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The fate of our galaxy
hangs in the balance.
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00:00:08,660 --> 00:00:14,900
The Milky Way is dying,
and we don't know why.
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00:00:14,900 --> 00:00:19,800
Our galaxy, like all galaxies,
has a limited life-span.
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00:00:19,800 --> 00:00:23,640
After that, it's lights out.
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00:00:23,640 --> 00:00:26,510
The race is on
to find a smoking gun.
6
00:00:28,850 --> 00:00:32,610
It's safe to say right now there
are many ways to kill a galaxy.
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00:00:35,820 --> 00:00:39,750
It's a cosmic
crime scene investigation.
8
00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:42,920
Is it murder most foul?
9
00:00:42,930 --> 00:00:45,030
Or is it
death by natural causes?
10
00:00:47,330 --> 00:00:49,800
The suspects are lined up.
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00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:52,270
The interrogation is underway.
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00:00:56,270 --> 00:00:58,570
It's another example of this big
universe of ours
13
00:00:58,580 --> 00:01:01,110
throwing puzzles at us
that now we have to solve.
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00:01:04,050 --> 00:01:07,280
What is killing the Milky Way?
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00:01:07,280 --> 00:01:10,290
Captions by vitac...
www.vitac.com
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captions paid for by
discovery communications
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Earth.
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Our home.
19
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Just one of 100 billion planets
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00:01:34,640 --> 00:01:38,910
orbiting 400 billion stars
21
00:01:38,920 --> 00:01:42,580
that make up an immense
galactic spiral...
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00:01:44,590 --> 00:01:47,120
the Milky Way.
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00:01:49,890 --> 00:01:52,490
Galaxies are where stars form,
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and, of course,
planets form around stars,
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so the story of the Earth,
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00:01:56,670 --> 00:01:58,900
of yourself, of the solar system
27
00:01:58,900 --> 00:02:02,340
has everything to do
with the story of the galaxies.
28
00:02:05,640 --> 00:02:10,880
The story of the Milky Way
begins 13.6 billion years ago,
29
00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:13,480
just after the big bang.
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00:02:13,480 --> 00:02:17,550
It's a time when there are
no planets and no stars...
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00:02:17,550 --> 00:02:22,760
Just a vast, lumpy soup
of superheated hydrogen gas.
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00:02:25,500 --> 00:02:28,660
Over millions of years,
the temperature drops,
33
00:02:28,670 --> 00:02:33,070
and gravity compresses
the lumps down, until eventually
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00:02:33,070 --> 00:02:37,870
the hydrogen molecules fuse
and ignite a star.
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In time, billions of stars
burst into life.
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00:02:47,850 --> 00:02:51,120
And the Milky Way
begins to take shape.
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00:02:56,190 --> 00:02:58,930
You can think of a galaxy
as sort of like a human being.
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00:02:58,930 --> 00:03:01,360
When you're young and in your
adolescent stage,
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00:03:01,360 --> 00:03:02,830
you're vibrant and active.
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00:03:02,830 --> 00:03:05,600
That's a young galaxy
forming stars in a crazy way,
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00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:07,240
and it's not
even fully formed yet.
42
00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:09,900
At a certain point,
galaxy reaches middle age,
43
00:03:09,910 --> 00:03:12,510
and a middle-aged galaxy really
is what it's going to be...
44
00:03:12,510 --> 00:03:13,810
It has its shape...
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00:03:13,810 --> 00:03:17,080
But in the long run, a galaxy
will stop forming stars,
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00:03:17,080 --> 00:03:20,720
and eventually, just like we
all die, our galaxy will die.
47
00:03:24,020 --> 00:03:27,820
So, at what stage of life
is the Milky Way?
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00:03:27,820 --> 00:03:30,430
Is it a healthy,
active youngster,
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00:03:30,430 --> 00:03:32,590
or is it heading
for its deathbed?
50
00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:39,530
Scientists can determine
each galaxy's stage of life
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00:03:39,540 --> 00:03:42,400
by its color.
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00:03:42,410 --> 00:03:47,240
So, we see different colors
of galaxies in the universe.
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00:03:47,240 --> 00:03:49,780
We see galaxies
that are tinted blue
54
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and galaxies
that are tinted red.
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00:03:54,520 --> 00:03:59,720
When we see a blue galaxy, that
tends to be a younger galaxy
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00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:04,030
full of bright,
hot, newly formed stars.
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00:04:06,500 --> 00:04:08,660
When we see a redder galaxy,
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00:04:08,670 --> 00:04:11,830
that tends
to be a dimmer, older galaxy
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00:04:11,840 --> 00:04:15,670
that isn't forming new stars
in the present moment.
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00:04:15,670 --> 00:04:18,870
All its stars are aged
and older and redder,
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00:04:18,880 --> 00:04:22,510
and so the entire galaxy
casts a different hue.
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00:04:27,880 --> 00:04:32,820
So, what color is our galaxy?
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00:04:32,820 --> 00:04:38,790
It's a simple question, but the
answer is hard to come by,
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even though we've been looking
at the Milky Way
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for thousands of years.
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The term "Milky Way" is ancient.
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It goes back to a time
when in the dark sky,
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people noticed
there was this light band
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00:04:51,310 --> 00:04:53,640
that actually went
from horizon to horizon,
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and that band turned out
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to be made of thousands
and thousands of stars
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actually too far away
to see individually.
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00:04:59,820 --> 00:05:01,620
But it took us
a long time to realize
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00:05:01,620 --> 00:05:06,550
what the shape and the scale
of the Milky Way galaxy is.
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00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:09,420
The amazing thing to think about
is that we actually don't know
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00:05:09,430 --> 00:05:11,730
our home galaxy
very well at all.
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We actually live in the middle
of this disk of gas and dust,
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00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:19,430
and that obscures our view of
the larger Milky Way.
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00:05:19,440 --> 00:05:22,000
Using visible light,
we can't even see to the center,
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00:05:22,010 --> 00:05:26,170
let alone the other side
of the Milky Way galaxy.
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00:05:30,180 --> 00:05:32,780
The solution
is to use a form of light
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that passes through the gas
and dust...
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00:05:36,750 --> 00:05:38,320
Infrared.
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00:05:41,830 --> 00:05:45,690
This is the Sloan
digital sky survey telescope
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00:05:45,700 --> 00:05:50,130
at the Apache point observatory
in new Mexico.
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It's mapping the galaxy
using infrared
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00:05:53,440 --> 00:05:57,210
and giving scientists
unprecedented insights.
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00:05:59,810 --> 00:06:03,010
The first sensitive infrared
observations really weren't done
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00:06:03,010 --> 00:06:04,980
till the last 15 years,
90
00:06:04,980 --> 00:06:07,280
and each of these new windows
on the universe
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00:06:07,280 --> 00:06:09,080
teach us different things.
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00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:15,720
In the last 15 years,
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00:06:15,730 --> 00:06:21,060
Sloan has surveyed
more than 250 million stars,
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00:06:21,060 --> 00:06:26,330
analyzing their light to work
out the color of the Milky Way.
