:20:29,566 --> 00:20:32,466
And there is a sudden,
tremendous burst of flame.
356
00:20:32,466 --> 00:20:36,666
We can see the Jupiter-C missile
on its way.
357
00:20:36,666 --> 00:20:38,566
BUCKBEE:
They modified
a Red Stone rocket,
358
00:20:38,566 --> 00:20:41,466
called it Jupiter-C,
and launched Explorer-1,
359
00:20:41,466 --> 00:20:43,466
and we were in space.
360
00:20:43,466 --> 00:20:46,400
♪
361
00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:56,666
And all of a sudden, von Braun
and his team were heroes.
362
00:20:59,066 --> 00:21:04,766
Von Braun, of course,
was very popular with the press.
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363
00:21:04,766 --> 00:21:07,333
Von Braun, of course,
was very popular with the press.
364
00:21:07,333 --> 00:21:09,400
they showed up.
365
00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:12,200
You know, he was,
he was the rocket man.
366
00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:14,600
Now, we separated here
367
00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:17,666
and aligned this nose section
alone
368
00:21:17,666 --> 00:21:19,866
in the horizontal attitude.
369
00:21:19,866 --> 00:21:21,266
LOGSDON:
But inside the government,
370
00:21:21,266 --> 00:21:23,233
he was, first of all,
a pain in the ass.
371
00:21:23,233 --> 00:21:26,566
Difficult to deal with,
a prima donna.
372
00:21:26,566 --> 00:21:28,666
And the government
was well aware
373
00:21:28,666 --> 00:21:30,633
of his background under Hitler
374
00:21:30,633 --> 00:21:33,866
and his possible engagement
with the SS
375
00:21:33,866 --> 00:21:38,700
and being a registered Nazi.
376
00:21:47,266 --> 00:21:48,966
Heil Hitler.
377
00:21:48,966 --> 00:21:51,333
My dear Dr. von Braun,
378
00:21:51,333 --> 00:21:54,033
I want to congratulate you
and to thank you.
379
00:21:54,033 --> 00:21:55,666
It's a remarkable
achievement.
380
00:21:55,666 --> 00:21:57,666
Thank you, sir.
381
00:21:57,666 --> 00:21:59,133
But it's only
the beginning.
382
00:21:59,133 --> 00:22:01,900
We have always known
that a German scientist
383
00:22:01,900 --> 00:22:06,666
will someday invent a weapon
which will give us victory.
384
00:22:06,666 --> 00:22:08,900
And now, about the future.
Yes?
385
00:22:08,900 --> 00:22:11,600
You will want mass production
for your rockets.
386
00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:15,600
♪
387
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:17,366
FREEMAN DYSON:
Von Braun was enormously
important,
388
00:22:17,366 --> 00:22:20,466
and, and Hitler of course
supported him,
389
00:22:20,466 --> 00:22:23,166
which was again a miracle,
390
00:22:23,166 --> 00:22:27,233
because nothing
that von Braun wanted to do
391
00:22:27,233 --> 00:22:30,700
actually was what Hitler wanted.
392
00:22:30,700 --> 00:22:33,500
♪
393
00:22:33,500 --> 00:22:36,066
The V-2 rocket came right
at the end of the war,
394
00:22:36,066 --> 00:22:39,833
and we all knew that
it was total waste of money,
395
00:22:39,833 --> 00:22:42,633
as far as
the Germans were concerned.
396
00:22:42,633 --> 00:22:45,700
But somehow
von Braun bamboozled Hitler
397
00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:47,600
into giving him
everything he wanted.
398
00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:50,766
(explosions roar)
399
00:22:50,766 --> 00:22:56,400
♪
400
00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:59,433
He just was extremely capable.
401
00:22:59,433 --> 00:23:03,533
So I think he did really advance
the whole field,
402
00:23:03,533 --> 00:23:07,500
very substantially.
403
00:23:07,500 --> 00:23:10,133
♪
404
00:23:10,133 --> 00:23:12,333
Von Braun had this notion
405
00:23:12,333 --> 00:23:16,400
that it was our destiny to go
406
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,633
and to take life away from the
Earth all over the universe,
407
00:23:19,633 --> 00:23:21,233
and clearly the way
408
00:23:21,233 --> 00:23:23,100
we weren't going to stay
stuck here forever.
409
00:23:24,566 --> 00:23:26,066
And I felt the same way.
410
00:23:26,066 --> 00:23:29,500
It was just obvious.
411
00:23:29,500 --> 00:23:34,166
♪
412
00:23:34,166 --> 00:23:37,033
The V-2 was pointing the way.
413
00:23:43,833 --> 00:23:46,400
♪
414
00:23:46,400 --> 00:23:51,900
As far as the war was concerned,
they were dead last.
415
00:23:51,900 --> 00:23:56,400
I was in London
during World War II.
416
00:23:56,400 --> 00:23:59,133
They killed a few people
in London,
417
00:23:59,133 --> 00:24:02,100
but did essentially
no military damage.
418
00:24:02,100 --> 00:24:05,133
We were still flying bombers
over Germany,
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419
00:24:05,133 --> 00:24:11,433
We were still flying bombers
over Germany,
420
00:24:11,433 --> 00:24:14,433
So we were delighted
that some idiot had decided
421
00:24:14,433 --> 00:24:19,400
to build these rockets instead
of building fighter planes.
422
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:23,400
(machine gun firing)
423
00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:26,900
♪
424
00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:30,300
BUCKBEE:
At the end of World War II,
425
00:24:30,300 --> 00:24:35,766
we had 2,000 intelligence people
on the ground-- 2,000--
426
00:24:35,766 --> 00:24:37,433
searching for technology.
427
00:24:40,533 --> 00:24:41,966
"We're not going to worry
about Nazis;
428
00:24:41,966 --> 00:24:43,533
"we're going to go
after scientists.
429
00:24:43,533 --> 00:24:46,500
"We're going to get
jet plane scientists,
430
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:48,866
"we're going to get
artificial fuel scientists,
431
00:24:48,866 --> 00:24:53,100
and we're going to get rocket
and missile scientists."
432
00:24:55,033 --> 00:24:59,300
They were building missiles
way beyond our capability.
433
00:24:59,300 --> 00:25:02,866
KHRUSHCHEV:
Everything was based
on the V-2,
434
00:25:02,866 --> 00:25:06,700
because Americans were able
435
00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:11,266
to bring all these most
important German designers
436
00:25:11,266 --> 00:25:14,166
to the United States,
including Wernher von Braun.
437
00:25:14,166 --> 00:25:18,700
By the way, Soviets tried
to seduce Wernher von Braun
438
00:25:18,700 --> 00:25:20,733
and told,
"We will give you the cow,
439
00:25:20,733 --> 00:25:21,966
you will have milk."
440
00:25:21,966 --> 00:25:23,200
(chuckling)
441
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:24,566
But he say, "No,
442
00:25:24,566 --> 00:25:27,600
I, I will go better
to the United States."
443
00:25:32,533 --> 00:25:34,966
This decision was essentially
not one of expediency
444
00:25:34,966 --> 00:25:36,400
but a moral decision.
445
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:39,466
We knew that we had created
446
00:25:39,466 --> 00:25:41,433
an extraordinary new weapon
447
00:25:41,433 --> 00:25:44,600
with tremendous potentialities.
448
00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:48,233
We had seen Germany
in the claws of death,
449
00:25:48,233 --> 00:25:52,566
and it was our intention
to hand our new weapon over
450
00:25:52,566 --> 00:25:55,233
to a nation of...
451
00:25:55,233 --> 00:25:57,533
whose leaders, we felt,
were governed
452
00:25:57,533 --> 00:25:59,366
not by the laws of materialism,
453
00:25:59,366 --> 00:26:05,000
but by the laws of Christianity
and humanity.
454
00:26:07,566 --> 00:26:08,933
This is one of the proudest
455
00:26:08,933 --> 00:26:12,466
and most significant days
in my life.
456
00:26:12,466 --> 00:26:13,966
It's almost like
getting married,
457
00:26:13,966 --> 00:26:17,633
to become a citizen
of the United States,
458
00:26:17,633 --> 00:26:21,800
and I'm very, very happy
about this.
459
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:25,766
♪
460
00:26:25,766 --> 00:26:29,800
BUCKBEE:
His 120 German scientists
that he brought to this country
461
00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:34,066
basically became the mentors
for us.
462
00:26:34,066 --> 00:26:40,000
♪
463
00:26:40,866 --> 00:26:44,300
The whole three-stage
rocket ship
464
00:26:44,300 --> 00:26:47,433
stands 265 feet tall,
465
00:26:47,433 --> 00:26:51,666
equivalent to the height
of a 24-story office building.
466
00:26:51,666 --> 00:26:55,066
LAUNIUS:
In the early 1950s,
467
00:26:55,066 --> 00:26:57,866
there was a flip
in the public perception
468
00:26:57,866 --> 00:27:01,400
of whether or not we were going
to see space travel
469
00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:03,466
in our lifetimes.
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470
00:27:03,466 --> 00:27:06,700
in our lifetimes.
471
00:27:06,700 --> 00:27:11,566
BUCKBEE:
We began to see space articles.
472
00:27:11,566 --> 00:27:15,100
"Collier's" was, was huge
in those days.
473
00:27:15,100 --> 00:27:21,900
♪
474
00:27:21,900 --> 00:27:23,333
That was the first time
475
00:27:23,333 --> 00:27:26,400
that I recall seeing
von Braun's name.
476
00:27:32,833 --> 00:27:34,166
LAUNIUS:
"Collier's" magazine was one
477
00:27:34,166 --> 00:27:35,600
of these great weekly
news magazines
478
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:40,533
that had millions
of subscribers.
479
00:27:40,533 --> 00:27:42,533
And they did a series
of special articles
480
00:27:42,533 --> 00:27:47,066
on the possibilities
of space flight.
481
00:27:47,066 --> 00:27:49,033
(movie fanfare playing)
482
00:27:49,033 --> 00:27:51,933
This gets picked up
by Walt Disney...
483
00:27:51,933 --> 00:27:53,566
At Disneyland Park...
484
00:27:53,566 --> 00:27:55,433
LAUNIUS:
...who views it
as an opportunity
485
00:27:55,433 --> 00:27:57,633
to enhance his theme parks.
486
00:27:57,633 --> 00:28:00,333
DISNEY:
One of the popular attractions
here
487
00:28:00,333 --> 00:28:03,533
is our simulated rocket trip
around the moon.
488
00:28:03,533 --> 00:28:06,900
BUCKBEE:
The "Collier's" series inspired
Walt Disney
489
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:10,233
to project this, this program
to the public.
490
00:28:10,233 --> 00:28:13,500
DISNEY:
...that space travelers of
the future will encounter...
491
00:28:13,500 --> 00:28:15,700
BUCKBEE:
And so Walt Disney and von Braun
sort of found each other
492
00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:18,233
and worked on several films
together.
493
00:28:18,233 --> 00:28:21,466
This advance base,
or space station,
494
00:28:21,466 --> 00:28:24,933
will be headquarters for
the final ascent to the moon.
495
00:28:24,933 --> 00:28:28,300
Our space satellite will have
the shape of a wheel,
496
00:28:28,300 --> 00:28:30,866
measuring 200 feet across.
497
00:28:30,866 --> 00:28:35,333
This outside rim will contain
living and working quarters
498
00:28:35,333 --> 00:28:37,800
for a crew of 50 men.
499
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:40,166
Just below the radio
and radar antenna
500
00:28:40,166 --> 00:28:42,100
is the atomic reactor.
501
00:28:42,100 --> 00:28:45,100
Its heat will be used to drive
a turbo generator,
502
00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:47,766
which supplies the station
with electricity.
503
00:28:49,166 --> 00:28:51,500
BUCKBEE:
You know,
it began with filmmaking.
504
00:28:51,500 --> 00:28:57,000
Von Braun went to Hollywood
numerous times.
505
00:28:57,000 --> 00:28:58,466
Certainly the film people,
506
00:28:58,466 --> 00:29:01,000
script writers and so forth,
507
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:04,366
were constantly sending
von Braun scripts
508
00:29:04,366 --> 00:29:07,866
and getting his impressions,
509
00:29:07,866 --> 00:29:09,033
particularly about the future.
510
00:29:09,033 --> 00:29:13,900
(dramatic movie music playing)
511
00:29:13,900 --> 00:29:16,000
By the grace of God,
512
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:19,033
and in the name of
the United States of America,
513
00:29:19,033 --> 00:29:20,866
I take possession
of this planet
514
00:29:20,866 --> 00:29:25,933
on behalf of and
for the benefit of all mankind.
515
00:29:25,933 --> 00:29:28,266
(movie score continues)
516
00:29:28,266 --> 00:29:29,733
LAUNIUS:
This is going to happen,
517
00:29:29,733 --> 00:29:31,933
this is very close
to the reality.
518
00:29:31,933 --> 00:29:38,000
♪
519
00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:41,000
There is first and foremost
the reality of success
520
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:44,733
associated
with rocket development.
521
00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:48,400
DYSON:
I got involved
with Project Orion,
522
00:29:48,400 --> 00:29:53,633
and I got a call
from the chief scientist
523
00:29:53,633 --> 00:29:56,500
at a private company
called General Atomic,
524
00:29:56,500 --> 00:29:58,333
which is still around.
525
00:29:58,333 --> 00:30:01,533
General Atomic was
in the nuclear business.
526
00:30:01,533 --> 00:30:04,533
I was known to him
as a reactor designer.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
527
00:30:04,533 --> 00:30:05,933
I was known to him
as a reactor designer.
528
00:30:05,933 --> 00:30:07,466
"Would you like to work
on a crazy scheme?"
529
00:30:07,466 --> 00:30:08,833
And I said, "Yes!"
530
00:30:08,833 --> 00:30:12,100
The crazy idea was to build
a spacecraft
531
00:30:12,100 --> 00:30:14,866
driven by nuclear bombs.
532
00:30:14,866 --> 00:30:16,966
(explosion echoes)
533
00:30:16,966 --> 00:30:19,900
You had to blow off the bombs
pretty fast,
534
00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:22,833
blowing off two per second.
535
00:30:22,833 --> 00:30:28,333
It was completely mad,
but extremely practical.
536
00:30:28,333 --> 00:30:32,133
To make the whole thing serious,
to, to make it credible,
537
00:30:32,133 --> 00:30:35,166
you had to do
at least one nuclear test
538
00:30:35,166 --> 00:30:36,166
with an actual bomb.
539
00:30:36,166 --> 00:30:38,600
Everything depended on that,
540
00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:41,566
and of course, we never got
the funds for that first test.
541
00:30:41,566 --> 00:30:44,100
(explosion echoes)
542
00:30:45,733 --> 00:30:48,600
That was the breaking point.
543
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:50,200
MAN:
Dr. von Braun,
544
00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:51,833
in view of our rapid advances
545
00:30:51,833 --> 00:30:54,166
in the field of atomic power,
546
00:30:54,166 --> 00:30:55,766
do you feel that there is
a possibility
547
00:30:55,766 --> 00:30:59,266
of utilizing a series
of small atomic explosions
548
00:30:59,266 --> 00:31:02,066
to propel this rocket out
into outer space?
549
00:31:02,066 --> 00:31:05,033
I don't think
atomic explosions...
550
00:31:05,033 --> 00:31:08,033
DYSON:
Orion, of course,
was the competition for him,
551
00:31:08,033 --> 00:31:09,966
but he was quite generous to us.
552
00:31:09,966 --> 00:31:12,333
He gave us quite
a lot of support.
553
00:31:12,333 --> 00:31:16,800
We intended, if, if we'd got
everything according to plan,
554
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:21,433
to have about 20 people on board
for five years.
555
00:31:21,433 --> 00:31:23,966
A year to get to Mars,
556
00:31:23,966 --> 00:31:27,200
three years exploring Mars,
557
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:29,900
then after that,
it would, you'd come home.
558
00:31:29,900 --> 00:31:32,533
(gas hissing,
small explosion pops)
559
00:31:32,533 --> 00:31:35,533
We wanted to explore
the universe.
560
00:31:35,533 --> 00:31:36,800
(explosion pops)
561
00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:41,600
(warbling and screeching)
562
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:45,966
♪
563
00:31:45,966 --> 00:31:51,266
(bell tolling)
564
00:31:51,266 --> 00:31:56,000
KHRUSHCHEV:
The success of the Sputnik
brought attention
565
00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:58,233
to the space research.
566
00:31:58,233 --> 00:32:00,400
It became the priority,
567
00:32:00,400 --> 00:32:02,533
engineering priority,
568
00:32:02,533 --> 00:32:04,033
scientific priority,
569
00:32:04,033 --> 00:32:05,600
and propagandist priority.
570
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:07,200
(crowd cheering)
571
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:14,000
The Soviets had some
second-rank German engineers,
572
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:16,033
and they came
to the Soviet Union,
573
00:32:16,033 --> 00:32:20,333
and we started
to develop missiles
574
00:32:20,333 --> 00:32:25,233
in the same manner
like in the United States,
575
00:32:25,233 --> 00:32:28,733
using German brains
and German knowledge.
576
00:32:31,133 --> 00:32:33,666
The chief
of our missile program,
577
00:32:33,666 --> 00:32:35,166
his name was Korolyov.
578
00:32:35,166 --> 00:32:40,833
Everything was
under Korolyov's supervision.
579
00:32:40,833 --> 00:32:45,266
But for Korolyov,
these Germans were competitors.
580
00:32:45,266 --> 00:32:49,333
And when Soviet officials asked
Korolyov,
581
00:32:49,333 --> 00:32:51,033
"Are these people valuable?"
582
00:32:51,033 --> 00:32:52,800
And he told, "No.
583
00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:55,300
Zero value,
send them back to Germany."
584
00:32:55,300 --> 00:32:58,766
So in 1955,
585
00:32:58,766 --> 00:33:01,500
all these Germans,
they return back to Germany.
586
00:33:01,500 --> 00:33:05,333
After that, everything was
directed by Korolyov.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
587
00:33:05,333 --> 00:33:10,333
After that, everything was
directed by Korolyov.
588
00:33:10,333 --> 00:33:14,433
because Korolyov was
not a real scientist.
589
00:33:14,433 --> 00:33:17,266
He was a very strong manager.
590
00:33:17,266 --> 00:33:19,666
(speaking Russian)
591
00:33:19,666 --> 00:33:23,900
KHRUSHCHEV:
Korolyov, the same
with the Wernher von Braun,
592
00:33:23,900 --> 00:33:25,400
they want to be famous,
593
00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:26,600
and they want to be first,
594
00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:28,400
and they want to launch
satellite.
