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00:00:02,036 --> 00:00:05,070
Narrator: Why is this crow
snowboarding down a rooftop?
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00:00:05,072 --> 00:00:06,105
This is not an accident.
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00:00:06,107 --> 00:00:07,740
Narrator:
You may not like the answer.
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00:00:07,742 --> 00:00:09,008
Riskin: I don't know how smart
your dog is,
5
00:00:09,010 --> 00:00:11,110
But I guarantee
that a crow is smarter.
6
00:00:11,112 --> 00:00:13,379
Narrator: A live moose
is trapped in a tree.
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00:00:13,381 --> 00:00:14,380
How'd it get here?
8
00:00:14,382 --> 00:00:16,615
And how will the moose
get loose?
9
00:00:16,617 --> 00:00:18,250
Was it drunk?
10
00:00:18,252 --> 00:00:20,552
Narrator: And what's causing
yellowstone's geysers
11
00:00:20,554 --> 00:00:22,454
To go into overdrive?
12
00:00:22,456 --> 00:00:26,625
That thing ever goes off,
we are done.
13
00:00:26,627 --> 00:00:29,361
Narrator:
Nature is awe-inspiring.
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00:00:29,363 --> 00:00:32,064
But sometimes it just
doesn't make sense.
15
00:00:32,066 --> 00:00:34,466
Man: I have never seen
anything like this.
16
00:00:34,468 --> 00:00:38,037
Our team of experts investigate
the weirdest animal behavior...
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00:00:38,039 --> 00:00:39,071
That's amazing.
18
00:00:39,073 --> 00:00:41,073
...And the most unexpected
events...
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00:00:41,075 --> 00:00:42,508
What is causing that?
20
00:00:42,510 --> 00:00:43,942
...Ever caught on camera.
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00:00:43,944 --> 00:00:45,611
My god!
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00:00:45,613 --> 00:00:46,912
These are...
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00:00:52,086 --> 00:00:54,620
January 9, 2012.
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00:00:54,622 --> 00:00:56,355
Yekaterinburg, russia.
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00:00:56,357 --> 00:00:59,858
A family spots a crow displaying
some unusual behavior.
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00:00:59,860 --> 00:01:03,695
So it's got a lid,
and it's on a roof.
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00:01:03,697 --> 00:01:07,566
And it is riding the lid down
the snow like a snowboard.
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00:01:07,568 --> 00:01:09,768
So you probably think, "okay,
well, that's just a funny video.
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00:01:09,770 --> 00:01:11,870
It's an accidental thing
that just happened."
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00:01:11,872 --> 00:01:13,806
No, it gets off the jar lid.
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It goes back to the top,
and then it doesn't again.
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That's crazy.
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00:01:20,781 --> 00:01:22,347
Narrator:
This is no accident.
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00:01:22,349 --> 00:01:25,050
It looks like the crow
is snowboarding.
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00:01:25,052 --> 00:01:29,154
The big question is,
why on earth does it do this?
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00:01:32,860 --> 00:01:35,394
Narrator: Could the crow
be scavenging for food?
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00:01:38,299 --> 00:01:41,133
Riskin: Crows are sort of like
raccoons and rats
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And have figured out how to get
the food that we don't finish.
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00:01:44,438 --> 00:01:47,306
And so if there's
any kind of food
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Attached to the inside
of that lid,
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00:01:49,510 --> 00:01:52,044
A crow is gonna be able
to find out how to get it out.
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00:01:52,046 --> 00:01:54,847
And so maybe this has
something to do with that.
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00:01:54,849 --> 00:01:57,783
Narrator: But some of our
other experts are skeptical.
44
00:01:57,785 --> 00:02:00,119
So, it does appear to be
pecking at some food
45
00:02:00,121 --> 00:02:02,254
Before it slides down.
46
00:02:02,256 --> 00:02:06,024
But it repeats this snowboarding
several times.
47
00:02:06,026 --> 00:02:07,926
And if it just wants
to get some food,
48
00:02:07,928 --> 00:02:11,163
Then it would just carry the lid
off to a flat piece of ground
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00:02:11,165 --> 00:02:13,031
And peck away at it there.
50
00:02:13,033 --> 00:02:16,502
So that can't be the solution.
51
00:02:16,504 --> 00:02:20,472
Narrator: What else could prompt
these crazy crow antics?
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00:02:20,474 --> 00:02:22,708
Cooke: Could it be some sort
of mating display?