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00:06:26,340 --> 00:06:30,540
And what scientists
saw shocked them.
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00:06:30,540 --> 00:06:32,770
Until very recently,
we thought the Milky Way
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00:06:32,780 --> 00:06:34,780
was a young, healthy galaxy,
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00:06:34,780 --> 00:06:36,240
but now there's evidence
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00:06:36,250 --> 00:06:39,680
that we may be entering
the pathway to death.
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00:06:41,990 --> 00:06:46,520
The Sloan telescope reveals that
star production in our galaxy
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is falling through the floor.
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The Milky Way is dying.
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And when it stops
forming new stars,
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its time will be up.
105
00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:02,770
Paradoxically,
our galaxy still has
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00:07:02,770 --> 00:07:08,710
star-forming gas in the tank,
so it should be healthy,
107
00:07:08,710 --> 00:07:11,210
but something is killing it off.
108
00:07:15,350 --> 00:07:18,050
So, the Milky Way galaxy
is this wonderful disk
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00:07:18,050 --> 00:07:21,920
filled with rich hydrogen gas,
lots of dense dust clouds.
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00:07:21,930 --> 00:07:24,530
It has everything you need there
for star formation,
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00:07:24,530 --> 00:07:27,860
but it seems to be slowing down
and even turning off,
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00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:31,530
and right now, we don't really
understand what the culprit is.
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With a galaxy killer at large,
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scientists embark upon the
biggest murder investigation
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in the history of the universe.
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Everything in science,
when you're exploring a problem,
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is a bit like a crime scene.
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You've got the evidence
laid out in front of you...
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and we have to
figure out who done it.
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00:08:10,410 --> 00:08:14,410
Our home in the universe
is dying...
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00:08:14,410 --> 00:08:20,780
Not the Earth,
but our galaxy, the Milky Way.
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00:08:20,780 --> 00:08:24,320
It's been producing stars
for billions of years,
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00:08:24,320 --> 00:08:26,790
but soon, it will stop.
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00:08:28,860 --> 00:08:31,530
Our own sun formed
about 4 1/2 billion years ago
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in the Milky Way galaxy,
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and we are not
the oldest star by far.
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And yet, tragically,
we actually seem to be
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00:08:38,400 --> 00:08:42,140
one of the last generations
of new stars in the Milky Way.
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00:08:42,140 --> 00:08:45,570
Current projections suggest
that in about 4 billion years,
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00:08:45,580 --> 00:08:47,580
star formation may have
ceased all together,
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00:08:47,580 --> 00:08:49,440
which is almost just
a blink of an eye
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00:08:49,450 --> 00:08:51,350
in the life cycle
of the universe.
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To find out why, scientists
launch an investigation.
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00:08:59,690 --> 00:09:01,990
The most crucial question?
135
00:09:01,990 --> 00:09:04,860
How is the may dying?
136
00:09:06,700 --> 00:09:09,930
To kill a galaxy, you have
to get rid of the cold gas,
137
00:09:09,930 --> 00:09:12,130
because that's
what stars form from.
138
00:09:12,140 --> 00:09:13,600
There are many ways
you can do this.
139
00:09:13,600 --> 00:09:15,700
You can blast it out
from the inside.
140
00:09:15,710 --> 00:09:17,910
You can draw it out
from the outside.
141
00:09:17,910 --> 00:09:20,310
You can heat it up
so it's no longer cold.
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00:09:20,310 --> 00:09:21,810
You can use it all up,
143
00:09:21,810 --> 00:09:23,950
and there's even more ways
you can stop it.
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00:09:23,950 --> 00:09:25,510
What we have to do is figure out
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00:09:25,520 --> 00:09:28,120
which way is happening
in our galaxy.
146
00:09:30,690 --> 00:09:36,220
Perhaps the culprit is inside
the Milky Way itself.
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00:09:36,230 --> 00:09:39,630
A clue comes from
another galaxy entirely.
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This is w2246-0526.
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00:09:48,470 --> 00:09:52,470
Scientists call it a hot,
dust-obscured galaxy,
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or "hot dog" for short.
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This galaxy is
12 1/2 billion light-years away.
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00:10:00,720 --> 00:10:03,580
It's the most luminous galaxy
we know of in the universe.
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00:10:03,590 --> 00:10:06,720
It has the light
of 300 trillion stars.
154
00:10:10,990 --> 00:10:14,700
The source of the intense light
is not its stars,
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00:10:14,700 --> 00:10:19,700
but a mysterious object
at the galaxy's center.
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00:10:19,700 --> 00:10:23,200
It's a million times smaller
than the galaxy itself.
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00:10:25,940 --> 00:10:29,780
There's only one thing
that small and that powerful...
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a supermassive black hole.
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00:10:38,550 --> 00:10:41,660
So, supermassive black holes,
as the name suggests,
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00:10:41,660 --> 00:10:43,190
are indeed supermassive.
161
00:10:43,190 --> 00:10:47,600
These are billions of times
more massive than our sun.
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These are gigantic objects.
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00:10:52,570 --> 00:10:56,740
The gravity in the supermassive
black hole is off the charts.
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00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:02,340
It sucks in incredible amounts
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00:11:02,350 --> 00:11:05,680
of the hot dog's
vital star-forming gas.
166
00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:12,250
And as the gas swirls
to form a disk,
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00:11:12,260 --> 00:11:16,190
the intense friction superheats
it to millions of degrees
168
00:11:16,190 --> 00:11:20,960
and, in some galaxies,
triggers huge jets.
169
00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:23,360
When a lot of material falls
onto that black hole,
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00:11:23,370 --> 00:11:25,770
it creates incredibly
energetic jets
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00:11:25,770 --> 00:11:28,670
that can be tens of thousands
of light-years across.
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00:11:28,670 --> 00:11:30,740
All of a sudden,
you have this blowtorch
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in the middle of the galaxy.
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Black hole jets
are bad for galaxies
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because they can shut down
star formation.
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00:11:37,780 --> 00:11:40,380
They can heat gas up,
blow gas out of galaxies,
177
00:11:40,380 --> 00:11:41,950
and they could really kill them.
178
00:11:44,290 --> 00:11:47,860
A supermassive black hole
is cooking the hot dog.
179
00:11:51,290 --> 00:11:53,060
What's going on in our galaxy?
180
00:12:02,510 --> 00:12:06,670
In 2016, scientists at Harvard
discovered damning evidence
181
00:12:06,680 --> 00:12:10,110
that may link the Milky Way's
supermassive black hole
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00:12:10,110 --> 00:12:11,880
to the galaxy's demise.
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00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:16,350
Just like the hot dog,
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00:12:16,350 --> 00:12:20,450
the Milky Way is surrounded by
a vast cloud of blown-out gas,
185
00:12:22,590 --> 00:12:27,860
and the scientists traced
the gas back to its source...
186
00:12:27,860 --> 00:12:32,800
Sagittarius a-star,
our supermassive black hole.
187
00:12:35,810 --> 00:12:37,910
Well, it turns out
our supermassive black hole
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00:12:37,910 --> 00:12:41,480
had a bit of a hiccup about
6 million years ago.
