All language subtitles for Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 2014 s02e02 Making Contact

This lecture is all about communication,
but I know I've got my work cut out

tonight.

With the ability to make video calls to
anyone, anywhere, where could I possibly

call that would amaze you?

Australia? Antarctica?

How about space?

Station, this is Danielle from the Royal
Institution in London. How do you hear

me?

I hear loud and clear.

Great. Hi, Samantha.

I'm able to talk to you just using my
mobile phone from here, but I'm guessing

you can't use your mobile phone from up
in space. So how do you communicate with

your friends and family?

It's funny that you mention that because
I've been up here for about three weeks

and I have never thought about my mobile
phone once. While when I'm on Earth,

I'm constantly checking my mobile phone.
So I guess I am getting over my mobile

phone addiction.

But we are not disconnected from our
family and friends up here. We have

to the Internet. It's somewhat slow, but
we do have it. We can even see them. We

have a two -way video conference where
we can see them and they can see us.

It's really wonderful that we can hear
and see you, but that's just using two

our senses. And so wouldn't it be great
to be able to reach out and touch

somebody and to use our other senses to
communicate?

What you say is interesting, to be able
to see the world through somebody else's

eyes or even being able to touch them.

I think there is an interesting
technology demonstration which is co

by ESA where people on the ground can
see what the astronaut sees and the

astronaut can have information that can
be sent from the ground.

Well, thank you very much, Samantha.
It's been great talking to you.

Bye -bye. Thank you.

In these lectures, I'm going to be
hacking three everyday components that

take for granted every day. The light
bulb, the telephone, and the motor.

And showing not only how they work, but
what problems we can use them to solve.

My name is Danielle George, and I'm a
professor of engineering at the

of Manchester.

Now, tonight is all about communication.

And my starting point is the telephone.

When I spoke to Samantha earlier, I was
genuinely using this mobile phone. I was

just using my ordinary mobile phone. It
was amazing.

But wouldn't it be great if we could not
only hear and see someone in space, but

also reach out and touch them?

Take a look at this.

This is the most human -like robotic
hand.

It has tiny motors that accurately
replicate movements.

And as you can see, we've pre
-programmed it to show you what it can

So it can wave at us.

Certainly move all its fingers.

It's trying to wave at us there.

And it can say goodbye to us as well.

I really like it.

And I can also try and tell it what to
do. So we can't just see what it does.

But I can tell it what to do with this
sensor glove.

So what I have here is a glove that is
filled with sensors.

And it's an amazing glove.

It gives me perfect control of this
hand.

So, hi.

Who would like to come down and hold my
hand?

Yes, you there.

Okay, round of applause, please.

Okay, Beth,

I want you to just hold my hand. So
instead of shaking it, just hold my

Maybe like that.

And I'll try and hold your hand there.

So as if we were holding hands.

Is that as if we're holding hands?

Yeah? I'm not squashing your hand, am I?
No?

You can feel me there, yes? Well, it's
nice to meet you, Beth.

Okay, thank you very much, Beth.

Now, I wonder what Alexander Graham Bell
would have thought of that.

Because in 1875, he invented a very
simple device that could turn

into speech.

He could talk with electricity.

And what we've done here is recreate his
very first experiment.

So what we can see is a simple
transmitter, which is actually just a

cup here.

And then there is a membrane here that
we can talk into that will vibrate

when sounds are directed at it.

Then at the other end of this wire...

we can see there's a container, and this
wire's barely touching some vinegar.

Now, Bell used a different water acid
solution. We're just using vinegar.

So as the voice -driven membrane causes
that wire to advance and retreat ever

so slightly in that liquid, the
resistance in my circuit will increase

decrease.

And it will increase and decrease in
perfect step.

with the sound that's coming from here.

So this change in the current will
reproduce my original sound.

So I need someone to be able to say the
sound, and we're going to listen to what

the sound was.

Okay, yes, you there. I think you had
your hand up first, definitely.

Okay.

Oh, we've got two.

We've got two people. I promise to come
back to you for the next one, okay?

Because two of you came up at the same
time. Okay, what's your name? Felix.

Felix. Okay, Felix.

What I want you to do is to come around
to this side for me, please.

And then we can get in nice and close.

And what I want you to do is say that
message nice and clear. Not too loud,

nice and clear, okay?

And I want you just to keep saying it.

repeating and repeating, so that we can
pick it up using this receiver.

Okay, so speak nice and clearly into
there. Let me just move it towards you

there.

Come here, Mr. Watson. I want to see
you.

And I'm going to go up on this side.

Come here, Mr. Watson. And it's really,
really faint, but this is a very, very

old experiment. But can you hear that?

Put it nice and close to your ear.

So you can hear lots of sort of feedback
with it, but can you hear a really

faint voice in there as well? What is it
that he's saying?

Come here, Mr. Watson, I want to see
you. Come here, Mr. Watson, I want to

you. That's brilliant. Thank you very
much.

Thank you very much for your help.
That's great.