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00:02:22,710 --> 00:02:25,511
Birds are very well known
to have extravagant
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00:02:25,513 --> 00:02:29,081
And extraordinary means
of attracting a mate.
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♪
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00:02:30,985 --> 00:02:32,784
[ honks ]
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00:02:32,786 --> 00:02:35,354
♪
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00:02:35,356 --> 00:02:37,222
[ warbling ]
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00:02:39,059 --> 00:02:40,959
Riskin: Male birds showing off
to female birds --
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00:02:40,961 --> 00:02:43,362
That is what makes birds birds.
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00:02:46,033 --> 00:02:50,903
Narrator: But do birds pull off
athletic stunts to woo a female?
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00:02:50,905 --> 00:02:53,505
Yes.
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00:02:53,507 --> 00:02:56,708
The widowbird,
found on the african continent,
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00:02:56,710 --> 00:02:59,945
Jumps to great heights to get
the attention of the ladies.
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00:02:59,947 --> 00:03:06,351
♪
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00:03:06,353 --> 00:03:09,721
And there are other birds who,
like the snowboarding crow,
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00:03:09,723 --> 00:03:13,759
Will happily use props to get
the opposite sex to take notice.
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00:03:13,761 --> 00:03:17,796
Cooke: Bowerbirds will create
intricate castles out of twigs
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00:03:17,798 --> 00:03:19,431
That they then decorate
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00:03:19,433 --> 00:03:22,968
With bits of
brightly colored plastic.
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00:03:22,970 --> 00:03:25,204
Schreiber: There are very,
very bizarre rituals in nature
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00:03:25,206 --> 00:03:27,839
That birds like to do
to attract a mate.
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00:03:31,011 --> 00:03:35,447
So maybe the crow
is doing something similar.
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00:03:35,449 --> 00:03:38,116
Narrator: But with this theory,
the timing is off.
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00:03:38,118 --> 00:03:40,285
Riskin: Mating --
it's a good theory,
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00:03:40,287 --> 00:03:42,087
But I don't think
that's what's happening here.
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00:03:42,089 --> 00:03:44,256
First thing is, it's winter.
There's snow.
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00:03:44,258 --> 00:03:46,825
The middle of winter is
not when you want to be
showing off to females
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00:03:46,827 --> 00:03:49,895
'cause there ain't no mating
happening then.
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00:03:49,897 --> 00:03:51,330
So could it be that this crow
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00:03:51,332 --> 00:03:53,799
Is using the lid
as some sort of tool?
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00:03:55,836 --> 00:03:57,769
We know that
new caledonian crows
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00:03:57,771 --> 00:04:00,405
Are essentially the brainboxes
of the bird world,
84
00:04:00,407 --> 00:04:04,376
And they'll use
all manner of tools.
85
00:04:04,378 --> 00:04:08,714
Narrator: This crow uses a stick
to skewer a snack.
86
00:04:08,716 --> 00:04:10,449
But their huge bird brains
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00:04:10,451 --> 00:04:14,519
Can make even the stick trick
seem simple.
88
00:04:14,521 --> 00:04:15,821
Schreiber:
They can do incredible things,
89
00:04:15,823 --> 00:04:18,223
Like let's say
there's a tube full of water
90
00:04:18,225 --> 00:04:21,360
And the water's way too low for
them to reach into and get to.
91
00:04:21,362 --> 00:04:24,830
They'll then pick up stones and
drop the stones into the tube...
92
00:04:27,968 --> 00:04:29,601
...Bringing the water up...
93
00:04:31,839 --> 00:04:34,039
...Until they can reach
this reward.
94
00:04:34,041 --> 00:04:36,141
That's an amazing use of tools.
95
00:04:36,143 --> 00:04:37,542
I don't know how smart
your dog is,
96
00:04:37,544 --> 00:04:40,178
But I guarantee
that a crow is smarter.
97
00:04:40,180 --> 00:04:42,214
Narrator:
However, this use of a tool
98
00:04:42,216 --> 00:04:44,716
Is something no one
has seen before.
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00:04:44,718 --> 00:04:46,618
Cooke: In all the examples
that we know of,
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00:04:46,620 --> 00:04:50,088
Crows are using tools
in order to access food.
101
00:04:50,090 --> 00:04:54,059
In this case, there doesn't seem
to be any food as a reward.
102
00:04:54,061 --> 00:04:59,197
Narrator: So why is the crow
snowboarding down the rooftop?