189
00:12:41,480 --> 00:12:44,310
There's evidence that
some matter must have fallen
190
00:12:44,310 --> 00:12:46,810
into that black hole,
and if it fell in too quickly,
191
00:12:46,820 --> 00:12:49,880
it would have gotten superheated
by its own friction,
192
00:12:49,890 --> 00:12:54,690
and this would have acted,
in a sense, like an explosion.
193
00:12:54,690 --> 00:12:57,020
And that event was huge.
194
00:12:57,030 --> 00:13:00,460
Our galaxy expelled
an incredible amount of gas...
195
00:13:00,460 --> 00:13:03,900
130 billion times
the mass of the Sun.
196
00:13:03,900 --> 00:13:05,770
Large amount of gas.
197
00:13:08,700 --> 00:13:10,700
This event must have been
very catastrophic
198
00:13:10,710 --> 00:13:13,440
for the inner parts
of the galaxy.
199
00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:16,180
Luckily, Earth is in
the outer parts of the galaxy,
200
00:13:16,180 --> 00:13:18,580
where we were able
to survive this event.
201
00:13:22,420 --> 00:13:25,390
Is this the smoking gun?
202
00:13:25,390 --> 00:13:30,520
Is our own supermassive black
hole killing the Milky Way?
203
00:13:30,530 --> 00:13:32,790
The evidence seems to mount up.
204
00:13:35,360 --> 00:13:39,330
But Sagittarius a-star
has an alibi.
205
00:13:39,340 --> 00:13:42,540
It exploded too late.
206
00:13:42,540 --> 00:13:45,410
Sagittarius a-star
got very active,
207
00:13:45,410 --> 00:13:47,840
very explosive
about 6 million years ago,
208
00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:50,310
but that's so recent, it
shouldn't have really affected
209
00:13:50,310 --> 00:13:51,750
the star formation rates.
210
00:13:51,750 --> 00:13:53,110
Something else is going on.
211
00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:55,980
There must be another culprit
besides the black hole.
212
00:13:58,190 --> 00:14:02,220
Studies suggest our supermassive
black hole must have been active
213
00:14:02,230 --> 00:14:04,690
hundreds of millions
of years ago
214
00:14:04,690 --> 00:14:09,160
to stop all star formation
in our galaxy.
215
00:14:09,170 --> 00:14:13,030
Sagittarius a-star
wasn't active at that time,
216
00:14:13,040 --> 00:14:15,940
so it's no longer a suspect.
217
00:14:18,010 --> 00:14:21,380
The hunt is on for
a different galaxy killer,
218
00:14:21,380 --> 00:14:25,650
and scientists are widening
the investigation.
219
00:14:25,650 --> 00:14:28,220
Maybe the killer
isn't inside our galaxy.
220
00:14:28,220 --> 00:14:31,420
It could be that we suffered
a hit-and-run.
221
00:14:39,930 --> 00:14:47,930
It could be that we suffered
a hit-and-run.
222
00:14:53,110 --> 00:14:55,710
Our universe is a crime scene.
223
00:14:58,010 --> 00:15:03,150
Star production in the Milky Way
is breaking down.
224
00:15:03,150 --> 00:15:05,250
Our galaxy is dying,
225
00:15:05,250 --> 00:15:08,890
and astronomers are examining
the body for clues.
226
00:15:11,130 --> 00:15:16,700
The Milky Way's disk is made up
of three sections...
227
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:21,400
A nucleus, home to the galaxy's
supermassive black hole...
228
00:15:24,310 --> 00:15:29,610
a dense, central bulge
10,000 light-years across,
229
00:15:29,610 --> 00:15:31,280
and the spiral arms...
230
00:15:31,280 --> 00:15:35,120
Full of gas, dust,
and billions of stars.
231
00:15:37,190 --> 00:15:41,890
The spiral arms should be flat,
but they're rippling.
232
00:15:41,890 --> 00:15:45,160
Is this a clue
for the cosmic detectives?
233
00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:49,000
Today, we look at the edge
of the Milky Way,
234
00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:51,070
and we see mysterious
ripples in its gas,
235
00:15:51,070 --> 00:15:53,270
and we wonder,
what's the origin?
236
00:15:53,270 --> 00:15:55,370
Something must have
caused it to happen.
237
00:15:55,370 --> 00:15:57,840
Something like that
just doesn't happen on its own.
238
00:15:57,840 --> 00:15:59,740
The real question is, why?
239
00:16:04,350 --> 00:16:08,920
Whatever caused the ripples
didn't hang around.
240
00:16:08,920 --> 00:16:11,950
Is this evidence of
a galactic hit-and-run?
241
00:16:15,020 --> 00:16:17,190
January 2016.
242
00:16:20,160 --> 00:16:24,200
Astronomers studying data
from the vista telescope
243
00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:26,200
discover something incredible...
244
00:16:30,310 --> 00:16:32,840
three nearby stars.
245
00:16:32,840 --> 00:16:35,580
On their own, nothing special,
246
00:16:35,580 --> 00:16:39,180
except they've recently
left our galaxy,
247
00:16:39,180 --> 00:16:43,750
and they're traveling
at 350,000 miles an hour.
248
00:16:47,520 --> 00:16:49,960
So, we've discovered these stars
that are careening
249
00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:52,730
out of the galaxy
at super-high velocities.
250
00:16:52,730 --> 00:16:55,000
Could these three stars
somehow be responsible
251
00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:56,900
for warping
the Milky Way's disk?
252
00:16:56,900 --> 00:16:58,370
Well, absolutely not.
253
00:16:58,370 --> 00:17:01,600
The Milky Way is so much more
massive than just three stars.
254
00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:05,010
Three stars alone
can't warp a galaxy,
255
00:17:05,010 --> 00:17:08,380
but those three stars can be
indicative of more stars.
256
00:17:08,380 --> 00:17:10,880
They can be indicative
of the presence of, say,
257
00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:14,080
a dwarf galaxy,
and that can warp the galaxy.
258
00:17:16,050 --> 00:17:19,490
Dwarf galaxies are abundant.
259
00:17:19,490 --> 00:17:22,790
But a tiny fraction
of the size of a major galaxy,
260
00:17:22,790 --> 00:17:24,360
like the Milky Way.
261
00:17:26,430 --> 00:17:29,800
So they're difficult to detect.
262
00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:34,000
But these three bright stars
show there's a dwarf galaxy
263
00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:38,310
hiding beyond the edge
of the Milky Way.
264
00:17:38,310 --> 00:17:41,440
And scientists can study
the trio of stars
265
00:17:41,440 --> 00:17:43,180
to rewind the clock
266
00:17:43,180 --> 00:17:47,380
and track back the past
movements of the dwarf galaxy.
267
00:17:50,250 --> 00:17:53,050
Simulations suggest
that millions of years ago,
268
00:17:53,060 --> 00:17:54,320
this dwarf galaxy
269
00:17:54,320 --> 00:17:56,390
punched through the plane
of the Milky Way.
