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This is border country -

the dividing line
between the British province of
Northern Ireland

and the Irish Republic. The border
meanders for nearly 300 miles.

It was created in 1922 when Ireland
became a free state and Ulster

remained British.

This is the border - cause of some
2,000 deaths on this island

over the last ten years.

It's virtually impossible
to seal up this border.

Is the border the source of the
trouble,

or is it merely a symptom?

There's a lot of money made off the
border.

All kinds of smuggling, be it
cattle, cigarettes, alcohol.

Your job is to protect the border.

Hello, is that the IRA Publicity
Bureau, please?

I grew up hating the people
in the uniforms.

I grew up hating the police. I grew
up hating the British Army.

And I ended up joining the IRA.

The border has a huge impact
on my life.

Everything I do now is affected
by that one moment in time.

LOUD BANG

The existence of the border
has caused dispute and bloodshed,

but nevertheless it constitutes
an international frontier.

Would its removal unite the hearts
and minds of the people

of this island?

Or do the divisions run too deep?

Do I like the border?!

Course I don't like the border.

The border should never
have existed on this island.

I get fed up that people keep
talking about the "Irish border."

It's a British border.

Partitioned by a treaty signed in
1922.

Six counties allied to the north.

26 counties of the Republic
to the south.

Between the two is the border,
manned on either side by customs

guards as if the people
and the land were different.

ALARM RINGS

My name is Paddy Gillespie.

I like to be called Paddy, because
I really am a paddy.

And I'm older than
the Irish border.

I'm 102, so I know quite a bit about
the activities

and what went on across the border.

It was all about a division on our
wee island of Ireland.

There were 32 counties, and there
were six of them taken away.

And that was run by the British
Government and left Ireland with 26

counties which so far, up to date,
we're doing all right.

Our money's all right
and we're living fairly peacefully.

HE LAUGHS

My family have been resident
here in the border area for well

over 200 years.

They came here as soldiers,

towards the end of the 17th century
during the reigns of Elizabeth

and also of Charles I.

Just perfect, just perfect.

England was driven by a very serious
concern for security.

They wanted to prevent either
the Spaniards or, later, the French

from using Ireland as a beachhead
and potentially launching a direct

invasion of England.

And therefore there was
a considerable effort on behalf

of successive British governments
to settle Protestants on the island

of Ireland, where the vast
mass were Catholic.

I think any border that is imposed
upon a country from outside

is going to create scars,
both on the land

and also in people's minds.

There is absolutely no question,
the imposition of a border

has been a disaster for the island
of Ireland.

England seem to dominate
lots of places across the world,

and build barriers and invade
different countries.

But, I'll tell you, I would
have preferred they had have

stayed out of our wee island.

When I was 17,

when you wanted to go over
the border you were issued

with a book, which entailed
you had to go in

and have this book stamped.

And if you stayed over the border,
even if you were only in
for an hour,

you had to have it stamped
coming out again.

You're trying to get into your own
country, and across

your own river.

No-one likes this frontier,
like a scar

on a beautiful woman's face.

And it made you feel,

"Am I wanted here? Am I a part of
this country? Am I part of Ireland?"

Travellers are stopped by Irish
Guards as they leave the Republic,

by Her Majesty's men a few yards
farther on as they enter Ulster.

To the tourist, it is an
inconvenience.

To the patriot, an open wound.

And to a segment of the Irish youth,
a call to violent action.

This is a smuggler.

She's on a return trip from Britain
into Ireland with quantities

of butter, bread and tinned food,
all of which are cheaper in Ulster.

Smuggling is an old tradition
around here, and they start them

kind of young.

Once a year,

my mother would take us on the train
up from Dublin, up to Belfast, to

buy clothes, cos clothes
were much cheaper in the north

than they were in the south.

And I just remember vividly the
change in your body as you came back

across the border, because
you have five layers of clothes

on, supposedly to fool the customs
officials, you know, that you were

you were smuggling these clothes,
basically, by wearing them.

So, you went up as a skinny
little kid, and you came back

as a kind of Michelin Man, you know!

I smuggled my wedding dress.

And I'm sure you smuggled yours.

Smuggled my wedding dress.

I smuggled the curtains
for the dining room on this.

I'll tell you, I used to be sitting
maybe seven or eight cars

in front of you, coming to the
customs, you know,

and the custom man coming out,
and checking all them cars,

and you sitting sweating.

And by chance, he sort of waved you
on.

"Oh, my God." I know, you felt so
relieved.

Oh, relieved, surely to God.

You went and you
smuggled the flour, and the bread,

and butter, and the tea,

and cigarettes... Yeah.

..was things that were smuggled.

In John Britton's pub which quenches
thirst for 13 hours a day,

cigarettes are up to a shilling
cheaper.

So, addicts flock in from across
the border to buy over 200,000

cigarettes a week.

I remember smuggling cows,
cattle across the river.

Many a farmer took to smuggling
cattle across the border to markets

in Northern Ireland.

Four of us were asked to help seven
or eight head of cattle across the
river.

Now, we had a great bit of bother

getting them into the river.

And we all followed with sticks

and battered them across the river
and I had, I wasn't a great swimmer,

so as soon as I went in to
chest deep,

I had to hold on to a cow's tail.

And, believe it or not,
if somebody had have told me
that cows could swim,

I would have laughed at them.