Thank you.

So we've just heard there, come here,
Mr. Watson, I want to see you. And this

was the very first message that
Alexander Graham Bell transmitted in

Now, I want to honour this great
invention that we take for granted every

setting ourselves a grand challenge.

Let's do something amazing with
communication that Alexander Graham Bell

never have imagined in 1875.

So, drumroll please.

Drumroll.

Rather than communicating by sound...

Tonight, we'll be attempting to use all
our senses when we beam a special guest

into the theatre by hologram.

In the future, wouldn't it be great to
communicate over long distances in a

more real -life way?

I live in Manchester, and why shouldn't
I be able to have a great communication

experience with my grandma, who lives in
Newcastle, as if she was in the same

room with me?

I want to be able to speak to her. I
want to be able to touch her and hug

Or even sharing a meal with her.

How close can we get to that dream
tonight?

To help me out with this, we have TV
presenter Dallas Campbell, who's done

of science programs.

And you may have seen him on Bangles the
Theory or Supersized Earth.

Now, he's currently in a London studio.

And I'm not quite sure if we can hook up
to him now, but we'll just wave and say

hi. Hi, Dallas.

Now, hopefully, we're going to beam him
into the lecture theatre and have the

ultimate communication experience with
him.

Now, this might sound an impossible
challenge, but I'm an engineer, and

impossible challenges are what I do
best.

But when I have a big problem and I
can't solve it, I need to think of a way

breaking that problem down into little
problems that I can't solve.

So, first step, we need to capture our
high -quality image.

Then we need to send that information
from the studio.

Then we need to be able to project that
image right here next to me.

But that's not enough. We've seen we
also want to be able to shake hands with

Dallas, so we need a way of transmitting
touch.

Then, can we bond with all our senses
and include taste and smell?

Right, step one.

Question for you.

We're capturing images.

What do we have lying around the home
that can capture an image?

Yes.

A camera, yes. You have cameras and we
have a lot of cameras on our smartphones

these days, don't we?

So we could use just our smartphones. So
actually this challenge is starting to

feel a little bit easier for me now.

Now, I'm going to show you some really
cool ways that you can hack these

cameras. But to do this, first, we need
to know a little bit about how they

work.

Your phone has something in it called a
CMOS sensor. And this is it

right here.

So it's sort of stuck behind your camera
lens.

Now, CMOS stands for Complementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor.

Now... Knowing that doesn't actually
help us to understand it, but I'm going

use these four buckets to help us
understand.

Now actually this chip is a CMOS sensor,
but it's actually eight million

sensors, and they're all arranged in a
grid.

So we have eight million pixels or
picture elements.

And what happens is when you take a
photograph with your camera, the scene

divided up.

across those eight million pixels.

But eight million pixels is a bit too
much for me to think about. So I'm just

going to take four pixels.

So I'm going to look at the top left
-hand corner of my image and take those

four pixels from there.

So I need four volunteers to be my
pixels.

Now I'm definitely choosing you. Yep, so
you are the first one.

Yep. And the person next to you as well.
Yep, so you too.

And I'll take...

Guy with the shirt, checky shirt.

And you with the glasses. There, yeah.

Okay,

what's your name?

Hannah. Hannah, okay. You stand in front
of, sorry, behind bucket one here, and

you can have those two electrons.

And you're next.

And what's your name?

Joshua. Joshua, okay, you stand behind
bucket two, and there's your two

electrons.

And next, your name? Alex.

Behind bucket three, and you come round.

And your name?

Alistair. Alistair, okay. So there's
your two electrons, okay?

So you are my four pixels.

What do pixels actually do?

Well, when a pixel gets hit by a photon
or a light, particle,

it releases an electron.

So let's try this.

When a light particle hits a pixel,

it releases an electron. Brilliant. Well
done.

Very good.

Good. And what just happened there was
the electron was released from the light

particle and is now in a storage device.

And this bucket represents a capacitor
which stores that charge.

So if another light particle hits a
pixel, it releases another

electron. Excellent.

So I should be able to hit all of my
pixels and they release an electron.

And then pixel 4 is a particularly
bright part of the image, so it gets hit

more light.

So two electrons end up in the bucket.

So that when the shutter is closed, the
chip reads the capacitor charge to see

how bright the picture actually was.

And you can keep your additional
electrons. Thank you very much. You were

good, pixels.

So now...

Now I need to just count up how much
charge has been stored in my capacitor.

I have 2, 1, 1, 2.

So if we then say, okay, these are the
top four left -hand corner of my

we can then assign numbers to the rest
of a picture and say, okay, well,

we've got a large number, 8, here.

We'll say that's a lot of light. So a
lot of light is... on that part of the

picture. So we'll say that's white.

Then we have zeros, so we can say, well,
there's not a lot of light there, so

we'll have that as black.

And then everything else is a greyscale
in the middle.

So that when we assign a greyscale to
the rest of our image, we get back

Alexander Graham Bell.

