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April 1066,
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12 weeks since Harold Godwinson
was crowned King of England.
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00:00:13,480 --> 00:00:18,280
Now, there's much work to be done.
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00:00:18,280 --> 00:00:20,640
Already, two powerful warlords
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00:00:20,640 --> 00:00:23,400
are plotting to rip the crown
from his head.
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Godwinson!
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William of Normandy...
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..and a Viking,
King Harald Hardrada...
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I will carve my name in legend.
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..are both planning to launch
vast invasion fleets...
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00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:41,400
Come on, men!
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00:00:41,400 --> 00:00:43,160
..to wage war.
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00:00:46,080 --> 00:00:50,440
1066 is about so much more
than just the Battle of Hastings.
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00:00:50,440 --> 00:00:54,560
That year, England would endure
three invasions
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00:00:54,560 --> 00:00:57,280
and three terrible battles.
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Three mighty warlords battle
for supremacy on English soil,
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and by the end of the year,
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only one of them
would still be alive.
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What 1066 led to
is stamped on our landscape.
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The Normans forged
a new Britain with language,
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laws and customs
we still live with today.
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But just how a tiny region of France
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seized such power,
is much less clear.
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Now I'm travelling Europe
in search of answers...
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These are human bone,
almost certainly.
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..experimenting with tactics
and weapons...
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Hands by your side for a second.
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00:01:46,680 --> 00:01:50,680
..and discovering revelations
hidden within a unique document
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written just months
after those great battles...
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This, even by medieval standards,
is shockingly brutal behaviour.
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..to reveal a bitter tale
of family betrayals...
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He'll stab you in the back.
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..and tragic twists of fate...
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00:02:07,200 --> 00:02:10,680
We take no notice
of omens and doubters.
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..which would change
the shape of Britain...
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March to battle.
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..and Europe...
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..forever.
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Shall we do battle?
CHEERING
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This is the real story of 1066.
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Easter, 1066.
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Harold Godwinson rides south
from Northumbria.
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Not long now for a decent meal
and some sleep.
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As a new king, he must secure
his power right across England.
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Harold had grabbed the throne
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as soon as
King Edward the Confessor died...
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HE PRAYS IN LATIN
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..sidelining Edgar,
Edward's great-nephew,
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and convincing
the Anglo-Saxon nobles
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to elect him instead.
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00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:39,440
Now, with his loyal brother Gyrth,
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Harold has been visiting
the often rebellious Northern Earls.
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Well, I think that went well.
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At least you got a wife
out of it. Mm.
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Do you like her?
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I do, but that's not the point.
HE CHUCKLES
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The crucial problem
facing Harold in 1066,
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was to try to create unity
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in the Midlands and the North,
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00:04:04,560 --> 00:04:08,280
and his way of doing this was
to abandon the wife of 20 years,
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Edith Swanneck,
and to marry, instead,
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00:04:11,360 --> 00:04:14,280
the sister of
the Earls of Northumbria and Mercia,
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00:04:14,280 --> 00:04:15,840
who's also called Edith.
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00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:19,960
So, two Ediths? Mm.
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Be interesting when they meet. Mm.
HE CHUCKLES
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00:04:30,720 --> 00:04:33,080
All seemed well in Harold's England,
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but the reality was that
the new king was beset by problems,
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both at home and abroad.
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To the south,
William, Duke of Normandy,
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and to the north, the Viking,
King Harald Hardrada,
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are both plotting to destroy
Anglo-Saxon England.
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Let our enemies gouge out the eyes
of their own brothers.
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Then, God willing,
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they will be too blind to see
when I take what is mine.
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00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:06,760
That's the one thing
you can trust about an Englishman -
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he'll stab you in the back.
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Well, we're going
to stab them in the front.
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William was one of the most powerful
and impressive men
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in Western Europe at this time,
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and he genuinely believed that,
15 years previously,
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he had been promised
the throne of England
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by England's king,
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and he was not going to let anything
get in the way of that claim.
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But 1,000 miles to the north,
William has a powerful rival.
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HE GRUNTS
Come on!
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You useless veslingr!
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Even an old man like me
could do better than that.
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Come on!
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Hardrada is the ultimate Viking.
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A despotic warrior who's
battle-hardened from years of war.
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Come on!
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00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:06,240
Hardrada is still ambitious.
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Like all Vikings,
he still craves glory
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and plunder and fame.
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Kiss my thin-lipped axe!
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Harold faces danger from overseas,
but also at home,
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in the shape of a younger brother
called Tostig.
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Tostig had been stripped
of the earldom of Northumbria,
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when powerful nobles
rebelled against his tyranny.
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To avoid a civil war,
he'd been sent into exile.
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Thirsty for revenge,
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he had betrayed his brother
by seeking to support William.
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He's stolen my lands,
he's stolen your crown.
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Together, we can destroy him.
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And bitter hatred
had also taken him north
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to pledge allegiance to the Vikings.
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England is yours for the taking.
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Invade now and your name
will live forever.
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00:07:21,320 --> 00:07:25,400
But Tostig is too angry
to wait for his new allies.
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He decides to go it alone.
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Two weeks later,
and England is under attack.
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Come on, men!
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Let's show that filthy bastard!
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60 warships are closing in
on the Isle of Wight.
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In a vicious act of family betrayal,
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Tostig brings war
to his own brother's kingdom.
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Soon, we will have landfall.
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I've invited three historians
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to get inside the heads
of our competing warlords.
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This is lies, lies, lies!
All you ever speak are lies.
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They'll explore the thinking
behind their battle plans.
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We're going to continue down
the coast to the mouth of the Humber
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and we're going to attack York.
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Harold Godwinson...
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..William of Normandy...
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..and Harald Hardrada...
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..now ask,
"Just what was Tostig up to?"
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I can't say that I'm particularly
surprised that he's upset.
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He wants his land
and his power back.
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00:08:57,920 --> 00:09:01,760
But I am surprised
by the way he's going about it.
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He is crossing the Channel
from Flanders with 60 ships
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and heading for the Isle of Wight.
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What does he hope to achieve?
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I am as bewildered as you.
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It was only a few weeks ago
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that Tostig pledged me his support,
so what is he up to?
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Is he expecting me
to cross over and join him?
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Because if so,
he is making a serious mistake.
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I am not going to be ready to launch
my own invasion for months yet.
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Well, don't forget that Tostig
has already offered me the chance
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to become King of England,
by proposing
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a joint invasion from the north
late in the summer.
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I've no idea what he's up to.
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Maybe his lust for revenge
against you, Harold,
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has finally tipped him over the edge
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because he's acting
like he's gone totally insane.
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Landing unopposed, Tostig ran riot
on the Isle of Wight.
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He attacked people, burnt buildings,
and stole food and weapons.
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A direct assault
on his brother Harold's authority.
150
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He had to be stopped.
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Back in the 11th century,
it would have taken about two days
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for news of Tostig's invasion
of the Isle of Wight
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to reach Harold in London.
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He immediately set off
for the south coast,
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and he gathered together what the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes as,
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"The largest concentration
of land and naval forces
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"ever assembled
by a king of England."
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England had a particularly
impressive and sophisticated way
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of raising an army at this point.
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On the one hand,
there are the personal bodyguard
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of the king himself and of all
his main nobles - the housecarls.
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These were professional soldiers,
effectively.
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In addition to that,
the structure of English governance,
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through counties
or shires and hundreds,
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enables a king to raise men
from the countryside -
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the fyrd, as it's known -
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and they will fight
for their locality.
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Hearing that his brother was
on his way with overwhelming force,
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Tostig fled...
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..sailing up the east coast
of England.
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He attempted to take land
in the north,
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but there he faced his old enemies,
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now Harold's newly nurtured allies,
the Northern Earls.