But that cow took me across,
no problem at all.

I wasn't very heavy!

You used to get some money
from the state, so you'd get

a kind of a headage payment for
every pig you exported.

It was a little inducement
for exporters, and...

..there's anecdotal...

..evidence that people used
to smuggle pigs across the border,

so they would export a lorry-load of
pigs, get the cheque,

and then they would drive those pigs
back across the border,

then a few days later export
the same pigs.

Customs officials wouldn't recognise
them as the pigs

that crossed the border
two or three days ago,

so you would be paid twice for the
same lorry-load of pigs.

I think there's a tendency
to look at the border and smuggling

for comic relief of something
that was actually quite distressful.

Smuggling wasn't a hobby. It wasn't,
it wasn't a comic event.

It was economic necessity
for a lot of people.

Strabane has the highest proportion
of people out of work in the whole

of the United Kingdom.

At least one in three men
here is unemployed,

and unless he has brilliant exam
results,

a boy who is now
in his last year at school

has probably
less chance of finding a job

than anywhere else in Europe.

The border definitely affected
Strabane.

There's no question about it.

There was no work in Strabane.
There were no jobs in Strabane.

There was no industry in Strabane.

My wife didn't like this idea of
smuggling at all.

She didn't like it.

Although she had to admit that
the money was useful.

HE LAUGHS

The border goes down roads,
it goes through houses, it goes

through streams, it crosses fields.

The border is like a child took
a pen to the map of Ireland, just

did a squiggly line across the top
of it.

If I get caught speeding on this
side, I'll get fined in euros.

And if I get caught speeding on the
side I'll get fined in pounds.

Unless I get run over on the border.

So, I don't know which
ambulance'll come to get us.

SHE LAUGHS

Mr McRae, a shopkeeper,
undertaker and a Protestant,

buries the British.

When a Catholic dies,

he drives Pettigo's one
and only hearse to the border,

where John Britton, who's Irish
in spite of his name, collects

the hearse and goes off to bury
his fellow Catholics.

So, where are you for today?

Ballyshannon. Ballyshannon?
Yeah.

Safe journey.

There's this idea that
the Protestants have a really strong

work ethic, and that Catholics
are inherently lazy.

Like, if I tidied my house,
I would go round, and I do say it,

I know I say it, I say,
"Now, that's a bit more Protestant
looking," cos it means

it's nice and tidy and clean
and organised.

What a weird thing to say.

TRADITIONAL MUSIC

But the Catholics, I think, are
considered to be a bit more craic,

a bit more laid back, you know?

A bit more kind of drinking
and dancing and singing,

and the traditional music
and all of that kind of thing.

Protestants would be seen to be
quite uptight, a bit straight-laced.

As a Protestant child, I crossed the
border to go to my church

and when I crossed the border,

I felt almost
like people were staring at me.

I was a foreigner in a foreign land.

Even on the buses.

For example, Protestants sat one
side, Catholics sat the other side,

you know, you lived it totally.

Different community.
You didn't mix in any way.

And that was a sad state
of affairs, because my family

were all from Southern Ireland
originally.

And we felt like we were foreigners
in our own land.

INDISTINCT CHANTING

As a kid crossing the border,
you did feel that you were into

a different kind of terrain.

We had a very ignorant view
of the North.

We thought of the North as
Protestant, exclusively, you know!

We were actually very unaware,
oddly enough, of people like us.

You know, the Irish Catholics
being north of the border.

I knew the importance of
being a Catholic in the North.

The first time I met a Protestant,
I was working part-time
in Dunnes Stores,

and this girl came in on work
experience, and we were told

that this girl's a Protestant.

But what I believed at that time
about Protestant people

was, one, they all hated us.

I had asked my father why they all
hate us so much, and he told me

was that they believed that our Pope
was the Antichrist,

so they thought we were
all Antichrist.

And I remember thinking,
"God if I thought somebody was an

"Antichrist, I wouldn't like them
either."

So, this young girl is coming
in on work experience,

and I'm expecting somebody
who's snobby, polite, expensive,

and in comes this wee hard ticket,
covered in tattoos with piercings
all over,

and I'm thinking, "Are you sure
this one's a Protestant?"

When the working day's over,

both sides go back to their own
separate communities.

For most people in the city,
the only time they meet
across the divide is at work.

They live separately, worship
separately, drink separately.

The schools are separate.

As a child, you don't really know
about this.

But as you get older, you realise
well, there's a Protestant school

and a Catholic school,
there's a Protestant church
and a Catholic church.

There are Protestant shops.

You know, there was two newsagents
in the town.

There was the Protestant newsagent
and the Catholic newsagent,
you know,

and the Protestant supermarket
and the Catholic supermarket,

and the Protestant hardware shop
and the Catholic hardware shop.

So, you became aware of that over
time and, you know, I suppose

there would have been a tiny bit
of prejudice, but not much.

I mean, there was no real trouble
in my town.

There was a little bit
of name calling, that was about it.

You know, I think we called them
Proddie goats
and they called us kitty cats!

This is Fintona, County Tyrone, one
of the six north-eastern counties

of Ireland which are held
under British rule.

Big families and little houses
are normal in these

back streets of Fintona.

These two-room cottages
in Brunswick Row have no running

water and no sanitation.