Now, this is black and white, and we
live in a world of colour.

So we've got filters in our cameras that
are placed over the pixels in red,

green, and blue.

And when you combine all of that data,
the camera can make a pretty good guess

at which is the dominant color.

And that's basically how digital cameras
work.

Millions of tiny light detectors to make
one sophisticated sensor.

And if we think of our phone...

as a light detector, can we think about
using our phone camera in other ways?

Can we use our camera to take extreme
close -up photography?

Well, to show you that, I'm going to
show you a very, very simple hack, but

going to have a bit of a rest. I'm going
to come and have a little sit down with

someone up here.

So, I'm going to come and sit next to
you.

Is that okay?

And what's your name?

Ruben. Okay, Ruben. You can just help me
with this simple little

hack we have, okay?

So what we have here is our mobile
phone.

And we just have our camera here, okay?

And what we're going to do is just take
a lens from a disposable camera. So a

nice, cheap, disposable camera.

And then we're just going to use some
Blu -Tack to attach a lens.

onto our camera okay so if i give you
this ruben okay what you can feel there

you can feel one's got a flat side and
one is slightly raised yeah you feel it

yeah what i want you to do is to take
this blue tuck and attach the flat side

the camera lens now we are using blue
tack but you can you can use anything

anything you like but obviously we can't
get it on right on the top Because we

need to look through that, so just
around the edges. And then just press it

down.

And I want you to take that and get as
close as you possibly can to that coin

with the camera.

That's it. There. Can you see that?

Yeah. Yeah.

Can you see how close in you can get?
You can actually even see all of the

lettering. So I'm going to take a little
photograph of that.

And then if we just want to hold it up.

to just the cameraman here, just so
everyone else... Can everyone see that?

how close we've managed to get to it?

You can actually see all the writing on
the coin.

And if you try that without the lens,
you'll find you can't go anywhere near

that sort of level of information.

Thank you very much for your help.

Now that's just a nice, easy, simple
hack that you can do at home.

Now cameras like this are very useful
for taking 2D images.

If I take a photograph of a horse, my
phone doesn't know it's a photograph of

horse. It just knows it's a series of
pixels or picture elements.

So if we build a hologram from high
-resolution pictures on a camera, the

computer needs to be able to start to...

process that image in some way and make
some simple judgments about that scene.

We need to be able to separate the
person from their background so we get a

clean hologram of Dallas.

Now here's a hack that can do just that
but this is one hack you really really

shouldn't try at home.

In fact this one is so dangerous we
can't even do it in the lecture theatre.

It's so risky that I can't ask even any
of you to volunteer.

So one of the production team has
volunteered.

So, please welcome the production team.

Hi, Lucy.

How are you feeling?

I've got to admit, I'm a little bit
nervous, but I am going to put my trust

fire. Good, that's what we like to hear.

Okay, so if you want to go off and get
yourself ready, Lucy.

Okay, now, as I said, it's... too risky
even to do in the theatre.

So what's going to happen now is if Joe,
the cameraman, follows me and you guys

can watch on the big screen, what's
going to happen is we are going to go

backstage and we're going to see the
firing range that we've set up back

And thank you, I'm going to need my
safety goggles as well.

Let's see what we have. So hi, Sasha.

Hi, Daniel. Thank you very much for
showing us this. So what we can see is

paintball guns that have been hacked.

And they're attached to two motorized
turrets here.

And both of these guns are capable of
firing 10 balls a second.

So if I stand well back, Sasha is going
to show us what they can do.

Now, I wouldn't like to be standing in
front of those, but if I did, I should

safe, because attached to this rig is
just an ordinary webcam, which

is attached to a computer.

Now, this computer analyses the screen
for the shape of a human body and tells

the guns which areas to avoid on that
board.

So, where's Lucy?

Here.

Great.

Okay, are you all ready, Lucy?

Yes, I am. Okay, right, so if you stand
in front of the board, now we should be

able to see Lucy on the monitor.

We are going to take an image of you
now, Lucy, so stand very, very, very

Okay? Now, the computer is analysing
that image and drawing a line around

it believes Lucy is standing.

Okay, that looks about correct.

Yes?

Okay, now the software then tells the
guns to fire all the way around Lucy's

body, but hopefully not straight at her.

So, Lucy, are you ready just to pull
that green down from behind you?

Okay, this is it.

I think this deserves a countdown,
everybody. So from five, and I'm going

out of the way.

Ready?

Oh, that looked amazing.

Come on through, Lucy.

How was that for you?

A little nerve -wracking. Yeah, I don't
blame you.

So I'm not surprised. So we can see
there's a bit of an outline, but we see

also caught you a little bit there. And
you might have a little bit of a bruise

there tomorrow. But on the whole, you've
come out pretty unscathed. So thank you

so much for putting your trust in a
computer programme.

And thank you very much, Sasha.

No problem. Thanks.

Hope that looked good out here, because
that looked fantastic in there.