270
00:18:01,330 --> 00:18:06,100
As the fast-moving dwarf galaxy
hurtles towards the Milky Way,
271
00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:11,840
millions of stars seem set
on a collision course.
272
00:18:11,840 --> 00:18:14,170
Catastrophe looks inevitable.
273
00:18:16,080 --> 00:18:19,080
But appearances
can be deceptive.
274
00:18:20,950 --> 00:18:23,420
When galaxies collide, the first
thing you might imagine
275
00:18:23,420 --> 00:18:26,050
is that the stars collide, but
actually, that doesn't happen.
276
00:18:26,060 --> 00:18:27,860
Galaxies are mostly empty space.
277
00:18:27,860 --> 00:18:30,060
If you took the Sun,
which is really big...
278
00:18:30,060 --> 00:18:31,790
It's a million miles across...
279
00:18:31,790 --> 00:18:35,760
And shrunk it down to the size
of a piece of pollen,
280
00:18:35,760 --> 00:18:39,130
the galaxy itself would be twice
the size of the pacific ocean,
281
00:18:39,140 --> 00:18:42,600
and the nearest star to the Sun
would be a mile away.
282
00:18:42,610 --> 00:18:45,770
Those tiny pieces of pollen are
never going to hit each other.
283
00:18:49,710 --> 00:18:53,850
The distances involved
are staggering.
284
00:18:53,850 --> 00:18:55,520
And at the moment of impact,
285
00:18:55,520 --> 00:18:58,090
most of the stars
from the two galaxies
286
00:18:58,090 --> 00:19:00,720
miss each other entirely.
287
00:19:00,720 --> 00:19:04,760
But that doesn't mean
the Milky Way is safe.
288
00:19:06,930 --> 00:19:09,700
Even though the stars
just pass each other,
289
00:19:09,700 --> 00:19:13,530
they do gravitationally
interact as they come close,
290
00:19:13,540 --> 00:19:16,900
and this gravitational
interaction sets them
291
00:19:16,910 --> 00:19:18,510
on a course that is different
292
00:19:18,510 --> 00:19:20,940
than if they were
to live by themselves.
293
00:19:23,780 --> 00:19:25,880
In much the same way
that taking a stone
294
00:19:25,880 --> 00:19:27,550
and dropping it
into a still pond
295
00:19:27,550 --> 00:19:29,680
creates ripples in the water,
296
00:19:29,690 --> 00:19:32,350
a galaxy like this slamming
into the Milky Way
297
00:19:32,350 --> 00:19:34,760
can create ripple effects
throughout the disk.
298
00:19:38,060 --> 00:19:39,730
The ripples in the Milky Way
299
00:19:39,730 --> 00:19:43,130
stretch across tens
of thousands of light-years.
300
00:19:45,300 --> 00:19:50,640
Still, this hit-and-run isn't
enough to kill the Milky Way.
301
00:19:50,640 --> 00:19:54,310
It only causes a flesh wound.
302
00:19:54,310 --> 00:19:59,810
But what if this dwarf galaxy
isn't acting alone?
303
00:19:59,820 --> 00:20:01,780
What if it has accomplices?
304
00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:07,050
There are a lot of
dwarf galaxies out there,
305
00:20:07,060 --> 00:20:10,320
and it turns out collisions
between these dwarf galaxies
306
00:20:10,330 --> 00:20:13,190
and big galaxies, like
the Milky Way, are common.
307
00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:14,460
They happen all the time.
308
00:20:14,460 --> 00:20:16,500
Right now, there are
several dwarf galaxies
309
00:20:16,500 --> 00:20:18,530
that the Milky Way
is swallowing up.
310
00:20:18,530 --> 00:20:20,730
In fact, a really fun thing is
that we're actually closer
311
00:20:20,740 --> 00:20:22,900
to the core of one
of these galaxies...
312
00:20:22,910 --> 00:20:24,840
The Canis Majoris
dwarf galaxy...
313
00:20:24,840 --> 00:20:26,670
Than we are to the core
of the Milky Way.
314
00:20:26,680 --> 00:20:29,610
So some of the stars that you
see around you in the night sky
315
00:20:29,610 --> 00:20:32,350
are actually stars
from a different galaxy.
316
00:20:32,350 --> 00:20:35,450
So, what happens when all these
dwarf galaxies come together
317
00:20:35,450 --> 00:20:38,320
and start pulling and tugging
on a larger galaxy?
318
00:20:44,130 --> 00:20:47,960
Cosmologists believe there could
be hundreds of dwarf galaxies
319
00:20:47,960 --> 00:20:50,500
surrounding the Milky Way.
320
00:20:53,340 --> 00:20:56,840
A collision with just one of
these dwarf galaxies
321
00:20:56,840 --> 00:21:00,570
may have rippled the
Milky Way's spiral arms,
322
00:21:02,580 --> 00:21:05,780
but a gang of dwarf galaxies
323
00:21:05,780 --> 00:21:11,290
could have a far bigger
and far more deadly effect.
324
00:21:11,290 --> 00:21:13,590
Dwarf galaxies and the way
they interact with big galaxies,
325
00:21:13,590 --> 00:21:14,820
like the Milky Way,
326
00:21:14,820 --> 00:21:17,790
can inflect tremendous
change in our universe.
327
00:21:17,790 --> 00:21:20,430
When they slam into a galaxy,
they can change its structure.
328
00:21:20,430 --> 00:21:23,260
The Milky Way would not look
anything like it looks today
329
00:21:23,270 --> 00:21:26,300
without those dwarf galaxies.
330
00:21:26,300 --> 00:21:29,040
Repeated dwarf-galaxy collisions
331
00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:32,740
could have radically altered the
shape of the Milky Way itself.
332
00:21:35,340 --> 00:21:39,110
Their gravitational disruptions
could have created a distinctive
333
00:21:39,110 --> 00:21:43,180
and possibly fatal feature
in the middle of our galaxy...
334
00:21:43,190 --> 00:21:44,690
The galactic bar.
335
00:21:48,090 --> 00:21:50,360
The center of the Milky Way
is elongated.
336
00:21:50,360 --> 00:21:52,260
Instead of it being
shaped like a sphere,
337
00:21:52,260 --> 00:21:55,430
it's more shaped like a bar,
and the bar is made by stars
338
00:21:55,430 --> 00:21:59,570
actually orbiting in this
sort of elongated way.
339
00:21:59,570 --> 00:22:02,440
And this bar can be bad
for the health of the galaxy
340
00:22:02,440 --> 00:22:05,010
because what they do
is help to funnel gas
341
00:22:05,010 --> 00:22:06,840
into the core of the galaxy.
342
00:22:06,840 --> 00:22:11,240
The loss of this gas could be a
way of stopping star formation.
343
00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:17,920
The bar-shaped bulge
at the center of the Milky Way
344
00:22:17,920 --> 00:22:20,890
sweeps our galaxy's
star-building gas
345
00:22:20,890 --> 00:22:23,120
into the galactic nucleus.
346
00:22:23,130 --> 00:22:24,730
Here, it gets gobbled up
347
00:22:24,730 --> 00:22:27,560
by our galaxy's
supermassive black hole.