595
00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:32,233
"Who will be the most famous,
me or him?"
596
00:33:32,233 --> 00:33:35,433
After we are running
as fast as they do,
597
00:33:35,433 --> 00:33:38,433
there is still
a considerable gap to close,
598
00:33:38,433 --> 00:33:41,700
and only the future will tell
599
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:45,233
whether we'll manage to close
that gap.
600
00:33:45,233 --> 00:33:47,733
KHRUSHCHEV:
You have to understand,
601
00:33:47,733 --> 00:33:51,933
when they started to design
this ICBM,
602
00:33:51,933 --> 00:33:57,733
both Americans and Russians did
not have thermonuclear warhead.
603
00:33:57,733 --> 00:34:01,466
So they have to have
preliminary calculation,
604
00:34:01,466 --> 00:34:03,633
how heavy it will be,
605
00:34:03,633 --> 00:34:09,300
and Americans calculated
that it will be about two tons.
606
00:34:09,300 --> 00:34:12,266
The Soviet nuclear program
calculated
607
00:34:12,266 --> 00:34:16,066
it will be about six ton,
three time bigger.
608
00:34:16,066 --> 00:34:18,566
And this make the Soviets build
609
00:34:18,566 --> 00:34:22,466
this big,
absolutely useless ICBM,
610
00:34:22,466 --> 00:34:25,966
much bigger
than American rockets,
611
00:34:25,966 --> 00:34:30,466
but too expensive to be used
as a weapon.
612
00:34:30,466 --> 00:34:32,366
(fanfare playing)
613
00:34:34,200 --> 00:34:38,133
ED HERLIHY:
Vice President Nixon escorts
Soviet Premier Khrushchev
614
00:34:38,133 --> 00:34:40,200
on a preview
of the United States Fair
615
00:34:40,200 --> 00:34:41,533
at Sokolniki Park in Moscow.
616
00:34:41,533 --> 00:34:42,966
But on this occasion,
617
00:34:42,966 --> 00:34:45,633
traditional diplomacy goes
behind the board,
618
00:34:45,633 --> 00:34:48,500
and the story of the fair itself
is eclipsed
619
00:34:48,500 --> 00:34:51,200
by a crackling exchange
between Nixon and Khrushchev,
620
00:34:51,200 --> 00:34:52,566
begun off camera
621
00:34:52,566 --> 00:34:54,100
and finished off
622
00:34:54,100 --> 00:34:56,100
before the American Ampex
color video tape recorders.
623
00:34:56,100 --> 00:35:00,200
Every aspect of the Cold War
and Soviet-American rivalry
624
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:03,200
is argued in blunt
and forthright terms--
625
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:06,766
the threat of atomic warfare,
diplomacy by ultimatum,
626
00:35:06,766 --> 00:35:08,700
economic progress.
627
00:35:08,700 --> 00:35:11,200
(Nikita Khrushchev speaking
in Russian)
628
00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:14,500
HERLIHY:
Says Mr. K, "The Soviet will
overtake America
629
00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:17,333
and then wave, 'Bye-bye.'"
630
00:35:17,333 --> 00:35:20,600
(crowd laughing, applauding)
631
00:35:20,600 --> 00:35:24,266
♪
632
00:35:24,266 --> 00:35:28,333
KHRUSHCHEV:
In 1959, we have
only two missiles.
633
00:35:28,333 --> 00:35:31,100
We were defenseless.
634
00:35:31,100 --> 00:35:34,066
The missile gap was a bluff.
635
00:35:34,066 --> 00:35:37,833
There are some instances
where you may be ahead of us.
636
00:35:37,833 --> 00:35:40,400
For example, in the development
of your...
637
00:35:40,400 --> 00:35:42,133
of the rest of your rockets
638
00:35:42,133 --> 00:35:44,400
or the investigation
of outer space.
639
00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:45,733
There may be some instances,
640
00:35:45,733 --> 00:35:47,166
for example,
color television,
641
00:35:47,166 --> 00:35:48,766
where we're ahead of you.
642
00:35:48,766 --> 00:35:50,000
But...
643
00:35:50,000 --> 00:35:53,433
KHRUSHCHEV:
Our ICBM is not as good
644
00:35:53,433 --> 00:35:56,233
as we're trying to sell it
to the world.
645
00:35:56,233 --> 00:35:59,200
But it was very good
646
00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:01,233
for the launching people
647
00:36:01,233 --> 00:36:03,133
and launching satellites.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
648
00:36:03,133 --> 00:36:07,433
and launching satellites.
649
00:36:07,433 --> 00:36:11,033
after 60 years,
the basic idea the same.
650
00:36:11,033 --> 00:36:19,600
Sometimes the bad luck
giving you more success.
651
00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:24,733
♪
652
00:36:31,033 --> 00:36:33,233
All the information
about who is responsible
653
00:36:33,233 --> 00:36:35,166
for the space achievements,
654
00:36:35,166 --> 00:36:38,000
it was secret.
655
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:42,800
Korolyov was kept secret,
because everything was secret.
656
00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:47,566
It not bother anybody
except Korolyov himself,
657
00:36:47,566 --> 00:36:51,333
because he wanted to be
in public.
658
00:36:51,333 --> 00:36:54,633
(applause)
659
00:36:54,633 --> 00:36:57,100
Dr. von Braun,
what is the next project
660
00:36:57,100 --> 00:36:59,400
or experiment in your field
661
00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:01,366
of rocket research?
662
00:37:01,366 --> 00:37:06,000
Well, we are devoting part
of our time, of course,
663
00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:08,033
to the development
of Project Mercury,
664
00:37:08,033 --> 00:37:09,666
which is sponsored
665
00:37:09,666 --> 00:37:12,000
by the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration.
666
00:37:12,000 --> 00:37:15,100
The object of this program is
to put a man in orbit, for which
667
00:37:15,100 --> 00:37:17,333
an Atlas intercontinental
ballistic missile
668
00:37:17,333 --> 00:37:19,200
will be used as a carrier.
669
00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:22,300
Now, we play the first part
in this program,
670
00:37:22,300 --> 00:37:24,833
in that we will provide
some limited rides
671
00:37:24,833 --> 00:37:29,133
over ballistic trajectories
of a few hundred miles' range
672
00:37:29,133 --> 00:37:31,500
to these astronauts
to give them a little inkling
673
00:37:31,500 --> 00:37:33,000
of what space flight is like.
674
00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:36,733
(talking in background)
675
00:37:39,566 --> 00:37:42,233
MAN:
Take your pictures
at, at will, gentlemen.
676
00:37:45,433 --> 00:37:48,366
Take pictures now.
677
00:37:48,366 --> 00:37:53,533
(talking in background)
678
00:37:53,533 --> 00:37:56,933
Please, all sit down.
679
00:37:56,933 --> 00:38:00,733
It's my pleasure to introduce
to you,
680
00:38:00,733 --> 00:38:03,200
and I consider it
a very real honor, gentlemen,
681
00:38:03,200 --> 00:38:08,466
Malcom S. Carpenter,
Leroy G. Cooper,
682
00:38:08,466 --> 00:38:15,200
John H. Glenn,
Virgil I. Grissom,
683
00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:21,666
Walter M. Schirra,
Alan B. Shepard,
684
00:38:21,666 --> 00:38:24,866
Donald K. Slayton.
685
00:38:24,866 --> 00:38:27,300
These,
ladies and gentlemen,
686
00:38:27,300 --> 00:38:30,266
are the nation's
Mercury astronauts.
687
00:38:30,266 --> 00:38:35,533
(audience applauds)
688
00:38:35,533 --> 00:38:37,133
LAUNIUS:
Well, the astronauts
of the early era
689
00:38:37,133 --> 00:38:41,633
were very much our alter egos,
our surrogates
690
00:38:41,633 --> 00:38:46,233
in this gigantic struggle
with the Soviet Union.
691
00:38:46,233 --> 00:38:48,466
And so they are Everyman.
692
00:38:48,466 --> 00:38:49,900
And they're us.
693
00:38:49,900 --> 00:38:52,666
MAN 1:
The question is,
694
00:38:52,666 --> 00:38:55,033
"Has your good lady
and have your children
695
00:38:55,033 --> 00:38:57,300
had anything to say
about this?
696
00:38:57,300 --> 00:39:01,133
LAUNIUS:
Coupled with that is
the so-called right stuff.
697
00:39:01,133 --> 00:39:02,800
My wife's attitude toward this
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
698
00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:04,266
My wife's attitude toward this
699
00:39:04,266 --> 00:39:05,400
through all my flying,
700
00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:07,433
that if it's what I want to do,
and...
701
00:39:07,433 --> 00:39:11,366
She's behind it
and the kids are, too, 100%.
702
00:39:11,366 --> 00:39:13,466
I have no problems at home.
703
00:39:13,466 --> 00:39:15,533
My family's
in complete agreement.
704
00:39:15,533 --> 00:39:18,333
(laughter)
705
00:39:23,866 --> 00:39:26,633
The astronaut training program
will last
706
00:39:26,633 --> 00:39:28,433
probably two years.
707
00:39:28,433 --> 00:39:31,133
During this time,
our urgent goal
708
00:39:31,133 --> 00:39:33,666
is to subject
these gentlemen
709
00:39:33,666 --> 00:39:37,500
to every stress,
each unusual environment
710
00:39:37,500 --> 00:39:40,400
they will experience
in that flight.
711
00:39:40,400 --> 00:39:42,633
Before the first flight,
712
00:39:42,633 --> 00:39:45,033
we will have developed
our Mercury spaceship
713
00:39:45,033 --> 00:39:50,666
to the point where it will be
as reliable as man can devise.
714
00:39:50,666 --> 00:39:52,933
(talking in background)
715
00:39:52,933 --> 00:39:56,600
GEORGE ALEXANDER:
Well, look, we had had,
at that point,
716
00:39:56,600 --> 00:40:00,466
a number of unmanned spacecraft
that had failed.
717
00:40:01,500 --> 00:40:03,633
(fire roaring,
explosions popping)
718
00:40:05,933 --> 00:40:07,966
(rocket taking off)
719
00:40:07,966 --> 00:40:11,433
It really impressed the hell
out of me
720
00:40:11,433 --> 00:40:15,966
that this was
a really dangerous business.
721
00:40:15,966 --> 00:40:18,333
♪
722
00:40:18,333 --> 00:40:21,966
(explosion roars)
723
00:40:22,633 --> 00:40:25,166
(engine roaring)
724
00:40:27,466 --> 00:40:29,666
(explosion roars)
725
00:40:33,100 --> 00:40:38,166
(explosions roar)
726
00:40:38,166 --> 00:40:41,600
♪
727
00:40:41,600 --> 00:40:44,333
(explosion roars)
728
00:40:54,333 --> 00:40:57,066
The next president
of the United States,
729
00:40:57,066 --> 00:40:59,966
on his shoulders will rest
burdens heavier
730
00:40:59,966 --> 00:41:03,433
than have rested on the
shoulders of any president
731
00:41:03,433 --> 00:41:05,366
since the time of Lincoln.
732
00:41:05,366 --> 00:41:08,766
War and peace,
the progress of this country,
733
00:41:08,766 --> 00:41:12,333
the security of our people,
the education of our children,
734
00:41:12,333 --> 00:41:14,800
jobs for men and women
who want to work,
735
00:41:14,800 --> 00:41:16,700
the development
of our resources,
736
00:41:16,700 --> 00:41:19,433
the symbolic feeling
of a nation,
737
00:41:19,433 --> 00:41:22,000
the image the nation presents
to the world,
738
00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:25,033
its power, prestige,
and direction--
739
00:41:25,033 --> 00:41:28,566
all ultimately will come to rest
upon the next president
740
00:41:28,566 --> 00:41:29,866
of the United States.
741
00:41:29,866 --> 00:41:32,066
(cheers and applause)
742
00:41:34,700 --> 00:41:36,500
I ask you to join us,
if we are successful,
743
00:41:36,500 --> 00:41:41,200
I ask you to join us in
all the tomorrows yet to come,
744
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:44,900
in building America,
moving America,
745
00:41:44,900 --> 00:41:47,066
picking this country
of ours up
746
00:41:47,066 --> 00:41:48,933
and sending it into the '60s.
747
00:41:48,933 --> 00:41:52,466
(cheers and applause)
748
00:41:52,466 --> 00:41:55,533
Now, when we have a presidential
candidate,
749
00:41:55,533 --> 00:41:57,833
for example, Senator Kennedy,
750
00:41:57,833 --> 00:41:59,400
stating over and over again
751
00:41:59,400 --> 00:42:02,500
that the United States is second
in space--
WEBVTT
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752
00:42:02,500 --> 00:42:04,900
that the United States is second
in space--
753
00:42:04,900 --> 00:42:07,900
is 28 to eight,
we've had 28 successful shots,
754
00:42:07,900 --> 00:42:09,300
they've had eight.
755
00:42:09,300 --> 00:42:10,500
When he states that we're second
756
00:42:10,500 --> 00:42:11,733
in education,
757
00:42:11,733 --> 00:42:12,933
when he makes statements
like this,
758
00:42:12,933 --> 00:42:16,400
what does this do
to American prestige?
759
00:42:16,400 --> 00:42:18,233
Well, it can only have
the effect,
760
00:42:18,233 --> 00:42:19,833
certainly, of reducing it.
761
00:42:19,833 --> 00:42:22,833
Yes, I believe the Soviet Union
is first in outer space.
762
00:42:22,833 --> 00:42:24,933
We may have made more shots,
763
00:42:24,933 --> 00:42:27,866
but the size of their rocket
thrust and all the rest...
764
00:42:27,866 --> 00:42:29,333
You yourself said
to Khrushchev,
765
00:42:29,333 --> 00:42:30,933
"You may be ahead of us
in rocket thrust,
766
00:42:30,933 --> 00:42:32,666
but we're ahead of you
in color television,"
767
00:42:32,666 --> 00:42:34,333
in your famous discussion
in the kitchen.
768
00:42:34,333 --> 00:42:35,966
I think that color television
is not as important
769
00:42:35,966 --> 00:42:37,133
as rocket thrust.
770
00:42:37,133 --> 00:42:39,333
♪
771
00:42:44,100 --> 00:42:46,866
KHRUSHCHEV:
Korolyov told,
"Americans making preparation
772
00:42:46,866 --> 00:42:51,400
to put their astronauts
in space."
773
00:42:51,400 --> 00:42:53,166
REPORTER:
Gentlemen, which one of you
looks forward
774
00:42:53,166 --> 00:42:57,633
to being the first man
into space?
775
00:42:57,633 --> 00:43:03,766
♪
776
00:43:03,766 --> 00:43:05,733
SHORTY POWERS:
And the honor goes
to an astro-chimp
777
00:43:05,733 --> 00:43:07,800
who is nicknamed Ham.
778
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:11,366
Ham is a stand-in
for the astronaut,
779
00:43:11,366 --> 00:43:15,566
a friendly little fellow
in a form-fitted couch
780
00:43:15,566 --> 00:43:17,733
about to make his mark
in history.
781
00:43:17,733 --> 00:43:23,933
KHRUSHCHEV:
"We can send more testing
with the dogs,
782
00:43:23,933 --> 00:43:26,266
"but it will not prove anything,
783
00:43:26,266 --> 00:43:31,233
so I have to do it now."
784
00:43:31,233 --> 00:43:34,933
YURI GAGARIN (translated):
Allow me, comrades,
785
00:43:34,933 --> 00:43:37,166
to inform our Soviet government,
786
00:43:37,166 --> 00:43:42,300
our Communist Party,
787
00:43:42,300 --> 00:43:44,700
and all the Soviet people
788
00:43:44,700 --> 00:43:48,600
that I accept with honor
789
00:43:48,600 --> 00:43:50,500
the task assigned to me
790
00:43:50,500 --> 00:43:55,766
to open the first path
into space,
791
00:43:55,766 --> 00:44:00,266
and if, during the execution
of this assignment,
792
00:44:00,266 --> 00:44:03,866
I encounter any difficulties,
793
00:44:03,866 --> 00:44:07,300
I shall overcome them
as the Communists do.
794
00:44:07,300 --> 00:44:10,600
KHRUSHCHEV:
First man in space--
it was the dream,
795
00:44:10,600 --> 00:44:14,933
but it's close, 50-50,
796
00:44:14,933 --> 00:44:17,300
the threat
that it can be failure.
797
00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:22,033
♪
798
00:44:25,666 --> 00:44:28,600
(engines firing)
799
00:44:36,133 --> 00:44:39,033
(engines roaring)
800
00:44:44,266 --> 00:44:47,633
♪
801
00:44:52,533 --> 00:44:58,500
RADIO MOSCOW:
Today, the 12th of April, 1961,
802
00:44:58,500 --> 00:45:03,966
the first cosmic spaceship,
named Vostok,
WEBVTT
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803
00:45:03,966 --> 00:45:05,366
the first cosmic spaceship,
named Vostok,
804
00:45:05,366 --> 00:45:08,033
was orbited around the Earth
805
00:45:08,033 --> 00:45:12,300
from the Soviet Union.
806
00:45:12,300 --> 00:45:18,266
He is Airman Major Yuri Gagarin,
807
00:45:18,266 --> 00:45:20,566
an air force pilot
808
00:45:20,566 --> 00:45:26,300
and citizen of the Union of
the Soviet Socialist Republics.
809
00:45:26,300 --> 00:45:33,433
(Soviet national anthem playing,
Gagarin speaking over radio)
810
00:45:36,700 --> 00:45:39,633
RADIO MOSCOW:
That was the voice
of Yuri Gagarin
811
00:45:39,633 --> 00:45:42,133
recorded from
the first spaceship
812
00:45:42,133 --> 00:45:46,066
with the first man to fly
into the cosmos.
813
00:45:46,066 --> 00:45:49,533
(Soviet national anthem
continues)
814
00:45:55,866 --> 00:45:58,100
EDWIN NEWMAN:
The Soviet Union has today
laid claim
815
00:45:58,100 --> 00:46:00,033
to one of the greatest
scientific achievements,
816
00:46:00,033 --> 00:46:02,000
one of the greatest
engineering achievements,
817
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:04,833
and, incidentally, one
of the most courageous ventures
818
00:46:04,833 --> 00:46:05,833
of all time.
819
00:46:05,833 --> 00:46:07,666
It has sent a man into space
820
00:46:07,666 --> 00:46:09,566
and brought him back alive.