Now, as well as being a lot of fun, this
proves that a computer doesn't have to

capture the whole image.

But with the right software, it can
start processing that image.

It can pull out 2D shapes or objects, or
Lucy in this case, and tell other

things how to react differently.

Now, this is going to be crucial in
creating our convincing hologram.

So we should be able to see Dallas in
position in the studio.

We have a camera that's lined up to
extract a high -quality image of Dallas

that background so we can send the
hologram of just Dallas and not the

surrounding furniture.

So step one, complete. We've managed to
capture an image of Dallas.

Step two, how do we send that image?

We've got to take that hologram of
Dallas and send it to right here at the

Institution.

Now this probably sounds like it should
be the hardest bit, but actually it's

probably the easiest.

We just use the internet, right?

Just use the internet.

It's so obvious that we just take for
granted every day.

What is actually going on?

How do messages get sent from one side
of London or one side of the world to

another? Well, we use something called
fiber optic cables.

And you will be very, very familiar with
fiber optic cables. We use these all

the time.

And it sends information, digital
information, down

a cable in beams of light.

So you can see, I'm just shining a torch
down this cable and you can see the

light at the other end.

Now this was actually originally
developed in the 1950s for doctors to

inside human bodies.

But in the 1960s, engineers then used it
to transmit phone calls at the speed of

light.

But we've just seen there that I shone a
light and it came out of the other end.

And this cable...

It's bending, it's twisting and turning.

So how is that working? Because don't we
all know that light travels in straight

lines?

So how is this working?

Well, let's recreate an experiment that
John Tyndall did in 1870.

Now, I need one volunteer to help me
with this.

So you right in the middle there with
the jumper on, yeah.

Okay, what's your name? Lucy.

Lucy. Okay, if you want to stand this
side, Lucy.

Okay, now I'm going to explain to you
what I've got here.

What we have is a bucket, and if you
just look inside, Lucy, what we have is

just some reflective film inside here,
and also we have a little hole, and you

can just see the inside.

We have a hole here, and we have it
taped over at the moment. So if I just

switch the tape off for now, we can see
we've got a little hole in our bucket.

Now, I want to give you this tile.

And what I'm going to do is shine this
torch in here.

And then I want you to put that tile on
this side where you think that light is

going to come out.

So, yep, it's coming out in a straight
line. And that's what we'd expect.

But let's try it again and put some
water in our bucket.

Let's see where the light goes then.

So if we just add some water.

to our bucket and then what i'm going to
do is just shine the light again you

get ready with your tile this is going
to catch the water down here okay and

then we'll see where the light goes okay
okay so if i then remove my

tape we've got a lot of water now and

if i shine my light in there

And then if you just try and decide
where that should be.

Bring it in.

You see the beam of light now, yes? So
the light is actually part of this

So we're actually bending the light.

And the way that's working is the light
is in that stream of water. So we're

using the boundary of the water and the
air for that light to bounce off.

So we're bending light. It's amazing.

And this is the principle of how fibre
optic works.

So if I want to be a fibre optic cable,
I'm going to have to flash this really,

really quickly, just like digital
signals.

How fast do you think I could flash
this?

Do you think?

A few times a second, maybe?

Yeah? I'm not very fast, am I?

Because one of the fastest demonstrated
fibre optic cables can flash

5 ,000 billion...

times a second.

That's fast, isn't it? Faster than my
broadband.

That means you could download a movie in
0 .2 of a second.

That would be pretty good, wouldn't it?

That's great. Thank you very much for
your help.

So, step two complete.

Sending our hologram across London won't
be a problem.

But projecting it right here on the
floor beside me might be.

Fooling our brain into thinking it's
looking at a 3D image is actually quite

tricky. You need to ensure that each eye
sees a slightly different image, just

like they do in real life.

And that's our step three.

How do we project a hologram in thin
air?

Well, one way of doing this is to use a
virtual reality headset.

just like this Oculus Rift one.

And now Rob from Go 8 -Bit has brought
his headset in here, and what we can

see in here is a high -resolution screen

and two lenses.

Now the left eye will see one version of
our image, and the right eye will see

something different.

And then our brain will combine that
image to make a 3D scene.

So that when I move my head, sensors
would detect that movement and adjust

the images, just like in real life.

So one solution could be put our
hologram in the virtual world.

But how believable is this experience?

Well, to answer that, please welcome Rob
and Steve.

From Go8Bit.

How does this

work? Well, we thought rather than tell
you, we're going to show you. So if you

can find us a guinea pig, we'll pop
someone on there.

Brilliant. Who would like to be a guinea
pig?

I think you there who's waving your
hand.

Yeah. Okay.

Zander. Okay, Zander. What you need to
do is just... Stand here and turn and

face everybody like that.

And Rob's going to put the headset on
you.

Just stand a fraction back, Xander.

A fraction back.

Perfect.

I'm just going to tighten it for you.

Is that all right? Yeah?

Good to go?

We just need to get Xander a little bit
closer to here. Sorry, Xander.