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SHOUTING
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Tostig's army is outnumbered
and is beaten back...
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..but Tostig escapes.
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With just 12 remaining ships,
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he makes it to the safe haven
of Scotland...
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..a convenient northern base
to link up with Harald Hardrada
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and the Vikings.
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00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:25,480
King Harold had been tested for
the first time in his short reign.
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He'd managed to repel the first
invasion of England in 1066.
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But he must have known
that wouldn't be the only challenge
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to his authority that year.
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Tostig might have fled,
but Harold knew that,
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across the Channel in Normandy,
William's plans were advancing fast.
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You have travelled far and wide,
I trust.
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Yes, I have left no path untrodden.
189
00:13:00,960 --> 00:13:04,400
There is enthusiasm,
my lord, a fervour...
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00:13:05,520 --> 00:13:08,720
..even a passion
for your great enterprise.
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I sense a "but". Yes.
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00:13:13,120 --> 00:13:17,880
A small number of nobles
are...a little reticent.
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Don't they know what rewards await
them on the other side of the sea?
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That's the problem.
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They fear the sea
will swallow up their men,
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their horses, their boats,
and they will be left with nothing.
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It is God who marshals the sea.
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With his blessing,
we will fly across the ditch
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and put right a wicked wrong.
200
00:13:41,360 --> 00:13:43,240
I have no doubt.
201
00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:53,880
William's headquarters were at Caen.
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00:13:55,840 --> 00:13:58,120
Now one of Normandy's
largest cities,
203
00:13:58,120 --> 00:14:01,840
in the 11th century
this was a small town,
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00:14:01,840 --> 00:14:04,840
which William fortified
into a power base.
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00:14:06,280 --> 00:14:07,600
From his castle,
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00:14:07,600 --> 00:14:11,040
he set about winning
political support for his invasion.
207
00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:15,600
People would have been
very unsure about the idea
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00:14:15,600 --> 00:14:18,920
of simply going in
and conquering another country
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00:14:18,920 --> 00:14:21,960
and killing an anointed king.
210
00:14:21,960 --> 00:14:25,880
The king, of course, Harold,
has been anointed with holy oil.
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00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:29,760
He is God's chosen representative
of his people,
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00:14:29,760 --> 00:14:31,960
and therefore
the act of killing him
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00:14:31,960 --> 00:14:34,400
unsettles people across Europe.
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00:14:37,720 --> 00:14:40,640
William quickly realised
that he'd need to appeal
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00:14:40,640 --> 00:14:43,720
to an even higher power
to back him up.
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00:14:43,720 --> 00:14:47,000
It was time to recruit God.
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00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:50,920
THEY PRAY IN LATIN
218
00:14:54,520 --> 00:14:58,120
William and his wife Matilda
were devout Christians.
219
00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:05,080
They built two great abbeys
in a grand display of their piety.
220
00:15:09,080 --> 00:15:12,080
William turned to
Pope Alexander II for help.
221
00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:16,320
He sent envoys all the way to Rome
to put his case for the invasion.
222
00:15:17,320 --> 00:15:18,480
Amen.
223
00:15:18,480 --> 00:15:21,920
For William to gain the support of
the Pope was very important to him
224
00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:24,280
in terms of the legitimacy
of his claim,
225
00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:27,560
that he could say that
God upheld his claim over England
226
00:15:27,560 --> 00:15:30,120
and that those who opposed him
were the sinners.
227
00:15:30,120 --> 00:15:32,840
THEY PRAY IN LATIN
228
00:15:34,760 --> 00:15:37,800
The basis of William's case
for invasion
229
00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:39,840
was that Harold was a usurper.
230
00:15:39,840 --> 00:15:43,000
First of all, William said
that Edward the Confessor
231
00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:45,560
had promised him the throne
15 years before,
232
00:15:45,560 --> 00:15:47,480
and Harold had stolen it.
233
00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:50,720
But William had a further ace
up his sleeve.
234
00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:54,720
He said that Harold HIMSELF
had promised him the throne
235
00:15:54,720 --> 00:15:56,480
just two years before.
236
00:16:01,440 --> 00:16:06,440
The story of what happened is told
in our most famous record of 1066...
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00:16:07,640 --> 00:16:09,320
..the Bayeux Tapestry.
238
00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:14,960
Harold sails across the Channel.
239
00:16:14,960 --> 00:16:19,080
Storms blow him onto French soil,
where he's arrested.
240
00:16:20,760 --> 00:16:24,600
William secures Harold's release
and brings him to Normandy...
241
00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:28,840
..and there, in the key scene,
242
00:16:28,840 --> 00:16:31,640
Harold makes an oath
over holy relics,
243
00:16:31,640 --> 00:16:35,280
promising to support William's claim
to the English throne.
244
00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:42,320
What the Bayeux Tapestry
doesn't explain
245
00:16:42,320 --> 00:16:45,120
is why Harold was at sea
in the first place.
246
00:16:47,880 --> 00:16:50,640
Another unique document
offers a clue.
247
00:16:53,520 --> 00:16:56,200
Hidden in the national library
in Brussels
248
00:16:56,200 --> 00:16:59,520
is an ancient book
containing an epic poem.
249
00:17:01,440 --> 00:17:05,560
The Carmen, or Song,
Of The Battle Of Hastings,
250
00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:10,360
is now regarded as our earliest
surviving account of 1066.
251
00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:13,680
It's packed with details
252
00:17:13,680 --> 00:17:16,520
that challenge much
of what we thought we knew.
253
00:17:18,520 --> 00:17:21,760
The Carmen has
an interesting piece of information
254
00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:24,520
about Harold's trip to Normandy.
255
00:17:24,520 --> 00:17:26,400
There's the line where it says...
256
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:32,200
HE READS IN LATIN
257
00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:36,040
"William was granted
a ring and a sword."
258
00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:41,120
Now, the ring and the sword
were two of the items
259
00:17:41,120 --> 00:17:43,920
with which you were invested
when you were made a king.
260
00:17:45,640 --> 00:17:47,640
So, this is sort of
strongly suggesting
261
00:17:47,640 --> 00:17:50,760
that Harold was sent
bearing these tokens,
262
00:17:50,760 --> 00:17:52,600
promising William the kingship.
263
00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:58,600
But another ancient writer
suggests that William
264
00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,000
may not have been
totally honest himself.
265
00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:05,760
He says that Harold was
in Normandy deliberately,
266
00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:08,680
and he was there
to try and secure the release
267
00:18:08,680 --> 00:18:10,560
of two of his family members,
268
00:18:10,560 --> 00:18:15,440
whom Duke William had been
holding hostage for 15 years.
269
00:18:15,440 --> 00:18:19,360
I wanted to free my brother
and my nephew,
270
00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:22,360
who, I might add,
you had been holding
271
00:18:22,360 --> 00:18:24,600
against their will for years.
272
00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:28,280
Right, we agreed that
I would free your nephew immediately
273
00:18:28,280 --> 00:18:31,120
and that I would free your brother
once I become king.
274
00:18:31,120 --> 00:18:33,960
And there was
one solitary condition... Oh!
275
00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:37,600
..and that was that
you had to give me your backing
276
00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:40,000
as Edward's successor.
Well, there you... That was all.
277
00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:41,440
There you go. You've admitted it.
278
00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:44,760
I wanted to get back safely
to England with my brother,
279
00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:47,760
with my nephew,
so I had to agree to your demands.
280
00:18:47,760 --> 00:18:50,480
But you are admitting
that you swore an oath,
281
00:18:50,480 --> 00:18:52,760
you're admitting
that you swore it on relics,
282
00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:57,600
and that being so, you will agree
that I am within my God-given right
283
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:01,320
to cross over to England
and to take what is mine.
284
00:19:01,320 --> 00:19:04,680
I think that ANYONE would agree.
