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(rocket launching)
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If the scientists, engineers,
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and entrepreneurs are to be believed,
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space will soon be buzzing
with a new breed of spaceships,
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piloted by a new generation of astronauts.
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And many of these space scientists believe
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that our nearest planetary
neighbor, the moon,
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will play a key role in
these new initiatives.
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To them, our moon offers everything
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that the next phase in
the development of space
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is going to need.
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And the good news is that,
in astronomical terms,
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it's right in our own backyard.
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In a way, we're really lucky,
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{\an8}because we have this
object orbiting the Earth
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{\an8}that's so close that we can get to.
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You can go to the moon any time you want.
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There's a launch window open 24/7.
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It only takes three days to get there.
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And, it has the materials that you need
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to create space flight capabilities
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and it has them in the
form you need them in.
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It will allow us to build a system
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to let us go anywhere,
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and I think that's really the ultimate goal
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of space hearing.
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You want the ability to
go wherever you want to go
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with whatever capability you need
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to do whatever job you can imagine
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for as long as you want to.
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That's the real object of space flight.
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(epic orchestral music)
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It's been over four decades
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since the last human boot print
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was planted in the lunar dust.
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The date was December 1972,
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and the boot belonged to
astronaut Gene Cernan.
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As he prepared to join his
colleague geologist Jack Schmitt
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onboard the lunar module of Apollo 17
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and head for home.
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He had these carefully
scripted words to say
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as he mounted the access ladder.
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As I take man's last step from the surface
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back home, for some time to come
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but we believe not too
long into the future,
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I'd like to just let
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what I believe history will record
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that America's challenge of today
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has forged man's destiny of tomorrow.
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And as we leave the moon at Taurus-Littrow,
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we leave as we came,
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and God willing, as we shall return.
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With peace and hope for all mankind.
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God speed the crew of Apollo 17.
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Everyone in NASA and the space community
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knew that this would be
the last Apollo mission
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and that new ventures such as Skylab,
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the shuttle, and the space station,
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were on the horizon.
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But, like Gene Cernan,
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most people also thought
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that a man to return to the moon
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would not be long in coming.
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Few would of believed then
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that mankind's return would
be over half a century away
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in the 2020's.
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(rocket launching)
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From its first flight in 1981,
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the space shuttle transformed
man's space flight
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and enabled many new
missions to be conducted
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in low Earth orbit
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about 400 kilometers or 250
miles above the Earth's surface.
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Low Earth orbit,
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also known as Leo,
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is where the shuttle hosted
22 space lab missions.
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Launched the Hubble Telescope
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and played an essential
role in constructing
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the international space station.
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In 2011, the last shuttle, Atlantis,
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delivered a key module to the ISS
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and return to Earth just
before dawn on July 21st.
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Landing here down in the lot.
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It was the end of an era
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of supreme achievements
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by what had been originally conceived
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as a reusable, cost-effective, space truck.
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Shuttle was originally named STS
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and it was called Space
Transportation System.
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And the idea was the shuttle,
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the actual shuttle that we know and love,
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was the first piece of a
space transportation system,
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it was never intended to
be the ultimate end piece.
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It's the first piece
because it can transport
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people and cargo from the
Earth's surface to Leo.
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And then from there on
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you would have another vehicle
that would transport them
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to these other localities.
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If we had kept with the original idea
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of having an incremental system
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that gradually expands our reach with time,
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that would have been the next logical step,
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to build a reusable vehicle
that could go back and forth
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between the station and
higher points in Earth orbit.
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The problem has been a combination
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of cost and physics.
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And until now,
the two have been inseparable.
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The physics problem is simple to state,
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and it's called gravity.
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The cost problem is
equally simple to state.
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To defeat or at least manage that gravity.
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All objects that have mass
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distort the space around them
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and are attracted to
each other as a result,
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and the larger the object,
the greater the distortion.
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And the greater the attraction.
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It's a fundamental law of nature
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and for a rocket scientist,
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overcoming and managing gravity poses
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some of the most difficult
design challenges of them all.
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It directly effects the ease
with which it is possible
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to move around in space
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because it determines the
energy that needs to be spent
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to travel from one place to another
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or to escape the gravitational
field of a planet
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or a moon.
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That gravitational field
is often referred to
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as a gravity well.
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The more mass a planet or an object has,
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the harder it is to escape from its pole.
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So the bigger planets have
very deep gravity wells.
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As you go down the scale in size,
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the escape and orbital velocities become
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correspondingly smaller.
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Finally, you come down to an object that's
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small like the moon,
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which has 1/6th the gravity
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and 1% of the mass of the Earth,
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and its escape velocity is
much smaller than the Earth's.
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Which is a crucially important fact
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when you're trying to build a moon based
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space transportation system.