Okay, we ready? Nearly. There's one more
thing. Just so that everybody can see

what you're feeling, I'm about to hand
you a tray of champagne glasses. So can

you hold your hands out?

A little bit wider apart.

Not your fingers. Yeah, that's it. Now
turn your hands towards each other.

Very good. And I'm going to hand you the
tray now. You move your hands in a

little bit. You'll feel the tray.

Move them towards each other.

Grab hold of that. There you go.

Now I want you to make them in a pretty
pattern. I've got 10 and 9 look pretty.

So what I'm going to do...

I'm just going to pop one on there.

So you've got the advanced test.

Wowee. Hold them very still. You're
doing really, really well. In fact,

bit too cruel. Let me pop that there.

We're going to send you on the roller
coaster now. I'm going to see how you

on, okay?

Can you see that roller coaster?

You're doing very well. So the first
thing we'll do, just to show the guys

this works, if you take a look to your
left now, the other left, but that works

too.

Very good. You'll see that as he turns
his head, He's actually seeing around

in the world.

If you take a look down to your left,
you'll see a little tunnel further to

left. There's a little house. If you go
over to the right, you should see the

castle wall.

Very good. I'm amazed that you've still
got all ten of them standing up. I know,

me too.

If you look to your left again, see that
ladder?

Yeah?

You'll be fine.

And if you look to your right and down,
you should be able to see a little

river. There's rapid and the sea in the
distance. Very good.

And actually, if you look down below
you, you'll notice you haven't got any

But don't worry, yours are still there.

Oh, we've lost a few.

Don't worry, you've still got eight,
seven.

I can't count.

Nine.

You've still got nine. You're doing
brilliantly. I gave you 11, and I can't

count. Well done.

Right, take a look to your right and
your left one last time, just to take in

the surroundings and enjoy it, because
it's going to get horrible in a minute.

But don't worry, because Rob's going to
look after you. You might want to look

down a little bit as you grab the edge.
Can we get a...

You're nearly there. There's just one
more challenge. They haven't quite

finished the track. You've got a jump
coming up. You've still got four on

See if you can keep them on when you go
for this final jump.

Whoa. Very good.

And land it.

Excellent. That's not bad. With four,
we'll give him that.

I'll take that off you now. We'll get
you out of there.

That's fantastic, Zana. How did that
feel?

Like a real rollercoaster, but without
the wind, really. Well, let's turn

and see how you actually did, because we
should have a little bit of footage

here to show you with the rollercoaster
and then what we were actually seeing

with you as well.

So that was you just going over the top
there. You've still got all the glasses

there. You did so well, Zana.

No, it looks fantastic.

No, you did very, very well. Brilliant.
Thank you very much, Xander.

And thank you to Rob and Steve as well.
Thank you very much.

Now, that was an unquestionably
immersive experience for Xander, but

one that he could enjoy.

And we can't really afford to give
everyone a virtual reality headset.

And even then, it would be really
difficult to program them all so you all

the right bit of the hologram.

So you guys saw it from the front, you
guys saw it from the side, and then the

people on the gallery saw it from the
top.

Ideally, we need to find a way of
projecting our image into thin air so

could all see it.

But it turns out that this isn't
possible.

Nobody has found a way of doing it yet.

Now, I know what you're thinking.

Didn't Michael Jackson appear as a
hologram at an awards ceremony in

Or a holographic Tupac at a music
festival?

Well, yes they did, but we looked a
little bit more closely.

And it turns out they weren't actually
solid 3D shapes.

It was all just a magic trick.

Let me explain.

And this is a nice simple hack you can
do at home.

Just take an old CD case.

if you still have one of these at home.

And just make sure it's not too many
scratches on your CD case.

Now, what you can see on my case here is
I just have some black card just to

keep it open at 45 degrees.

Then I need a smartphone to take a
movie.

And we've just taken a movie of Dallas,
who's not going to be our hologram.

And, of course, you can take it of
anything you like, your friends, your

but just do it on a dark background.

So what we should be able to see here,
if I just turn this around, OK,

can everyone see that?

So you can see my hologram, and it looks
like I could just tickle Dallas as

well, like this.

Oh, he must like it, he's waving.

Good.

But actually, we can see it from this
angle, and it looks fantastic.

But if Dave, the cameraman, looks from
where I'm standing here, you can see

Dallas isn't really there.

So it's all just a hologram.

But we've made our own holographic
projector, and this is something that

could just do at home. Now, we could
scale this up and perhaps use a flat

-screen TV like the ones you might have
at home.

And this does get us closer to our goal
of a hologram in mid -air, but it's

still really only a magic trick.

He's not really here. I'm not really
tickling him.

So it limits how well we can visualize
and manipulate objects in 3D space.

So ideally, we want to be able to stand
next to our hologram. So I want to have

Dallas just standing next to me here. I
want to be able to make eye contact with

him. I want to be able to shake him by
the hand.