285
00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:10,600
William's envoy set out
these arguments to Pope Alexander.
286
00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:15,720
Would he back him in his campaign
against the usurper Harold?
287
00:19:17,680 --> 00:19:21,520
Pope Alexander agreed.
He accepted all William's arguments.
288
00:19:21,520 --> 00:19:23,960
He even went so far
as to issue William
289
00:19:23,960 --> 00:19:27,520
with a papal banner that his men
could carry before them into battle.
290
00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:37,600
It gave William's invasion
the status, almost, of a crusade.
291
00:19:38,880 --> 00:19:40,280
Amen.
292
00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:48,240
God will keep you safe.
He'll need to.
293
00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:52,160
But I believe he will.
294
00:19:57,640 --> 00:19:59,680
ALL CHEER
295
00:19:59,680 --> 00:20:04,880
William was building up his already
mighty military force for invasion.
296
00:20:09,360 --> 00:20:13,200
And now he had God on his side,
297
00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:16,560
all of which was bad news
for King Harold
298
00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:19,480
and for Anglo-Saxon England.
299
00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:39,720
1,000 miles from Normandy,
300
00:20:39,720 --> 00:20:44,160
Harald Hardrada is in communication
with Tostig in Scotland
301
00:20:44,160 --> 00:20:48,040
and preparing his own invasion
from the north.
302
00:20:50,760 --> 00:20:53,560
Are you ready, Asger? Aye, my lord.
303
00:20:59,040 --> 00:21:03,120
Is your axe finely honed?
'Tis, my lord.
304
00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:10,520
Shall we do battle?
CHEERING
305
00:21:13,760 --> 00:21:17,600
Like Duke William, Harald Hardrada
was hungry for more conquests,
306
00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:20,840
and as a Viking, he believed he had
a God-given right to invade England.
307
00:21:20,840 --> 00:21:23,880
It's what the Vikings
had been doing for centuries.
308
00:21:23,880 --> 00:21:27,480
But Hardrada also new that
this was his last throw of the dice.
309
00:21:27,480 --> 00:21:30,520
This was his last chance
to conquer more territory
310
00:21:30,520 --> 00:21:32,560
or cement his own legend.
311
00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:36,080
So, when Harold's
vengeful brother Tostig
312
00:21:36,080 --> 00:21:38,920
encouraged Hardrada
to invade England,
313
00:21:38,920 --> 00:21:41,040
Hardrada leapt at the chance.
314
00:21:43,560 --> 00:21:48,560
Now, I'm assembling my troops
here on the isles
315
00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:50,080
just off the west coast.
316
00:21:50,080 --> 00:21:54,000
Both of you, I think, know that
Vikings know their way around ships.
317
00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:58,680
Well, I've got 500 of them
and 30,000 men,
318
00:21:58,680 --> 00:22:01,240
all of them
battle-hardened warriors,
319
00:22:01,240 --> 00:22:06,240
so this is going to be an invasion
to make the whole of England quake.
320
00:22:12,040 --> 00:22:16,760
The core of Harald Hardrada's army
is made up of his housecarls.
321
00:22:16,760 --> 00:22:18,440
These are his household retinue.
322
00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:22,240
They're professional soldiers,
experienced killers,
323
00:22:22,240 --> 00:22:24,760
battle-hardened
from 16 years of war.
324
00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:29,080
But there's also
another type of warrior,
325
00:22:29,080 --> 00:22:31,080
and that's the berserkers.
326
00:22:31,080 --> 00:22:35,600
These were warriors who were liable
to slip into fits of psychotic rage.
327
00:22:35,600 --> 00:22:39,840
They were impervious to pain.
They had no fear of death.
328
00:22:39,840 --> 00:22:43,160
And I think there could be
little more frightening in a battle
329
00:22:43,160 --> 00:22:45,840
than fighting somebody
who just keeps coming at you,
330
00:22:45,840 --> 00:22:48,360
even when your spear
is in his belly.
331
00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:55,360
I kill without compunction...
332
00:22:56,360 --> 00:22:58,480
..and remember all my killings.
333
00:22:59,920 --> 00:23:04,120
I have caused the death
of 13 of my enemies.
334
00:23:06,840 --> 00:23:08,760
Hardrada was also a poet.
335
00:23:08,760 --> 00:23:13,240
He was a skald, in Viking terms.
He created poetry.
336
00:23:13,240 --> 00:23:15,640
He wanted his name to live forever,
337
00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:18,080
so he did the deeds
and then wrote about them.
338
00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:22,960
I found myself creeping
from forest to forest...
339
00:23:24,160 --> 00:23:26,000
..with little honour.
340
00:23:27,680 --> 00:23:29,080
Who knows?
341
00:23:30,920 --> 00:23:37,880
I may become renowned
far and wide...in the end.
342
00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:45,360
Hardrada believed that victory would
ensure his immortal Viking legacy.
343
00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:52,920
He makes provision for Norway to be
ruled by his son in his absence,
344
00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:56,000
which may suggest that
he doesn't expect to come back,
345
00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:58,200
that he expects
to be ruling England.
346
00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:04,160
With the grace of Saint Olaf
shining down on me...
347
00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:09,400
..I will end my days
King of Norway...
348
00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:14,560
..and King of England.
349
00:24:22,640 --> 00:24:24,360
Thousands of miles apart,
350
00:24:24,360 --> 00:24:28,360
two great forces were preparing
to invade England.
351
00:24:28,360 --> 00:24:31,400
Their target was King Harold,
but there was, in fact,
352
00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:34,240
another possible rival
for the throne,
353
00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:38,520
the natural successor
of the Anglo-Saxon royal dynasty,
354
00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:41,880
a boy whose claim was better
than any of them.
355
00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:48,080
The boy's identity is revealed
in a document from the 1050s.
356
00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:52,440
This is an extraordinary page
from an extraordinary manuscript -
357
00:24:52,440 --> 00:24:54,640
the Liber Vitae, the Book Of Life.
358
00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:58,040
But one particular group of entries
is extremely interesting
359
00:24:58,040 --> 00:25:01,120
cos here, we've got, "Edward rex" -
King Edward -
360
00:25:01,120 --> 00:25:04,400
and, "Edgar clito" -
Edgar Aetheling.
361
00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:07,480
And Aetheling means prince
or throne-worthy individual -
362
00:25:07,480 --> 00:25:10,120
someone who is being groomed
for the succession.
363
00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:18,160
King Edward the Confessor
might have been childless,
364
00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:20,720
but in Edgar
he had a blood relative -
365
00:25:20,720 --> 00:25:23,440
a direct descendant
of Alfred the Great.
366
00:25:25,360 --> 00:25:27,240
But when Edward had died,
367
00:25:27,240 --> 00:25:31,000
Harold hadn't found it hard
to sideline the young prince
368
00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:33,000
in his own bid for the throne.
369
00:25:34,280 --> 00:25:37,280
The problem with Edgar Aetheling
was that he was very young.
370
00:25:37,280 --> 00:25:39,200
He was a teenager at most
371
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,040
and he doesn't seem to have made
any impression on people.
372
00:25:42,040 --> 00:25:45,000
He seems to have hung around
at court doing nothing.
373
00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:54,640
So, throughout 1066, as William and
Hardrada prepared their invasions,
374
00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:59,640
Edgar remained in the background,
watching events unfold.
375
00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:01,680
But by the end of that year,
376
00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:05,240
Edgar would have one more chance
to become king.
377
00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:20,400
Summer.
378
00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:23,120
Harold is now based
on the Isle of Wight,
379
00:26:23,120 --> 00:26:27,120
from where he marshals
the defence of his kingdom.
380
00:26:27,120 --> 00:26:30,200
He's still unaware
of the Viking threat,
381
00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:34,440
or of his brother Tostig's
alliance with Hardrada.