821
00:46:09,566 --> 00:46:14,200
(cheers and applause)
822
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:17,366
KHRUSHCHEV:
This man in space
823
00:46:17,366 --> 00:46:23,800
became the most important event
in the world.
824
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:28,500
And my father want to make it
very public relations.
825
00:46:28,500 --> 00:46:31,000
So he told, "Yes,
826
00:46:31,000 --> 00:46:35,466
"we will bring Gagarin
to Moscow.
827
00:46:35,466 --> 00:46:39,333
"I will meet him in the airport,
828
00:46:39,333 --> 00:46:43,566
and then we will drive
to the Red Square."
829
00:46:43,566 --> 00:46:46,000
(Soviet national anthem playing
on speakers)
830
00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:50,333
They were on the roofs and
the windows and the balconies,
831
00:46:50,333 --> 00:46:52,533
cheering, shouting.
832
00:46:54,966 --> 00:46:58,733
For me, I was a professional,
I'm working in this field,
833
00:46:58,733 --> 00:47:02,300
so this is just the propaganda.
834
00:47:02,300 --> 00:47:04,433
(crowd cheering)
835
00:47:04,433 --> 00:47:08,566
For the ordinary people,
836
00:47:08,566 --> 00:47:11,666
it was sensation.
837
00:47:11,666 --> 00:47:18,000
(anthem continues)
838
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:21,966
But after that, Gagarin became
the public figure.
839
00:47:21,966 --> 00:47:27,066
(anthem concludes)
840
00:47:27,066 --> 00:47:30,800
And we are lucky
that he has so attractive face,
841
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:32,433
and he smile.
842
00:47:32,433 --> 00:47:35,933
And of course, Soviet Union
sent him everywhere.
843
00:47:35,933 --> 00:47:38,566
He represented the Soviet Union
844
00:47:38,566 --> 00:47:42,500
and the great technological
country.
845
00:47:42,500 --> 00:47:45,166
(Russian song playing)
846
00:47:49,333 --> 00:47:53,866
♪
847
00:47:53,866 --> 00:47:56,266
We Americans, and indeed
the people of the free world,
848
00:47:56,266 --> 00:48:01,333
must understand that science
has political implications.
849
00:48:01,333 --> 00:48:05,900
It means therefore that our own
science must be looked upon
WEBVTT
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850
00:48:05,900 --> 00:48:08,000
It means therefore that our own
science must be looked upon
851
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:10,433
particularly
with the emerging nations--
852
00:48:10,433 --> 00:48:12,000
countries
that are impressionable,
853
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:14,666
that are new,
where emotionalism runs high.
854
00:48:14,666 --> 00:48:19,900
♪
855
00:48:19,900 --> 00:48:23,133
LOGSDON:
The world reaction was,
if anything, even more excited
856
00:48:23,133 --> 00:48:24,866
than after Sputnik.
857
00:48:24,866 --> 00:48:27,600
(crowd cheering)
858
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:30,333
So Kennedy was faced
with an issue of what to do,
859
00:48:30,333 --> 00:48:31,500
how to respond.
860
00:48:31,500 --> 00:48:32,966
Two days later,
861
00:48:32,966 --> 00:48:35,500
he called a meeting
in the cabinet room,
862
00:48:35,500 --> 00:48:36,866
and Kennedy goes
around the table
863
00:48:36,866 --> 00:48:40,100
and says, "What can we do?
864
00:48:40,100 --> 00:48:43,933
"Find me a space program which
promises dramatic results
865
00:48:43,933 --> 00:48:46,966
and which we could win."
866
00:48:46,966 --> 00:48:52,866
BUCKBEE:
Von Braun was the man
who convinced President Kennedy
867
00:48:52,866 --> 00:48:54,933
that we can beat the Russians
to the moon.
868
00:48:54,933 --> 00:48:56,466
REPORTER:
How soon, conceivably,
869
00:48:56,466 --> 00:48:58,800
could we fly
around the moon?
870
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:02,866
I, I think it could
conceivably be done in 1968.
871
00:49:02,866 --> 00:49:04,800
BUCKBEE:
"We've got the capability,
872
00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:06,666
"we just got to commit to it,
873
00:49:06,666 --> 00:49:08,466
and we can do it
within a decade."
874
00:49:08,466 --> 00:49:11,066
But if you want to go
to the moon,
875
00:49:11,066 --> 00:49:12,866
or land on the moon...
876
00:49:12,866 --> 00:49:15,266
BUCKBEE:
So Saturn was born.
877
00:49:15,266 --> 00:49:17,366
Saturn was von Braun's baby.
878
00:49:17,366 --> 00:49:19,866
He knew that if we start out
with a small one
879
00:49:19,866 --> 00:49:22,400
and then had a middle-sized one
and then the big one,
880
00:49:22,400 --> 00:49:25,266
we could eventually make
that machine go to the moon.
881
00:49:25,266 --> 00:49:28,033
Well, in the simplest terms,
882
00:49:28,033 --> 00:49:30,633
Saturn is the most powerful
rocket that we've ever built
883
00:49:30,633 --> 00:49:33,066
on this side of the world,
and, presumally...
884
00:49:33,066 --> 00:49:37,500
presumably, the biggest rocket
built anywhere, anytime.
885
00:49:37,500 --> 00:49:38,866
Does that mean
it's bigger
886
00:49:38,866 --> 00:49:40,200
than anything the Russians
have now,
887
00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:42,133
as far as we know?
Uh, yes...
888
00:49:42,133 --> 00:49:44,600
LOGSDON:
Von Braun made, I think,
the correct calculation:
889
00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:45,833
"We should go to the moon.
890
00:49:45,833 --> 00:49:48,066
"Why?
891
00:49:48,066 --> 00:49:49,633
"Because both the United States
and the Soviet Union
892
00:49:49,633 --> 00:49:51,033
"would have to build new rockets
893
00:49:51,033 --> 00:49:53,333
in order to land people
on the moon."
894
00:49:53,333 --> 00:49:56,233
This is not a cheap project,
but I think
895
00:49:56,233 --> 00:49:57,866
it's going to be worth every
dollar we put into it.
896
00:49:57,866 --> 00:49:59,300
LOGSDON:
"So in a sense,
897
00:49:59,300 --> 00:50:00,800
"getting to the moon is
a rocket-building race,
898
00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:04,700
and you, the United States,
have me."
899
00:50:04,700 --> 00:50:06,733
Chairman Brooks,
I realize
900
00:50:06,733 --> 00:50:07,766
you're still in the middle
of your hearings
901
00:50:07,766 --> 00:50:09,200
on the space program.
902
00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:12,033
Do you think that getting
to the moon is that important,
903
00:50:12,033 --> 00:50:14,066
and do you think we can do it
before the Russians?
904
00:50:14,066 --> 00:50:15,766
No, and that's it,
905
00:50:15,766 --> 00:50:19,433
we don't want to find
the hammer-and-sickle flag
906
00:50:19,433 --> 00:50:21,933
standing up on one of the peaks
of the moon.
907
00:50:21,933 --> 00:50:24,800
We want it to be
the star-spangled banner.
908
00:50:24,800 --> 00:50:29,800
♪
909
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:32,066
ROBERT TROUT:
This is Robert Trout
at Cape Canaveral
910
00:50:32,066 --> 00:50:35,166
reporting on an historic day
in the age of space,
911
00:50:35,166 --> 00:50:36,866
the day this country
finally took a long step
912
00:50:36,866 --> 00:50:40,200
toward matching
Russian achievements
913
00:50:40,200 --> 00:50:42,933
by shooting into space
a 37-year-old Navy commander
914
00:50:42,933 --> 00:50:45,666
from East Derry, New Hampshire.
915
00:50:45,666 --> 00:50:48,933
LOGSDON:
The Kennedy administration was
very media-conscious,
916
00:50:48,933 --> 00:50:52,966
so the plans all along had been
to do things
917
00:50:52,966 --> 00:50:54,933
on live television.
918
00:50:54,933 --> 00:50:58,000
♪
919
00:50:58,000 --> 00:51:01,100
We were trying to send a message
of U.S. competence
920
00:51:01,100 --> 00:51:02,433
with the Alan Shepard flight,
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
921
00:51:02,433 --> 00:51:05,133
with the Alan Shepard flight,
922
00:51:05,133 --> 00:51:07,666
even if not into orbit.
923
00:51:09,566 --> 00:51:11,466
JULES BERGMAN:
...hangar here
at Cape Canaveral,
924
00:51:11,466 --> 00:51:14,100
and now, through the doorway,
Alan Shepard,
925
00:51:14,100 --> 00:51:17,333
slated today to be
America's first man in space.
926
00:51:17,333 --> 00:51:19,333
Suited up
in a shining silver space suit,
927
00:51:19,333 --> 00:51:23,300
he climbs up the ladder
and into the trailer
928
00:51:23,300 --> 00:51:25,900
that will take him out
to the launching pad.
929
00:51:25,900 --> 00:51:29,433
LOGSDON:
A number of people
in the Kennedy inner circle
930
00:51:29,433 --> 00:51:31,800
said,
"Do we really want to do this?
931
00:51:31,800 --> 00:51:35,566
"Do we want to risk failure
on national television
932
00:51:35,566 --> 00:51:39,533
and maybe even killing someone
on national television?"
933
00:51:39,533 --> 00:51:44,133
POWERS (on P.A.):
I would ask all of you,
please give us a break.
934
00:51:44,133 --> 00:51:47,700
We know you want to see him,
935
00:51:47,700 --> 00:51:51,133
but let's don't give him
the, the feeling
936
00:51:51,133 --> 00:51:54,200
that all we are
are curiosity seekers.
937
00:51:54,200 --> 00:51:56,066
If you could fall back
a little bit,
938
00:51:56,066 --> 00:52:00,600
give him a break--
he's got a big job to do today.
939
00:52:00,600 --> 00:52:06,233
LOGSDON:
And Kennedy called down
to the Florida launch site,
940
00:52:06,233 --> 00:52:08,666
Cape Canaveral,
thought about it,
941
00:52:08,666 --> 00:52:12,733
finally decided yes,
that the risk was acceptable,
942
00:52:12,733 --> 00:52:15,133
and, "Let's do it."
943
00:52:15,133 --> 00:52:16,366
(talking in background)
944
00:52:16,366 --> 00:52:18,966
LOGSDON:
He took the risk.
945
00:52:18,966 --> 00:52:22,733
REPORTER:
This is one
of the most tense moments
946
00:52:22,733 --> 00:52:25,033
I've ever witnessed in my life.
947
00:52:25,033 --> 00:52:29,433
MAN:
Three, two, one, zero,
ignition,
948
00:52:29,433 --> 00:52:31,033
liftoff.
949
00:52:31,033 --> 00:52:36,700
(talking in background)
950
00:52:36,700 --> 00:52:42,766
(rocket whooshing,
man talking indistinctly)
951
00:52:42,766 --> 00:52:43,966
MAN:
Moving slowly up in the sky...
952
00:52:43,966 --> 00:52:46,100
We got to hear the sound.
953
00:52:56,733 --> 00:53:02,800
RENICK:
Alan B. Shepard... in
the nose cone of that rocket!
954
00:53:02,800 --> 00:53:05,533
Still rising!
955
00:53:05,533 --> 00:53:09,933
The speed is picking up
to 4,500 miles an hour...
956
00:53:11,933 --> 00:53:18,366
...to carry spaceman Shepard
115 miles above the Earth.
957
00:53:18,366 --> 00:53:21,433
REPORTER:
Each announcement on
Moscow Radio has pointed out
958
00:53:21,433 --> 00:53:24,000
that America's first manned
venture into space
959
00:53:24,000 --> 00:53:26,333
was a brief, vertical probe,
960
00:53:26,333 --> 00:53:28,800
not an orbital flight.
961
00:53:30,033 --> 00:53:31,466
BERGMAN:
If the missile had blown up,
962
00:53:31,466 --> 00:53:33,100
if anything had happened
to Alan Shepard,
963
00:53:33,100 --> 00:53:35,100
there's no telling
what the effect would have been
964
00:53:35,100 --> 00:53:37,766
on our prestige
or our space program.
965
00:53:37,766 --> 00:53:38,966
But nothing went wrong.
966
00:53:38,966 --> 00:53:40,166
Everything went well.
967
00:53:40,166 --> 00:53:42,066
The new spirit has arisen
968
00:53:42,066 --> 00:53:43,300
in U.S. missile men
969
00:53:43,300 --> 00:53:44,900
and in our capital.
970
00:53:44,900 --> 00:53:50,666
♪
971
00:53:50,666 --> 00:53:52,600
Ladies and gentlemen,
972
00:53:52,600 --> 00:53:56,900
I want to express
on behalf of us all
973
00:53:56,900 --> 00:53:58,266
the great pleasure we have
974
00:53:58,266 --> 00:53:59,600
in welcoming
Commander Shepard
975
00:53:59,600 --> 00:54:01,200
and Mrs. Shepard
here today.
976
00:54:01,200 --> 00:54:03,433
LAUNIUS:
For about a, a six-week period,
WEBVTT
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977
00:54:03,433 --> 00:54:08,700
LAUNIUS:
For about a, a six-week period,
978
00:54:08,700 --> 00:54:11,233
until the end of May,
979
00:54:11,233 --> 00:54:14,333
Kennedy was able to announce
a moon landing program
980
00:54:14,333 --> 00:54:15,700
and not be laughed
off the stage.
981
00:54:15,700 --> 00:54:18,533
(cheers and applause)
982
00:54:18,533 --> 00:54:21,000
BUCKBEE:
The president wanted to do
something
983
00:54:21,000 --> 00:54:24,500
that was astounding
to the world.
984
00:54:26,400 --> 00:54:29,333
We needed something like that
985
00:54:29,333 --> 00:54:32,500
to really challenge
this country.
986
00:54:32,500 --> 00:54:36,066
I believe that
this nation should commit itself
987
00:54:36,066 --> 00:54:40,200
to achieving the goal,
before this decade is out,
988
00:54:40,200 --> 00:54:41,600
of landing a man on the moon
989
00:54:41,600 --> 00:54:44,833
and returning him safely
to the Earth.
990
00:54:44,833 --> 00:54:47,366
No single space project
in this period
991
00:54:47,366 --> 00:54:50,200
will be more impressive
to mankind
992
00:54:50,200 --> 00:54:54,100
or more important for the
long-range exploration of space,
993
00:54:54,100 --> 00:54:57,933
and none will be so difficult
or expensive to accomplish.
994
00:54:57,933 --> 00:55:01,166
I believe
we should go to the moon,
995
00:55:01,166 --> 00:55:03,166
but I think every citizen
of this country,
996
00:55:03,166 --> 00:55:04,633
as well as the members
of the Congress,
997
00:55:04,633 --> 00:55:06,433
should consider the matter
carefully
998
00:55:06,433 --> 00:55:08,533
in making their judgment,
999
00:55:08,533 --> 00:55:12,066
to which we have given attention
over many weeks and months.
1000
00:55:12,066 --> 00:55:14,166
Because it is a heavy burden,
1001
00:55:14,166 --> 00:55:18,600
and there is no sense
in agreeing or desiring
1002
00:55:18,600 --> 00:55:21,233
that the United States take
an affirmative position
1003
00:55:21,233 --> 00:55:24,700
in outer space unless
we are prepared to do the work
1004
00:55:24,700 --> 00:55:26,800
and bear the burdens to make it
successful.
1005
00:55:26,800 --> 00:55:30,533
(applause)
1006
00:55:30,533 --> 00:55:34,966
♪
1007
00:55:38,433 --> 00:55:40,633
LOGSDON:
There was a Gallup poll
before Kennedy's speech,
1008
00:55:40,633 --> 00:55:42,900
in May of '61,
1009
00:55:42,900 --> 00:55:45,266
where it asked,
"Would you spend $40 billion
1010
00:55:45,266 --> 00:55:46,566
to go to the moon?"
1011
00:55:46,566 --> 00:55:49,766
And something like 60% said no.
1012
00:55:49,766 --> 00:55:53,433
So there was not a groundswell
of public demand
1013
00:55:53,433 --> 00:55:55,833
for a dramatic,
expensive space venture.
1014
00:55:55,833 --> 00:55:58,100
It was a leadership initiative.
1015
00:55:58,100 --> 00:56:00,466
(applause)
1016
00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:05,300
"If we decide to go ahead
with the exploration of space,
1017
00:56:05,300 --> 00:56:07,300
"including putting a man
on the moon
1018
00:56:07,300 --> 00:56:09,300
"within the next ten years,
1019
00:56:09,300 --> 00:56:13,166
we must be prepared to spend
the money and do the work."
1020
00:56:13,166 --> 00:56:15,700
And as he described the work
and described the money,
1021
00:56:15,700 --> 00:56:17,100
they both are considerable.
1022
00:56:18,633 --> 00:56:20,933
LAUNIUS:
By the end of May,
1023
00:56:20,933 --> 00:56:22,566
he's already having
second thoughts.
1024
00:56:22,566 --> 00:56:23,966
His budget director
is telling him,
1025
00:56:23,966 --> 00:56:25,433
"NASA's going to break the bank,
1026
00:56:25,433 --> 00:56:27,066
"we've got to figure a way
out of this.
1027
00:56:27,066 --> 00:56:28,966
What do we do?"
1028
00:56:28,966 --> 00:56:32,866
LOGSDON:
Well, I think Kennedy had
second thoughts about the money
1029
00:56:32,866 --> 00:56:37,033
the day after he announced
we were going to do this.
1030
00:56:37,033 --> 00:56:40,466
I think all the way through,
he was questioning,
1031
00:56:40,466 --> 00:56:44,300
"Do we really want to do this
or not?"
1032
00:56:44,300 --> 00:56:45,700
KENNEDY (on recording):
At least we ought to be clear,
1033
00:56:45,700 --> 00:56:47,666
otherwise we shouldn't be
spending this kind of money
1034
00:56:47,666 --> 00:56:50,533
because I'm not that interested
in space.
1035
00:56:50,533 --> 00:56:52,700
I think it's good, I think
we ought to know about it.
1036
00:56:52,700 --> 00:56:54,400
We're ready to spend reasonable
amounts of money.
1037
00:56:54,400 --> 00:56:57,333
But we're talking about
fantastic expenditures
1038
00:56:57,333 --> 00:56:59,000
which wreck our budget.
1039
00:56:59,000 --> 00:57:01,300
The only justification for it,
in my opinion,
1040
00:57:01,300 --> 00:57:04,266
is because we hope to beat them
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1041
00:57:04,266 --> 00:57:06,400
is because we hope to beat them
1042
00:57:06,400 --> 00:57:09,600
by a couple of years,
by God, we passed 'em.