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The Earth's gravity well is the deepest
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in the inner solar system.
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A fact which leads to
some startling statistics.
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Over 85% of the weight of every rocket
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launched from the Earth's surface
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is the weight of the fuel
required to lift itself
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out of our gravity well
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at an eye-popping $20,000 per kilogram.
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For the shuttle, this meant that at launch
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the combined weight of
the solid fuel boosters,
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the external fuel tank
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and the orbiter
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was typically 2,000 metric tons
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of which only 100 metric tons
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was the orbiter and its payload.
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This simple in balance
between fuel and payload
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is the reason why lofting
a single kilogram of mass
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into orbit has traditionally
been so expensive.
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There's two kinds of mass that you launch.
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There's smart mass and there's dumb mass.
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Smart mass are things that
have high information density
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like a computer.
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But dumb mass is a ton of water
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or a ton of liquid hydrogen.
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The rocket doesn't care.
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It has to lift it up against
the gravity field of the Earth.
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What we're trying to do
is to move to a template
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where we're getting most of the dumb mass
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from sources other than the Earth.
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And at the top of the
dumb mass shopping list
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for space engineers is
propellant, rocket fuel,
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and this is where the
moon enters the picture.
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If it were possible to
generate liquid oxygen
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and liquid hydrogen,
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the two most powerful rocket
fuels knows to science
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on the moon,
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then here would be a source of propellant
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that would be conveniently
sitting at the bottom
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of a very weak, very shallow gravity well,
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at the heart of the Earth,
Moon transportation system.
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Homegrown, locally available, and cheap,
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all powered by the moon's water.
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Intriguingly, this would also enable
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future space engineers
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to take advantage of a
theory first proposed
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in late 18th century France
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by astronomer and mathemetician
Joseph Louis Lagrange,
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who suggested that there could be a few
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rather unique gravitational locations
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in the space between suns,
their planets, and their moons.
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Whenever you have two gravitational bodies,
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{\an8}there are places around those
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{\an8}where the gravity kind of cancels out
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the effect of each other.
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These points are effectively the neutral
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buoyancy points of the
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they call them weak stability boundaries
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but they're places in the Earth-Moon system
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that are easy to get to other places from
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and that's why they're
of strategic importance.
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So, depending on these locations,
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you can potentially set up
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a space station or a depot
or whatever the case may be,
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and it will stay in space at that location
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with very minimal amounts of
propellant to keep it there.
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When you factor in
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propellant manufacturing on the moon
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and the strategic use
of the Lagrange points,
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the space transportation system
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starts to look much more feasible
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and affordable
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and that, the space scientists suggest,
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is going to require a family
of transport vehicles.
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Each, specifically tailored
to their individual missions.
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Do you want something that goes
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from the Earth's surface
to the Moon's surface
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and back again.
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The answer is no,
you're gonna break that up into chunks.
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I want something that goes
from the Earth's surface
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to maybe some orbit around Earth,
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whether it's low Earth orbit
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or geosynchronous or
whatever the case may be.
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Now I'm gonna wanna have
something that goes from
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Earth's orbit towards the Moon.
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Do I want to go all the way to the moon,
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like we did in Apollo and break,
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or do I want to go to a midpoint,
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such as a Lagrange point,
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and then have that
transportation system just go
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from Earth orbit to
Lagrange point and back,
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00:11:01,879 --> 00:11:04,569
and then have another transportation go
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from the Lagrange point down to low Earth
234
00:11:07,367 --> 00:11:10,203
low lunar orbit or to the lunar surface,
235
00:11:10,204 --> 00:11:12,283
so you kind of breaking up your system
236
00:11:12,284 --> 00:11:15,640
So, at that Lagrange point,
if I take this approach
237
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where it is now the hub
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of my two transportation
systems or railroads,
239
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well, I'm gonna probably
wanna put a fuel depot there.
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My gas station.
241
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I'm not taking everything
with me to come home.
242
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I'm only taking half of what I need
243
00:11:31,440 --> 00:11:33,121
which makes my launch vehicle
244
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and transportation system smaller.
245
00:11:35,680 --> 00:11:36,802
(rocket launching)
246
00:11:36,803 --> 00:11:38,521
Part of this new multi-part
247
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transportation system
248
00:11:39,602 --> 00:11:41,495
is likely to see the introduction
249
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of a wholly new propulsion technology.
250
00:11:44,327 --> 00:11:46,173
It's a form of ion drive,
251
00:11:46,174 --> 00:11:49,528
known as solar electric propulsion.
252
00:11:49,529 --> 00:11:52,529
You take an element or a molecule,
253
00:11:53,456 --> 00:11:56,842
and you accelerate it using magnetic fields
254
00:11:56,843 --> 00:11:58,761
and electrical fields.