382
00:26:34,440 --> 00:26:38,640
Harold's sole aim is to counter
the expected Norman invasion
383
00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:40,040
from the south.
384
00:26:42,920 --> 00:26:45,200
It's just a matter of time,
that's all.
385
00:26:46,720 --> 00:26:51,080
You heard what they say
about him in Normandy. What?
386
00:26:51,080 --> 00:26:55,720
He burst into tears because some
people called him a common tanner.
387
00:26:57,560 --> 00:26:59,680
He then chopped off
their hands and feet.
388
00:26:59,680 --> 00:27:02,440
HE CHUCKLES
389
00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:04,000
Well, can you blame him?
390
00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:10,640
100 miles to the south,
391
00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:13,760
William is massing
a formidable force of ships,
392
00:27:13,760 --> 00:27:15,800
horses and men at Dives
393
00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:18,560
on the coast of Normandy, near Caen.
394
00:27:20,520 --> 00:27:25,720
Is this it? Everything? Yes.
Ships, horses, men - everything.
395
00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:27,920
Normandy has done you proud.
396
00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:31,760
I suppose it's the beginnings
of an invasion force.
397
00:27:31,760 --> 00:27:35,920
We have an army here that would
have made Charlemagne proud.
398
00:27:35,920 --> 00:27:37,280
Not yet.
399
00:27:38,720 --> 00:27:40,680
But we trust in God.
400
00:27:43,960 --> 00:27:46,760
The exact number of ships that
William had with him here at Dives
401
00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:50,200
has long been the source of debate
amongst historians.
402
00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:54,400
But there is a document from the
time that does give us a few clues.
403
00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:58,960
This is a list of naval obligations
for his nobles,
404
00:27:58,960 --> 00:28:02,560
and it says that 14 of his barons,
plus his wife Matilda,
405
00:28:02,560 --> 00:28:06,720
all contributed 777 ships.
406
00:28:06,720 --> 00:28:09,880
And it says that the total number
of ships with William
407
00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:11,600
was more than 1,000.
408
00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:19,320
By the 4th of August, 1066,
409
00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:23,120
William's vast invasion fleet
was ready to set sail.
410
00:28:25,040 --> 00:28:27,600
But William had a problem.
In order for him and his fleet
411
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:29,720
to get safely to the other side
of the Channel,
412
00:28:29,720 --> 00:28:31,480
conditions had to be just right,
413
00:28:31,480 --> 00:28:35,240
and the wind kept blowing
from the wrong direction.
414
00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:36,800
So, he waited.
415
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:40,720
Days passed and
the conditions didn't improve.
416
00:28:40,720 --> 00:28:45,760
William and his army were stuck here
on the wrong side of the Channel.
417
00:28:49,080 --> 00:28:51,720
William is forced to wait.
418
00:28:52,720 --> 00:28:59,160
Every day, he must feed his troops
while they kill nothing but time.
419
00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:05,160
It's been estimated that
William gathered an invasion force
420
00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:07,000
of up to 14,000 men.
421
00:29:13,920 --> 00:29:16,560
That's a lot of mouths to feed.
422
00:29:24,960 --> 00:29:30,480
This was the quantity of bread that
the Normans were eating in 1066.
423
00:29:30,480 --> 00:29:33,280
How many people would eat that?
Not one person? No.
424
00:29:33,280 --> 00:29:37,080
That's the quantity of bread
for five people a day,
425
00:29:37,080 --> 00:29:40,840
compared to this quantity
of bread today.
426
00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:42,640
At the Normans' time,
427
00:29:42,640 --> 00:29:46,760
there was 70% of the alimentation
based on the bread.
428
00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:49,160
70% of their daily intake
is bread? Yeah.
429
00:29:49,160 --> 00:29:51,360
So, imagine how much bread
you'd need for an army of,
430
00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:53,960
you know, around 14,000 people.
Yeah, yeah.
431
00:29:53,960 --> 00:29:56,080
Wagons of flour.
432
00:29:56,080 --> 00:29:59,080
Now, it's been estimated,
if you assume that William had
433
00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:03,120
a force of around 14,000 people
here in Dives,
434
00:30:03,120 --> 00:30:07,480
that would have required
14 tonnes of flour
435
00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:09,360
brought to feed that army every day,
436
00:30:09,360 --> 00:30:14,680
to make 6,000 of these guys
every single day.
437
00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:16,320
That is a huge effort.
438
00:30:21,080 --> 00:30:25,440
Two weeks pass
and still the wind blows.
439
00:30:28,040 --> 00:30:30,920
As well as continuing
to feed his troops,
440
00:30:30,920 --> 00:30:35,080
William must also look after
thousands of Norman horses.
441
00:30:36,840 --> 00:30:40,720
His crack cavalry was essential
to William's plans,
442
00:30:40,720 --> 00:30:43,800
but with it came
an inevitable problem.
443
00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:50,400
With up to 3,000 horses,
that's a lot of manure.
444
00:30:50,400 --> 00:30:53,200
One estimate has it
that William's cavalry produced
445
00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:58,520
around 2,500 tonnes of excrement
while they were in Dives.
446
00:30:58,520 --> 00:31:00,520
You add that
to all the human waste -
447
00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:06,160
perhaps 450 tonnes -
and you get 3,000 tonnes of poo.
448
00:31:07,360 --> 00:31:08,840
That's a lot.
449
00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:11,960
Bonjour, Sebastien. Hello.
450
00:31:11,960 --> 00:31:14,040
How are you doing?
Not too bad. And you?
451
00:31:14,040 --> 00:31:17,440
That is a big pile of manure.
Exactly.
452
00:31:17,440 --> 00:31:21,320
It's fumier in French. Fumier.
How many horses made this?
453
00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:25,040
Two. Two horses? Two horses, yeah.
How long? One week.
454
00:31:25,040 --> 00:31:29,320
Wow. So, imagine what
3,000 horses would produce.
455
00:31:29,320 --> 00:31:31,800
A very big pile.
THEY LAUGH
456
00:31:34,160 --> 00:31:37,480
All that manure spelt danger.
457
00:31:38,760 --> 00:31:41,640
It could spread diseases
like dysentery,
458
00:31:41,640 --> 00:31:45,160
which would put paid
to William's dreams of conquest.
459
00:31:47,440 --> 00:31:49,680
So, William's men had to load up
460
00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:52,480
all that human
and animal waste into carts,
461
00:31:52,480 --> 00:31:56,640
to transport it miles away
from camp, to a safe distance.
462
00:31:56,640 --> 00:32:02,400
That's around
5,000 cartloads of waste
463
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:04,080
taken out into the countryside.
464
00:32:11,840 --> 00:32:14,720
Yet another two weeks pass.
465
00:32:14,720 --> 00:32:18,360
Summer will soon turn into autumn...
466
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:23,920
..and William's great plans are
teetering on the edge of collapse.
467
00:32:25,680 --> 00:32:27,800
William was very unlucky.
468
00:32:27,800 --> 00:32:30,320
These kind of hostile conditions
469
00:32:30,320 --> 00:32:33,240
are very unusual in the summer
in the Channel.
470
00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:35,120
We've mocked up a weather chart
471
00:32:35,120 --> 00:32:38,880
showing the kind of conditions that
he faced through the summer of 1066.
472
00:32:38,880 --> 00:32:40,680
Here's a big area of low pressure,
473
00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:44,000
and the wind goes round it
in an anticlockwise fashion.
474
00:32:44,000 --> 00:32:46,280
That means northerly gales
banging in here,
475
00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:50,120
keeping the fleet locked in
at Dives-sur-Mer.