103
00:04:59,199 --> 00:05:03,001
The more you sort of look at
all the different possibilities,
104
00:05:03,003 --> 00:05:05,304
The more you're left with
the first thing you thought.
105
00:05:07,241 --> 00:05:10,075
It just looks fun.
Maybe it's fun.
106
00:05:12,579 --> 00:05:14,012
Narrator: Fun.
107
00:05:14,014 --> 00:05:15,580
Despite all the evidence,
108
00:05:15,582 --> 00:05:19,051
The idea that animals have fun
used to be a controversial one.
109
00:05:19,053 --> 00:05:21,720
40 years ago,
it was this absolute rule
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00:05:21,722 --> 00:05:23,989
That as a biologist, you weren't
allowed to ever admit
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00:05:23,991 --> 00:05:25,590
That an animal was having fun.
112
00:05:25,592 --> 00:05:27,826
And now fun is everywhere.
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00:05:32,232 --> 00:05:34,066
Narrator:
And crows aren't the only birds
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00:05:34,068 --> 00:05:36,301
Who know a good time
when they see it.
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00:05:36,303 --> 00:05:39,638
Riskin: It seems like any
organism that gets smart enough
116
00:05:39,640 --> 00:05:41,673
Uses that intelligence
to have fun.
117
00:05:41,675 --> 00:05:43,141
[ drumming ]
118
00:05:51,018 --> 00:05:54,286
And if crows are anything,
it's smart.
119
00:05:54,288 --> 00:05:55,854
[ cawing ]
120
00:05:55,856 --> 00:05:57,589
Schreiber: They have been
spotted flipping a ball up
121
00:05:57,591 --> 00:05:59,558
Between their beak
and their feet,
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00:05:59,560 --> 00:06:01,193
And they've been sliding
on their bellies.
123
00:06:01,195 --> 00:06:04,529
They've been playing tug-of-war.
124
00:06:04,531 --> 00:06:08,166
Narrator: But why do crows play
like we do?
125
00:06:08,168 --> 00:06:12,471
Schreiber: Play is actually very
key to their social development.
126
00:06:12,473 --> 00:06:15,974
They get the endorphin release
in their brain that we get.
127
00:06:15,976 --> 00:06:17,609
Narrator:
Endorphins are chemicals
128
00:06:17,611 --> 00:06:19,611
Which make us feel pleasure.
129
00:06:19,613 --> 00:06:22,280
Play also produces
the chemical dopamine,
130
00:06:22,282 --> 00:06:25,417
Which gives the sensation
of being motivated and rewarded,
131
00:06:25,419 --> 00:06:27,686
As well as encouraging learning.
132
00:06:29,656 --> 00:06:33,058
So although this crow
is by itself,
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00:06:33,060 --> 00:06:37,729
It's still getting
that dopamine hit by having fun,
134
00:06:37,731 --> 00:06:42,334
Which is why
it keeps doing it again...
135
00:06:42,336 --> 00:06:44,102
And again.
136
00:06:44,104 --> 00:06:46,538
It's having a great time.
137
00:06:46,540 --> 00:06:47,973
Riskin: This is kind of
one of those times
138
00:06:47,975 --> 00:06:50,008
When the answer is
staring you right in the face.
139
00:06:50,010 --> 00:06:52,711
This snowboarding crow
is snowboarding
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00:06:52,713 --> 00:06:55,614
For the same reason that people
snowboard -- 'cause it's fun.
141
00:06:59,586 --> 00:07:02,954
[ crowd shouting, cheering ]
142
00:07:02,956 --> 00:07:05,357
Narrator: June 4, 2018.
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00:07:05,359 --> 00:07:07,626
A crowd is captivated...
144
00:07:10,964 --> 00:07:14,833
...As steamboat geyser
in yellowstone national park
145
00:07:14,835 --> 00:07:18,003
Blasts water
to a height of 15 stories.
146
00:07:18,005 --> 00:07:22,240
[ shouting, cheering continue ]
147
00:07:22,242 --> 00:07:26,378
It's the eighth time she's gone
off in the last three months.
148
00:07:26,380 --> 00:07:27,746
Before this run,
149
00:07:27,748 --> 00:07:31,783
She'd only erupted twice
in the last decade.
150
00:07:31,785 --> 00:07:34,853
So it's not unusual to see
a geyser in yellowstone,
151
00:07:34,855 --> 00:07:37,222
But this is weird.