255
00:11:58,762 --> 00:12:03,125
Here, you can get extremely high velocities
256
00:12:03,126 --> 00:12:04,561
of these particles
257
00:12:04,562 --> 00:12:06,771
but you don't really throw
a lot of these particles
258
00:12:06,772 --> 00:12:08,401
at the same time.
259
00:12:08,402 --> 00:12:12,198
So, you have two ways of
going to the moon now.
260
00:12:12,199 --> 00:12:14,570
With chemical propulsion, it's a fast trip,
261
00:12:14,571 --> 00:12:16,614
maybe not as efficient,
262
00:12:16,615 --> 00:12:18,842
so you probably would
use that for your crew.
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00:12:18,843 --> 00:12:22,213
For cargo, you'll probably want to take
264
00:12:22,214 --> 00:12:25,824
the slow approach, high efficiency,
265
00:12:25,825 --> 00:12:28,788
where the amount of propellant that you use
266
00:12:28,789 --> 00:12:30,080
is not that great,
267
00:12:30,081 --> 00:12:33,840
but it may take months to a
year to transfer something
268
00:12:33,841 --> 00:12:36,258
from Earth orbit to the moon.
269
00:12:38,828 --> 00:12:40,311
You have this balancing act
270
00:12:40,312 --> 00:12:42,149
and maybe you might combine the two.
271
00:12:42,150 --> 00:12:44,343
Maybe you use chemical
propulsion to get you
272
00:12:44,344 --> 00:12:47,794
mostly out of the gravity well of Earth,
273
00:12:47,795 --> 00:12:49,841
and then you use electric propulsion
274
00:12:49,842 --> 00:12:53,992
to move around the vicinity of the moon.
275
00:12:53,993 --> 00:12:55,881
To go to the moon's surface,
276
00:12:55,882 --> 00:12:58,310
here again you'll need chemical propulsion
277
00:12:58,311 --> 00:13:01,549
because of the high thrust
you need coming down
278
00:13:01,550 --> 00:13:04,267
and getting off the planetary surface.
279
00:13:04,268 --> 00:13:06,075
So, it'll probably have a combination
280
00:13:06,076 --> 00:13:09,264
of these types of transportation systems.
281
00:13:09,265 --> 00:13:13,349
Extrapolated from its logical conclusion,
282
00:13:13,350 --> 00:13:15,184
this view of tomorrow's moon
283
00:13:15,185 --> 00:13:16,950
foresees permanently manned habitats
284
00:13:16,951 --> 00:13:21,582
where water mining
operations are in full swing
285
00:13:21,583 --> 00:13:23,586
and the associated rocket propellant plants
286
00:13:23,587 --> 00:13:25,837
are almost making a profit.
287
00:13:27,960 --> 00:13:31,594
Elsewhere, exotic metals
are being mined robotically
288
00:13:31,595 --> 00:13:34,065
for shipment back to Earth
289
00:13:34,066 --> 00:13:35,600
and on the far side of the moon
290
00:13:35,601 --> 00:13:37,156
where they will be shielded
291
00:13:37,157 --> 00:13:39,395
from the Earth's electromagnetic noise.
292
00:13:39,396 --> 00:13:41,439
Astronomers will be setting up shop
293
00:13:41,440 --> 00:13:43,107
to probe the cosmos.
294
00:13:44,114 --> 00:13:46,716
The colonization of our
nearest celestial neighbor
295
00:13:46,717 --> 00:13:48,429
will have begun
296
00:13:48,430 --> 00:13:51,670
and in the space between
the moon and the Earth,
297
00:13:51,671 --> 00:13:53,022
fuel depots will hover
at the gravity neutral
298
00:13:53,023 --> 00:13:54,356
Lagrange points.
299
00:13:56,629 --> 00:13:58,667
Gateway space stations will be preparing
300
00:13:58,668 --> 00:14:00,235
for the journey to Mars
301
00:14:00,236 --> 00:14:03,597
and asteroids are being mined
for their precious metals.
302
00:14:03,598 --> 00:14:05,642
And the key to it all depends
303
00:14:05,643 --> 00:14:08,476
on one single, simple verification
304
00:14:09,482 --> 00:14:11,360
that there is enough water on the moon
305
00:14:11,361 --> 00:14:13,035
to manufacture rocket fuel
306
00:14:13,036 --> 00:14:16,034
from its hydrogen and oxygen atoms
307
00:14:16,035 --> 00:14:17,811
because if there is,
308
00:14:17,812 --> 00:14:20,771
the sky is quite literally the limit.
309
00:14:20,772 --> 00:14:24,105
(epic orchestral music)
23611
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