476
00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:51,840
Now, I've sailed
on the Channel a lot,
477
00:32:51,840 --> 00:32:54,400
and you cannot put to sea
in these kind of conditions,
478
00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:57,160
particularly with
the more primitive ships and rig
479
00:32:57,160 --> 00:32:58,920
that they had in the 11th century.
480
00:32:58,920 --> 00:33:01,440
As summer began to turn into autumn,
481
00:33:01,440 --> 00:33:03,800
time was slipping through
William's fingers,
482
00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:06,880
and he must have been getting
completely desperate.
483
00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:12,960
Three warriors, the most
powerful warlords in Europe,
484
00:33:12,960 --> 00:33:14,680
can rule kingdoms...
485
00:33:16,120 --> 00:33:18,040
..but not the weather.
486
00:33:19,320 --> 00:33:22,880
Across the Channel in England,
King Harold waited and waited,
487
00:33:22,880 --> 00:33:25,080
but no invasion came.
488
00:33:25,080 --> 00:33:28,440
The English king must have
been tempted to hope
489
00:33:28,440 --> 00:33:30,320
that his kingdom was secure.
490
00:33:30,320 --> 00:33:31,760
There was no sign of William
491
00:33:31,760 --> 00:33:34,840
and Hardrada hadn't showed
his hand yet, either.
492
00:33:34,840 --> 00:33:37,720
But all that was about to change.
493
00:33:48,520 --> 00:33:50,680
The Vikings are on the move.
494
00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:56,080
The same northerly winds
that keep William trapped in Dives
495
00:33:56,080 --> 00:33:59,360
carry Hardrada towards England,
496
00:33:59,360 --> 00:34:03,440
where he's planning to attack,
with Tostig poised
497
00:34:03,440 --> 00:34:05,520
waiting in his Scottish base.
498
00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:11,920
Soon, we will be filling
England's graveyards
499
00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:16,000
and feeding the crows
on the rotting corpses of her men.
500
00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:18,520
ALL CHEER
501
00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:25,560
Now, the northerly winds
are blowing
502
00:34:25,560 --> 00:34:29,600
me and my Viking warriors
across the North Sea.
503
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:33,000
Now, this is a distance
of about 300 miles,
504
00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:34,880
and with a north-east wind
at my back,
505
00:34:34,880 --> 00:34:37,760
it should take
two or three days to cross.
506
00:34:37,760 --> 00:34:42,440
So, we stop first at Shetland
to take provisions,
507
00:34:42,440 --> 00:34:44,520
and again at Orkney.
508
00:34:46,080 --> 00:34:50,280
And then I continue down
the east coast of Scotland
509
00:34:50,280 --> 00:34:52,280
towards England.
510
00:34:56,080 --> 00:34:58,240
A week later,
511
00:34:58,240 --> 00:35:02,640
Hardrada joins with Tostig
and his men in Northumbria.
512
00:35:02,640 --> 00:35:08,080
The deposed earl is back,
and so are the Vikings.
513
00:35:09,600 --> 00:35:12,800
Meanwhile, Harold is still
on the Isle of Wight,
514
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,200
oblivious to the immediate danger.
515
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:21,040
He continues to look
only towards Normandy.
516
00:35:23,680 --> 00:35:25,760
What's the bastard playing at?
517
00:35:26,920 --> 00:35:28,720
Can't wait here forever.
518
00:35:31,840 --> 00:35:33,920
It's now September,
519
00:35:33,920 --> 00:35:37,960
and Harold knows he will soon
have to release his army.
520
00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:43,480
As summer turned to autumn,
King Harold had a big problem.
521
00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:46,840
The two months of service
that his levies had to provide
522
00:35:46,840 --> 00:35:50,000
had come to an end, the English army
was running out of food,
523
00:35:50,000 --> 00:35:53,080
and there was the added pressure
that the men were needed at home
524
00:35:53,080 --> 00:35:54,640
to help gather in the harvest.
525
00:35:56,120 --> 00:35:58,280
Harold's hand was being forced.
526
00:35:58,280 --> 00:36:01,280
He could only hope
that the end of summer
527
00:36:01,280 --> 00:36:05,200
also meant an end to any threat
of an attack from William.
528
00:36:06,240 --> 00:36:12,000
So, on the 8th of September, 1066,
Harold sent his men home
529
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:15,240
and ordered his fleet
to return to London.
530
00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:21,920
What choice have I got? I can't keep
the army at arms indefinitely.
531
00:36:21,920 --> 00:36:25,360
And anyway, autumn is coming
and I'm pretty sure
532
00:36:25,360 --> 00:36:27,680
you're not going to risk
crossing the Channel
533
00:36:27,680 --> 00:36:31,360
with an invasion force in September.
Actually,
534
00:36:31,360 --> 00:36:34,800
I have no intention of standing
down,
535
00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:38,560
because I learn that you
have stood down your army,
536
00:36:38,560 --> 00:36:41,800
and what that means is that
the south of England
537
00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:44,160
now stands undefended.
538
00:36:44,160 --> 00:36:47,560
Look, I've no idea what's going on
down here in the south,
539
00:36:47,560 --> 00:36:50,240
and, frankly,
I don't really care, either,
540
00:36:50,240 --> 00:36:54,240
because my plan, up in the north,
is going like clockwork.
541
00:36:54,240 --> 00:36:56,560
We're going to continue
down the coast
542
00:36:56,560 --> 00:36:58,200
to the mouth of the Humber.
543
00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:00,280
We're going to sail up
the River Ouse
544
00:37:00,280 --> 00:37:03,520
and we're going to attack York.
545
00:37:06,080 --> 00:37:10,760
York - the ancient
Viking capital of England.
546
00:37:10,760 --> 00:37:14,000
For Hardrada, his first target,
547
00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:17,440
and a base from which
he could conquer the entire country.
548
00:37:21,000 --> 00:37:25,400
Hardrada and Tostig
are poised to take control.
549
00:37:26,480 --> 00:37:30,200
First, the North,
then a march to London
550
00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:32,520
and the prize of Harold's throne.
551
00:37:45,640 --> 00:37:48,840
Three days later, the terrible news
552
00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:52,080
that a Viking fleet has landed
reaches Harold.
553
00:37:52,080 --> 00:37:55,000
What do we do now? Fight.
554
00:37:56,160 --> 00:37:59,520
He's in our country destroying
our lands and our people.
555
00:37:59,520 --> 00:38:00,800
We have no choice.
556
00:38:01,840 --> 00:38:03,960
How incredibly galling for Harold
557
00:38:03,960 --> 00:38:07,360
to discover that, the minute
he's dispersed his great army,
558
00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:09,400
his brother and Hardrada
have invaded.
559
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:12,880
He's got to put it all back together
again - really quickly.
560
00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:15,880
This is a body blow.
561
00:38:15,880 --> 00:38:18,400
It has come completely
out of the blue.
562
00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:22,760
The only thing I can do
is get my army back together
563
00:38:22,760 --> 00:38:25,200
and head north fast to take you on.
564
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:27,240
And I have got to gamble that you
565
00:38:27,240 --> 00:38:29,760
are not going to cross
the Channel in autumn.
566
00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:32,160
Then you really do not know me,
567
00:38:32,160 --> 00:38:34,600
because I remain
as determined as ever
568
00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:36,880
to cross the Channel,
reach the south
569
00:38:36,880 --> 00:38:41,280
and strike hard
at your now undefended vitals.
570
00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:49,440
After six weeks of waiting,
William had had enough.
571
00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:53,920
He decided to defy the winds
and set sail.
572
00:38:53,920 --> 00:38:56,120
It would prove to be
a rash decision.
573
00:38:59,680 --> 00:39:04,360
After months of careful planning,
William has to gamble.
574
00:39:04,360 --> 00:39:06,760
He knows that time is running out...