Against a background of such
great need,

how is it that council houses
are built for people who either

do not need new houses or can well
afford to rent them

in the ordinary way?

The answer is a political one.

Two-thirds of the people of this
little town are nationalists.

They are in favour of unity
with the rest of Ireland

and against being treated
as part of Britain.

One third is unionist, which means
favouring British rule

and the partition of Ireland.

But the town is controlled
by that Unionist minority

and run solely in their interest.

I was brought up believing
that we were second class citizens.

The fact that we didn't own homes
because if we owned homes

then we would have a vote.

It was a manipulated state.
Housing was bad.

The job situation was bad.

Patrick Coyle has lived five years
in a condemned house.

We're living in there
just like animals.

Four children - three girls,
one boy - a wife and meself.

We're in one room,
a four by three room,

we have no toilet,
nor we have no, eh,

adequate supply of water.

My granny, my mother's mother,

when she had her home,
she had 14 children

and they shared that house
with another family.

Me daddy's family were nine children
and they shared with another family

and he remembers
curtains partitioning.

Me daddy always relates to a story
where a family eventually got

one of the new houses
in the Creggan Estate,

and about a month after they
moved in, the council came along

to see if everybody was fine.

But the whole family
were living in the kitchen

and the father of the family says,

"When is the next family moving in?"

Only to be told that this house was
for them. They couldn't believe it,

cos there was four bedrooms and
there was another sitting room.

So these are the stories
that I grew up with.

These people are gathering
to protest.

They're British,
but with a difference.

Over a quarter of them
cannot vote in local elections.

This is Londonderry,
Protestant stronghold of the North,

a city of religious rivalry, housing
shortages, sweeping unemployment

and a mounting bitterness
over civil rights.

# We shall overcome...#

Those who campaign for civil rights
in Londonderry feel they share

more than a song with civil
rights movements elsewhere.

They have even called themselves
Britain's white Negros.

I think it was pretty clear
that Catholics were discriminated

against in Northern Ireland,
purely in terms of jobs.

The jobs in the manufacturing
industries seemed to be pretty

sewn up for Protestant people. Jobs
in the civil service were scarce

for Catholics. The police force
was almost exclusively Protestant.

In Northern Ireland only
one policeman in line was Catholic.

Unlike the police
in the rest of the United Kingdom,

the Royal Ulster Constabulary,
the RUC, was armed.

But if the Minister of Home Affairs
thought that the situation

demanded it, the police
could be augmented by a voluntary

part-time force,
entirely Protestant, the B Specials.

In October 1968
a civil rights march in Londonderry,

which had been banned,
met a police barricade

of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.

God save us all! Argh!

The behaviour of the police, and
especially of their auxiliaries,

the B Specials,
shocked the outside world.

Clear evidence that something
was alarmingly wrong
with the state of Ulster.

Here is the official
north of Ireland view on partition.

40 years ago,
26 of the countries of Ireland

broke away from Great Britain
and formed an independent state.

We in the north of Ireland, with
a population of 1.5 million people,

decided by an overwhelming majority

at a great national general
election, that we would remain

within the United Kingdom.

When the state was set up,
you had, erm,

I think roughly 36% of the state
would have been classed
as Nationalist.

And that's 36% did not support
the formation of a government

in Belfast. They wanted to be part
of an all Ireland government.

And if you have a third of the
people not supporting the government

then it was always going to be
in problems and there was always

going to be issues, and those issues
festered for years and years
and years.

In the early days
of the new state, Protestant resolve

was stiffened by the fact
that the IRA made violent efforts

to prevent the Northern Ireland
government from functioning at all.

A long and bitter struggle
to secure its authority

left an enduring mark
on the character of the new regime.

In the hundred years of
the Northern Ireland existence,

it has always been under attack
from IRA.

There are always people getting
killed, always threat of violence.

There's always a threat of people
being shot and that has not stopped

since the 1920s.

The conflict rapidly worsened
as the front line between Protestant

and Catholic became
a sectarian war zone.

When the first British troops
marched in, they were greeted

by Catholics as saviours,
an army of liberation.

Is it all right if I give you
this coffee? Hello.

There you are, love. Thank you.
That's for after your lunch or after
your dinner. Thank you very much.

Appreciate it. Thank you.

In the Catholic ghettos especially,
appearance belied reality.

Though the soldiers
were still a novelty,

the relationship had already
become extremely fragile.

In the absence of reform, the people
would begin to turn on the troops

and the erstwhile liberators
would soon be regarded

as an army of occupation.

The sort of training that we were
doing was essentially

sort of colonial stuff.
You identified your target,

you spotted the ringleader.

And if the crowd didn't disperse,
well, and you had to open fire,

he was the chap you shot first.

I mean, this was
the basic sort of teaching.

Well, erm...

None of that applied.

CROWD SINGS

My Uncle Michael was killed
on Bloody Sunday,

and that changed all of our lives.

13 men died on Bloody Sunday.

It's impossible to exaggerate
the way that this event burnt itself

into the hearts and minds
of the Catholic community.

My father was a serving member
of the RAF

but when Bloody Sunday happened,
that was my mother's brother.

So, we came home.

Me daddy resigned from the RPF
and we ended up living back in Derry

right back in the Bogside.