1043
00:57:09,600 --> 00:57:13,100
REPORTER:
Today, President Kennedy signed
an authorization from Congress
1044
00:57:13,100 --> 00:57:15,700
to spend one billion,
700 million dollars
1045
00:57:15,700 --> 00:57:18,900
on our space program
for the next fiscal year.
1046
00:57:18,900 --> 00:57:20,366
That's ten dollars
1047
00:57:20,366 --> 00:57:22,566
for every man, woman, and child
in the nation.
1048
00:57:22,566 --> 00:57:24,100
But fair enough
1049
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:27,100
for what is by far
the greatest show on Earth--
1050
00:57:27,100 --> 00:57:29,766
the dramatic race to the moon.
1051
00:57:29,766 --> 00:57:32,166
♪
1052
00:57:32,166 --> 00:57:33,666
RADIO MOSCOW:
This is Radio Moscow.
1053
00:57:33,666 --> 00:57:35,433
This is Radio Moscow.
1054
00:57:35,433 --> 00:57:38,833
We interrupt our transmission
for a special news flash.
1055
00:57:38,833 --> 00:57:43,333
After orbiting the Earth
over 17 times
1056
00:57:43,333 --> 00:57:46,233
in the course of 25 hours
1057
00:57:46,233 --> 00:57:49,433
and covering
over 700,000 kilometers,
1058
00:57:49,433 --> 00:57:51,633
Major Titov landed
1059
00:57:51,633 --> 00:57:54,333
in a predetermined region
of the Soviet Union.
1060
00:57:54,333 --> 00:57:57,733
Major Titov is feeling well.
1061
00:58:00,300 --> 00:58:01,766
I do not think
that we should
1062
00:58:01,766 --> 00:58:05,100
become disconcerted
by this accomplishment.
1063
00:58:05,100 --> 00:58:06,800
I do not believe we should
1064
00:58:06,800 --> 00:58:09,266
appropriate more
in the way of dollars.
1065
00:58:09,266 --> 00:58:11,933
I think what we ought to do
is to stay on course,
1066
00:58:11,933 --> 00:58:14,766
work steadily and deliberately
toward our objectives,
1067
00:58:14,766 --> 00:58:16,133
and keep our shirts on.
1068
00:58:17,966 --> 00:58:19,400
REPORTER:
The immensity of the
accomplishment
1069
00:58:19,400 --> 00:58:22,066
of Soviet cosmonaut
Gherman Titov
1070
00:58:22,066 --> 00:58:23,600
has not yet begun
1071
00:58:23,600 --> 00:58:25,200
to sink into our minds.
1072
00:58:25,200 --> 00:58:26,766
He has opened the door
which will lead us
1073
00:58:26,766 --> 00:58:28,800
to the next
great adventure in space:
1074
00:58:28,800 --> 00:58:30,266
a trip to the moon.
1075
00:58:30,266 --> 00:58:32,400
And unless the world
changes drastically,
1076
00:58:32,400 --> 00:58:34,233
that initial trip
will be taken
1077
00:58:34,233 --> 00:58:39,100
by a spacecraft
bearing a hammer and a sickle.
1078
00:58:40,733 --> 00:58:43,700
(seagulls squawking)
1079
00:58:53,166 --> 00:58:56,333
ALEXANDER:
I was sent down all by myself
to Cape Canaveral
1080
00:58:56,333 --> 00:59:01,566
to write for a magazine,
"Aviation Week."
1081
00:59:01,566 --> 00:59:04,233
Lived in Cocoa Beach.
1082
00:59:06,300 --> 00:59:09,733
I remember the...
sort of the physical environment
1083
00:59:09,733 --> 00:59:11,500
very vividly.
1084
00:59:12,966 --> 00:59:15,366
It was, it was almost always
hot.
1085
00:59:15,366 --> 00:59:19,400
It was humid.
1086
00:59:19,400 --> 00:59:22,866
And now here comes
this new population
1087
00:59:22,866 --> 00:59:26,666
of construction workers
and engineers
1088
00:59:26,666 --> 00:59:30,533
building, building,
building, building.
1089
00:59:30,533 --> 00:59:33,266
Building roads,
building launch pads.
1090
00:59:33,266 --> 00:59:36,300
You know, this was the
early days of the space program.
1091
00:59:36,300 --> 00:59:40,233
So I was about 27,
maybe 28.
1092
00:59:40,233 --> 00:59:43,400
You know, we were all young.
1093
00:59:43,400 --> 00:59:47,300
It was exciting.
1094
00:59:47,300 --> 00:59:49,433
We are in one of the fastest-
growth areas in the nation
1095
00:59:49,433 --> 00:59:51,133
here in the Cocoa area,
1096
00:59:51,133 --> 00:59:55,000
that we have experienced
a 370% population increase
1097
00:59:55,000 --> 00:59:57,400
in this county alone
within this last year.
1098
00:59:59,933 --> 01:00:01,466
BUCKBEE:
You know, it was
1099
01:00:01,466 --> 01:00:05,500
a dead little town
until NASA showed up.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1100
01:00:05,500 --> 01:00:07,633
a dead little town
until NASA showed up.
1101
01:00:07,633 --> 01:00:10,900
And, of course, the press came
in from everywhere.
1102
01:00:10,900 --> 01:00:14,366
The press just invaded
the place.
1103
01:00:14,366 --> 01:00:16,600
Everybody wanted
to go to Cocoa Beach.
1104
01:00:16,600 --> 01:00:17,933
MAN:
That's NBC?
1105
01:00:17,933 --> 01:00:20,933
That's right, NBC News,
radio.
1106
01:00:20,933 --> 01:00:22,266
And where are you staying,
Larry?
1107
01:00:22,266 --> 01:00:23,500
I'll be across the street
1108
01:00:23,500 --> 01:00:25,000
for most of the shot.
At the Holiday?
1109
01:00:25,000 --> 01:00:27,366
Yeah.
Do you have
one of our press kits?
1110
01:00:27,366 --> 01:00:28,966
What publication
are you representing?
1111
01:00:28,966 --> 01:00:30,533
REPORTER:
I'm with "Missiles & Rockets."
1112
01:00:30,533 --> 01:00:32,700
MAN:
Where you staying, Doctor?
1113
01:00:32,700 --> 01:00:34,133
At the Cocoa Motel.
At the Cocoa?
1114
01:00:34,133 --> 01:00:37,133
BLOOM:
I mean here I was,
young kid, young reporter.
1115
01:00:37,133 --> 01:00:39,233
I was in my 20s,
1116
01:00:39,233 --> 01:00:41,033
and they were paying my way
1117
01:00:41,033 --> 01:00:43,766
to go to Cape Canaveral
and watch these rockets go up.
1118
01:00:43,766 --> 01:00:48,433
And you're all set
to go out and report the shot.
1119
01:00:48,433 --> 01:00:49,800
BLOOM:
I was starstruck.
1120
01:00:49,800 --> 01:00:51,800
I mean,
this is NASA I'm covering.
1121
01:00:51,800 --> 01:00:56,533
These people are...
are heroes.
1122
01:00:58,100 --> 01:01:00,733
PEGGY LLOYD:
♪ Hey I got him in a capsule
1123
01:01:00,733 --> 01:01:05,066
♪ He can't get away
1124
01:01:05,066 --> 01:01:07,800
♪ He's locked up
in that capsule ♪
1125
01:01:07,800 --> 01:01:10,000
KING:
With the thousands of people
1126
01:01:10,000 --> 01:01:11,433
coming in for the launches,
1127
01:01:11,433 --> 01:01:13,100
it was wild,
there was no question about it,
1128
01:01:13,100 --> 01:01:15,833
as the town grew
and everything else.
1129
01:01:15,833 --> 01:01:19,700
And you had
all kinds of entertainment
1130
01:01:19,700 --> 01:01:21,733
at the various motels
and that type of thing;
1131
01:01:21,733 --> 01:01:23,066
the town would be packed.
1132
01:01:23,066 --> 01:01:25,000
(applause)
1133
01:01:25,000 --> 01:01:26,733
Thank you!
1134
01:01:26,733 --> 01:01:28,233
Thank you!
1135
01:01:28,233 --> 01:01:29,566
Welcome to "Cuckoo Beach,"
1136
01:01:29,566 --> 01:01:31,200
the government-controlled
Disneyland.
1137
01:01:31,200 --> 01:01:32,800
(laughter)
1138
01:01:32,800 --> 01:01:35,500
KING:
Oh, it got as wild
as you wanted it to get.
1139
01:01:35,500 --> 01:01:37,133
LLOYD:
Oh, you like that, eh?
1140
01:01:37,133 --> 01:01:38,333
KING:
The press called it
1141
01:01:38,333 --> 01:01:40,533
Sodom and Gomorrah,
as I remember.
1142
01:01:40,533 --> 01:01:41,766
It just was a great time.
1143
01:01:41,766 --> 01:01:44,733
(drumming, laughter)
1144
01:01:44,733 --> 01:01:48,366
BLOOM:
There was a lot of drinking.
1145
01:01:48,366 --> 01:01:50,366
The drunkest
I ever got in my life
1146
01:01:50,366 --> 01:01:51,733
was before
one of those missions.
1147
01:01:51,733 --> 01:01:54,533
(ice rattling)
1148
01:01:58,133 --> 01:02:00,333
ALEXANDER:
So came the dawn.
1149
01:02:00,333 --> 01:02:02,500
Hung over, sun-burned,
1150
01:02:02,500 --> 01:02:05,500
out we go into the press site.
1151
01:02:07,300 --> 01:02:10,100
The press site in those days
was very basic.
1152
01:02:10,100 --> 01:02:12,900
There was a platform
1153
01:02:12,900 --> 01:02:15,733
and there was
a series of phones.
1154
01:02:15,733 --> 01:02:18,900
The atmosphere
is quite tense
1155
01:02:18,900 --> 01:02:22,500
as 600 newsmen
wait to see...
1156
01:02:24,600 --> 01:02:27,366
REPORTER:
Astronaut Glenn steps in
and is patted on the arm
1157
01:02:27,366 --> 01:02:29,800
by a couple of the workmen
on the 11th deck.
1158
01:02:29,800 --> 01:02:34,266
Scene 43, sound 43, launch,
Mercury-Atlas.
1159
01:02:34,266 --> 01:02:35,866
RENICK:
It's now T-minus-30 seconds.
1160
01:02:35,866 --> 01:02:37,866
We notice that
several of the secretaries
1161
01:02:37,866 --> 01:02:39,733
of the space administration
1162
01:02:39,733 --> 01:02:45,600
have their heads bowed
in a prayer for the astronaut.
1163
01:02:45,600 --> 01:02:48,800
MAN:
Nine, eight, seven, six,
1164
01:02:48,800 --> 01:02:52,066
five, four, three,
1165
01:02:52,066 --> 01:02:55,800
two, one, zero.
1166
01:02:55,800 --> 01:02:57,900
Ignition,
1167
01:02:57,900 --> 01:02:59,600
liftoff.
1168
01:02:59,600 --> 01:03:03,300
The MA-6 vehicle
has lifted off.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1169
01:03:03,300 --> 01:03:06,733
The MA-6 vehicle
has lifted off.
1170
01:03:06,733 --> 01:03:08,866
(engines roaring)
1171
01:03:12,733 --> 01:03:18,900
♪
1172
01:03:25,900 --> 01:03:29,200
(people talking in background)
1173
01:03:31,300 --> 01:03:33,233
MAN:
Just about in it...
1174
01:03:35,433 --> 01:03:38,500
♪
1175
01:03:41,866 --> 01:03:47,033
(applauding)
1176
01:03:48,233 --> 01:03:50,000
BERGMAN:
Colonel Glenn will soon be
1177
01:03:50,000 --> 01:03:52,433
the free world and America's
first man
1178
01:03:52,433 --> 01:03:54,900
to undergo orbital flight.
1179
01:03:58,366 --> 01:04:02,333
MAN:
Roger, loud and clear,
flight path...
1180
01:04:02,333 --> 01:04:05,833
GLENN:
Oh, that view is tremendous.
1181
01:04:13,933 --> 01:04:19,100
♪
1182
01:04:32,233 --> 01:04:35,566
♪
1183
01:04:42,266 --> 01:04:44,300
(man talking in background)
1184
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:46,900
(people talking in background)
1185
01:04:46,900 --> 01:04:50,666
JOEL BANOW:
When the Mercury program
started,
1186
01:04:50,666 --> 01:04:52,433
I was working at CBS News.
1187
01:04:54,266 --> 01:04:55,866
I wound up being
a production assistant
1188
01:04:55,866 --> 01:04:57,833
on the Mercury shots.
1189
01:04:57,833 --> 01:04:59,300
And eventually I moved up
1190
01:04:59,300 --> 01:05:02,466
and I started directing
1191
01:05:02,466 --> 01:05:04,166
coverage
of the manned space program.
1192
01:05:04,166 --> 01:05:06,766
All right, stand by, Walter,
here she goes.
1193
01:05:06,766 --> 01:05:07,533
MAN 2:
Ready to go to Cronkite.
1194
01:05:07,533 --> 01:05:08,800
MAN 1:
Keep going.
1195
01:05:10,666 --> 01:05:13,766
CRONKITE:
At this point, the capsule is...
1196
01:05:13,766 --> 01:05:15,333
BANOW:
In the early days of television,
1197
01:05:15,333 --> 01:05:17,666
we didn't have any live feeds
1198
01:05:17,666 --> 01:05:19,300
from spacecraft.
1199
01:05:19,300 --> 01:05:21,333
So what do you put on the air?
1200
01:05:21,333 --> 01:05:23,100
What's your visual?
1201
01:05:23,100 --> 01:05:26,633
When you had
some disconnected voice
1202
01:05:26,633 --> 01:05:28,666
from Mission Control,
1203
01:05:28,666 --> 01:05:32,733
we took an oscilloscope
and fed the audio,
1204
01:05:32,733 --> 01:05:35,000
you know,
the voice of Mission Control.
1205
01:05:35,000 --> 01:05:37,300
MISSION CONTROL:
Roger, the surgeon suggests
1206
01:05:37,300 --> 01:05:39,633
that you drink
as much water as you can.
1207
01:05:39,633 --> 01:05:40,866
Drink as often as you can.
1208
01:05:40,866 --> 01:05:42,200
BANOW:
What are you going to do?
1209
01:05:42,200 --> 01:05:44,133
It was essentially a radio show.
1210
01:05:44,133 --> 01:05:45,833
MAN:
Moments ago, we learned of
1211
01:05:45,833 --> 01:05:48,666
the first problem
to develop in the flight.
1212
01:05:48,666 --> 01:05:54,400
BANOW:
Splashdown was always something
you could never see live.
1213
01:05:54,400 --> 01:05:57,300
Guys like Cronkite
created the drama.
1214
01:05:57,300 --> 01:06:00,200
And that's a rather serious one
to hear.
1215
01:06:00,200 --> 01:06:02,066
We still don't know
that he is
1216
01:06:02,066 --> 01:06:04,433
safely through
the atmospheric layer.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1217
01:06:04,433 --> 01:06:08,800
safely through
the atmospheric layer.
1218
01:06:08,800 --> 01:06:13,266
how we illustrated
launch to splashdown
1219
01:06:13,266 --> 01:06:18,066
with the visuals that we needed.
1220
01:06:19,233 --> 01:06:22,100
We started using Mercury models.
1221
01:06:22,100 --> 01:06:26,300
We had a
full-size Mercury mock-up.
1222
01:06:26,300 --> 01:06:29,566
Videotape
changed the whole dynamic
1223
01:06:29,566 --> 01:06:33,400
of capturing imagery.
1224
01:06:33,400 --> 01:06:35,466
Color-- we started
working in color now
1225
01:06:35,466 --> 01:06:36,766
instead of black and white.
1226
01:06:36,766 --> 01:06:38,400
(helicopter rotors whirring)
1227
01:06:38,400 --> 01:06:41,233
And then, finally, to using
all of those satellites
1228
01:06:41,233 --> 01:06:43,066
and spreading that
all over the world.
1229
01:06:45,000 --> 01:06:46,333
Everything we did
on every mission
1230
01:06:46,333 --> 01:06:51,100
was a rehearsal
for Apollo 11.
1231
01:06:51,100 --> 01:06:55,166
BUCKBEE:
I think the fact
that we did it in the open,
1232
01:06:55,166 --> 01:06:58,533
we told people in advance
that we were going to launch...
1233
01:06:58,533 --> 01:07:01,866
It's in striking contrast
with the way in which
1234
01:07:01,866 --> 01:07:05,566
these operations
are conducted by Russia.
1235
01:07:05,566 --> 01:07:07,966
I don't think
any of their launchings
1236
01:07:07,966 --> 01:07:11,266
have yet been reported on
by a newsman
1237
01:07:11,266 --> 01:07:13,433
on the site.
1238
01:07:14,600 --> 01:07:18,166
BUCKBEE:
Television was huge.
1239
01:07:18,166 --> 01:07:20,166
Guys like Cronkite,
1240
01:07:20,166 --> 01:07:21,966
you know,
they became our agents.
1241
01:07:21,966 --> 01:07:24,033
And so we've got
the first report
1242
01:07:24,033 --> 01:07:26,500
on the most important
of the experiments
1243
01:07:26,500 --> 01:07:27,833
being performed...
1244
01:07:27,833 --> 01:07:29,733
BUCKBEE:
They wanted to be at the Cape.
1245
01:07:29,733 --> 01:07:31,733
Things look very good, indeed,
and augur well
1246
01:07:31,733 --> 01:07:34,333
for the future
of the Mercury program, and...
1247
01:07:34,333 --> 01:07:36,866
BLOOM:
NASA knew Walter was important.
1248
01:07:36,866 --> 01:07:38,300
I mean, we knew he was important
1249
01:07:38,300 --> 01:07:43,166
to be a cheerleader
for the space program.
1250
01:07:43,166 --> 01:07:48,400
Among the press,
Walter was just another guy.
1251
01:07:48,400 --> 01:07:50,400
Among Americans,
1252
01:07:50,400 --> 01:07:52,233
among people out there,
1253
01:07:52,233 --> 01:07:55,533
Walter was critical
to the nation.
1254
01:07:57,200 --> 01:08:01,200
ALEXANDER:
There were several prima donnas
in broadcasting,
1255
01:08:01,200 --> 01:08:05,700
Jules Bergman
being the pre-eminent example.