575
00:39:07,920 --> 00:39:13,640
..and so he takes his entire force
from safe harbour into a stormy sea.
576
00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:20,000
It was a disaster.
William lost ships and men.
577
00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:23,960
And instead of crossing the Channel,
578
00:39:23,960 --> 00:39:27,760
he was forced to take refuge
140 miles to the east,
579
00:39:27,760 --> 00:39:30,560
at St Valery in France.
580
00:39:33,560 --> 00:39:36,760
I'm going to admit,
things could be better.
581
00:39:36,760 --> 00:39:39,280
In fact, they are verging
on the desperate.
582
00:39:39,280 --> 00:39:44,280
I have lost ships and I've lost a
large quantity of men in the storm.
583
00:39:44,280 --> 00:39:49,160
On the plus side, I am, of course,
now that much closer to England.
584
00:39:49,160 --> 00:39:52,360
But contrary winds continue to blow
585
00:39:52,360 --> 00:39:56,000
and I am still on the wrong side
of the Channel.
586
00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:58,440
It's very frustrating.
587
00:40:06,360 --> 00:40:10,200
Storm-battered, William's dream
of the English throne
588
00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:11,880
is becoming a nightmare.
589
00:40:13,160 --> 00:40:16,320
Meanwhile,
Harold musters a new army,
590
00:40:16,320 --> 00:40:18,560
but he, too, is on the back foot.
591
00:40:20,520 --> 00:40:22,760
He's a long way south of York
592
00:40:22,760 --> 00:40:25,560
and any chance of meeting
the Viking threat.
593
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:32,120
Right now, it's the dark horses -
Hardrada and Tostig -
594
00:40:32,120 --> 00:40:35,680
who have a fresh and powerful army
ready to strike.
595
00:40:41,040 --> 00:40:46,160
Facing them, only a regional force
led by the Northern Earls.
596
00:40:48,160 --> 00:40:52,160
Somehow, they must take on
the full might of the Vikings
597
00:40:52,160 --> 00:40:54,920
and their arch enemy, Tostig.
598
00:40:57,440 --> 00:41:01,840
SHOUTING
599
00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:07,560
The two forces met at Fulford,
600
00:41:07,560 --> 00:41:10,160
just two miles
from the gates of York.
601
00:41:13,840 --> 00:41:18,120
Chas Jones has been excavating
the battle site for over 20 years.
602
00:41:19,320 --> 00:41:22,440
Standing here in 1066,
what would we have seen?
603
00:41:22,440 --> 00:41:24,320
Well, we are standing
on a landscape
604
00:41:24,320 --> 00:41:26,880
that the people who were there
would have recognised.
605
00:41:26,880 --> 00:41:28,200
Here, we've got the English
606
00:41:28,200 --> 00:41:29,960
standing on this side of the ditch.
607
00:41:29,960 --> 00:41:31,960
Over there, we've got the Vikings -
608
00:41:31,960 --> 00:41:34,840
round about 6,000 of them
ready to do battle.
609
00:41:34,840 --> 00:41:36,000
What they've got to do is
610
00:41:36,000 --> 00:41:38,240
they've got to get across
this water-filled ditch.
611
00:41:38,240 --> 00:41:40,080
The tide is in,
which is keeping them apart.
612
00:41:40,080 --> 00:41:42,000
They're standing there
shouting at each other,
613
00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:45,200
waiting for the tide to drop, so
they can actually engage in battle.
614
00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:47,880
SHOUTING
615
00:41:56,640 --> 00:42:01,120
The English are lined up here
between the river on the one side
616
00:42:01,120 --> 00:42:03,600
and this swampy higher ground
on the other side.
617
00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:06,280
This blocks the way to York.
618
00:42:06,280 --> 00:42:09,800
Now, this doesn't really bother me,
because I've got a plan.
619
00:42:09,800 --> 00:42:12,040
I've divided my forces in two.
620
00:42:12,040 --> 00:42:15,320
We've got some Vikings here
together with Tostig's men.
621
00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:16,760
They're facing the English.
622
00:42:16,760 --> 00:42:20,520
But I am here with my best troops,
623
00:42:20,520 --> 00:42:23,800
hidden away out of sight,
round a bend in the river.
624
00:42:26,320 --> 00:42:28,520
So, when the tide goes out,
625
00:42:28,520 --> 00:42:32,200
it's going to drain
this ditch of water,
626
00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:34,760
and my front line is going
to advance towards the English.
627
00:42:34,760 --> 00:42:37,840
Now, all the English actually need
to do is hold their lines.
628
00:42:37,840 --> 00:42:41,200
SHOUTING
629
00:42:57,280 --> 00:43:00,560
Astonishingly,
they get drawn into the fight,
630
00:43:00,560 --> 00:43:03,040
and that's the moment
for my secret weapon.
631
00:43:03,040 --> 00:43:07,200
So, I advance with my best troops,
along the bend in the river...
632
00:43:11,120 --> 00:43:15,440
..and I attack the English
from the rear, trapping them...
633
00:43:17,680 --> 00:43:21,280
..and this is a glorious bloodbath.
634
00:43:45,120 --> 00:43:48,440
So, Chas, you have dug
this battlefield, haven't you?
635
00:43:48,440 --> 00:43:52,200
What have you found?
We've found some amazing stuff.
636
00:43:52,200 --> 00:43:55,920
These are bits of bone
which we found at the layer
637
00:43:55,920 --> 00:43:57,720
that we can date
to the 11th century,
638
00:43:57,720 --> 00:43:59,120
so from the time of the battle.
639
00:43:59,120 --> 00:44:02,880
It's very unusual to find just
random bits of bone in the soil
640
00:44:02,880 --> 00:44:04,760
cos people are normally buried.
641
00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:06,840
You do find the odd animal bone,
642
00:44:06,840 --> 00:44:10,240
but these are human bone,
almost certainly.
643
00:44:10,240 --> 00:44:12,720
These are probably rib bones. Wow.
644
00:44:12,720 --> 00:44:14,560
So, you could be holding,
in your hands,
645
00:44:14,560 --> 00:44:17,920
the remains of someone who was
killed in the battle here in 1066?
646
00:44:17,920 --> 00:44:19,280
It's very probable.
647
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:30,840
Hardrada and Tostig were victorious.
648
00:44:30,840 --> 00:44:34,000
The old Viking capital of York
surrendered to them.
649
00:44:34,000 --> 00:44:38,400
The great prize of England
was within their grasp.
650
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:43,000
WILLIAM PRAYS IN LATIN
651
00:44:44,880 --> 00:44:48,640
Meanwhile, William is still trapped.
652
00:44:48,640 --> 00:44:50,800
With Harold marching north,
653
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:54,960
he knows that
southern England lies open,
654
00:44:54,960 --> 00:44:57,840
but the wind still blows,
655
00:44:57,840 --> 00:45:00,720
as the Vikings
take control in the north.
656
00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:07,320
When William is stuck at St Valery
by the contrary winds,
657
00:45:07,320 --> 00:45:09,600
the Carmen comes into its own
as a source
658
00:45:09,600 --> 00:45:12,360
because not only is it
really closely contemporary,
659
00:45:12,360 --> 00:45:14,080
it is also local.
660
00:45:14,080 --> 00:45:16,560
It's written by someone
living in this part of the world,
661
00:45:16,560 --> 00:45:18,240
so it is very well-informed,
662
00:45:18,240 --> 00:45:20,880
and it tells us
that William was in despair.
663
00:45:20,880 --> 00:45:24,000
It talks about him looking
at the weathercock of the church,
664
00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:27,000
waiting to see the way
the wind is going to blow,
665
00:45:27,000 --> 00:45:29,440
and being reduced to tears.
666
00:45:29,440 --> 00:45:31,320
The line that leaps out is...