152
00:07:37,224 --> 00:07:42,027
Steamboat geyser is erupting and
now has erupted multiple times
153
00:07:42,029 --> 00:07:44,396
Just in the past year.
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00:07:44,398 --> 00:07:46,798
Narrator: The last time
steamboat was this active
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00:07:46,800 --> 00:07:50,135
Was 35 years ago.
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The question now is,
what has supercharged steamboat
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00:07:53,674 --> 00:07:56,541
And propelled her
into spouting overdrive?
158
00:08:09,289 --> 00:08:12,958
Narrator:
Yellowstone national park, 2018.
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00:08:12,960 --> 00:08:14,759
Steamboat geyser has erupted
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00:08:14,761 --> 00:08:17,996
A record-breaking eight times
already this year
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00:08:17,998 --> 00:08:21,166
After almost four years
of silence.
162
00:08:21,168 --> 00:08:23,935
And she's not messing around.
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00:08:23,937 --> 00:08:27,105
Steamboat geyser's capable
of having eruptions
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00:08:27,107 --> 00:08:30,675
That force water
300 feet into the air,
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00:08:30,677 --> 00:08:34,312
Which makes it
the biggest geyser on earth.
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00:08:34,314 --> 00:08:36,948
Narrator: The mystery is,
what's causing steamboat
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00:08:36,950 --> 00:08:41,620
To erupt almost 100 times
more frequently than usual?
168
00:08:41,622 --> 00:08:44,956
Could the answer
lie below yellowstone?
169
00:08:44,958 --> 00:08:47,526
Yellowstone isn't just
a place full of volcanoes.
170
00:08:47,528 --> 00:08:51,563
It's a supervolcano, which means
it is super dangerous.
171
00:08:51,565 --> 00:08:54,499
What's under the surface
is massive --
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00:08:54,501 --> 00:09:00,305
Tons and tons and tons of magma
pushing up against the surface.
173
00:09:00,307 --> 00:09:03,875
Moser: This underground volcanic
activity provides the heat
174
00:09:03,877 --> 00:09:07,879
That drives the hot springs
and these geyser eruptions.
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00:09:07,881 --> 00:09:09,414
Narrator:
Yellowstone national park
176
00:09:09,416 --> 00:09:13,318
Is actually situated on top
of a volcanic caldera.
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00:09:13,320 --> 00:09:15,220
And it's huge.
178
00:09:16,924 --> 00:09:19,257
The ultimate source of heat
is the magma chamber
179
00:09:19,259 --> 00:09:20,592
That sits beneath the ground.
180
00:09:20,594 --> 00:09:24,262
It's about five kilometers,
or three miles, deep.
181
00:09:24,264 --> 00:09:28,233
It's possible that a change
in volcanic activity
182
00:09:28,235 --> 00:09:29,768
Is causing these changes
183
00:09:29,770 --> 00:09:33,405
To yellowstone's
hydrothermal system.
184
00:09:33,407 --> 00:09:35,440
Narrator:
If increased volcanic activity
185
00:09:35,442 --> 00:09:37,709
Is stimulating steamboat,
186
00:09:37,711 --> 00:09:41,346
The outlook is ominous indeed.
187
00:09:41,348 --> 00:09:42,914
The yellowstone supervolcano
188
00:09:42,916 --> 00:09:46,885
Erupts every 600,000
to 700,000 years.
189
00:09:46,887 --> 00:09:51,323
The last time was more than
640,000 years ago.
190
00:09:51,325 --> 00:09:55,193
So the next eruption is overdue.
191
00:09:55,195 --> 00:09:58,663
If that thing ever goes off,
we are done.
192
00:09:58,665 --> 00:10:00,432
Poland: It would certainly
devastate the area
193
00:10:00,434 --> 00:10:02,033
For several hundred miles,
194
00:10:02,035 --> 00:10:04,402
And then that ash cloud
could become a problem
195
00:10:04,404 --> 00:10:07,505
For the entire planet.
196
00:10:07,507 --> 00:10:10,508
Narrator: So, are steamboat's
super spouts a sign
197
00:10:10,510 --> 00:10:14,279
That the yellowstone
supervolcano is about to blow?
198
00:10:14,281 --> 00:10:16,081
Well, maybe.