1256
01:08:05,700 --> 01:08:09,833
Jules wanted you to know that
he could have been an astronaut.
1257
01:08:10,733 --> 01:08:12,366
Loneliness in space.
1258
01:08:12,366 --> 01:08:14,533
Wally Schirra might have
some feelings along that line,
1259
01:08:14,533 --> 01:08:15,933
if he weren't so busy now...
1260
01:08:15,933 --> 01:08:17,600
KING:
Jules Bergman-- my God.
1261
01:08:17,600 --> 01:08:21,266
He was the most disliked person,
I guess, in the program,
1262
01:08:21,266 --> 01:08:23,600
but he did his homework
and he was real good.
1263
01:08:26,300 --> 01:08:27,700
BUCKBEE:
Von Braun was smart.
1264
01:08:27,700 --> 01:08:33,000
He encouraged us
to embrace those people.
1265
01:08:33,000 --> 01:08:36,366
As I think all of you
know by this time, if you don't,
1266
01:08:36,366 --> 01:08:39,100
the launch is now planned
for 7:00 a.m. tomorrow morning.
1267
01:08:39,100 --> 01:08:41,533
We've now flown
four men in space.
1268
01:08:41,533 --> 01:08:44,666
The Soviets have flown
some people.
1269
01:08:44,666 --> 01:08:48,166
The basic doubt about whether
man could survive in space
1270
01:08:48,166 --> 01:08:51,600
has essentially been answered,
and so we can get on with...
1271
01:08:51,600 --> 01:08:54,000
BUCKBEE:
The open policy, the open door--
1272
01:08:54,000 --> 01:08:56,566
I think that was
one of the greatest things
1273
01:08:56,566 --> 01:08:59,033
that NASA accomplished.
1274
01:09:00,166 --> 01:09:01,533
GORDON FRASER:
Gordon Fraser here.
1275
01:09:01,533 --> 01:09:03,000
We're going
directly to Florida,
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1276
01:09:03,000 --> 01:09:04,766
We're going
directly to Florida,
1277
01:09:04,766 --> 01:09:07,566
Captain Virgil Grissom,
is standing by to tell the story
1278
01:09:07,566 --> 01:09:10,200
of Liberty Bell 7.
1279
01:09:10,200 --> 01:09:12,366
KENNEDY (on phone):
...really proud of you,
and I must say
1280
01:09:12,366 --> 01:09:15,466
you did a wonderful job.
1281
01:09:15,466 --> 01:09:16,866
PAUL HARVEY:
Colonel Glenn to New York today.
1282
01:09:16,866 --> 01:09:18,466
The 40-year-old man
from outer space
1283
01:09:18,466 --> 01:09:20,300
with the
beautifully thinning hair
1284
01:09:20,300 --> 01:09:21,866
will get
the gladdest hand ever
1285
01:09:21,866 --> 01:09:24,600
from a city so eager
to applaud an uncommon man.
1286
01:09:24,600 --> 01:09:28,766
REPORTER:
Broadway, the canyon of heroes
in Lower Manhattan,
1287
01:09:28,766 --> 01:09:31,733
is a completely
white way today.
1288
01:09:31,733 --> 01:09:33,800
They're waving,
and the crowd goes mad.
1289
01:09:33,800 --> 01:09:35,500
Listen to them!
1290
01:09:35,500 --> 01:09:37,066
LOGSDON:
It was seeing
John Glenn's parade
1291
01:09:37,066 --> 01:09:41,366
through Manhattan
on March the first, 1962,
1292
01:09:41,366 --> 01:09:44,133
that stimulated
my interest in space.
1293
01:09:44,133 --> 01:09:46,600
REPORTER:
No one in the history
of this great city
1294
01:09:46,600 --> 01:09:49,233
has received such a welcome.
1295
01:09:49,233 --> 01:09:52,100
LOGSDON:
And seeing the public excitement
1296
01:09:52,100 --> 01:09:53,600
of a hero,
1297
01:09:53,600 --> 01:09:55,433
of someone
that had done something
1298
01:09:55,433 --> 01:09:59,433
that no American
had ever done before--
1299
01:09:59,433 --> 01:10:03,300
from then on, I wrote about
the politics of space.
1300
01:10:03,300 --> 01:10:05,966
REPORTER:
Everybody has turned out to see
1301
01:10:05,966 --> 01:10:08,966
America's heroes,
the men who put America
1302
01:10:08,966 --> 01:10:11,066
back in the space race.
1303
01:10:11,066 --> 01:10:12,433
REPORTER:
Astronaut John Glenn,
1304
01:10:12,433 --> 01:10:15,033
the first American
to orbit the Earth.
1305
01:10:15,033 --> 01:10:17,566
CRONKITE:
Scott Carpenter is a 37-year-old
1306
01:10:17,566 --> 01:10:21,100
lieutenant commander
from the U.S. Navy,
1307
01:10:21,100 --> 01:10:23,733
is on his way to the deck.
1308
01:10:23,733 --> 01:10:27,466
POWERS:
Gordon Cooper, the man
that will be at the controls
1309
01:10:27,466 --> 01:10:30,200
in the U.S.'s sixth attempt
at manned space flight.
1310
01:10:30,200 --> 01:10:32,266
He was awakened
this morning at 2:50.
1311
01:10:33,800 --> 01:10:36,733
BUCKBEE:
America wanted
to meet their astronauts.
1312
01:10:36,733 --> 01:10:40,400
I mean, they were huge heroes.
1313
01:10:40,400 --> 01:10:42,700
Everybody wanted
to meet or see an astronaut.
1314
01:10:42,700 --> 01:10:46,600
(crowd cheering)
1315
01:10:48,166 --> 01:10:51,100
BLOOM:
The "Life" contract
was something
1316
01:10:51,100 --> 01:10:55,166
that the original
seven Mercury astronauts
1317
01:10:55,166 --> 01:10:58,366
were allowed to sign,
and their personal stories
1318
01:10:58,366 --> 01:11:01,466
were exclusive
"Life" magazine property.
1319
01:11:03,400 --> 01:11:08,000
KING:
The "Life" magazine contract
gave access to the astronauts,
1320
01:11:08,000 --> 01:11:10,700
the family,
and everything else--
1321
01:11:10,700 --> 01:11:12,066
in their homes,
1322
01:11:12,066 --> 01:11:16,433
being with the wife
during the mission.
1323
01:11:16,433 --> 01:11:18,333
VALERIE ANDERS:
We felt somewhat protected
1324
01:11:18,333 --> 01:11:20,233
by this contract
with "Life" magazine.
1325
01:11:20,233 --> 01:11:23,833
It made ground rules
for the whole thing.
1326
01:11:24,766 --> 01:11:26,733
The "Life" magazine people
1327
01:11:26,733 --> 01:11:28,133
could be in the house,
1328
01:11:28,133 --> 01:11:30,866
everybody else
was out of the house.
1329
01:11:32,700 --> 01:11:34,233
We felt like we were protected
1330
01:11:34,233 --> 01:11:38,800
from anybody just
coming and doing an interview.
1331
01:11:41,600 --> 01:11:43,166
BILL ANDERS:
We had an agent,
1332
01:11:43,166 --> 01:11:48,166
and he let NASA know
that the personal stories
1333
01:11:48,166 --> 01:11:50,533
belonged to Time Life,
1334
01:11:50,533 --> 01:11:55,033
and therefore the press
had to keep their distance.
1335
01:11:55,033 --> 01:11:57,533
It was big money
to us at the time,
1336
01:11:57,533 --> 01:11:59,866
$100,000 life insurance.
1337
01:11:59,866 --> 01:12:02,900
KING:
I was one among others
who sort of
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1338
01:12:02,900 --> 01:12:06,300
KING:
I was one among others
who sort of
1339
01:12:06,300 --> 01:12:11,633
it went against what we were
supposed to be all about.
1340
01:12:15,700 --> 01:12:18,633
LOGSDON:
The Kennedy administration
was ready to cancel
1341
01:12:18,633 --> 01:12:21,466
the contract with Time Life
for the astronauts' stories.
1342
01:12:23,800 --> 01:12:26,900
But it was John Glenn
that talked Kennedy
1343
01:12:26,900 --> 01:12:28,733
into allowing the astronauts
to continue
1344
01:12:28,733 --> 01:12:30,966
to sell their stories
to "Life" magazine.
1345
01:12:33,033 --> 01:12:36,033
In Hyannis,
they went waterskiing together
1346
01:12:36,033 --> 01:12:39,866
and all that sort of thing,
and on the sailboat,
1347
01:12:39,866 --> 01:12:42,566
Kennedy and Glenn
talked about that.
1348
01:12:42,566 --> 01:12:44,866
Glenn said,
"It puts a lot of burdens--
1349
01:12:44,866 --> 01:12:46,766
"my wife
has to buy extra clothes,
1350
01:12:46,766 --> 01:12:49,633
"I have to buy more suits,
I can't do that
1351
01:12:49,633 --> 01:12:50,966
"on military salary.
1352
01:12:50,966 --> 01:12:53,400
"This extra income is necessary
1353
01:12:53,400 --> 01:12:56,133
for us to be
good public representatives."
1354
01:12:56,133 --> 01:12:59,800
♪
1355
01:13:01,833 --> 01:13:04,233
BILL ANDERS:
It's amazing to me that they
could get away with that,
1356
01:13:04,233 --> 01:13:06,333
given the various rules
1357
01:13:06,333 --> 01:13:09,500
in the government about
who can take money for what.
1358
01:13:09,500 --> 01:13:11,133
But that's the power
1359
01:13:11,133 --> 01:13:15,000
of the Mercury astronauts
and their connection with JFK.
1360
01:13:17,066 --> 01:13:21,333
(crowd cheering)
1361
01:13:26,933 --> 01:13:28,433
ED DWIGHT:
Of course, that was
1362
01:13:28,433 --> 01:13:30,466
the biggest PR move
in history,
1363
01:13:30,466 --> 01:13:32,500
was, get these
first seven guys
1364
01:13:32,500 --> 01:13:35,500
and to make them super-human.
1365
01:13:35,500 --> 01:13:37,400
And it turned out
that the public
1366
01:13:37,400 --> 01:13:40,133
wasn't very interested
in satellites.
1367
01:13:40,133 --> 01:13:42,466
Satellites did not excite them.
1368
01:13:42,466 --> 01:13:44,900
But if you put a man
in the middle of that,
1369
01:13:44,900 --> 01:13:47,433
then now you've got
the public's attention.
1370
01:13:47,433 --> 01:13:49,766
(brass band playing)
1371
01:13:49,766 --> 01:13:51,100
And up to that point in time,
most of our heroes
1372
01:13:51,100 --> 01:13:52,366
were sports heroes,
1373
01:13:52,366 --> 01:13:55,633
and actors,
and people like that.
1374
01:13:55,633 --> 01:13:59,566
This is where the
idea of a black astronaut came,
1375
01:13:59,566 --> 01:14:01,933
early in
the Kennedy administration.
1376
01:14:03,533 --> 01:14:06,133
What would this do
to the country
1377
01:14:06,133 --> 01:14:07,833
if you were to
take a black guy
1378
01:14:07,833 --> 01:14:09,700
and put him
right in the middle
1379
01:14:09,700 --> 01:14:11,966
of all of the hero worship
1380
01:14:11,966 --> 01:14:14,066
that had been going on
with NASA?
1381
01:14:17,200 --> 01:14:21,300
(children cheering)
1382
01:14:21,300 --> 01:14:23,966
All the other astronauts
were test pilots.
1383
01:14:23,966 --> 01:14:27,166
You had to have an
engineering degree or a degree
1384
01:14:27,166 --> 01:14:28,633
in natural science.
1385
01:14:28,633 --> 01:14:34,033
You had to have 1,500 hours
of jet time.
1386
01:14:34,033 --> 01:14:39,466
So I was 27,
2,200 hours of jet time,
1387
01:14:39,466 --> 01:14:42,033
a degree
in aeronautical engineering,
1388
01:14:42,033 --> 01:14:44,666
so my card fell out.
1389
01:14:44,666 --> 01:14:47,166
And I get this letter
asking me
1390
01:14:47,166 --> 01:14:50,166
if I was interested
in going to test pilot school,
1391
01:14:50,166 --> 01:14:52,766
to go to Edwards Air Force Base
en route
1392
01:14:52,766 --> 01:14:58,266
to being the first
African-American astronaut.
1393
01:14:58,266 --> 01:15:02,500
I draw the line in the dust,
and toss the gauntlet
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1394
01:15:02,500 --> 01:15:04,500
I draw the line in the dust,
and toss the gauntlet
1395
01:15:04,500 --> 01:15:07,266
and I say segregation now,
1396
01:15:07,266 --> 01:15:11,833
segregation tomorrow,
and segregation forever.
1397
01:15:11,833 --> 01:15:13,600
(cheers and applause)
1398
01:15:18,300 --> 01:15:21,533
DWIGHT:
NASA had this problem,
1399
01:15:21,533 --> 01:15:24,100
because just about
every committee in Congress
1400
01:15:24,100 --> 01:15:25,533
was led by a Southerner.
1401
01:15:25,533 --> 01:15:30,000
You know,
NASA needed tax dollars, okay?
1402
01:15:30,000 --> 01:15:31,466
So that's the reason why
1403
01:15:31,466 --> 01:15:33,433
most of
the space program facilities
1404
01:15:33,433 --> 01:15:35,866
were created in the South.
1405
01:15:35,866 --> 01:15:38,400
That's what they needed
to get money from Congress,
1406
01:15:38,400 --> 01:15:42,400
to get these congressmen
to vote.
1407
01:15:42,400 --> 01:15:44,666
And a whole bunch
of political history
1408
01:15:44,666 --> 01:15:46,966
comes into play.
1409
01:15:46,966 --> 01:15:49,600
We are confronted today
with a challenge
1410
01:15:49,600 --> 01:15:52,066
which has all
the urgency and importance
1411
01:15:52,066 --> 01:15:55,133
of our
space exploration program.
1412
01:15:55,133 --> 01:15:57,333
This is the social problem
1413
01:15:57,333 --> 01:16:00,233
dealing with
man's relationship with man,
1414
01:16:00,233 --> 01:16:02,300
which, while not new,
1415
01:16:02,300 --> 01:16:04,666
has come into sharp focus
in recent years.
1416
01:16:04,666 --> 01:16:08,333
Your assistance,
your affirmative attitudes,
1417
01:16:08,333 --> 01:16:10,666
and your dedication
to a principle
1418
01:16:10,666 --> 01:16:14,600
that is based upon
what is right, what is just,
1419
01:16:14,600 --> 01:16:17,200
and what is fair will be needed.
1420
01:16:21,333 --> 01:16:26,100
♪
1421
01:16:26,100 --> 01:16:30,633
DWIGHT:
I was sent down to Edwards Air
Force Base to interview.
1422
01:16:30,633 --> 01:16:32,833
Chuck Yeager was the head
1423
01:16:32,833 --> 01:16:36,700
of the test pilot school
and the new astronaut program.
1424
01:16:36,700 --> 01:16:41,533
(jet engines roaring)
1425
01:16:41,533 --> 01:16:43,633
You know,
we're turning out
1426
01:16:43,633 --> 01:16:46,333
an entirely different breed
of pilot here at the school.
1427
01:16:46,333 --> 01:16:48,000
These guys
will be working on programs
1428
01:16:48,000 --> 01:16:50,133
all the way from the surface
of the Earth to space.
1429
01:16:50,133 --> 01:16:53,600
DWIGHT:
Chuck Yeager-
he was one of my heroes.
1430
01:16:53,600 --> 01:16:54,966
(plane roaring)
1431
01:16:54,966 --> 01:16:56,266
You know,
he was the first man
1432
01:16:56,266 --> 01:17:00,900
to go through
the speed of sound.
1433
01:17:00,900 --> 01:17:02,933
And the first phase of it
1434
01:17:02,933 --> 01:17:06,833
was test pilot training,
which was a precursor
1435
01:17:06,833 --> 01:17:10,166
to the space training
en route to being an astronaut.
1436
01:17:10,166 --> 01:17:14,300
(plane roaring)
1437
01:17:14,300 --> 01:17:18,166
FRANK BORMAN:
The Kennedys wanted
a black astronaut.
1438
01:17:18,166 --> 01:17:20,600
Particularly
Bobby Kennedy was insistent
1439
01:17:20,600 --> 01:17:22,233
on having a black astronaut.
1440
01:17:22,233 --> 01:17:26,033
And Ed Dwight,
God bless him,
1441
01:17:26,033 --> 01:17:28,766
was enrolled
in the test pilot school.
1442
01:17:28,766 --> 01:17:30,500
And I was not involved in it,
1443
01:17:30,500 --> 01:17:33,600
although it was going on
at Edwards Air Force Base
1444
01:17:33,600 --> 01:17:35,566
while I was there.
1445
01:17:35,566 --> 01:17:39,333
I viewed myself
as a warrior in the Cold War.
1446
01:17:39,333 --> 01:17:42,033
I was there
because I was in the military
1447
01:17:42,033 --> 01:17:43,500
and I thought
it was extremely important to,
1448
01:17:43,500 --> 01:17:47,200
to get to the moon
ahead of the Russians.
1449
01:17:47,200 --> 01:17:48,833
Beat the Russians!
1450
01:17:48,833 --> 01:17:52,933
But Yeager is...
he's a piece of work.
1451
01:17:52,933 --> 01:17:55,700
DWIGHT:
Yeager had called in
the entire instructor staff
1452
01:17:55,700 --> 01:17:56,833
and he announced
1453
01:17:56,833 --> 01:17:58,800
that "Washington is trying
to cram the N-word
1454
01:17:58,800 --> 01:18:02,200
down our throats."
1455
01:18:02,200 --> 01:18:07,333
He said, "Kennedy is using this
to make racial equality,
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1456
01:18:07,333 --> 01:18:10,833
He said, "Kennedy is using this
to make racial equality,
1457
01:18:10,833 --> 01:18:12,100
"do not drink with him,
1458
01:18:12,100 --> 01:18:14,433
"do not invite him over
to your house,
1459
01:18:14,433 --> 01:18:17,433
and in six months,
he'll be gone."
1460
01:18:19,166 --> 01:18:21,333
BORMAN:
Yeager said,
"Well, now, wait a minute.
1461
01:18:21,333 --> 01:18:25,733
"Dwight's not doing that well--
he's 16th,
1462
01:18:25,733 --> 01:18:27,300
"and we're only going to
take the top ten.