667
00:45:31,320 --> 00:45:36,040
HE READS IN LATIN
668
00:45:36,040 --> 00:45:38,600
"The tears streaming down
William's cheeks."
669
00:45:38,600 --> 00:45:41,440
It says...
HE READS IN LATIN
670
00:45:41,440 --> 00:45:43,240
"You were in despair."
671
00:45:43,240 --> 00:45:46,920
If ever I have offended you
as your servant...
672
00:45:48,160 --> 00:45:49,680
..give me a sign.
673
00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:55,240
It's just for you, in your name...
674
00:45:56,800 --> 00:45:58,960
..yet you send me torment.
675
00:46:02,960 --> 00:46:06,760
A medieval English writer
adds to the story.
676
00:46:06,760 --> 00:46:08,840
William of Malmesbury tells us that
677
00:46:08,840 --> 00:46:11,080
this was a moment when
everything hung in the balance,
678
00:46:11,080 --> 00:46:13,200
and that all of William's army
began to doubt
679
00:46:13,200 --> 00:46:15,520
that God was in favour
of their enterprise.
680
00:46:15,520 --> 00:46:19,080
And we're told that they began
to mutter amongst themselves.
681
00:46:19,080 --> 00:46:21,960
He says here...
SHE READS IN LATIN
682
00:46:21,960 --> 00:46:26,240
"He is crazy, that man, who wants
to subjugate a foreign land.
683
00:46:26,240 --> 00:46:29,200
"God is against us
because he withholds the wind."
684
00:46:33,160 --> 00:46:35,920
William orders
the relics of Saint Valery
685
00:46:35,920 --> 00:46:38,080
to be paraded through the town
686
00:46:38,080 --> 00:46:41,040
in a bid to inspire
his wavering men...
687
00:46:43,280 --> 00:46:48,200
..and, in a desperate plea to God,
to change the weather.
688
00:46:49,280 --> 00:46:52,760
But the northerly wind still blows.
689
00:47:03,520 --> 00:47:06,680
Five days since
the Vikings took York.
690
00:47:07,920 --> 00:47:11,120
Hardrada and Tostig agree
to exchange prisoners
691
00:47:11,120 --> 00:47:15,320
with the vanquished English
seven miles east of the city...
692
00:47:16,320 --> 00:47:18,280
..at Stamford Bridge.
693
00:47:20,520 --> 00:47:23,520
They're expecting
a small group of unarmed men...
694
00:47:24,840 --> 00:47:26,680
..but they're in for a shock.
695
00:47:32,560 --> 00:47:34,040
Where are they from?
696
00:47:37,040 --> 00:47:39,480
HE SIGHS
It's my brother.
697
00:47:44,560 --> 00:47:48,880
We don't know exactly when Harold
left London to head to York.
698
00:47:48,880 --> 00:47:53,040
We do think he was in the York area
on the 24th of September.
699
00:47:53,040 --> 00:47:57,360
Question is - how long it would
have taken to cover that 200 miles.
700
00:47:57,360 --> 00:48:00,880
Now, horses can travel
25 miles a day, perhaps more,
701
00:48:00,880 --> 00:48:03,400
so it's possible
that he made this journey
702
00:48:03,400 --> 00:48:06,080
in around about seven or eight days.
703
00:48:06,080 --> 00:48:11,040
One thing we know for sure is that
Harold and his men went fast,
704
00:48:11,040 --> 00:48:14,640
and that gave them
their greatest weapon - surprise.
705
00:48:15,640 --> 00:48:17,800
London? Already?
706
00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:21,640
Who else could it be?
Get them ready! Get them up!
707
00:48:21,640 --> 00:48:25,920
SHOUTING
Move!
708
00:48:25,920 --> 00:48:29,320
Not expecting Harold
to travel north so quickly,
709
00:48:29,320 --> 00:48:32,200
the Viking army
is unprepared for battle.
710
00:48:43,080 --> 00:48:46,600
The King of England.
What a puny little man.
711
00:48:46,600 --> 00:48:48,640
THEY CHUCKLE
712
00:48:48,640 --> 00:48:53,560
He's a big man. Yeah, but he's old.
713
00:48:58,600 --> 00:49:01,960
So, we are approaching the Vikings,
714
00:49:01,960 --> 00:49:05,160
but the River Derwent
stands in our way.
715
00:49:05,160 --> 00:49:08,160
And there is
this small wooden bridge,
716
00:49:08,160 --> 00:49:10,680
which we can use to cross over.
Yeah, but we're not stupid.
717
00:49:10,680 --> 00:49:12,760
We know the bridge
is small and narrow.
718
00:49:12,760 --> 00:49:15,120
It's a real bottleneck, which is why
719
00:49:15,120 --> 00:49:18,680
I've sent one of
my best men to defend it,
720
00:49:18,680 --> 00:49:21,480
and he is not going
to let anyone pass.
721
00:49:35,440 --> 00:49:38,000
Legend has it
that the lone Norwegian
722
00:49:38,000 --> 00:49:41,080
heroically stood his ground
on the bridge,
723
00:49:41,080 --> 00:49:44,480
stopping the entire English army
from crossing,
724
00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:47,040
batting away spears and arrows.
725
00:49:49,160 --> 00:49:53,680
But then, some cunning English
soldiers got in a half barrel,
726
00:49:53,680 --> 00:49:55,880
drifted down under the bridge
727
00:49:55,880 --> 00:50:01,200
and killed the Norwegian with
a spear thrust up between the legs.
728
00:50:07,080 --> 00:50:10,520
OK, my man on the bridge
might be dead, but, crucially,
729
00:50:10,520 --> 00:50:13,360
he held up the English forces
for long enough
730
00:50:13,360 --> 00:50:18,400
that Tostig and I could arrange
our troops into this shield wall.
731
00:50:18,400 --> 00:50:21,280
This is an extremely strong
defensive formation
732
00:50:21,280 --> 00:50:24,480
and it's going to repel
any English attacks.
733
00:50:24,480 --> 00:50:28,960
SHOUTING
734
00:50:35,560 --> 00:50:38,480
Andy Deane is an expert
on medieval warfare.
735
00:50:39,680 --> 00:50:43,080
So, when those two armies met
on this field in 1066,
736
00:50:43,080 --> 00:50:44,680
how did they fight?
737
00:50:44,680 --> 00:50:47,480
Well, you've got the two armies
closing the front lines,
738
00:50:47,480 --> 00:50:50,120
and it would be obvious
who the warriors are.
739
00:50:50,120 --> 00:50:52,800
The ones that stand out
are the ones in the armour.
740
00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:54,000
And if we look down here,
741
00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:56,240
you've got a plethora
of different pieces of kit -
742
00:50:56,240 --> 00:50:59,440
the helmet, the armours, the swords,
the shields, the axes.
743
00:50:59,440 --> 00:51:02,040
And the way that it came together,
famously, of course,
744
00:51:02,040 --> 00:51:04,360
would probably be shield to shield.
745
00:51:09,400 --> 00:51:12,600
Yeah, I have got to admit,
this is tough.
746
00:51:12,600 --> 00:51:16,400
My army are trying
repeatedly to attack,
747
00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:19,560
but, frustratingly, they can't
get through the shield wall.
748
00:51:19,560 --> 00:51:21,080
It holds firm.
749
00:51:21,080 --> 00:51:24,240
SHOUTING
750
00:51:34,960 --> 00:51:38,120
But the Vikings had
an Achilles heel.
751
00:51:39,360 --> 00:51:43,480
Many had come to Stamford Bridge
without a key piece of kit...
752
00:51:43,480 --> 00:51:46,520
Do you want to try it on?
Yes, please. Righty-ho.
753
00:51:46,520 --> 00:51:48,400
..their chainmail.