The Bogside, Londonderry,
where it all began,

where bigotry made fools
of the world's church leaders

who were trying to cool down
religious differences,

not heat them up.
The Protestants foolishly marched,

the Catholics foolishly
threw stones.

All hell broke loose.

We were brought up through
the Troubles, so every day was...

..stop and search and every day
was Brits and army on the streets.

But as relatives
of a Bloody Sunday victim,

we were targeted very much,
like all our neighbours

and all our friends and extended
family and stuff like that.

So everyday was stopping
and searching, lots of raids.

I remember me daddy getting arrested
and taken out of the house

one morning, and another morning
a couple of raids after that,

me mother was arrested
and taken out of the house.

And this was, this was normal.

The police do not go into Catholic
areas without the protection
of the army.

The searching of houses is a joint
operation between the army

and the police.

Patrolling like this
is relatively routine,

but searching, which is probably
the most contentious activity

of the security forces,
they don't allow to be filmed.

I remember the soldiers coming
into the house and taking apart

me and me sister's doll's house,
where you'd wake up

and there'd be soldiers
looking at you, armed soldiers,

and me mammy and daddy would be
trying to bring us downstairs.

The soldiers and the police
would be in wrecking the house.

The amount of funerals
that I went to,

of kids that were killed
with plastic bullets,

of hunger strikers,
the two Derry hunger strikers,

the amount of protests that I was
on, the Bloody Sunday marches,

and in the middle of all I'm going
to school and doing O Levels

and A Levels and trying
to be as normal as possible,

have friends, follow the style,
follow the music,

erm, be down at the riots.

So when I was 18 years old,
this fella that I knew,

asked me...

..well, it seemed to me like he was
asking me to help him join the IRA.

And it turned out that he wasn't
asking me to help him join.

He was asking me to join up.

And there was such a rush
of adrenaline at that moment

when I realised what he was saying,
because I'd been to the marches,

been to all the demonstrations.

And it seemed like he'd seen
something more in me than marching

and demonstrations, and it felt
like, here's an opportunity

to fight for my people,
to fight for freedom.

I had this idealistic, romantic
dream of a free Ireland

and...and from what I had seen
and experienced all over the years,

the only answer to what was
going on in our communities

was to get the Brits out
and take control for ourselves.

So I became a member of the IRA.

County Fermanagh
is Northern Ireland's Lake District.

In happier times it could well be
the holiday paradise

the guidebooks all speak of.

But the reality is that Fermanagh is
the only county in Northern Ireland

to be surrounded on three sides
by a border with the Republic.

Enclosed within it is about
25,000 Protestants.

Many are farming
along the border itself.

The high ground you see
away in the distance,

on the far side of the lake, as the
border runs right along the back

and across the far side of
the mountain, because the lake

is all in the north.

My family are from right on the
border. My family are originally
from Donegal

and then we moved in, erm,
before I was born in the late '50s,

erm, to the northern side
of the border.

My father's theory was really to get
a better farm, better land

and a better education
for the children.

Erm, and at that stage
I can recall, certainly as a child,

that we mixed well
with the Roman Catholic community

within that area of Fermanagh.

Unfortunately that started
to change.

In 1969, '70, the IRA realised
that it was these Unionists

along the border who were the
bulwark for the British people

along that border,
that they would need to remove them.

And that's what they consciously
tried to do,

is remove the border
minority Unionists away.

These are the gates
into our old family farm.

The border runs along the back of
the farm, roughly half a mile away.

And on the 30th of March, '84,

that was the route they used.
They parked on the other side

of the river, followed the hedgerows
down to the farm

and waited in the early hours
until my brother went out
to feed the cattle,

on the tractor, and they shot him
in the back on the tractor.

Shot him dead.

My father, when my brother
was murdered, was in his 70s.

A place that he'd built up
for years,

and they had to sell the farm
very cheap,

all the machinery
was sold off cheap.

The animals were sold cheap.

My father and mother
and young sister had to move
into a rented house.

And it still to this day
rankles with me that...

..neighbours, people we would
have classed as friends,

set my brother up
and had him murdered.

Not good.

The IRA claimed he was
on the security forces. He wasn't.

He had been a part-time UDR man
for a short time

and he left, he didn't like it.

And he'd been away from it
seven years when they murdered him.

I remember as a boy growing up
in the Unionist community,

not the Unionist community - small
farms as you can see round here,

and it's subsistence farming,

and I know plenty of guys
joined either the police

or the Reserve Police, or the UDR,
or the British army even,

to get a lock of extra pound
to bring into the family,

put a bit of food on the table
and have some quality of life.

Most border farmers have always
had at least one licensed shotgun

close at hand,
ostensibly for vermin.

In the troubles of the '20s,
their fathers patrolled with them

at night, and those days
are not forgotten even now.

Many of these men served
in the B Specials themselves

and naturally enlisted
into the ranks of the new UDR.

Most northern Protestants would
have seen the border as almost

like a defensive perimeter,
you know.

We drew this line
and we retreated behind it.

And they could say, well, yes,
it did stop Irish nationalism

from taking over the entire island.

It did preserve our place
within the United Kingdom.

And that has to be acknowledged,

you know, and the reasons

that they thought
like that have to be acknowledged.