1463
01:18:27,300 --> 01:18:29,800
"But if you want
to expand the course,
1464
01:18:29,800 --> 01:18:31,266
"I'll take 16 in there
1465
01:18:31,266 --> 01:18:33,933
so Dwight will be included,"
1466
01:18:33,933 --> 01:18:35,600
and that's how it happened.
1467
01:18:37,866 --> 01:18:40,166
DWIGHT:
After I'd finished successfully,
1468
01:18:40,166 --> 01:18:42,166
the White House announced,
1469
01:18:42,166 --> 01:18:44,733
"We now have a black astronaut."
1470
01:18:44,733 --> 01:18:49,000
President Kennedy
called my mom and dad.
1471
01:18:49,000 --> 01:18:53,900
A 29-year-old Negro says
he is anxious to go into space.
1472
01:18:53,900 --> 01:18:55,366
He is Captain Edward Dwight
of the Air Force,
1473
01:18:55,366 --> 01:18:56,966
selected to be an astronaut,
1474
01:18:56,966 --> 01:18:59,433
the first of his race
to be so designated.
1475
01:18:59,433 --> 01:19:01,833
Captain Dwight and his family
got the news at their home
1476
01:19:01,833 --> 01:19:04,533
at Edwards Air Force Base
in California.
1477
01:19:04,533 --> 01:19:09,166
♪
1478
01:19:09,166 --> 01:19:11,500
DWIGHT:
Now I'm going
around the country,
1479
01:19:11,500 --> 01:19:13,266
you know, being this
first black astronaut,
1480
01:19:13,266 --> 01:19:15,400
getting all these
trophies and awards,
1481
01:19:15,400 --> 01:19:17,166
and stuff like that--
1482
01:19:17,166 --> 01:19:20,000
letting the whole leadership
in the black community know
1483
01:19:20,000 --> 01:19:23,500
that, "Here he is, guys."
1484
01:19:23,500 --> 01:19:26,200
Because blacks
are not heroes in science,
1485
01:19:26,200 --> 01:19:29,333
in math, in engineering,
in space, in flight testing,
1486
01:19:29,333 --> 01:19:33,200
in test piloting--
in piloting, period, you know?
1487
01:19:33,200 --> 01:19:35,066
But I was
talking to black kids,
1488
01:19:35,066 --> 01:19:37,933
trying to get their attention.
1489
01:19:37,933 --> 01:19:40,366
I was going
in a whole range of schools,
1490
01:19:40,366 --> 01:19:43,966
from city to city to city.
1491
01:19:43,966 --> 01:19:46,366
And I was still in training,
by the way,
1492
01:19:46,366 --> 01:19:49,700
in training
to be an astronaut.
1493
01:19:53,633 --> 01:19:55,466
The School
of Aerospace Medicine
1494
01:19:55,466 --> 01:19:57,433
is at
Brooke Army Medical Center,
1495
01:19:57,433 --> 01:20:01,666
near Lackland Air Force Base.
1496
01:20:01,666 --> 01:20:04,266
They did every possible thing
1497
01:20:04,266 --> 01:20:06,033
you could do to a human being
1498
01:20:06,033 --> 01:20:07,633
in that three-month period
of time.
1499
01:20:07,633 --> 01:20:09,200
(bike squeaking)
1500
01:20:09,200 --> 01:20:11,566
(door clicks, lock engages)
1501
01:20:11,566 --> 01:20:15,633
They'd put your hands in
a bucket of ice-cold water,
1502
01:20:15,633 --> 01:20:17,033
just one hand in
a bucket of ice-cold water.
1503
01:20:17,033 --> 01:20:18,533
Well, what happens is,
your heart
1504
01:20:18,533 --> 01:20:22,166
starts beating
faster and faster and faster.
1505
01:20:22,166 --> 01:20:25,300
They would stick, you know,
14 needles into your head
1506
01:20:25,300 --> 01:20:28,066
to see your brain waves.
1507
01:20:29,133 --> 01:20:32,033
And then you go
into the centrifuge.
1508
01:20:34,800 --> 01:20:36,300
It drains all
the blood out of your head
1509
01:20:36,300 --> 01:20:37,700
and you can't even see.
1510
01:20:42,233 --> 01:20:45,466
I mean, it was hell.
1511
01:20:45,466 --> 01:20:46,733
(laughing):
They stuck holes
1512
01:20:46,733 --> 01:20:48,166
in every orifice you had
in your body,
1513
01:20:48,166 --> 01:20:50,833
and made holes
in the rest of them.
1514
01:20:50,833 --> 01:20:53,433
It was unbelievable.
1515
01:20:56,166 --> 01:20:58,900
MICHAEL COLLINS:
The unknowns of space
were such that when
1516
01:20:58,900 --> 01:21:02,300
the first Mercury candidates
were selected,
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1517
01:21:02,300 --> 01:21:05,366
the first Mercury candidates
were selected,
1518
01:21:05,366 --> 01:21:08,300
about their ability
to withstand
1519
01:21:08,300 --> 01:21:10,600
vibration, high temperature,
1520
01:21:10,600 --> 01:21:16,166
isolation, darkness, heat--
and so they tended
1521
01:21:16,166 --> 01:21:18,400
to emphasize those.
1522
01:21:19,533 --> 01:21:21,000
By the time
it got to the second
1523
01:21:21,000 --> 01:21:22,633
and the third group
of astronauts,
1524
01:21:22,633 --> 01:21:23,933
I think the emphasis
1525
01:21:23,933 --> 01:21:26,766
shifted a little bit
from the physical
1526
01:21:26,766 --> 01:21:29,300
to the mental.
1527
01:21:34,166 --> 01:21:38,400
I certainly would not want to
fly in space with a psychotic
1528
01:21:38,400 --> 01:21:42,133
or a highly neurotic person.
1529
01:21:42,133 --> 01:21:45,600
I thought that
some of the psychological tests
1530
01:21:45,600 --> 01:21:47,400
were kind of amusing,
1531
01:21:47,400 --> 01:21:50,366
like the blank piece of paper,
1532
01:21:50,366 --> 01:21:52,666
which I think
I said I thought I saw
1533
01:21:52,666 --> 01:21:57,233
19 polar bears
fornicating in a snow bank.
1534
01:21:57,233 --> 01:22:01,566
The question then is,
why 19?
1535
01:22:01,566 --> 01:22:05,466
♪
1536
01:22:05,466 --> 01:22:06,766
BUZZ ALDRIN:
My good friend Ed White
1537
01:22:06,766 --> 01:22:08,700
called me up,
talked on the phone.
1538
01:22:08,700 --> 01:22:12,033
He said,
"NASA is interested
1539
01:22:12,033 --> 01:22:16,366
"in adding to
the Mercury 7 astronauts,
1540
01:22:16,366 --> 01:22:18,900
"and I'm qualified,
1541
01:22:18,900 --> 01:22:21,700
so I'm going to apply."
1542
01:22:21,700 --> 01:22:25,466
He was selected, I wasn't.
1543
01:22:25,466 --> 01:22:29,033
But I persisted,
and in 1963,
1544
01:22:29,033 --> 01:22:31,666
I was selected.
1545
01:22:34,266 --> 01:22:36,833
BILL ANDERS:
NASA was looking for
a new group of astronauts.
1546
01:22:38,733 --> 01:22:42,633
So I was flying an airplane
called the F-101 Voodoo,
1547
01:22:42,633 --> 01:22:44,766
which is probably
one of the sexiest
1548
01:22:44,766 --> 01:22:46,766
but most dangerous airplanes
ever built.
1549
01:22:46,766 --> 01:22:48,800
(engine roaring)
1550
01:22:51,766 --> 01:22:54,633
Being a fighter pilot
does weed out
1551
01:22:54,633 --> 01:22:58,166
the people
who are overly concerned
1552
01:22:58,166 --> 01:23:01,300
about their own safety.
1553
01:23:01,300 --> 01:23:03,366
So I went off and applied,
1554
01:23:03,366 --> 01:23:07,233
and to my amazement,
on my birthday in 1963,
1555
01:23:07,233 --> 01:23:10,166
was called by Deke Slayton.
1556
01:23:10,166 --> 01:23:13,233
He said, "Hey, how would you
like to come work for us?"
1557
01:23:13,233 --> 01:23:18,733
That's how I ended up
going to NASA.
1558
01:23:20,433 --> 01:23:23,566
DWIGHT:
I was feeling it,
I was very confident,
1559
01:23:23,566 --> 01:23:25,000
I was cocky.
1560
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:28,233
I was really convinced
that I was in the club.
1561
01:23:34,233 --> 01:23:35,900
SLAYTON:
Okay, I guess you all know
1562
01:23:35,900 --> 01:23:38,300
why you're here today,
and why we're here.
1563
01:23:38,300 --> 01:23:39,566
We'd like to introduce
1564
01:23:39,566 --> 01:23:41,200
the new group of 14 astronauts
1565
01:23:41,200 --> 01:23:44,666
that we've been
in the process of selecting
1566
01:23:44,666 --> 01:23:46,333
for about the last four months.
1567
01:23:46,333 --> 01:23:51,600
(audience applauds)
1568
01:23:54,600 --> 01:23:57,466
BILL ANDERS:
I remember thinking, you know,
1569
01:23:57,466 --> 01:23:59,933
why are these people
treating us like heroes?
1570
01:23:59,933 --> 01:24:03,700
All we did was get on
an airplane and fly to Houston.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1571
01:24:03,700 --> 01:24:05,466
All we did was get on
an airplane and fly to Houston.
1572
01:24:05,466 --> 01:24:06,666
Captain Bill Anders,
1573
01:24:06,666 --> 01:24:08,833
Kirtland Air Force Base,
New Mexico.
1574
01:24:08,833 --> 01:24:10,366
Here I was being
oohed and ahhed
1575
01:24:10,366 --> 01:24:11,733
as an American icon,
1576
01:24:11,733 --> 01:24:14,500
who had basically only
escaped Vietnam
1577
01:24:14,500 --> 01:24:16,833
as my major accomplishment.
1578
01:24:16,833 --> 01:24:20,000
So, I was embarrassed
with the first press conference.
1579
01:24:21,166 --> 01:24:22,600
REPORTER:
Speaking of integration,
1580
01:24:22,600 --> 01:24:24,900
was there a Negro boy
in the last 30 or so
1581
01:24:24,900 --> 01:24:27,800
that you brought here
for consideration?
1582
01:24:27,800 --> 01:24:29,766
Uh, no, there was not.
1583
01:24:36,700 --> 01:24:38,700
Okay, I guess we're through,
Paul.
1584
01:24:38,700 --> 01:24:40,000
PAUL HANEY:
Well, we wanted to break out
1585
01:24:40,000 --> 01:24:41,600
for some stills here,
1586
01:24:41,600 --> 01:24:44,000
and there may be some people
who want to get special things
1587
01:24:44,000 --> 01:24:45,300
but let's keep the stills...
1588
01:24:45,300 --> 01:24:46,766
DWIGHT:
That was my group.
1589
01:24:46,766 --> 01:24:51,333
I was expecting
to be a part of that group.
1590
01:24:51,333 --> 01:24:53,733
But within the first
three-year window there,
1591
01:24:53,733 --> 01:24:56,133
you know, a lot of these guys
got killed.
1592
01:24:56,133 --> 01:24:58,633
You know,
so I wasn't the only guy
1593
01:24:58,633 --> 01:25:01,200
that had a set of difficulties.
1594
01:25:01,200 --> 01:25:03,266
I got it because I was black.
1595
01:25:03,266 --> 01:25:06,033
(engine puttering)
1596
01:25:06,033 --> 01:25:10,366
I later found out that
the U.S. Information Agency
1597
01:25:10,366 --> 01:25:12,233
took a whole battery
of my pictures,
1598
01:25:12,233 --> 01:25:14,033
sent them to Africa,
1599
01:25:14,033 --> 01:25:15,733
where
the tracking stations were,
1600
01:25:15,733 --> 01:25:17,300
and they had
all these people saying,
1601
01:25:17,300 --> 01:25:20,566
"There's a black guy
that's going up!"
1602
01:25:20,566 --> 01:25:23,266
Showing them my picture to say,
"Don't go destroy
1603
01:25:23,266 --> 01:25:25,033
"the tracking station,
don't be going
1604
01:25:25,033 --> 01:25:26,333
"and blowing up
our tracking stations,
1605
01:25:26,333 --> 01:25:27,866
or messing with them,"
1606
01:25:27,866 --> 01:25:30,033
that this guy here is
going to flying over there,
1607
01:25:30,033 --> 01:25:33,100
because, in the orbit,
they got to go over Africa.
1608
01:25:40,266 --> 01:25:41,566
Well, yeah,
it would have been
1609
01:25:41,566 --> 01:25:44,333
a grand and glorious event,
1610
01:25:44,333 --> 01:25:48,066
if I had have been accepted.
1611
01:25:48,066 --> 01:25:50,133
First, if we may,
1612
01:25:50,133 --> 01:25:52,800
why aren't you
an astronaut now?
1613
01:25:52,800 --> 01:25:56,266
I couldn't begin to tell you.
1614
01:25:56,266 --> 01:25:59,000
I have no... I have no comment
for that question.
1615
01:25:59,000 --> 01:26:01,266
But other than that,
1616
01:26:01,266 --> 01:26:05,200
I won't make any
overt statements at this time,
1617
01:26:05,200 --> 01:26:06,800
outlining any
overt racial pressures
1618
01:26:06,800 --> 01:26:09,100
at any time during
my training at Edwards.
1619
01:26:09,100 --> 01:26:11,200
REPORTER 2:
Are you now in fact
1620
01:26:11,200 --> 01:26:12,766
completely out
of the astronaut program?
1621
01:26:12,766 --> 01:26:15,000
Is there a possibility
of you ever being back in?
1622
01:26:15,000 --> 01:26:17,533
I don't know,
I don't have any idea.
1623
01:26:17,533 --> 01:26:18,966
REPORTER 1:
Do you feel that
what's happened to you
1624
01:26:18,966 --> 01:26:22,800
is a setback for
civil rights opportunities
1625
01:26:22,800 --> 01:26:24,600
in this country?
1626
01:26:24,600 --> 01:26:27,566
I would rather not comment
on that.
1627
01:26:31,500 --> 01:26:34,633
(people talking in background)
1628
01:26:36,933 --> 01:26:41,900
The administrator of the, NASA
is Mr. James Webb,
1629
01:26:41,900 --> 01:26:44,033
and he is standing by now
at NASA's
1630
01:26:44,033 --> 01:26:46,766
Goddard Space Flight Center
at Greenbelt, Maryland.
1631
01:26:46,766 --> 01:26:48,200
Mr. Webb, what about
1632
01:26:48,200 --> 01:26:50,466
this so-called peaceful
competition in space?
1633
01:26:50,466 --> 01:26:54,766
When the Soviets orbited
Sputnik 1 around the world,
1634
01:26:54,766 --> 01:26:57,700
they scored much more
than a propaganda victory.
1635
01:26:57,700 --> 01:27:01,200
They achieved a technological
jump which jolted the world
1636
01:27:01,200 --> 01:27:04,000
and served as an open challenge
to us.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1637
01:27:04,000 --> 01:27:08,666
and served as an open challenge
to us.
1638
01:27:10,533 --> 01:27:13,300
He was a remarkable human being.
1639
01:27:13,300 --> 01:27:16,633
He was a very staunch Democrat.
1640
01:27:16,633 --> 01:27:19,866
He understood the Congress.
1641
01:27:19,866 --> 01:27:22,400
He knew where
all the wheels, buttons,
1642
01:27:22,400 --> 01:27:25,000
and skeletons were buried.
1643
01:27:29,866 --> 01:27:33,133
Instead of driving around
in a Cadillac limousine,
1644
01:27:33,133 --> 01:27:36,366
he had a Checker
that was painted black.
1645
01:27:36,366 --> 01:27:37,633
You know the Checker cab?
1646
01:27:37,633 --> 01:27:42,300
Not as presumptuous
as a Cadillac.
1647
01:27:42,300 --> 01:27:46,866
He provided
a fiscal umbrella for us.
1648
01:27:46,866 --> 01:27:49,866
We couldn't have made it
without Mr. Webb.
1649
01:27:52,366 --> 01:27:56,000
(plane engine running)
1650
01:27:59,033 --> 01:28:02,633
LOGSDON:
By the summer of 1962,
1651
01:28:02,633 --> 01:28:05,333
there was some concern
in the budget bureau
1652
01:28:05,333 --> 01:28:09,333
about the cost and dimensions
of what would be required
1653
01:28:09,333 --> 01:28:12,633
to do what Kennedy said
we were going to do,
1654
01:28:12,633 --> 01:28:14,200
and so there was
a recommendation
1655
01:28:14,200 --> 01:28:16,233
that Kennedy
go out and take a look
1656
01:28:16,233 --> 01:28:17,966
at what was being done.
1657
01:28:17,966 --> 01:28:20,200
(band playing
"Hail to the Chief")
1658
01:28:20,200 --> 01:28:25,166
BUCKBEE:
He came to Huntsville
to meet von Braun,
1659
01:28:25,166 --> 01:28:28,300
and immediately he and von Braun
climbed in a car and drove
1660
01:28:28,300 --> 01:28:31,366
into what we called
the fabrication laboratory.
1661
01:28:31,366 --> 01:28:36,033
That's where the boosters
were being assembled.
1662
01:28:42,800 --> 01:28:44,900
(von Braun speaks softly)
1663
01:28:47,133 --> 01:28:49,533
Sir, on this table,
1664
01:28:49,533 --> 01:28:55,366
you see an array of rockets
that we are dealing with.
1665
01:28:55,366 --> 01:28:58,133
We will very shortly
begin assembly
1666
01:28:58,133 --> 01:29:01,233
of the first stages
of the large,
1667
01:29:01,233 --> 01:29:03,333
or advanced Saturn C-5,
1668
01:29:03,333 --> 01:29:05,300
which is a vehicle designed
to put an American on the moon
1669
01:29:05,300 --> 01:29:08,800
in this decade,
and by God we'll do it.
1670
01:29:13,433 --> 01:29:16,533
BUCKBEE:
We get over to the test site,
1671
01:29:16,533 --> 01:29:20,266
and they fire up the booster.
1672
01:29:20,266 --> 01:29:21,433
(boosters roaring)
1673
01:29:21,433 --> 01:29:24,400
32 million horsepower.
1674
01:29:24,400 --> 01:29:27,233
We hold it down
for two-and-a-half minutes.
1675
01:29:27,233 --> 01:29:30,033
It never leaves the pad.