348
00:22:31,630 --> 00:22:35,800
Without the star-building
material, no new stars can form,
349
00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:39,240
and the galaxy dies.
350
00:22:39,240 --> 00:22:41,270
So, is it case closed?
351
00:22:41,280 --> 00:22:43,840
Are dwarf galaxies
killing the Milky Way?
352
00:22:43,850 --> 00:22:47,880
Is the murder weapon
a galactic bar?
353
00:22:47,880 --> 00:22:50,750
So, it's possible that
the formation of these bars
354
00:22:50,750 --> 00:22:54,450
helps turn off star formation
in the very core of the galaxy,
355
00:22:54,460 --> 00:22:57,360
but that's just the central
regions of the galaxy.
356
00:22:57,360 --> 00:22:59,230
That doesn't explain
what's going farther out
357
00:22:59,230 --> 00:23:01,060
in the spiral arms.
358
00:23:01,060 --> 00:23:04,560
So, if star formation really is
shutting down in the Milky Way,
359
00:23:04,570 --> 00:23:06,870
it's not really
the fault of the bar.
360
00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:13,410
Dwarf galaxies cause the
Milky Way grievous bodily harm
361
00:23:13,410 --> 00:23:16,480
by creating the galactic bar.
362
00:23:16,480 --> 00:23:21,920
But they're off the hook
for attempted galactic murder.
363
00:23:21,920 --> 00:23:24,650
The investigation continues,
364
00:23:24,650 --> 00:23:29,860
and it could be about
to take a dramatic twist.
365
00:23:29,860 --> 00:23:32,130
It might not be that
the galaxy's being murdered.
366
00:23:32,130 --> 00:23:34,430
It could just be
eating itself to death.
367
00:23:45,510 --> 00:23:53,510
It could just be
eating itself to death.
368
00:23:54,550 --> 00:23:58,550
The Milky Way
is being killed off.
369
00:23:58,550 --> 00:24:01,320
And the perpetrator
remains at large.
370
00:24:03,490 --> 00:24:05,460
Scientists
investigating the crime
371
00:24:05,460 --> 00:24:07,190
are running out of suspects.
372
00:24:09,230 --> 00:24:11,360
But the hunt
for clues continues,
373
00:24:13,340 --> 00:24:18,570
so astronomers are examining
the dying body of the Milky Way.
374
00:24:18,570 --> 00:24:21,740
Our galaxy is
a hazy disk of stars
375
00:24:21,740 --> 00:24:25,310
surrounded by a halo
of superheated gas.
376
00:24:27,180 --> 00:24:31,150
It's over 100,000
light-years across.
377
00:24:31,150 --> 00:24:33,320
But it hasn't always
been so big.
378
00:24:35,590 --> 00:24:37,790
When you think about things
so vast,
379
00:24:37,790 --> 00:24:39,830
so gigantic and ancient
as galaxies,
380
00:24:39,830 --> 00:24:41,290
you're kind of tempted to think
381
00:24:41,300 --> 00:24:42,860
that they're
very stable objects,
382
00:24:42,870 --> 00:24:44,830
that they don't change
much over time,
383
00:24:44,830 --> 00:24:46,630
but we now know
that our own galaxy
384
00:24:46,640 --> 00:24:48,570
is the product of many
smaller galaxies
385
00:24:48,570 --> 00:24:50,370
that came together over time,
386
00:24:50,370 --> 00:24:53,070
and there are other galaxies
still colliding with us.
387
00:24:56,040 --> 00:24:58,310
We see galaxies
eating each other all the time.
388
00:24:58,310 --> 00:25:01,010
They collide,
and if one galaxy is very big
389
00:25:01,020 --> 00:25:02,880
and one galaxy is very small,
390
00:25:02,890 --> 00:25:06,150
the little galaxy falls into
the big one, gets torn apart,
391
00:25:06,150 --> 00:25:10,260
and becomes a part
of that bigger galaxy.
392
00:25:10,260 --> 00:25:12,590
The Milky Way might be dying,
393
00:25:12,590 --> 00:25:16,060
but it's still a monster
foraging through the universe,
394
00:25:16,060 --> 00:25:18,430
swallowing smaller
galaxies whole.
395
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:24,070
It consumes their stars.
396
00:25:24,070 --> 00:25:28,140
But it also has a taste
for their star-building gas.
397
00:25:30,010 --> 00:25:33,350
And it doesn't have
to collide with other galaxies
398
00:25:33,350 --> 00:25:36,680
to feed off of them.
399
00:25:36,690 --> 00:25:39,490
Now, the lifeblood of a galaxy
is hydrogen gas.
400
00:25:39,490 --> 00:25:41,760
That's what actually
creates new stars.
401
00:25:41,760 --> 00:25:44,720
So as a dwarf galaxy
passes by the Milky Way,
402
00:25:44,730 --> 00:25:47,930
the tremendously massive
halo of the Milky Way,
403
00:25:47,930 --> 00:25:51,300
all of that gas, can draw off
material from the dwarf galaxy,
404
00:25:51,300 --> 00:25:53,370
adding it to the Milky Way.
405
00:25:53,370 --> 00:25:55,600
So in this way,
the Milky Way drains away
406
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:58,640
the lifeblood of other galaxies.
407
00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:01,210
In some sense, you could say
it's a vampire
408
00:26:01,210 --> 00:26:04,010
because a vampire sucks the life
out of other things
409
00:26:04,010 --> 00:26:05,450
so it can remain young.
410
00:26:09,380 --> 00:26:16,690
In its 13 billion-year life,
our vampire galaxy has feasted.
411
00:26:16,690 --> 00:26:19,960
Consuming the lifeblood
of its galactic victims,
412
00:26:19,960 --> 00:26:22,800
the Milky Way has grown fat.
413
00:26:25,230 --> 00:26:28,370
But could this monstrous
feeding frenzy be a factor
414
00:26:28,370 --> 00:26:30,200
in the Milky Way's demise?
415
00:26:33,110 --> 00:26:35,010
Once again, crucial evidence
416
00:26:35,010 --> 00:26:39,610
comes from the
Sloan digital sky survey.
417
00:26:39,620 --> 00:26:42,680
Their telescope maps
the stars in our galaxy,
418
00:26:42,680 --> 00:26:46,490
but it also maps
the galaxies in our universe.
419
00:26:48,960 --> 00:26:54,460
Looking at distant galaxies
is like looking back in time.
420
00:26:54,460 --> 00:26:56,860
Because the farther away
they are,
421
00:26:56,870 --> 00:26:59,630
the longer their light
takes to reach us.
422
00:27:02,500 --> 00:27:07,440
We see the most distant
galaxies not as they are now,
423
00:27:07,440 --> 00:27:12,110
but as they were...
Billions of years ago.
424
00:27:12,110 --> 00:27:13,550
So, when you look
at these galaxies,
425
00:27:13,550 --> 00:27:15,820
you're seeing them as they were
when they were very young,
426
00:27:15,820 --> 00:27:18,820
and you're seeing these galaxies
as they are more recently,
427
00:27:18,820 --> 00:27:21,190
so you can actually look
at the evolution...