When you see your neighbour getting
out with a gun on his shoulder,

a gun on his hip,
and you're on the road,

and you meet another neighbour,

and that neighbour happens
to be a nationalist neighbour

and they have a different, maybe
they had a different attitude

or a different upbringing
or they were a different religion,

and they take them out
and they search them,

and maybe they were searching
their house the night before.

My God, to put two communities
and divide them like that

and put such animosity between
them, and enmity between them...

REPORTER: In the last few weeks,

this deceptive landscape
has been the setting

for a series of vicious sectarian
murders and reprisals.

And in an attempt to deter
travelling gunmen,

the army have started a limited
campaign

of blocking the border.
OK? Stand by. Blow now.

EXPLOSION

Blowing up border crossings has long
been an established army tactic.

It's deeply resented by most
local people,

who, in many cases,

have been quick to repair
the damage.

This side has never been blown
before.

It was temporarily blocked at one
stage by a Braithwaite tank.

But now it's been decided
to blow the pitch.

What happened to the temporary
blockage?

The temporary blockage was put
in a long time ago

and it was cut away.

It was cut away by some
of the local people

who wanted to reopen the road?

To get their cattle over and go
to the market and come to church.

LAUGHTER

All those good things, eh?

They haven't come to admire
the view,

but to dig up the road.

Does this kind of thing
affect your own personal attitude

to the British and the army?
Of course it does.

We resent this very much,

and the very fact that they
come in there

and the fact that I have taken
a shovel

that they have left in the Republic

means that they have been in the
Republic,

violating our territorial boundary

and they have absolutely
no respect for us.

I have confiscated the shovel
and that is my evidence

and I'm prepared to give it
to the guards that are...

if they want.

Otherwise, it'll be a souvenir.

That's what you got?

Well, I took it.

It wasn't given to me.

That barricade there is
absolutely useless to anyone

except to deprive the people of this
locale of their livelihood.

That's the only thing it's doing.

It's a waste of time.

In a couple of days, the people
have opened the road again

and taken out the obstacle
with ease.

The tightness and the nilness
round that space.

And the car stops in the road.

The troops inspect its make
and number.

And, as one bends his face
towards your window,

you catch sight of more on a hill
beyond,

eyeing with intent down
cradled guns

that hold you under cover.

And everything is pure interrogation
until a rifle motions,

and you move with guarded
unconcerned acceleration.

A little emptier.

A little spent, as always,

by that quiver in the self
subjugated yes and obedient.

There was a lot of times when...

..that part of crossing the border,

your heart's in your throat.

You're hoping to God that the bus
doesn't get searched

or whatever car you're in doesn't
get searched.

I was coming back on the bus

and I had a handgun
to bring back into Derry,

and I had the handgun
down me trousers.

And I was on the back of the bus

and there was this fella sitting
beside me,

and there was a wee bit
of flirty stuff going on,

and I remember thinking

that if I didn't have this gun down
me trousers,

then I probably would've went for it
because he seemed all right.

So here I am the back of the bus
on the way back to Derry

and it was a long journey,

and there's all this flirtation
stuff going on

And I go,
"Ah, too difficult there."

And when I got back to Derry,

I actually had a massive bruise
the shape of a gun on me leg.

My own view is that the
British Army,

that their position
is a very, very dangerous one

because they now are like the
bit of ham

between two pieces of bread
and it may well happen

the British Army will take
the brunt

of the future struggle
in Northern Ireland.

Soldiers like these
and the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers

patrol this border for four months
at a time,

and they know better
than anyone else

that they are operating in bandit
country.

You're playing this very dangerous,
high-stakes game the entire time.

Are we going to walk down that side?
Or that side?

I don't like the look
of that car.

I don't like the look of that
lamp post.

I'm not going where that bin is.

Why are the windows open?

What's that car doing down there
with the engine on?

Whenever we went near the border,
the hackles went up

and we were very, very wary
of what could happen.

And we'd been told about attacks

coming over from the south
into the north,

and how the Provisional IRA
would attack

and then quickly go back
over the border,

so to us, the border was a very,
very dangerous place.

In my mind, I saw the border
as being a threat

because I saw, without even knowing
anything of the politics,

I'm not interested in the politics.

I'm just a young infantry
platoon commander, holding a weapon,

who's thinking about the wellbeing
of himself and his men.

And for me, this represents
a safe haven for my enemy

because all I know is that they can
just come from across the border

or escape across the border

almost with impunity, you know,
and launch attacks on us.

The IRA were mounting illegal
vehicle checkpoints

along the border.

Our company were tasked to put
these observation positions

along the border and we were
supposed to be waiting for the IRA

to come across the border
and mount these checkpoints,

and we were going to stop them,

either by arresting them
or other means.

My group comprising three men,
another soldier,

Lance Corporal Gavin Deane,
who was in charge of us, and myself,

and we went to this scrapyard
literally on the border.

We found this old, derelict
rusty van

that was quite close to the road,

so if anything happened,

we could get out of this van very
quickly to do what we needed to do.

Nothing happened the first night.

Everything was quiet.

And then on the second day
that we were there,

as dusk was approaching,

the sudden stillness and calm
of the Ulster midsummer's evening

was suddenly shattered by loud
firing from across the border.

I returned fire as best I could
from where I thought they were.

And as I did that,

Lance Corporal Gavin Dean,
Deano, was hit.

I then ran out of ammunition.