1676
01:29:30,033 --> 01:29:33,166
(boosters firing)
1677
01:29:39,700 --> 01:29:42,433
(fire bursts, then stops)
1678
01:29:42,433 --> 01:29:44,966
And I was standing
with the Secret Service people,
1679
01:29:44,966 --> 01:29:49,533
and the president--
he was so excited about it,
1680
01:29:49,533 --> 01:29:52,666
he said, "I felt the heat
come up my pants leg,
1681
01:29:52,666 --> 01:29:54,466
"and it felt like a hammer
1682
01:29:54,466 --> 01:29:56,233
"beating against my chest.
1683
01:29:56,233 --> 01:29:57,966
"That's the most...
that's the most impressive thing
1684
01:29:57,966 --> 01:29:59,400
I've ever seen."
1685
01:29:59,400 --> 01:30:01,333
You know, they had a long,
long conversation.
1686
01:30:01,333 --> 01:30:02,566
How's the rocket going to work?
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1687
01:30:02,566 --> 01:30:04,233
How's the rocket going to work?
1688
01:30:04,233 --> 01:30:06,000
Is it really going to work
like that when you fly it?
1689
01:30:06,000 --> 01:30:07,266
He said, "Yes, sir,
1690
01:30:07,266 --> 01:30:10,433
it's going to fly
just like that."
1691
01:30:12,333 --> 01:30:17,100
The president had never
been around anything like this.
1692
01:30:17,100 --> 01:30:20,100
He'd never seen a launch,
even of a missile.
1693
01:30:21,433 --> 01:30:24,933
That was the day
that, I think, Kennedy realized
1694
01:30:24,933 --> 01:30:27,900
von Braun knew
what he was doing.
1695
01:30:31,000 --> 01:30:33,266
BLOOM:
Von Braun was always tainted
1696
01:30:33,266 --> 01:30:37,533
by the Nazi underpinnings
of his career.
1697
01:30:37,533 --> 01:30:40,100
Kurt Debus was the same way,
1698
01:30:40,100 --> 01:30:43,600
and he was the director
of Cape Canaveral.
1699
01:30:43,600 --> 01:30:45,233
Debus was a Nazi.
1700
01:30:45,233 --> 01:30:49,533
So two of
the NASA major centers
1701
01:30:49,533 --> 01:30:55,100
were headed by ex-Nazis.
1702
01:30:55,100 --> 01:30:59,100
All of these former Nazis
were there.
1703
01:30:59,100 --> 01:31:01,433
So we would joke about it,
1704
01:31:01,433 --> 01:31:04,200
but we didn't make a big deal
about it,
1705
01:31:04,200 --> 01:31:06,900
about the fact
that all of these ex-Nazis
1706
01:31:06,900 --> 01:31:09,500
were getting us to the moon.
1707
01:31:09,500 --> 01:31:12,500
General, gentlemen,
I want to express
1708
01:31:12,500 --> 01:31:14,533
our great satisfaction
1709
01:31:14,533 --> 01:31:17,466
in your presence
here in the United States.
1710
01:31:17,466 --> 01:31:20,866
This kind of
a joint community effort,
1711
01:31:20,866 --> 01:31:22,533
a community
of the free nations,
1712
01:31:22,533 --> 01:31:26,766
would have been regarded
as impossible two decades ago.
1713
01:31:26,766 --> 01:31:29,333
But now we take it very much
for granted.
1714
01:31:29,333 --> 01:31:31,666
We are glad you're here,
gentlemen,
1715
01:31:31,666 --> 01:31:33,700
we're proud to have you
in the United States.
1716
01:31:33,700 --> 01:31:37,900
(cheers and applause)
1717
01:31:39,266 --> 01:31:43,466
LOGSDON:
And he was at the Cape
for less than a day.
1718
01:31:43,466 --> 01:31:45,600
He'd been given a full briefing
of the Apollo buildup
1719
01:31:45,600 --> 01:31:49,666
and the technical requirements
for a moon mission.
1720
01:31:49,666 --> 01:31:53,400
And then he went to Houston.
1721
01:31:54,600 --> 01:31:55,866
LEWIS CUTRER:
Ladies and gentlemen,
1722
01:31:55,866 --> 01:31:58,466
I know that this
is the great moment
1723
01:31:58,466 --> 01:32:00,166
we've been looking for,
1724
01:32:00,166 --> 01:32:03,100
to welcome to Houston,
to Harris County,
1725
01:32:03,100 --> 01:32:06,433
the president
of the United States,
1726
01:32:06,433 --> 01:32:09,166
our congressman, Albert Thomas,
1727
01:32:09,166 --> 01:32:12,933
to Space City, U.S.A.,
which all of them
1728
01:32:12,933 --> 01:32:16,566
and their colleagues
were responsible for creating.
1729
01:32:16,566 --> 01:32:21,566
This is our way of saying
to you, Mr. President,
1730
01:32:21,566 --> 01:32:26,966
Mr. Vice President,
Congressman Thomas, thank you...
1731
01:32:26,966 --> 01:32:28,633
LOGSDON:
The reality was that there was
1732
01:32:28,633 --> 01:32:31,400
an influential member
of the House of Representatives
1733
01:32:31,400 --> 01:32:36,233
named Albert Thomas
who controlled NASA's money.
1734
01:32:36,233 --> 01:32:37,966
And Mr. Thomas
let it be known,
1735
01:32:37,966 --> 01:32:40,566
if there was going to be
a next NASA center,
1736
01:32:40,566 --> 01:32:43,266
it had better be
in his district,
1737
01:32:43,266 --> 01:32:44,566
which was south of Houston.
1738
01:32:44,566 --> 01:32:46,566
(applause)
1739
01:32:46,566 --> 01:32:48,166
KENNEDY:
Mr. Mayor, Congressman Thomas,
1740
01:32:48,166 --> 01:32:50,100
Mr. Vice President,
ladies and gentlemen,
1741
01:32:50,100 --> 01:32:53,133
as we reach towards the moon,
1742
01:32:53,133 --> 01:32:54,933
I think it's most appropriate
1743
01:32:54,933 --> 01:32:59,000
that this space center should
be located here in Houston.
1744
01:32:59,000 --> 01:33:01,200
Here at Rice University.
1745
01:33:01,200 --> 01:33:02,766
LOGSDON:
And so, the decision
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1746
01:33:02,766 --> 01:33:05,566
LOGSDON:
And so, the decision
1747
01:33:05,566 --> 01:33:07,000
was very political.
1748
01:33:07,000 --> 01:33:08,400
CUTRER:
Thank you, Mr. President.
1749
01:33:08,400 --> 01:33:11,233
In conclusion,
ladies and gentlemen,
1750
01:33:11,233 --> 01:33:14,900
let me urge you to attend
the program tomorrow morning
1751
01:33:14,900 --> 01:33:16,833
at Rice Stadium.
1752
01:33:16,833 --> 01:33:20,066
Be in your seats for 9:30
in the morning, Rice Stadium.
1753
01:33:25,266 --> 01:33:29,200
(marching band playing)
1754
01:33:29,200 --> 01:33:31,733
(cheers and applause)
1755
01:33:31,733 --> 01:33:33,666
(marching band playing)
1756
01:33:33,666 --> 01:33:37,366
(cheering and applauding)
1757
01:33:37,366 --> 01:33:42,300
(cheers and applause continue)
1758
01:33:51,466 --> 01:33:54,333
In the last 24 hours,
1759
01:33:54,333 --> 01:33:57,333
we have seen facilities
now being created
1760
01:33:57,333 --> 01:34:00,366
for the greatest
and most complex exploration
1761
01:34:00,366 --> 01:34:02,000
in man's history.
1762
01:34:02,000 --> 01:34:06,266
We have felt the ground shake
and the air shattered
1763
01:34:06,266 --> 01:34:10,133
by the testing
of a Saturn C-1 booster rocket,
1764
01:34:10,133 --> 01:34:12,300
many times as powerful
1765
01:34:12,300 --> 01:34:15,566
as the Atlas
which launched John Glenn,
1766
01:34:15,566 --> 01:34:19,000
generating power equivalent
to 10,000 automobiles
1767
01:34:19,000 --> 01:34:22,233
with their accelerator
on the floor.
1768
01:34:22,233 --> 01:34:27,233
We have seen the site
where five F-1 rocket engines,
1769
01:34:27,233 --> 01:34:29,533
each one as powerful
1770
01:34:29,533 --> 01:34:33,033
as all eight engines
of the Saturn combined,
1771
01:34:33,033 --> 01:34:35,166
will be clustered together
1772
01:34:35,166 --> 01:34:38,200
to make
the advanced Saturn missile
1773
01:34:38,200 --> 01:34:42,566
assembled in a new building
to be built at Cape Canaveral
1774
01:34:42,566 --> 01:34:48,566
as tall as a 48-story structure,
as wide as a city block,
1775
01:34:48,566 --> 01:34:51,700
and as long as two lengths
of this field.
1776
01:34:51,700 --> 01:34:56,400
We have had our failures,
but so have others,
1777
01:34:56,400 --> 01:34:57,900
even if they do not admit them,
1778
01:34:57,900 --> 01:35:00,533
and they may be less public.
1779
01:35:00,533 --> 01:35:01,966
To be sure...
1780
01:35:01,966 --> 01:35:06,433
(audience applauds)
1781
01:35:06,433 --> 01:35:08,733
...to be sure, we are behind,
1782
01:35:08,733 --> 01:35:12,633
and will be behind for some time
in manned flight,
1783
01:35:12,633 --> 01:35:15,133
but we do not intend
to stay behind,
1784
01:35:15,133 --> 01:35:17,866
and in this decade,
we shall make up
1785
01:35:17,866 --> 01:35:19,600
and move ahead.
1786
01:35:19,600 --> 01:35:24,300
(audience cheers and applauds)
1787
01:35:24,300 --> 01:35:26,600
We choose to go
to the moon.
1788
01:35:26,600 --> 01:35:27,866
We choose to go
to the moon!
1789
01:35:27,866 --> 01:35:32,200
(audience cheers and applauds)
1790
01:35:34,733 --> 01:35:37,566
We choose to go to the moon
in this decade,
1791
01:35:37,566 --> 01:35:39,133
and do the other things,
1792
01:35:39,133 --> 01:35:43,133
not because they are easy,
but because they are hard.
1793
01:35:43,133 --> 01:35:47,300
Because that goal will serve
to organize and measure
1794
01:35:47,300 --> 01:35:49,933
the best
of our energies and skills,
1795
01:35:49,933 --> 01:35:51,700
because that challenge
1796
01:35:51,700 --> 01:35:53,933
is one that we're willing
to accept,
1797
01:35:53,933 --> 01:35:57,233
one we are unwilling
to postpone,
1798
01:35:57,233 --> 01:36:01,066
and one we intend to win,
and the others, too.
1799
01:36:01,066 --> 01:36:03,833
(audience cheers and applauds)
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1800
01:36:03,833 --> 01:36:10,333
(audience cheers and applauds)
1801
01:36:10,333 --> 01:36:14,700
Many years ago, the great
British explorer George Mallory,
1802
01:36:14,700 --> 01:36:18,166
who was to die on Mount Everest,
1803
01:36:18,166 --> 01:36:20,733
was asked,
why did he want to climb it?
1804
01:36:20,733 --> 01:36:22,766
He said because it is there.
1805
01:36:22,766 --> 01:36:26,133
Well, space is there,
and we're going to climb it.
1806
01:36:26,133 --> 01:36:28,433
And the moon and the planets
are there,
1807
01:36:28,433 --> 01:36:31,533
and new hopes for knowledge
and peace are there.
1808
01:36:31,533 --> 01:36:34,233
And, therefore, as we set sail,
1809
01:36:34,233 --> 01:36:38,466
we ask God's blessing on
the most hazardous and dangerous
1810
01:36:38,466 --> 01:36:42,000
and greatest adventure
on which man has ever embarked.
1811
01:36:42,000 --> 01:36:43,266
Thank you.
1812
01:36:43,266 --> 01:36:49,000
(audience cheers and applauds)
1813
01:37:06,966 --> 01:37:09,766
♪
1814
01:37:13,633 --> 01:37:16,833
VALERIE ANDERS:
We just drove to Houston
with all the children.
1815
01:37:16,833 --> 01:37:19,500
I was pregnant at the time,
1816
01:37:19,500 --> 01:37:22,666
and there was
little accommodation
1817
01:37:22,666 --> 01:37:24,433
for population there.
1818
01:37:24,433 --> 01:37:27,333
There wasn't even
a grocery store.
1819
01:37:30,600 --> 01:37:33,100
A lot of us lived on one street
in Clearlake City,
1820
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:35,000
and we got to know each other
that way,
1821
01:37:35,000 --> 01:37:36,266
and the children were little,
1822
01:37:36,266 --> 01:37:37,800
so they played together.
1823
01:37:37,800 --> 01:37:41,100
And then we all moved
to the new houses that we built.
1824
01:37:41,100 --> 01:37:42,433
So when we'd all get together,
1825
01:37:42,433 --> 01:37:45,100
we didn't talk
about the space program,
1826
01:37:45,100 --> 01:37:47,533
we talked about our contractors
and what disaster
1827
01:37:47,533 --> 01:37:50,500
had happened in the construction
of our house.
1828
01:37:50,500 --> 01:37:53,566
Janet Armstrong lived
a couple of houses behind me.
1829
01:37:53,566 --> 01:37:55,866
Pat White
lived next door to her.
1830
01:37:55,866 --> 01:37:59,800
And between neighbors
and those friends,
1831
01:37:59,800 --> 01:38:02,666
we sort of had a circle.
1832
01:38:02,666 --> 01:38:07,666
Most of our friends who were
in the military with us
1833
01:38:07,666 --> 01:38:11,466
were either going to Vietnam
or had been to Vietnam,
1834
01:38:11,466 --> 01:38:16,333
and so I thought that was
not as positive a Cold War cause
1835
01:38:16,333 --> 01:38:19,000
as the journey to the moon.
1836
01:38:19,000 --> 01:38:22,700
I thought that had
a more positive aspect to it.
1837
01:38:22,700 --> 01:38:26,133
I just felt like
it was something that would
1838
01:38:26,133 --> 01:38:28,966
be a huge gain,
whereas Vietnam was,
1839
01:38:28,966 --> 01:38:32,300
to me, no gain at all.
1840
01:38:32,300 --> 01:38:36,900
So that had a lot to do with
how I felt about the time,
1841
01:38:36,900 --> 01:38:40,766
and how I felt about the risk.
1842
01:38:40,766 --> 01:38:45,500
Most of the time,
the men weren't there.
1843
01:38:45,500 --> 01:38:48,400
He would get in a T-38
and leave Houston
1844
01:38:48,400 --> 01:38:52,800
and be at the Cape
in an hour and a half.
1845
01:38:52,800 --> 01:38:54,533
He came home on the weekend,
just in time
1846
01:38:54,533 --> 01:38:56,300
to take the water ski boat
and go out and have fun,
1847
01:38:56,300 --> 01:38:58,333
for one day,
1848
01:38:58,333 --> 01:39:00,866
and then back to the Cape--
and they were gone again.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1849
01:39:02,733 --> 01:39:06,100
(jet engine roaring)
1850
01:39:08,733 --> 01:39:11,033
♪
1851
01:39:12,066 --> 01:39:13,633
BUCKBEE:
The Mercury guys--
1852
01:39:13,633 --> 01:39:17,300
they were difficult
to deal with.
1853
01:39:17,300 --> 01:39:20,600
We needed to know
where they were after 5:00.
1854
01:39:20,600 --> 01:39:23,033
You know, I had
my share of those evenings
1855
01:39:23,033 --> 01:39:26,933
where I was assigned
to follow or track down someone.
1856
01:39:27,866 --> 01:39:29,133
You know, they were--
1857
01:39:29,133 --> 01:39:31,733
they were young fighter pilots.
1858
01:39:31,733 --> 01:39:35,300
There were things that were
taken care of behind the scenes
1859
01:39:35,300 --> 01:39:37,966
that would be embarrassing
to the agency.
1860
01:39:40,733 --> 01:39:43,400
(glasses clinking)
1861
01:39:43,400 --> 01:39:45,300
VALERIE ANDERS:
They were complicated,
1862
01:39:45,300 --> 01:39:48,000
very competitive individuals.
1863
01:39:48,000 --> 01:39:51,533
A lot of ego got mixed in there,
1864
01:39:51,533 --> 01:39:55,533
and there were lots of women
at the Cape and other places
1865
01:39:55,533 --> 01:39:59,300
that thought it was all very
romantic and exciting.
1866
01:39:59,300 --> 01:40:02,533
And the moms stayed home,
you know?
1867
01:40:02,533 --> 01:40:04,433
The moms stayed home
and took care of the children
1868
01:40:04,433 --> 01:40:06,233
and that,
that was sort of mundane
1869
01:40:06,233 --> 01:40:07,866
for these men that were
1870
01:40:07,866 --> 01:40:12,633
flying fast airplanes and
doing these exciting adventures.
1871
01:40:12,633 --> 01:40:14,800
It was...
1872
01:40:14,800 --> 01:40:17,300
it was hard on a marriage.
1873
01:40:17,300 --> 01:40:21,633
But Bill and I will celebrate
our 60th in a month.
1874
01:40:21,633 --> 01:40:25,233
(laughing):
Which is a long time.
1875
01:40:25,233 --> 01:40:27,700
But the time was never boring--
never.
1876
01:40:30,333 --> 01:40:31,800
(static hissing)
1877
01:40:31,800 --> 01:40:34,133
(people talking in background)
1878
01:40:34,133 --> 01:40:36,366
We have,
for the past six months,
1879
01:40:36,366 --> 01:40:40,600
undertaken a very concentrated
systems engineering study
1880
01:40:40,600 --> 01:40:42,266
within NASA,
1881
01:40:42,266 --> 01:40:43,733
in determining
1882
01:40:43,733 --> 01:40:45,666
the mission
we should undertake,
1883
01:40:45,666 --> 01:40:47,766
the mission mode
in going to the moon.
1884
01:40:47,766 --> 01:40:50,633
In committing this nation
1885
01:40:50,633 --> 01:40:52,566
to a program
which will extend
1886
01:40:52,566 --> 01:40:55,133
over the next
five to ten years,
1887
01:40:55,133 --> 01:40:56,400
and in which we will spend
1888
01:40:56,400 --> 01:40:58,800
many billions of dollars,
1889
01:40:58,800 --> 01:41:00,333
it's been absolutely essential
1890
01:41:00,333 --> 01:41:02,100
to determine that
we're on the right path.