428
00:27:21,190 --> 00:27:25,090
How galaxies change over time
as the universe ages.
429
00:27:27,230 --> 00:27:28,800
While studying the data,
430
00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:31,800
scientists make
a dramatic discovery.
431
00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:36,370
They find spiral galaxies,
just like the Milky Way,
432
00:27:36,370 --> 00:27:40,110
dying all over the universe.
433
00:27:40,110 --> 00:27:42,940
And what connects them
is their mass.
434
00:27:44,980 --> 00:27:46,550
There seems to be
an upper weight limit
435
00:27:46,550 --> 00:27:49,380
for the sizes of
spiral galaxies.
436
00:27:49,380 --> 00:27:51,850
Up to about a trillion times
the mass of the Sun,
437
00:27:51,850 --> 00:27:54,750
we see spiral galaxies
that continue to form stars,
438
00:27:54,760 --> 00:27:56,720
but once they pass
this threshold,
439
00:27:56,730 --> 00:27:59,130
galaxies tend to die
and run out of stars.
440
00:28:01,300 --> 00:28:03,400
While devouring
the star-building gas
441
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:05,600
of smaller galaxies,
442
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:08,700
the Milky Way
may have grown obese,
443
00:28:08,700 --> 00:28:12,710
and now it could be choking
to death on its own dinner.
444
00:28:12,710 --> 00:28:14,970
But how?
445
00:28:14,980 --> 00:28:17,680
Once a spiral galaxy
is sufficiently big,
446
00:28:17,680 --> 00:28:20,280
it's going to have an
incredible gravitational force,
447
00:28:20,280 --> 00:28:22,680
so any gas that it pulls
to itself
448
00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:26,250
is going to come in
at an incredibly high speed.
449
00:28:26,250 --> 00:28:28,460
That gas is going to be
superheated.
450
00:28:32,360 --> 00:28:34,990
The superheated gas
moves so quickly
451
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:39,100
that it's prevented
from falling into the Milky Way.
452
00:28:39,100 --> 00:28:44,270
The gas is too energetic for our
galaxy's gravity to pull it in.
453
00:28:44,270 --> 00:28:48,480
Instead, it stays in the halo
around the Milky Way,
454
00:28:48,480 --> 00:28:53,210
and our galaxy's food
supply is choked off.
455
00:28:53,220 --> 00:28:57,650
Eventually, our galaxy
will starve.
456
00:28:57,650 --> 00:28:59,550
This will only happen
if the Milky Way
457
00:28:59,550 --> 00:29:02,990
is over the star-building
weight limit.
458
00:29:02,990 --> 00:29:07,530
But how exactly
do you weigh a galaxy?
459
00:29:07,530 --> 00:29:10,000
One basic way
we can weigh a galaxy
460
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:12,700
is measure how fast
the stars are moving within it.
461
00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:15,640
So the faster the stars orbit
around the center of the galaxy,
462
00:29:15,640 --> 00:29:18,510
the more massive the galaxy is.
463
00:29:18,510 --> 00:29:22,810
This method of weighing
the Milky Way relies on gravity.
464
00:29:22,810 --> 00:29:26,080
Fast-moving stars need
more gravity to hold them
465
00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:27,410
in their orbits,
466
00:29:27,420 --> 00:29:32,290
and more gravity means
more galactic mass.
467
00:29:32,290 --> 00:29:36,390
When scientists use this
information to run the math,
468
00:29:36,390 --> 00:29:39,930
the horrible truth is revealed.
469
00:29:39,930 --> 00:29:42,630
We've passed
kind of a critical level.
470
00:29:42,630 --> 00:29:46,200
The Milky Way is far too massive
for its own health,
471
00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:49,040
and we've entered
the beginning of the end.
472
00:29:49,040 --> 00:29:52,240
We're running out of gas,
and I mean this literally.
473
00:29:52,240 --> 00:29:54,110
Gas clouds form stars,
474
00:29:54,110 --> 00:29:57,540
and as they form stars,
they're used up,
475
00:29:57,550 --> 00:29:59,780
and so our gas tank
is getting closer and closer
476
00:29:59,780 --> 00:30:02,280
to empty every day.
477
00:30:06,050 --> 00:30:09,090
The investigation into
the killing of the Milky Way
478
00:30:09,090 --> 00:30:10,460
is closed.
479
00:30:12,660 --> 00:30:14,030
The verdict?
480
00:30:14,030 --> 00:30:17,830
The greedy Milky Way
is killing itself.
481
00:30:20,470 --> 00:30:24,470
Over millions of years,
star formation grinds to a halt,
482
00:30:24,470 --> 00:30:26,370
and the galaxy dies.
483
00:30:29,010 --> 00:30:34,150
But could
the galaxy be resurrected?
484
00:30:34,150 --> 00:30:36,020
We seem to be telling
a very sad story.
485
00:30:36,020 --> 00:30:38,220
We're talking about the demise
of the Milky Way galaxy...
486
00:30:38,220 --> 00:30:39,990
The end of star formation...
487
00:30:39,990 --> 00:30:41,820
But maybe it's just
a little bit too soon
488
00:30:41,820 --> 00:30:43,590
to write the death
announcement yet.
489
00:30:43,590 --> 00:30:46,090
Hope could be
just over the horizon.
490
00:30:48,930 --> 00:30:52,170
In space and astrophysics,
really anything is possible.
491
00:30:59,770 --> 00:31:07,770
In space and astrophysics,
really anything is possible.
492
00:31:08,180 --> 00:31:12,950
The shocking case of our
dying galaxy has been solved.
493
00:31:12,950 --> 00:31:15,290
There was no killer.
494
00:31:15,290 --> 00:31:18,960
Turns out, the Milky Way
is eating itself to death.
495
00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:26,670
But is this really the end?
496
00:31:26,670 --> 00:31:29,640
Could salvation
be heading our way?
497
00:31:31,540 --> 00:31:33,410
Even if star formation is
turning off
498
00:31:33,410 --> 00:31:34,770
in the Milky Way now,
499
00:31:34,780 --> 00:31:36,580
we know that it's on
a collision course
500
00:31:36,580 --> 00:31:38,540
with the Andromeda galaxy.
501
00:31:38,550 --> 00:31:39,710
They're moving toward each other
502
00:31:39,710 --> 00:31:44,020
at hundreds of thousands
of miles per hour.
503
00:31:44,020 --> 00:31:45,520
A collision sounds
like something
504
00:31:45,520 --> 00:31:47,050
that's always destructive,
505
00:31:47,060 --> 00:31:49,060
but that's not
necessarily the case.
506
00:31:51,990 --> 00:31:53,190
The Milky Way's collision
507
00:31:53,190 --> 00:31:57,130
with our giant
galactic neighbor Andromeda
508
00:31:57,130 --> 00:32:00,300
won't happen
for another 4 billion years.