And I picked up the rifle
that Deano had had.

And then I was hit.

I didn't know at the time,

but I was hit in the spine
just below my neck.

The three soldiers were hiding
here in the corner of the scrapyard

when they came under fire.

Exactly what they were doing here
isn't clear,

but they may have been involved

in some kind of SAS-type
undercover operation.

Deano was shaking next to me in some
sort of violent spasm,

trying to fight for his life

and his foot was kicking
the side of my, side of my face.

And it's something that...

It's the sensation and feeling
that I'll never forget.

It's something that...

..I'll probably take with me
to my grave.

After a short while,

half the British army sort of
descended on this particular point

on the border
and put Deano on a stretcher,

put me on a stretcher,
and then they flew us to Belfast.

And as we arrive there,

that's when Deano actually died,
just as we arrived.

So he died just before midnight
on the 16th of July, 1981.

Later that day, they decided
to move me

to a better neurological facility
over in England.

Must be very hard, being as young
as you are.

Then suddenly something like this
happens, and...?

Um...

Yeah, well, I'm 20 years old now

and that happened when I was 19,
so...

I'm quite young.

But...

There's people were born with things
like me from the start.

I'm not that bad off.

How do you stay so cheerful?

Well, I'm not in any pain.

So why not?

The border is inside me
all the time.

Everything I do now is affected
by that one moment in time.

In an Irish tour, I always
try and include Belfast

and the North of Ireland.

After all, I lived there
for a while,

and I learned a lot playing
in the clubs there.

So I have a certain home feeling for
the place.

Really, the only thing that kept
the island together

in those years was music.

He was the ultimate hero there,

and he did cross
that sectarian divide

that was such a phenomenon
in Northern Ireland,

and in the context of the most
intense conflict,

people from both sides of the divide
came to see Rory

at those great gigs in
the Ulster Hall.

One sector of the economy
that seemed to be immune

from the violence and the mayhem
was the entertainment industry.

Hello. Yes.

My name is Ardal,
and I know quite a lot.

The stand-up comedian, I travelled
across the border regularly,

you know, while a lot of comedians
wouldn't go across the border,

you know, during, like, intense
flash points

in the history of the Troubles.

You know, there were times,
there were periods of months,

maybe even years, where people just,

you know, just didn't want
to take the chance of going over.

I would relish the opportunity
to go to the north.

I remember just the reception
I got when I stood on stage.

I didn't have to do anything.

I didn't have to do any jokes,
really,

like, it was just the very fact that
you came, that you were there.

Thank you all very much indeed.
Thank you.

Oh, this is wonderful.

This is wonderful, I love it.
Anyway, hello!

So nothing would stop you.
crossing the border,

in fact, if there was trouble,
tension,

it made you all the more determined

to try and live as normal a life
as possible.

You know, people
still wanted to go out

and have a good time, so I suppose
the biggest show in town

in those days was the show bands.

These were essentially cover bands
and, you know,

they travelled over and back across
the border at will.

And the biggest band in the mid-'70s

was a band called
The Miami Showband.

# I didn't even know your name

# I didn't care cos I was sexy... #

I remember the Miami Showband
really vividly.

They were, you know, from Dublin,

but like all of those show bands,
they played everywhere,

and they just
treated the island as one place.

There was no sense that, you know,

you were a Northern show band
or a Southern show band.

They just played whatever
dance halls were available.

They had a very charismatic lead
singer called Fran O'Toole

who was writing his own songs
and he was a pin-up boy,

a bit like David Cassidy or
something.

# You gotta smile a little more... #

They were travelling back from
a gig back to Dublin

and they were stopped
at a checkpoint.

It looked like an army checkpoint
that they were stopped on,

and they were told to get off
the minibus.

And they were lined up on the side
of the road

and they were joking,
at first, with the soldiers.

But they realised something
was slightly amiss.

And what happened was

people were planting a bomb on their
minibus

for reasons that are probably
going to sound very arcane,

and almost too farfetched for words.

But the idea was that the UVF

or the Protestant paramilitary
organisation

wanted to harden the border

to stop terrorists coming across
the border.

And I think they were trying
to illustrate the point by saying,

"Look, apparently innocent people
like the Miami Showband

"are smuggling bombs
across the border."

So the idea was that

the Miami Showband would get back
on their bus,

and that the bus would blow up

at some point further down the road,

and it would look like
they were smuggling bombs

across the border.

The bomb went off when they closed

the back of the personnel van.

And instantly killed the two guys
that were standing at the van,

one of them that just pushed me.

When it transpired that
the objective was a complete

and utter cock-up on their part,

they decided to assassinate
the members of the band

there and then on the side
of the road.

Fran was the good-looking lead
singer.

And they shot him 22 times
in the face.

They found the arm of one of the
bombers.

It was obviously blown up
in the explosion,

and the arm had UVF tattoos.

So that's pretty clear cut
that the person who was planting

the bomb was a self-styled member

of a Protestant paramilitary
organisation.

The murders of the Miami Showband
seemed to sound like

a kind of deliberate attack
on that...

..fragile but beautiful texture
of everyday life.

You know, where people just
got on with living together

in the same place

and having the same kind of
enjoyment,

listening to the same
kind of music,

flirting with members
of the opposite sex

from whatever denomination
they were.