199
00:10:16,083 --> 00:10:20,452
We would expect that before a
super eruption from yellowstone
200
00:10:20,454 --> 00:10:22,821
That we would see
some sort of change
201
00:10:22,823 --> 00:10:24,589
In how the park is behaving.
202
00:10:24,591 --> 00:10:26,257
Poland: But we haven't seen
anything to indicate
203
00:10:26,259 --> 00:10:28,293
That there's any likelihood
of an eruption,
204
00:10:28,295 --> 00:10:29,928
Whether a lava flow
or an explosion,
205
00:10:29,930 --> 00:10:31,963
Anytime in the near future.
206
00:10:31,965 --> 00:10:33,565
Narrator: That's a relief.
207
00:10:33,567 --> 00:10:38,036
It seems the monster volcano
slumbers on for now, but...
208
00:10:38,038 --> 00:10:40,138
Volcanoes change.
Sometimes they're dormant.
209
00:10:40,140 --> 00:10:41,506
Sometimes they're active.
210
00:10:41,508 --> 00:10:44,376
But I got to say, the stakes
are high enough on this
211
00:10:44,378 --> 00:10:47,479
That I'd be paying pretty close
attention to what's happening.
212
00:10:47,481 --> 00:10:49,447
Narrator: If steamboat's
surge of activity
213
00:10:49,449 --> 00:10:52,684
Isn't the result
of the supervolcano stirring,
214
00:10:52,686 --> 00:10:53,752
Could it have been boosted
215
00:10:53,754 --> 00:10:56,121
By something else
going on underground?
216
00:10:58,859 --> 00:11:01,026
Steamboat sits in a geyser basin
217
00:11:01,028 --> 00:11:03,962
Straddling three
tectonic fault lines.
218
00:11:03,964 --> 00:11:06,765
As a result, the area
is frequently struck
219
00:11:06,767 --> 00:11:08,633
By earthquakes.
220
00:11:08,635 --> 00:11:11,970
Could they be
souping up steamboat?
221
00:11:11,972 --> 00:11:14,839
Farrell:
Hydrothermal systems are
very influenced by earthquakes,
222
00:11:14,841 --> 00:11:16,741
Either earthquakes
that are right by them
223
00:11:16,743 --> 00:11:19,110
Or earthquakes even
from around the world.
224
00:11:19,112 --> 00:11:20,879
Narrator:
And quakes have shaken up
225
00:11:20,881 --> 00:11:24,049
Even the most consistent geysers
in the past.
226
00:11:24,051 --> 00:11:26,351
The largest earthquake to strike
the yellowstone region
227
00:11:26,353 --> 00:11:27,886
Occurred in 1959,
228
00:11:27,888 --> 00:11:29,287
And that was
the hebgen lake earthquake,
229
00:11:29,289 --> 00:11:31,756
Which was just west
of the national park.
230
00:11:31,758 --> 00:11:33,558
[ rumbling ]
231
00:11:33,560 --> 00:11:36,594
It was a very big earthquake,
magnitude 7.3.
232
00:11:36,596 --> 00:11:39,564
In particular, it caused a big
rockslide in the madison canyon.
233
00:11:41,034 --> 00:11:42,734
Narrator:
The most famous and regular
234
00:11:42,736 --> 00:11:44,569
Of all geysers in yellowstone
235
00:11:44,571 --> 00:11:46,404
Is old faithful.
236
00:11:46,406 --> 00:11:49,040
She always erupted
like clockwork
237
00:11:49,042 --> 00:11:51,743
Until the hebgen quake struck.
238
00:11:51,745 --> 00:11:53,545
Farrell: Old faithful,
for a long time,
239
00:11:53,547 --> 00:11:55,914
Erupted every about 60 minutes.
240
00:11:55,916 --> 00:11:57,449
And after the hebgen lake
earthquake,
241
00:11:57,451 --> 00:12:00,618
It's kind of slowed down
to about every 90 minutes.
242
00:12:00,620 --> 00:12:01,720
Narrator: So an earthquake
243
00:12:01,722 --> 00:12:04,622
Changed
old faithful's frequency.
244
00:12:04,624 --> 00:12:06,357
Could a similar quake
have caused
245
00:12:06,359 --> 00:12:09,327
Steamboat's recent surge
in activity?
246
00:12:21,808 --> 00:12:23,708
Narrator: Yellowstone's
steamboat geyser
247
00:12:23,710 --> 00:12:26,878
Is erupting 100 times
more frequently than usual.