754
00:51:48,400 --> 00:51:52,600
Mail shirts, famously,
are really, really good protection.
755
00:51:52,600 --> 00:51:55,360
Roman auxiliaries are using it
sort of throughout the antiquity,
756
00:51:55,360 --> 00:51:56,800
and it's always been great.
757
00:51:56,800 --> 00:51:59,720
Oh! You're in.
I feel like the Tin Man.
758
00:52:00,920 --> 00:52:04,120
Once you put the helmet on and
the mail coif that goes round you,
759
00:52:04,120 --> 00:52:06,440
the shield and the various
other bits of equipment,
760
00:52:06,440 --> 00:52:10,720
then you become fairly impervious
to most types of attack.
761
00:52:12,360 --> 00:52:14,040
If I was to take a sword to you now,
762
00:52:14,040 --> 00:52:16,400
and these swords are
reasonably sharp...
763
00:52:17,600 --> 00:52:19,320
Put your hands by your side
for a second.
764
00:52:19,320 --> 00:52:22,200
But if I was to basically draw this
across you without the mail on...
765
00:52:23,600 --> 00:52:25,920
..I mean, that would have
opened you up to the bone.
766
00:52:25,920 --> 00:52:28,400
The mortal effect would
probably be the cleaving in,
767
00:52:28,400 --> 00:52:30,920
where we might be able to do...
Go on. Give me a whack.
768
00:52:30,920 --> 00:52:33,000
Give me a whack. Well,
I don't want to break your ribs.
769
00:52:33,000 --> 00:52:34,680
I'll give you a pat.
OK, yeah. All right?
770
00:52:34,680 --> 00:52:38,400
So, the pat would be like that.
Oh! Now, what that "oh" has done
771
00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:40,640
has given you a moment
where you've gone backwards.
772
00:52:40,640 --> 00:52:41,960
And now I've already followed up
773
00:52:41,960 --> 00:52:43,800
and brought the sword
underneath your chin,
774
00:52:43,800 --> 00:52:46,040
through your throat,
into your brain and walked off.
775
00:52:47,200 --> 00:52:50,200
OK. And then I'd have a shield,
as well.
776
00:52:50,200 --> 00:52:52,680
You can use it, obviously,
for protecting, but,
777
00:52:52,680 --> 00:52:54,760
of course, the moment
you raise your arm,
778
00:52:54,760 --> 00:52:58,200
you would naturally...come up.
779
00:52:58,200 --> 00:53:00,040
So, now I can grab it,
bring it down,
780
00:53:00,040 --> 00:53:01,960
thrusting this into your groin
at the same time,
781
00:53:01,960 --> 00:53:03,640
come over and thrust.
I get the message!
782
00:53:05,240 --> 00:53:08,640
And blood and horror everywhere.
783
00:53:11,520 --> 00:53:13,240
There are no rules.
784
00:53:13,240 --> 00:53:16,760
I will bite you, I will kick you,
I will do anything to stay alive.
785
00:53:16,760 --> 00:53:18,440
You just keep going.
786
00:53:25,960 --> 00:53:32,320
Amid the chaos of swords and axes,
Harold also has archers.
787
00:53:56,400 --> 00:53:58,480
BODY THUDS
788
00:54:05,880 --> 00:54:10,920
Hardrada's bid to take
Harold's crown is over.
789
00:54:16,160 --> 00:54:19,960
Tostig fights on
at the head of the Viking force...
790
00:54:21,360 --> 00:54:24,240
..but the English now have
the upper hand.
791
00:54:40,120 --> 00:54:43,640
King Harold had won
an astounding victory.
792
00:54:43,640 --> 00:54:47,480
It's said that he killed
his rebellious brother himself,
793
00:54:47,480 --> 00:54:50,080
cutting off Tostig's head.
794
00:54:50,080 --> 00:54:54,280
But the bloodshed was so severe
that, writing 50 years later,
795
00:54:54,280 --> 00:54:56,200
the historian Orderic Vitalis
796
00:54:56,200 --> 00:54:59,520
said that a great mountain
of dead men's bones
797
00:54:59,520 --> 00:55:02,960
still lay here on the battlefield.
798
00:55:09,280 --> 00:55:13,520
The Battle of Stamford Bridge
was a disaster for the Vikings.
799
00:55:15,440 --> 00:55:18,120
There were so few Viking survivors
800
00:55:18,120 --> 00:55:24,720
that only 24 of a fleet of 300 ships
were needed to take them home.
801
00:55:28,960 --> 00:55:31,480
This massive defeat
802
00:55:31,480 --> 00:55:34,240
marked the beginning of the end
for the Vikings.
803
00:55:37,520 --> 00:55:40,800
From now on,
their power would dwindle.
804
00:55:43,600 --> 00:55:45,760
Harold remained King of England.
805
00:55:47,080 --> 00:55:50,520
He'd killed a troublesome brother
806
00:55:50,520 --> 00:55:55,200
and rid himself of one of
his great rivals for the throne,
807
00:55:55,200 --> 00:55:57,920
but another still remained,
808
00:55:57,920 --> 00:56:03,040
over 300 miles away
in northern France.
809
00:56:12,440 --> 00:56:15,320
Two days after the Viking defeat...
810
00:56:18,440 --> 00:56:21,440
At last. At last!
811
00:56:21,440 --> 00:56:24,480
..and after more than
seven weeks of waiting...
812
00:56:24,480 --> 00:56:25,880
Thank you, Father.
813
00:56:25,880 --> 00:56:28,440
..the winds finally change.
814
00:56:31,000 --> 00:56:33,280
The Norman camp explodes with joy.
815
00:56:33,280 --> 00:56:35,920
It's one of the best bits
in the Carmen
816
00:56:35,920 --> 00:56:38,440
that talks about the knights
rushing to get their arms
817
00:56:38,440 --> 00:56:40,640
and the sailors rushing to the masts
818
00:56:40,640 --> 00:56:42,760
and hoisting the sails
and grabbing their oars,
819
00:56:42,760 --> 00:56:45,200
because they've been waiting
for weeks and months
820
00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:48,120
in the cold and the rain,
and now, all of a sudden,
821
00:56:48,120 --> 00:56:51,320
it's D-Day, game on,
they're going to sail.
822
00:56:53,520 --> 00:56:55,920
No more waiting.
823
00:56:55,920 --> 00:56:59,760
That afternoon, at high tide,
William sails.
824
00:57:01,200 --> 00:57:05,600
700 ships and 14,000 men.
825
00:57:06,720 --> 00:57:08,520
With Harold far away,
826
00:57:08,520 --> 00:57:13,160
the Norman fleet heads for
England's undefended southern coast.
827
00:57:16,640 --> 00:57:18,920
One medieval French chronicler
tells us that
828
00:57:18,920 --> 00:57:22,040
on the proud William's ship
there was a figurehead -
829
00:57:22,040 --> 00:57:26,640
a wooden carving of a boy
holding a copper bow and arrow.
830
00:57:26,640 --> 00:57:29,760
That was now aimed at England.
831
00:57:29,760 --> 00:57:32,240
With God and luck on his side,
832
00:57:32,240 --> 00:57:35,200
William would expect to land
on the English shore
833
00:57:35,200 --> 00:57:36,680
the following morning.
834
00:57:36,680 --> 00:57:40,720
The third attempt
to conquer England in 1066
835
00:57:40,720 --> 00:57:42,080
was about to begin.
836
00:57:47,080 --> 00:57:50,280
Next time...
SHOUTING
837
00:57:50,280 --> 00:57:52,600
..two great armies
face one another...
838
00:57:56,960 --> 00:57:58,960
..and fight in a single day...
839
00:58:01,960 --> 00:58:04,760
..for the heart and soul of England.
840
00:58:07,200 --> 00:58:09,640
HE SCREAMS
68951
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