That those murders really
just seemed

like a particularly brutal assault

on the pleasures of daily life

that had kept some sense of unity
together for people.

Colonel Prosser inspects
the Walls of Derry.

It's only the army
who go on the walls now.

Before 1968,
it was a regular walking place

for the people.

How's the Bogside this morning?

The walls were closed

because they were designed
only too well.

They overlook so much of
the surrounding city,

that they're ideal either for
sniping or observing.

This mural down here, it depicts
the innocents,

the innocent lives
lost in this war and in all wars.

But the images of a young woman
called Annette McGavigan

who lived up in this area,

and when she was coming home
from school,

she was shot by a British soldier
and killed in the Troubles.

There was a lot of innocent people,
children,

that got caught up in the Troubles.

# Armoured cars and tanks and guns

# Came to take away our sons

# But every man will stand behind

# The men behind the wire

# Through the little streets of
Belfast

# In the dark of early morn

# Wrecking homes from early morning

# British soldiers...

# Armoured cars and tanks and guns

# Came to take away our sons

# But every man will stand behind

# The men behind the wire. #

This is the regular Saturday
afternoon shooting incident

in Strabane.

# Armoured cars and tanks and guns

# Came to take away our sons

# Every man will stand behind

# The man behind the wire. #

APPLAUSE

A bomb exploded near the war
memorial

in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh.

The crowd which had gathered there
was given no warning.

They were civilians, Catholic
and Protestant, young and old,

there with their wreaths to
remember.

There were a number of staging posts
in atrocity...

Actually on the border.

..where the legitimacy
of the IRA's campaign

was being fundamentally questioned
by the very community

on whose behalf it was supposed to
be waged,

which were, you know,
Northern Catholics.

Patsy had his own business
when we were married.

He had a mobile fruit and vegetable
van

and he went bankrupt
in this business.

So he took a job with the army

because it was the only thing
available

here in Derry at the time.

The IRA...

..let themselves into the house.

Somebody ran up and stuck
something at my neck.

I was told, "If you do what
you're told, nobody will get hurt."

And Patsy put his arms around me

and he says,
"Everything'll be OK, girl,

"I'll be back soon."

Even if someone was a Catholic,
it didn't make any difference.

They were still considered
as legitimate targets by the IRA.

They took him across the border
to where they had the safe house

and where the van was.

They chained Patsy...

..to the controls of the van.

I will surmise that he knew
by this time he was going to die.

Because, as they went across
the border,

they couldn't stay
in the car with their masks on.

So it's quite possible that Patsy
recognised them,

or would have recognised them at
a future time.

So he knew from midnight on,
until the explosion at 4.00AM,

for four hours,
that he was going to die.

The Coshquin Checkpoint outside
Londonderry

was a heavily fortified
Army position

guarding one of the main crossing
points on the border

between Northern Ireland
and the Irish Republic.

Afterwards, all that was left
was a pile of rubble.

I've had evidence from surviving
soldiers...

..that Patsy saved lives that night.

Which is something
that I'm very proud of,

because, with him being chained
into the van,

he obviously knew he wasn't
getting out.

He wasn't going to get out
alive, but he shouted,

as soon as he stopped the van,

he shouted, "Run, lads, I'm loaded."

The murder of Patsy Gillespie
was a particularly grotesque moment,

even, you know, we got
used to atrocity,

but this moment seems like one

that there was just a darkness
to it.

And you thought, "It's almost
like this darkness is emanating

"out of something beyond
the immediate,

"you know, that it's as if all
of this toxicity

"which has been built up
in this landscape for so long

"is expressing itself in something
as horrible as this."

Right, do you know what?

It has to be somewhere along
this part of the road

because this
is the Coshquin Road.

So it's somewhere...

on that stretch.

By the powers of deduction,

having never had to really think
about it before,

I reckon that this is the point

where the North meets the South.

When the word came through

that Patsy Gillespie
and those five soldiers

down at Coshquin had
been killed in the bomb,

you have to, you think about it.

Bombs weren't unusual,
horrific deaths weren't unusual.

That was the norm for us here.

But there was something
about the fact

that my organisation
had taken this man from his home,

held his family hostage,

but chained him in the van

where he had no escape,

then remote control the explosion.

And I was a member
of the organisation at that time.

But when the news came through,
my stomach hit the floor.

My heart was ready to burst
and I cried.

And I thought, "What the hell
have we become?"

Oh, there has to be a better
way than this.

I remember being in the kitchen
and my parents,

nobody knew, none of my family
knew that I was in the IRA,

I'm leading this
massive, secret double life.

And my daddy had his hands
on the counter in the kitchen

and the news was on the radio
and TV,

and I remember saying
to me Daddy,

"Daddy, that's not what we're about,
is it?"

And he said, "No, that's not what
we're about."

It was after Patsy's death
more than anything,

that my involvement with the IRA
just dissipated.

And, eventually, I would leave Derry
and move to Limerick.

The horror at the murder
of Patsy Gillespie

definitely did create
a revulsion that...

..in the long term, the IRA
and Sinn Fein had to respond to.

CHEERING

Sinn Fein leaders will meet

the Irish Prime Minister
Bertie Ahern tomorrow

to discuss the state
of the peace process.

There's been reports of divisions
within the IRA

over how best to proceed.

When the Labour Party get in,
one thing that they had

was a huge majority.