509
00:32:02,640 --> 00:32:06,270
By then, star formation
in both of these galaxies
510
00:32:06,270 --> 00:32:07,970
will have stopped completely.
511
00:32:10,750 --> 00:32:14,750
But a giant meet-up
could change all that.
512
00:32:18,020 --> 00:32:19,490
As an isolated galaxy,
513
00:32:19,490 --> 00:32:22,890
the Milky Way is already
in its wind-down phase.
514
00:32:22,890 --> 00:32:26,560
It's not producing as many
new stars as it used to.
515
00:32:26,560 --> 00:32:30,730
But there is one way to generate
a new round of star formation,
516
00:32:30,730 --> 00:32:34,430
and that's through
a galactic merger event.
517
00:32:34,440 --> 00:32:36,400
When Andromeda
gets close enough,
518
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:38,500
the mutual gravity
between the two galaxies
519
00:32:38,510 --> 00:32:42,810
will start to stretch them out,
pulling them out like Taffy.
520
00:32:42,810 --> 00:32:45,750
Stars will be pulled out into
these long, looping streamers,
521
00:32:45,750 --> 00:32:46,880
and then the galaxies
522
00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:50,050
will physically pass
through each other.
523
00:32:50,050 --> 00:32:53,820
Eventually, the two galaxies
will draw back together again
524
00:32:53,820 --> 00:32:56,460
and merge into
one gigantic galaxy,
525
00:32:56,460 --> 00:32:58,390
and at that point,
all of these gas clouds
526
00:32:58,390 --> 00:33:01,560
will flash into star formation.
527
00:33:06,270 --> 00:33:10,800
As the galaxies merge,
they'll be reborn.
528
00:33:10,810 --> 00:33:13,770
Two dying spiral-shaped galaxies
529
00:33:13,780 --> 00:33:18,040
become a single living
elliptical galaxy
530
00:33:18,050 --> 00:33:22,050
called Milkomeda.
531
00:33:22,050 --> 00:33:24,650
Imagine you're living in
the far future of the galaxy
532
00:33:24,650 --> 00:33:26,250
and you see the night sky
533
00:33:26,250 --> 00:33:28,820
while the Milky Way
and Andromeda are colliding.
534
00:33:28,820 --> 00:33:31,120
It will look like
a very different place.
535
00:33:31,130 --> 00:33:33,360
Rather than one band
across the night sky,
536
00:33:33,360 --> 00:33:36,100
you might have two
as the two disks come together.
537
00:33:36,100 --> 00:33:37,760
It will be a miraculous sight,
538
00:33:37,770 --> 00:33:40,600
but a very, very different
place than we have today.
539
00:33:43,910 --> 00:33:49,080
Our sky will light up for the
first time in billions of years.
540
00:33:49,080 --> 00:33:52,510
Star formation will flare
across the galaxy.
541
00:33:54,850 --> 00:33:57,750
But is it too soon to celebrate?
542
00:34:01,490 --> 00:34:03,860
This new round of star formation
543
00:34:03,860 --> 00:34:07,690
during the merger
of our two galaxies...
544
00:34:07,700 --> 00:34:10,060
While it's very cool
for a little bit,
545
00:34:10,070 --> 00:34:14,800
once it's over, that kind of
sends the new galaxy
546
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:16,200
into a death spiral.
547
00:34:16,200 --> 00:34:18,970
When new stars are born
in this new galaxy,
548
00:34:18,970 --> 00:34:23,280
many of them are going to
be hot, large, blue stars.
549
00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:26,480
Eventually, those young, hot
stars are going to start to die,
550
00:34:26,480 --> 00:34:28,580
and when they do,
they're going to explode
551
00:34:28,580 --> 00:34:30,580
violently as supernovae.
552
00:34:36,060 --> 00:34:38,060
And those supernovae
are going to start
553
00:34:38,060 --> 00:34:40,590
blasting gas out of the galaxy.
554
00:34:44,270 --> 00:34:45,800
All of the gas is gone.
555
00:34:45,800 --> 00:34:48,100
There's no more stuff
to form stars.
556
00:34:48,100 --> 00:34:49,870
And that's what kills a galaxy.
557
00:34:53,640 --> 00:34:55,940
It'll take
hundreds of millions of years
558
00:34:55,940 --> 00:35:00,550
for Milkomeda
to run out of star-building gas.
559
00:35:00,550 --> 00:35:04,850
And then our new elliptical
galaxy will starve.
560
00:35:06,650 --> 00:35:09,260
But the final blow
is still to come.
561
00:35:11,690 --> 00:35:13,930
Another issue to consider
is what happens
562
00:35:13,930 --> 00:35:15,960
to the two supermassive
black holes
563
00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:18,660
at the cores of
the two galaxies.
564
00:35:18,670 --> 00:35:21,200
Well, initially, they're going
to orbit each other,
565
00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:25,770
stirring up a lot of turbulence,
and they're going to combine.
566
00:35:25,770 --> 00:35:28,710
And because there's
a lot of new, hot, fresh gas,
567
00:35:28,710 --> 00:35:31,880
our new galaxy is
going to be a quasar.
568
00:35:31,880 --> 00:35:34,410
And that quasar is going
to turn up the heat,
569
00:35:34,420 --> 00:35:36,050
it's going to turn up
the turbulence,
570
00:35:36,050 --> 00:35:39,290
and this means star formation
is going to be shut off.
571
00:35:41,560 --> 00:35:45,160
The combined power of the
supermassive black holes
572
00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:49,160
help create a quasar
that tears through the galaxy.
573
00:35:52,270 --> 00:35:55,470
It releases ferocious
beams of radiation
574
00:35:55,470 --> 00:35:59,040
that blast through Milkomeda's
star-forming gas.
575
00:36:02,380 --> 00:36:04,280
It's only just been reborn,
576
00:36:04,280 --> 00:36:08,850
but our newly enlarged galaxy
is once again dying.
577
00:36:11,550 --> 00:36:16,720
Vast galaxies, like Milkomeda,
seem doomed from the start.
578
00:36:16,720 --> 00:36:20,830
Their size creates too many
problems for star formation.
579
00:36:23,330 --> 00:36:26,600
Or... so we thought.
580
00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:28,940
The more galaxies we see,
the more we realize
581
00:36:28,940 --> 00:36:31,000
there's a lot out there
we haven't discovered,
582
00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:32,770
and there's a new class
of galaxies
583
00:36:32,770 --> 00:36:35,170
only recently identified.
584
00:36:35,180 --> 00:36:39,780
These galaxies are more than 10
times the mass of the Milky Way.
585
00:36:39,780 --> 00:36:43,880
And, intriguingly,
they're still forming stars.
586
00:36:43,890 --> 00:36:45,620
Apparently
we've missed something.
587
00:36:51,530 --> 00:36:59,530
Apparently
we've missed something.
588
00:37:04,240 --> 00:37:09,480
4 billion years from now,
the Milky Way is no more.
589
00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:12,610
After colliding with Andromeda,
it's reborn
590
00:37:12,610 --> 00:37:16,520
as a giant elliptical galaxy
called Milkomeda.