And we can't really do that with a magic
trick.

But there is a company in Surrey that's
taking us a step closer to our goal.

They use a curtain of mist to display
images that float in mid -air.

Sounds great, doesn't it?

So, can we bring in the fog screen,
please?

this is a high -tech version of the
technology that you'd find in a cooled

humidifier tap water is pumped into a
fog tank where it's blasted with

ultrasound turning it into a thick fog
made of tiny water particles so it

uses this mist to display the image so
this doesn't actually create our image

need a projector to be able to do that

So, I think we're ready to beam Dallas
into the lecture theatre with us. What

you think?

Yeah?

Brilliant. Okay, Dallas, are you there?

I think so.

Where are you?

Where am I? You need to turn around.

Brilliant.

We can see you. You look fantastic.

Now, Dallas.

I think you are the first person to
appear live as a hologram at the

lectures. I've got to say, I'm really
excited because when I was young and I

used to watch the Christmas lectures,
the whole idea of holograms was this

wonderful symbol of future technology.

So I'm absolutely thrilled.

And how's the lecture going today?

How's it feeling? How's it sounding?

I think it sounds pretty good. What do
we think?

Right.

Well, what I'd really like to do is to
give you a hug.

But I can't quite do it, I'm afraid,
Dallas.

So it would be really nice. But what
about just trying to shake your hand?

Okay. Okay. So here's our robot hand
from earlier.

Yes. And we should be able to shake
hands with you. So I understand you've

sent the glove as well.

Okay, Dan. Well, I've got my controlling
glove on. Brilliant.

Okay. Give us a wave.

Oh, hang on. I've got to switch it on
here. Here we go.

Oh, yeah.

Fantastic.

So you are controlling that. That looks
brilliant.

Okay.

Say hi.

Hi.

Brilliant. Okay.

Now, waving's easy.

I want you to be able to hold the bowl
that I'm going to give you here. So are

you ready? Okay, so I'm going to open my
fingers. Are you ready?

Yeah, I've got it. I think I've got it.
You have got it. Fantastic.

Well done.

I'm going to try and press the board.

Okay, squeeze the board. Now you can
drop it.

Okay, I'm going to try and drop it.
Ready? Here we go.

Excellent. Well done.

Now, this is all about communication, so
who would like to come and shake hands

with Dallas?

Oh, so many hands.

Wowee. There are lots and lots of hands.

Me, me, me, me.

What about you there?

Okay.

Okay, what's your name?

What's your name?

Rupert. Okay, Rupert, you stand this
side.

Okay. That's a good looking shake. I
feel like I'm in every sci -fi movie

made.

Are we ready, Dallas?

Are you ready to say hi to Rupert?

There we go. He's going to try and shake
you. That's it.

There we go. Look at that.

How do you do? What a pleasure to meet
you.

This is a first for the Royal
Institution.

Can you feel Dallas shaking your hand?
Yeah, yeah.

He's not too rough, is he? No.

Okay, I think we better let go of his
hand, Dallas. Okay.

Brilliant. Okay, thank you very much,
Lisa.

Say bye.

Okay, this is incredible, but we're
still a little way off our ultimate

So we're going to come back to you
later, Dallas. Is that okay? Okay, I'll

you in a bit. Brilliant. Bye.

Say bye.

So step three complete.

We've managed to capture our hologram,
we've transmitted it, and we've made

Dallas reappear in the theatre right
beside us.

And we've even been able to reach out
and touch Dallas with our robotic hand.

But we still want to go one better
because we still needed that robotic

actually do the handshake.

So again, the question, how do we touch
something that isn't there?

Well, to help us answer that question,
please welcome Sarah Bailey from the

University of Bristol.

Awesome. Yes.

And I know you've got quite a wonderful
contraption with you here.

So, let me just get it in place here.
Okay, so what is this back end of a

cow designed to do?

Well, this is the haptic cow, and it's
designed for teaching veterinary

students. So, I'm a vet, and I've spent
many years trying to...

teach students how to palpate inside a
cow, which we do to diagnose pregnancy

and things like that.

Okay. The problem is, in the real cow,
they can't see what I was doing when I

had my hand inside, and then when they
have their hand inside the student, I

can't see what they're doing, so I can't
teach them.

Ah, okay. Right.

So, could I have a go?

Of course. Please do. Okay.

So, I'm one of your trainee vets.

Okay. So, if you...

Move your hand down, and you come on
to... That's the pelvic floor, so it

feel quite hard. It does, yeah. Because
it's out of bone.

Okay, yeah. And then if you slide your
hand forward, and you will drop down,

yes? Yes, I do, yeah. And that's going
from the pelvis into the abdomen, or the

cow's belly.

Right, okay. If you then lift your hand
up and back towards that yellow dot, and

how about we get the cow pregnant?

Okay.

Sounds good.

So magically, she's now pregnant. And if
you drop your hand down onto the red

structure, go forward a little bit.