1891
01:41:04,166 --> 01:41:08,000
ALDRIN:
When the decisions
in Apollo were being made,
1892
01:41:08,000 --> 01:41:11,933
the strategy
of getting to the moon
1893
01:41:11,933 --> 01:41:14,600
had not been decided.
1894
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:19,700
I think you can now contrast
the two landed configurations.
1895
01:41:19,700 --> 01:41:23,200
ALDRIN:
Basically, the argument
was centered
1896
01:41:23,200 --> 01:41:26,433
around the safety
and the desirability
1897
01:41:26,433 --> 01:41:29,000
of Earth orbit rendezvous,
1898
01:41:29,000 --> 01:41:32,700
instead of the more risky
lunar orbit rendezvous.
1899
01:41:35,400 --> 01:41:36,866
BUCKBEE:
Here's the situation.
1900
01:41:36,866 --> 01:41:39,533
Von Braun wanted
to do Earth orbital rendezvous.
1901
01:41:39,533 --> 01:41:41,566
Earth orbital rendezvous
means you put everything
1902
01:41:41,566 --> 01:41:43,833
in Earth orbit,
1903
01:41:43,833 --> 01:41:45,433
and you assemble it from there.
1904
01:41:45,433 --> 01:41:49,533
For example, von Braun wanted
to do a space station
1905
01:41:49,533 --> 01:41:52,033
before going to the moon.
1906
01:41:52,033 --> 01:41:55,633
The old plan was,
we'll build a space station
1907
01:41:55,633 --> 01:41:58,300
in Earth orbit,
and then to rendezvous
1908
01:41:58,300 --> 01:42:00,833
large pieces of equipment
1909
01:42:00,833 --> 01:42:04,700
and to also launch
from Earth orbit.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
1910
01:42:04,700 --> 01:42:06,166
and to also launch
from Earth orbit.
1911
01:42:06,166 --> 01:42:10,566
that Earth orbital rendezvous
was best for the long term.
1912
01:42:11,866 --> 01:42:14,233
We do that, and then
we can go beyond the moon.
1913
01:42:14,233 --> 01:42:16,233
We could go to Mars.
1914
01:42:20,466 --> 01:42:23,633
ALDRIN:
Sometime, the end of '62,
1915
01:42:23,633 --> 01:42:27,933
a decision was made
to alter the strategy.
1916
01:42:30,133 --> 01:42:32,200
We can say today
that we have picked
1917
01:42:32,200 --> 01:42:36,066
a mode by what we call
lunar orbit rendezvous.
1918
01:42:36,066 --> 01:42:37,566
It means taking off
from the Earth's surface
1919
01:42:37,566 --> 01:42:40,700
and going directly to the moon,
1920
01:42:40,700 --> 01:42:42,666
and then sending in
a small vehicle
1921
01:42:42,666 --> 01:42:44,533
dispatched from
the mother spacecraft.
1922
01:42:44,533 --> 01:42:46,700
Well, I'll ask
Dr. Shea to do this--
1923
01:42:46,700 --> 01:42:51,066
he's pretty good at it.
1924
01:42:51,066 --> 01:42:53,100
The basic mission mode
1925
01:42:53,100 --> 01:42:56,100
calls for a single launch
of the vehicle
1926
01:42:56,100 --> 01:42:58,333
from the pad at the Cape...
1927
01:42:58,333 --> 01:43:01,233
ALDRIN:
Let's break that into segments.
1928
01:43:03,300 --> 01:43:05,566
You'd need a spacecraft
we can launch him in,
1929
01:43:05,566 --> 01:43:10,500
and it'll be the spacecraft
that brings him back.
1930
01:43:10,500 --> 01:43:16,000
We have another spacecraft
that we've taken with us,
1931
01:43:16,000 --> 01:43:17,766
that can make the landing.
1932
01:43:17,766 --> 01:43:21,166
And the configuration
which we then have
1933
01:43:21,166 --> 01:43:23,100
on the way to the moon
1934
01:43:23,100 --> 01:43:25,500
is effectively
this configuration.
1935
01:43:25,500 --> 01:43:27,933
Once you decide to commit
to the lunar surface,
1936
01:43:27,933 --> 01:43:32,400
you'll now have
your landing legs extended,
1937
01:43:32,400 --> 01:43:36,066
and then the vehicle will land
on the lunar surface.
1938
01:43:36,066 --> 01:43:38,600
ALDRIN:
And when it gets to the moon,
1939
01:43:38,600 --> 01:43:42,033
now it has to leave
the descent stage on the moon,
1940
01:43:42,033 --> 01:43:44,833
bring the ascent stage up
to join up
1941
01:43:44,833 --> 01:43:46,766
with the other spacecraft.
1942
01:43:46,766 --> 01:43:48,133
SHEA:
Assuming everything works,
1943
01:43:48,133 --> 01:43:50,600
the lunar excursion module
1944
01:43:50,600 --> 01:43:52,633
will reorient itself,
1945
01:43:52,633 --> 01:43:54,000
bring itself to a position
1946
01:43:54,000 --> 01:43:56,000
where it has a very small
velocity error
1947
01:43:56,000 --> 01:43:58,433
and very small linear
displacement
1948
01:43:58,433 --> 01:44:02,333
from the mother spacecraft.
1949
01:44:02,333 --> 01:44:04,133
Okay, and then...
1950
01:44:04,133 --> 01:44:05,833
ALEXANDER:
You could do this,
1951
01:44:05,833 --> 01:44:08,866
but then, you know,
the devil was in the details.
1952
01:44:08,866 --> 01:44:12,000
How do you do it?
1953
01:44:12,000 --> 01:44:15,233
This was not
a yellow brick road
1954
01:44:15,233 --> 01:44:19,066
from Cape Canaveral
to the moon.
1955
01:44:19,066 --> 01:44:22,666
It was a hard march.
1956
01:44:22,666 --> 01:44:26,800
There were just problems
all the way along.
1957
01:44:26,800 --> 01:44:29,733
REPORTER:
The Apollo,
or manned lunar program,
1958
01:44:29,733 --> 01:44:31,066
is in trouble, deep trouble,
1959
01:44:31,066 --> 01:44:32,966
and few experts
at this missile space center
1960
01:44:32,966 --> 01:44:34,800
now think the United States
1961
01:44:34,800 --> 01:44:37,600
will be able to keep
its self-imposed deadline
1962
01:44:37,600 --> 01:44:39,900
of sending men to the moon
before 1970.
1963
01:44:39,900 --> 01:44:41,866
The Gemini program,
1964
01:44:41,866 --> 01:44:43,400
in which men must check out
1965
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:45,333
their critical
rendezvous technique,
1966
01:44:45,333 --> 01:44:47,666
is now 18 months behind schedule
1967
01:44:47,666 --> 01:44:49,266
and slipping even more
seriously.
1968
01:44:49,266 --> 01:44:50,766
And most of the experts
at Cape Canaveral
1969
01:44:50,766 --> 01:44:52,866
think that President Kennedy
was overconfident,
1970
01:44:52,866 --> 01:44:54,966
in fact, was unrealistic,
1971
01:44:54,966 --> 01:44:56,700
when he established
that national goal
1972
01:44:56,700 --> 01:45:00,000
28 months ago.
1973
01:45:00,000 --> 01:45:04,933
LOGSDON:
In 1963 severe criticism
of Apollo began to emerge
WEBVTT
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1974
01:45:04,933 --> 01:45:07,500
LOGSDON:
In 1963 severe criticism
of Apollo began to emerge
1975
01:45:07,500 --> 01:45:09,900
So Kennedy was concerned
about this growing criticism
1976
01:45:09,900 --> 01:45:13,900
and about
his re-election prospects.
1977
01:45:13,900 --> 01:45:18,066
And, in that context,
Kennedy returned to the idea
1978
01:45:18,066 --> 01:45:20,900
of cooperating
with the Soviet Union.
1979
01:45:20,900 --> 01:45:23,933
Why not do it together?
1980
01:45:23,933 --> 01:45:26,900
Including joint missions
to the moon.
1981
01:45:26,900 --> 01:45:30,133
♪
1982
01:45:34,533 --> 01:45:40,233
He had first raised it
with Khrushchev in June of '61.
1983
01:45:40,233 --> 01:45:41,533
He met Khrushchev in Vienna
1984
01:45:41,533 --> 01:45:46,233
ten days
after his first moon speech.
1985
01:45:46,233 --> 01:45:51,100
KHRUSHCHEV:
In 1961, when they met
in Vienna,
1986
01:45:51,100 --> 01:45:54,666
JFK mentioned this
to my father--
1987
01:45:54,666 --> 01:45:57,800
"Let's try to do it together."
1988
01:45:57,800 --> 01:46:01,700
But my father at the time,
he rejected this.
1989
01:46:01,700 --> 01:46:04,700
And when I ask why--
1990
01:46:04,700 --> 01:46:06,033
"We have to go to the moon,"
1991
01:46:06,033 --> 01:46:08,866
I was enthusiastic.
1992
01:46:08,866 --> 01:46:11,700
He said, "Americans
much superior than we are,
1993
01:46:11,700 --> 01:46:16,100
"and if we start work together,
1994
01:46:16,100 --> 01:46:20,866
we will not be able
to keep everything secret."
1995
01:46:20,866 --> 01:46:23,300
So my father told no,
1996
01:46:23,300 --> 01:46:27,300
Americans
can go ahead without us.
1997
01:46:28,566 --> 01:46:31,600
LOGSDON:
Khrushchev, in 1961,
1998
01:46:31,600 --> 01:46:33,766
really didn't know
or trust Kennedy,
1999
01:46:33,766 --> 01:46:36,366
and so didn't take
his cooperative proposal
2000
01:46:36,366 --> 01:46:38,233
very seriously.
2001
01:46:38,233 --> 01:46:43,200
But in '63, he had come
to admire and respect Kennedy,
2002
01:46:43,200 --> 01:46:45,833
and was giving
serious consideration
2003
01:46:45,833 --> 01:46:47,933
to accepting Kennedy's proposal.
2004
01:46:47,933 --> 01:46:51,266
KENNEDY:
Why should man's first flight
to the moon
2005
01:46:51,266 --> 01:46:54,933
be a matter
of national competition?
2006
01:46:54,933 --> 01:46:58,400
Why should the United States
and the Soviet Union,
2007
01:46:58,400 --> 01:47:01,500
in preparing
for such expeditions,
2008
01:47:01,500 --> 01:47:04,866
become involved in immense
duplications of research,
2009
01:47:04,866 --> 01:47:06,533
construction, and expenditure?
2010
01:47:06,533 --> 01:47:11,333
Surely we should explore
whether the scientists
2011
01:47:11,333 --> 01:47:14,300
and astronauts
of our two countries--
2012
01:47:14,300 --> 01:47:18,433
indeed, of all the world--
cannot work together
2013
01:47:18,433 --> 01:47:20,066
in the conquest of space.
2014
01:47:20,066 --> 01:47:23,500
I include among
these possibilities
2015
01:47:23,500 --> 01:47:25,100
a joint expedition
to the moon,
2016
01:47:25,100 --> 01:47:30,800
sending someday in this decade
to the moon
2017
01:47:30,800 --> 01:47:33,866
not the representatives
of a single nation,
2018
01:47:33,866 --> 01:47:38,100
but the representatives
of all of our countries.
2019
01:47:38,100 --> 01:47:41,433
(audience applauds)
2020
01:47:41,433 --> 01:47:42,700
KHRUSHCHEV:
It was not propaganda.
2021
01:47:42,700 --> 01:47:45,100
It was part of
the Kennedy policy--
2022
01:47:45,100 --> 01:47:47,866
we can work together.
2023
01:47:47,866 --> 01:47:51,533
A part of my father's policies
was very similar.
2024
01:47:51,533 --> 01:47:54,866
My father
was ready to go forward.
2025
01:47:54,866 --> 01:47:56,833
(applause continues)
2026
01:48:00,666 --> 01:48:03,866
"We will save our resources
working with Americans
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=MPEGTS:187507, LOCAL:00:00:00.000
2027
01:48:03,866 --> 01:48:06,066
"We will save our resources
working with Americans
2028
01:48:06,066 --> 01:48:09,633
"in the public relations
with United States,
2029
01:48:09,633 --> 01:48:13,033
so let's do it."
2030
01:48:14,833 --> 01:48:16,766
But...
2031
01:48:16,766 --> 01:48:21,100
Kennedy was killed
on November 22, 1963,
2032
01:48:21,100 --> 01:48:22,966
and Khrushchev
was ousted of power
2033
01:48:22,966 --> 01:48:28,433
on October 14, 1964.
2034
01:48:28,433 --> 01:48:32,266
And this idea died.
2035
01:48:32,266 --> 01:48:36,733
♪
2036
01:48:43,866 --> 01:48:46,600
LOGSDON:
He had just been to the Cape
six days earlier,
2037
01:48:46,600 --> 01:48:49,100
on November the 16th.
2038
01:48:51,400 --> 01:48:54,366
In those last days
before his assassination,
2039
01:48:54,366 --> 01:48:55,900
he had gone out,
2040
01:48:55,900 --> 01:48:58,366
much to the dismay of
his Secret Service officers,
2041
01:48:58,366 --> 01:49:01,200
and stood under
a Saturn 1 rocket
2042
01:49:01,200 --> 01:49:02,433
on the launch pad,
2043
01:49:02,433 --> 01:49:04,333
while being briefed
by von Braun.
2044
01:49:05,933 --> 01:49:07,233
ALEXANDER:
It's clear he was interested,
2045
01:49:07,233 --> 01:49:09,200
because he was
pointing at things,
2046
01:49:09,200 --> 01:49:13,400
asking questions
about why this, why that.
2047
01:49:13,400 --> 01:49:18,466
We only caught occasional words.
2048
01:49:18,466 --> 01:49:21,266
Just the mere presence
of this young,
2049
01:49:21,266 --> 01:49:23,733
lively, witty president
2050
01:49:23,733 --> 01:49:27,333
animated that entire group
that was around him.
2051
01:49:27,333 --> 01:49:30,233
The Gemini spacecraft
was brought out for him,
2052
01:49:30,233 --> 01:49:34,233
and he really wanted to know
2053
01:49:34,233 --> 01:49:35,900
how the spacecraft
would be used
2054
01:49:35,900 --> 01:49:40,800
and what it would do
to meet the challenge.
2055
01:49:42,933 --> 01:49:44,800
LOGSDON:
Kennedy was all fired up,
2056
01:49:44,800 --> 01:49:48,433
he was really enthusiastic
once again about space.
2057
01:49:52,966 --> 01:49:55,333
There's no sign to me
2058
01:49:55,333 --> 01:49:58,800
that on the morning of
November the 22nd, 1963,
2059
01:49:58,800 --> 01:50:03,200
that John Kennedy
was willing to back off.
2060
01:50:16,333 --> 01:50:18,833
CRONKITE:
From Dallas, Texas,
2061
01:50:18,833 --> 01:50:20,633
the flash, apparently official,
2062
01:50:20,633 --> 01:50:26,600
President Kennedy died at
1:00 p.m. Central Standard Time,
2063
01:50:26,600 --> 01:50:32,700
2:00 Eastern Standard Time,
some 38 minutes ago.
2064
01:50:41,466 --> 01:50:48,200
♪
2065
01:50:58,666 --> 01:51:00,466
JOHNSON:
Yes?
2066
01:51:00,466 --> 01:51:02,566
GERRI WHITTINGTON:
Governor Bryant on 2-1-9-1.
WEBVTT
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2067
01:51:02,566 --> 01:51:04,166
GERRI WHITTINGTON:
Governor Bryant on 2-1-9-1.
2068
01:51:04,166 --> 01:51:07,933
WHITTINGTON:
He'll be right with you, sir.
2069
01:51:07,933 --> 01:51:09,300
BRYANT:
Mr. President.
2070
01:51:09,300 --> 01:51:10,766
JOHNSON:
How are you, my friend?
2071
01:51:10,766 --> 01:51:13,133
We're getting ready
to name Cape Canaveral
2072
01:51:13,133 --> 01:51:14,133
Cape Kennedy.
2073
01:51:14,133 --> 01:51:15,433
BRYANT:
Oh, marvelous.
2074
01:51:15,433 --> 01:51:17,600
JOHNSON:
So that all the launches
2075
01:51:17,600 --> 01:51:20,366
that go around the world
will be
2076
01:51:20,366 --> 01:51:22,433
from Cape Kennedy.
2077
01:51:22,433 --> 01:51:23,966
I think it'd be
a wonderful thing for your state
2078
01:51:23,966 --> 01:51:27,566
and it would probably,
through the years,
2079
01:51:27,566 --> 01:51:28,733
bring a lot of attention and...
2080
01:51:28,733 --> 01:51:30,100
BRYANT:
We're very honored.
2081
01:51:30,100 --> 01:51:31,533
And I think it's a very fitting
tribute,
2082
01:51:31,533 --> 01:51:35,566
because it was his--
peculiarly his.
2083
01:51:35,566 --> 01:51:38,533
JOHNSON:
Yes, that's right.
2084
01:51:38,533 --> 01:51:44,366
♪
2085
01:51:51,566 --> 01:52:09,466
♪
2086
01:52:10,266 --> 01:52:11,666
ANNOUNCER:
Next time...
2087
01:52:11,700 --> 01:52:13,733
There's always a possibility
2088
01:52:13,766 --> 01:52:15,033
that we can have a catastrophic
failure, of course.
2089
01:52:15,066 --> 01:52:16,266
JULES BERGMAN:
They died at T minus
ten minutes,
2090
01:52:16,300 --> 01:52:18,166
helplessly trapped
inside their spacecraft.
2091
01:52:18,200 --> 01:52:21,866
FRANK BORMAN:
The fire shattered my wife's
confidence in NASA
2092
01:52:21,900 --> 01:52:23,100
and in the Apollo program.
2093
01:52:23,133 --> 01:52:24,666
POPPY NORTHCUTT:
We were fixing errors
2094
01:52:24,700 --> 01:52:26,233
very close to flight time.
2095
01:52:26,266 --> 01:52:27,600
My feeling was, they were flying
2096
01:52:27,633 --> 01:52:29,333
with baling wire
and rubber bands.
2097
01:52:29,366 --> 01:52:31,900
ANNOUNCER:
The continuation
of "Chasing the Moon,"
2098
01:52:31,933 --> 01:52:34,333
next time,
on "American Experience."
2099
01:52:34,366 --> 01:52:34,600
Made possible in part
by Liberty Mutual Insurance.
"American Experience:
Chasing the Moon"
162388
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