591
00:37:18,450 --> 00:37:22,890
Scientists thought galaxies
this big were doomed.
592
00:37:22,890 --> 00:37:25,960
But is hope on the horizon?
593
00:37:28,430 --> 00:37:32,000
The Sloan digital sky survey
has spent a decade
594
00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:36,570
studying
over a million galaxies.
595
00:37:36,570 --> 00:37:40,970
It's discovered a rare
but enormous kind of galaxy...
596
00:37:40,980 --> 00:37:42,740
A super spiral.
597
00:37:45,650 --> 00:37:48,580
These super-spiral galaxies
are spiral galaxies
598
00:37:48,580 --> 00:37:50,150
that are incredibly super,
599
00:37:50,150 --> 00:37:53,920
and by "super," I mean
they have four times the size,
600
00:37:53,920 --> 00:37:55,620
10 times the mass,
601
00:37:55,620 --> 00:37:57,290
and they're weird
because they exceed
602
00:37:57,290 --> 00:38:00,290
the supposed weight limit
for spiral galaxies.
603
00:38:00,300 --> 00:38:03,300
So they shouldn't have
new stars, but they do.
604
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:05,630
They're very healthy galaxies.
605
00:38:11,240 --> 00:38:15,140
Scientists have found
just 53 super spirals.
606
00:38:18,250 --> 00:38:22,350
Super-spiral galaxies show
that in rare situations,
607
00:38:22,350 --> 00:38:26,920
massive galaxies continue
to produce new stars.
608
00:38:30,790 --> 00:38:34,330
So, is this a lifeline
for Milkomeda?
609
00:38:37,170 --> 00:38:39,200
When we think about
two galaxies colliding,
610
00:38:39,200 --> 00:38:40,830
a lot of our computer models
suggest
611
00:38:40,840 --> 00:38:42,440
that they really
mess each other up.
612
00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:44,140
Things get very chaotic.
613
00:38:44,140 --> 00:38:47,970
But over time, could they settle
back down into a spiral shape?
614
00:38:47,980 --> 00:38:50,840
And, in fact, that may be
what happens with super spirals.
615
00:38:50,850 --> 00:38:53,410
One of the clues is that many
super-spiral galaxies
616
00:38:53,410 --> 00:38:54,950
have double cores.
617
00:38:54,950 --> 00:38:57,420
Instead of there just being
one supermassive black hole,
618
00:38:57,420 --> 00:39:01,250
there are actually
two orbiting each other.
619
00:39:01,260 --> 00:39:03,860
The fact that we see spiral
galaxies with two cores
620
00:39:03,860 --> 00:39:05,890
makes it possible
that you could have a collision
621
00:39:05,890 --> 00:39:08,430
and still survive
as a spiral galaxy.
622
00:39:08,430 --> 00:39:11,400
So maybe there's hope that even
the Milky Way will be a spiral
623
00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:13,430
once it collides with Andromeda.
624
00:39:17,640 --> 00:39:21,440
Picture the scene...
6 billion years in the future.
625
00:39:23,640 --> 00:39:26,250
Milkomeda drifts
through the universe...
626
00:39:28,220 --> 00:39:32,250
not as an elliptical galaxy,
but as a super spiral.
627
00:39:34,820 --> 00:39:39,490
This shape means the galaxy
is far more stable.
628
00:39:39,490 --> 00:39:41,530
The damaging heat and turbulence
629
00:39:41,530 --> 00:39:45,030
generated by Milkomeda's
supermassive black holes
630
00:39:45,030 --> 00:39:51,070
can't disrupt star-building gas
way out in the spiral arms.
631
00:39:51,070 --> 00:39:56,910
Far from dying off,
our galaxy lives on...
632
00:39:56,910 --> 00:40:00,610
Larger than ever before.
633
00:40:00,620 --> 00:40:03,880
But that isn't
the end of the story.
634
00:40:03,890 --> 00:40:06,990
Tens of billions
of years from now,
635
00:40:06,990 --> 00:40:10,960
could the galaxy
continue to grow?
636
00:40:10,960 --> 00:40:13,190
Our local group of galaxies...
637
00:40:13,190 --> 00:40:15,730
Milky Way, Andromeda,
Triangulum...
638
00:40:15,730 --> 00:40:19,470
And then a collection
of dwarf satellite galaxies...
639
00:40:19,470 --> 00:40:22,540
Is gravitationally
bound together,
640
00:40:22,540 --> 00:40:25,140
and eventually,
we're all glued together
641
00:40:25,140 --> 00:40:27,340
into a single massive object.
642
00:40:29,080 --> 00:40:30,540
What does this mean?
643
00:40:30,550 --> 00:40:32,980
This means we might be part of
one of the largest structures
644
00:40:32,980 --> 00:40:35,180
in the universe.
645
00:40:35,180 --> 00:40:37,450
During
its billion years of life,
646
00:40:37,450 --> 00:40:42,050
the Milky Way changes
beyond recognition.
647
00:40:42,060 --> 00:40:45,390
It suffers countless collisions,
648
00:40:45,390 --> 00:40:49,560
feasts on many smaller galaxies,
649
00:40:49,560 --> 00:40:52,630
and gives birth
to innumerable stars.
650
00:40:54,840 --> 00:40:56,900
We talk about
the life cycle of galaxies...
651
00:40:56,900 --> 00:41:00,110
How they're born, how they live
healthy lives making new stars,
652
00:41:00,110 --> 00:41:02,210
and eventually
how they die away.
653
00:41:02,210 --> 00:41:04,380
It's really not
as depressing as that.
654
00:41:04,380 --> 00:41:06,480
Everything in
the universe changes.
655
00:41:08,550 --> 00:41:13,850
Galaxies like ours are in
a constant state of flux.
656
00:41:13,860 --> 00:41:16,660
So when it comes to
the Milky Way,
657
00:41:16,660 --> 00:41:19,290
death really isn't the end.
658
00:41:21,200 --> 00:41:22,760
What we see in our universe
659
00:41:22,760 --> 00:41:26,530
is that there's always
a process of birth and rebirth,
660
00:41:26,530 --> 00:41:28,100
so the future of the Milky Way
661
00:41:28,100 --> 00:41:30,400
is that it's going to
keep on doing what it does.
662
00:41:33,040 --> 00:41:34,740
Galaxies are ever-changing.
663
00:41:34,740 --> 00:41:36,180
10 billion years ago,
the Milky Way
664
00:41:36,180 --> 00:41:38,010
was nothing like
what it is today,
665
00:41:38,010 --> 00:41:40,010
and certainly,
10 billion years in the future,
666
00:41:40,010 --> 00:41:41,850
it'll be a very different place.
667
00:41:44,420 --> 00:41:46,790
Look, I live in this galaxy.
668
00:41:46,790 --> 00:41:49,390
I hope that it can find a way
to rejuvenate itself
669
00:41:49,390 --> 00:41:51,520
through collisions
or some other process
670
00:41:51,530 --> 00:41:53,260
because that gives me some hope
671
00:41:53,260 --> 00:41:56,130
that it'll go on
for a long, long time.
54725
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