And if you go left to right, the cow's
uterus has what we call two horns or two

sides. And this cow is pregnant about
eight weeks on the left -hand side.

So the left -hand side is bigger, the
red object there. And also, if you just

press onto it, you should feel it's a
little bit softer. It does. It feels...

Yeah, that feels soft. And you can also
feel these two bumps here. So you can

feel that this left -hand bump is much
bigger than the right -hand bump as

Yeah. So the baby calf is on the left
-hand side. That's why it's a bit

And the softness is the fluid, like the
waters of pregnancy. Right, yeah. So I

can push down and feel like I'm pushing
down on sort of a bag of liquid sort of

thing. That's how it feels.

Excellent. That's really good.

I want to see what's inside. Can I have
a look at what's inside? Shall we swap

around? Yes, please do.

All right.

Let's have a look at what's inside here,
everyone.

So, Sarah, talk us through, what are we
actually seeing here?

So, there's a little robot inside.

This is virtual reality with haptics.

And the motors of the robot generate a
force feedback, which allows you to feel

objects of different shapes and sizes.

but also of different firmnesses. So the
bone felt quite firm,

whereas this area here felt quite soft.

Now, what happens if one of your trainee
vets pushes a little bit too hard on

the cow?

Well, the cow can have something to say
about that.

Excellent.

I don't blame it.

Okay, that's great. Well, thank you so
much, Sarah, for bringing this in and

showing this wonderful technology.

Thank you. Thank you.

Well, I never thought when I was going
to do the Christmas lectures I'd

have my hand up a cow's bottom.

So we all have different things.

Now... Now we know it's possible to feel
that you're touching something that

isn't there. When I was doing that, I
truly thought that there was something

there, not just a little robotic hand.

Now you may have heard a word there that
Sarah used called haptic. That was her

haptic cow.

And it's probably not a word you're
familiar with, but actually haptic

are everywhere.

If you're typing on your phone and it
vibrates when you hit a key, that's

haptic.

That sensation of touch is being
stimulated by sending a vibration to

fingertip. Now, another haptic device
that I want to show you right here in

studio is quite unbelievable.

In fact, it's so unbelievable, I'm
slightly worried you're not going to

me.

Until recently, the haptic devices
relied on a kind of arm or robotic

like we saw with Sarah's cow.

so you could apply force to your hand.

But there's a team in Bristol now
developing what they call ultra

Now, this box sends ultrasonic
vibrations into the air so that you feel

objects as if they were hanging in thin
air.

So who wants to give this a go?

Oh, there are so many people. Okay, what
about you right in the middle there?

Yep, you.

Okay, what's your name? Ethan. Hi,
Ethan. Okay, if you want to stand here,

Now, what we're going to do is try and
guess some shapes here, okay?

Now, this is actually going to create a
noise, so we can't talk whilst you're

trying to guess that shape, okay?

Right, so what we're going to do is put
the picture on the screen so everybody

else can see it, and then I want you to
guess if the object is either a cone

or a square.

Okay, so they are your two choices.

Okay, are we ready? All right, so let's
just...

Is

that a cone?

Let's have a look. So... Say that again.
A cone. We think it's a cone. So can we

see? Yeah, and that's what everybody
else can see. It's a cone. Excellent.

Well done.

Well done.

What we have are 256 tiny speakers, and
they're creating ultrasonic vibrations.

So they're outside of the human range of
hearing.

So we can't hear them, but Ethan can
feel them.

And it's like that feeling, you know,
when you're near a very loud bass

So you can feel it in your chest.

So it's like that, but much, much more
precise.

Okay, so we should have the second shape
loaded.

okay but this time i think you can
actually look at the screen as well

said it was either a cone or a cube so
we know it's a cube this time okay so

just to give you that sensation start
again and then you can look at the

at the same time and you should be able
to see your hand

And does it feel like a cube? Yeah.
Could you feel the difference between

Yeah? Brilliant. Well, thank you very
much for your help as well.

I think that is an amazing piece of
technology.

Ethan was just looking at shapes and
guessing what they were when we couldn't

see anything.

It was unbelievable.

And maybe in the future, that ultra
-haptics board combined with our

projector could create an image that you
could shake hands with for real.

But what about our other senses?

Is there anything we can use to share
tastes and smells with, with someone a

long way away?

Well, this could be the answer.

This is the world's first electric...

And it's been developed by researchers
at City University in London.

Now, this has actually been designed to
do this.

So this is not something that you should
try at home.

And all you need to do is put your
tongue between these two

electrodes.

And what it will do...

is simulate a whole range of basic
flavors.

So salty and sweet or minty and spicy.

So who's hungry?

Oh, wow.

Who would like to share a meal with
Dallas?

Okay. Wow, there's lots of people. How
about you in the green jumper there?

Okay, what's your name? Zara.

Zara. Okay, Zara. If you just want to
come around this side, okay?

And what I'm going to do is give you
this.

And we need to wait for Dallas as well
because we've given Dallas a lollipop as

well. Okay?