And history had taught us,
not just in Ireland but elsewhere,

that it didn't depend
on what their politics was,

but that they had the strength
behind them to make big steps.

An historic agreement for peace
in Northern Ireland has been reached

within the past few minutes.

We can see pictures now
from Stormont,

where the leaders
of the eight parties

which have been involved in
the talks,

together with the Prime Ministers
of the United Kingdom

and the Republic of Ireland
are announcing details

of an agreement which is intended
to end nearly 30 years of conflict

and which have cost
more than 3,000 lives.

I never thought in my lifetime
I would see it,

but what we were talking about here

is something as mammoth as the
collapse

of the Berlin Wall.

I just remember celebrating wildly

when the Good Friday Agreement
was signed.

I mean, it was right up there
as one of the great occasions

in recent Irish history.

I mean, it was like, it was like
the birth of a child or something,

or it was like, you know,
Ireland winning the World Cup.

It was like, it was
an extraordinary occasion.

Every household in Northern Ireland,
including mine, was sent a copy

of the Good Friday Agreement.

It set out a plan to disarm the men
of violence,

release paramilitary prisoners,

and for both sides
to share power in government.

And then we voted on it.

The people of Northern Ireland
had until half an hour ago

to decide whether they're prepared
to do

what everyone from the
President of the United States

through Prime Ministers in London
and Dublin

and most political leaders here want
them to do

and endorse the Good Friday
Peace Agreement.

The Northern Ireland Referendum,

the 22nd of May, 1998...

I hereby give...

I hereby give notice...

..that the percentage of votes
given

at the Referendum was as follows...

Yes.

71.12%.

CHEERING

The other brilliant thing
about the Good Friday Agreement

was you were allowed to choose

whatever nationality
you wanted to be.

You could choose to be Irish
in Northern Ireland

or you could choose to be British
in Northern Ireland

or, like me, you could choose to be
both.

When you see the prisoners,

and you know that some of the things
that they have done,

coming out of prison,

big smiles and handshakes,

you sort of think, "You know, this,
this isn't right,"

but the more I thought about it,
the more I thought,

"No, this is right.

"This is the way to go forward."

When the army is off the border,

when the watchtowers are taken
down, the miracle happens.

The border doesn't disappear,

but it just becomes irrelevant

and it really meant that vast
numbers of people on the island

could just get about the business
of living.

When I came back to settle in Derry
in 2001,

I didn't realise that I had a lot
of stuff inside,

a lot of stuff that I hadn't
dealt with.

So I went down the road of peace
and reconciliation

and would come to dialogue with
Patsy Gillespie's wife.

I knew when the group met up,

that one of them was an ex-IRA woman

and I was curious to meet her.

That first meeting of all of us
women together

was unbelievably nerve-racking.

I was nearly sick, because now,
for the first time

I would be telling who I was.

I was 13 when
the Hunger Strikes began,

and that was all anyone
talked about.

I could have told you the names
and times of death

of each of the Hunger Strikers.

They were our saviours, our heroes,
our protectors,

in my eyes, they could do no wrong.

Before I turned to Kathleen,
and I thought,

"Whatever this woman
has to say to me,

"whatever this woman has to do,
I'm just going to take it,"

and I was prepared for grief

because I had heard that Kathleen
was a tough cookie.

And when I turned round,
she put her arms round me

and she gave me a big, massive hug.

And sometimes I get emotional
when I tell this bit of the story,

and she says,
"We're going to be OK."

If you look at the two extremes
of myself whose husband was murdered

so wickedly by the IRA,
just so brutally.

And I'm best friends with an ex-IRA
woman.

We are the embodiment...

..of what can be.

But I will never ever forgive
the IRA,

because they just tore my life
and my family's apart.

I mean, Patsy wasn't there for his
daughter's wedding.

Patsy should have been there
for that.

People on the outside, they thought,
"Oh, they have a ceasefire

"and they have a peace process.

"And so that's all that sorted.

"Now, we don't have to worry
about Northern Ireland any more."

But it's not sorted.

It's not by a long way sorted.

This attack has been linked
to the dissident Republican group

known as the New IRA,

prescribed organization
which aims to bring about

a United Ireland.

Northern Ireland has a long
way to go yet.

People go to their own churches,
their own schools,

their own community centres, their
own pubs,

they live in their own areas,

and it may as well be down
a racial line.

The one thing we absolutely
definitely know as a matter of fact

about the Irish border is
it is unpolice-able.

Nobody has ever been able
to control it,

and nobody ever will be able
to control it.

We simply know that

if you put up any physical
infrastructure,

it will become a magnet
for attack.

Don't put everyone through all
this again.

You know what happened
all those years ago, you know...

..with the border posts and all the
checks and everything

out on the border.

Don't put us through that again
because too many lives were lost,

too many people were broken.

Are we all fine?
Are we all over it?

Is it all out of our systems?

I mean, there is a theory
that the entire country

of Northern Ireland suffers
from post-traumatic stress disorder.

Is that true?

I don't know.

There's some talk now if
the border comes back,

that there's a possibility

that they could be spoiling it
again.

But I'll tell you one thing,

I'll not be involved in
anything like that again.

Not for a minute.

You could have been shot.
You could have been shot.

But I survived or I wouldn't be
talking to you.