So we need to be able to bring Dallas in
here as well.

So, hi, Dallas.

Hi there.

Hi. We've given you a lollipop, too. I
have it here, yes. It doesn't look very

appetizing, I've got to say.

Yes. I think Zara feels the same here as
well.

Now, okay, I want you both to place your
tongue between the prongs here.

Okay? Really?

Yes. Okay. Now, of course, like I said,
you don't do this at home. This has been

specially designed for this.

Okay? Are you ready? You take it off me.

Okay? Zara, you go first. Put it on your
tongue. You go first. I'm going to wait

to see what happens.

Okay, you ready, Dallas?

Okay. Now, you should be able to taste a
flavour.

Give you a little time to think what it
is. Oh, oh.

Did you taste that, Zara?

It's sherbet -y.

Like a sherbet -y, is it? Yeah.

I think that tastes quite minty. You
think?

Yeah. Minty? Do you think it could taste
a bit minty?

It is actually minty.

That's what it meant to be. It does
taste minty. Minty, yeah.

Can you taste a bit of mint in there, a
bit like toothpaste maybe?

Yeah. Yeah? Maybe that's where you're
getting the sherbet sort of taste from.

Okay, let's try another flavor.

Okay. Okay.

We can program this to give us another
flavor, please.

You have Christmas dinner flavor.

All right, now we should have a second
one programmed.

Are you ready?

Okay.

Now, this should be slightly different,
slightly stronger. So just put it on

your tongue. Oh, God, that is strong.
Wow.

Is it strong? It's quite sour, yeah.

Do you get sour as well?

Is it very sour?

It's quite sour. Is it? Yeah.

I think that one is the one that tastes
lemony.

Do you? Yeah. What do you think, Zara?

Yeah. I think that could be lemon.

Yeah. So that's much more sour. Does it
taste different between the first and

the second one?

Yeah. Yeah?

So what's happening is that device is
sending small electric currents.

through those prongs.

So it's stimulating the taste buds on
the tongue.

So by varying that current, we can vary
which of the taste buds are being

stimulated and what flavour they can
taste as well.

What do you both think of that
experience?

I don't think the inventors are going to
win MasterChef just yet, but I think

it's a really interesting technology.

Well, they might not be winning it
because it's well known that... We rely

heavily on our smells to help us
distinguish between tastes.

So we have another device for you to
try.

Are you ready for this, Zara?

There is a device called Ascenti, which
attaches to your smartphone

just using the headphone jack here.

So the idea is people can send you
smells over the internet.

Now, I know what you're thinking.

Do I really want to be able to smell my
friend?

Probably not.

Well, it's okay for the moment because
we don't have that many smells. We only

have a choice of ten. So you're going to
have no nasty surprises.

Okay.

Now, Dallas, you should have one as
well. I've got mine here, yeah.

Okay, so what we're going to do is I'm
going to try releasing a lemon smell to

you as you have the lemon taste on your
tongue.

Okay? And this is really cool. We need
to see this coming out here.

Are we ready?

Okay, let's try this.

Lollipops at the ready.

And sniff.

Can you sniff it?

Yeah?

Can you smell that?

Yeah.

What does that smell like now then?

It makes it more like lemony. It does
make it more lemony, yeah?

Do you get that sort of lemon sherbet
sort of?

Taste out of it now. Oh, wow. Yeah? Wow.

Dallas, what do you think?

I think it's amazing. You get a proper
little sort of jet of scent.

And yeah, it is very sherbet -y, but it
also makes the taste, it makes the taste

a lot more vivid, I suppose, if that's
the right word. A lot more obvious.

Does it feel more real when you have the
taste and the smell there? Yeah,

because before it was like, I think it
was more sharp.

Yes, it's more sour, isn't it, when it's
just the lemons, where now it's...

A bit more like a lemon cake or lemon
sherbet, isn't it? I think sherbet is

exactly the right word because this
actually gives you almost that kind of

fizzing sensation on your tongue.

Brilliant. Okay, well, thank you very
much. I hope you enjoyed sharing a meal

together, a feast of lemon.

Thank you. No, it was a pleasure.

Thank you, Sarah.

to share that experience with Dallas
because he's someone that we all

But Dallas is really just a stand -in
for me, for my grandma, as she's the

person I'd really like to feel close to.

Now, it's clear the technology isn't
quite there yet. We can't actually touch

our hologram.

And it would be nice to eat something
other than lemon sherbet.

But we're getting close.

I started this lecture by showing you
the communication breakthrough that

Alexander Graham Bell made 140 years
ago. And look how far we have come.

Imagine how we'll be communicating in
another 140 years.

The tools we need to achieve our
communication dreams are all around us.

will be the job of the next generation
of engineers and scientists, people just

like you.

to perfect and combine these
technologies and hopefully bring us all

together.

In my third and final lecture, I'll be
looking at the motor and how we can use

electricity and movement to make the
world's greatest robot orchestra.

But until then, good night.