248
00:12:29,549 --> 00:12:33,752
The area experiences
up to 3,000 earthquakes a year.
249
00:12:33,754 --> 00:12:38,189
Could they be responsible
for steamboat's spouting?
250
00:12:38,191 --> 00:12:42,026
Earthquakes have caused
new water features
251
00:12:42,028 --> 00:12:44,562
To form in and around
yellowstone before.
252
00:12:44,564 --> 00:12:47,832
That could be what's going on
this time around.
253
00:12:47,834 --> 00:12:50,435
Large earthquakes cause
both new features to pop up,
254
00:12:50,437 --> 00:12:52,103
Features that weren't
known before,
255
00:12:52,105 --> 00:12:55,039
Or they cause features
to change their behaviors.
256
00:12:55,041 --> 00:12:57,742
Narrator: The reason earthquakes
can change geysers
257
00:12:57,744 --> 00:13:02,046
Lies with something else
fundamental to their jetting --
258
00:13:02,048 --> 00:13:03,515
Water.
259
00:13:03,517 --> 00:13:05,350
Farrell: They need fluids.
They need lots of water.
260
00:13:05,352 --> 00:13:07,752
And water goes in the ground,
gets heated, comes back up.
261
00:13:07,754 --> 00:13:10,989
But these are
very mineral-heavy fluids.
262
00:13:10,991 --> 00:13:12,290
So they have a lot of stuff
in them,
263
00:13:12,292 --> 00:13:14,359
And then when they cool off,
they precipitate stuff
264
00:13:14,361 --> 00:13:18,163
And they clog
their own channels up.
265
00:13:18,165 --> 00:13:20,064
Narrator:
Earthquakes can change geysers
266
00:13:20,066 --> 00:13:22,100
By unblocking their pipes,
267
00:13:22,102 --> 00:13:24,903
Like a plumber unblocking
your kitchen sink,
268
00:13:24,905 --> 00:13:28,907
Allowing water
to flow freely again.
269
00:13:28,909 --> 00:13:32,143
All of that shaking
causes the plumbing systems
270
00:13:32,145 --> 00:13:35,213
Of geysers and hot springs
to change.
271
00:13:35,215 --> 00:13:37,282
Narrator:
So has steamboat been unblocked
272
00:13:37,284 --> 00:13:39,083
Thanks to an earthquake?
273
00:13:39,085 --> 00:13:41,452
It's unlikely.
274
00:13:41,454 --> 00:13:46,057
The 1959 hebgen lake quake that
altered old faithful's eruptions
275
00:13:46,059 --> 00:13:48,493
Was 15,000 times bigger
276
00:13:48,495 --> 00:13:51,996
And released almost
2 million times more energy
277
00:13:51,998 --> 00:13:55,800
Than any of yellowstone's
2018 quakes.
278
00:13:55,802 --> 00:13:58,203
Poland:
There's no evidence that there's
been any earthquake activity
279
00:13:58,205 --> 00:14:02,140
That's triggered that
like we've seen in years past.
280
00:14:02,142 --> 00:14:06,511
Narrator: Earthquakes are not
enough to supercharge a geyser.
281
00:14:06,513 --> 00:14:09,280
To increase steamboat's
eruptions a hundredfold
282
00:14:09,282 --> 00:14:11,983
And send jets 300 feet high,
283
00:14:11,985 --> 00:14:16,054
It's also going to need water --
a lot of water.
284
00:14:19,559 --> 00:14:21,326
Poland: We just came off
two very wet years --
285
00:14:21,328 --> 00:14:22,961
A lot of snow and lot of rain.
286
00:14:22,963 --> 00:14:25,763
So the hydrothermal system
is really charged,
287
00:14:25,765 --> 00:14:27,232
And all of that water
288
00:14:27,234 --> 00:14:29,467
Might make the hydrothermal
features more active.
289
00:14:29,469 --> 00:14:31,836
That's one possibility
that we've seen, for example,
290
00:14:31,838 --> 00:14:34,606
More eruptions
of steamboat this year.
291
00:14:34,608 --> 00:14:36,875
And if you have more water,
292
00:14:36,877 --> 00:14:40,311
It makes sense that more water
would come out of your geysers.
293
00:14:40,313 --> 00:14:41,613
Narrator: Solution found.
294
00:14:41,615 --> 00:14:43,648
It's all down to water.
295
00:14:43,650 --> 00:14:45,116
Well, almost.
296
00:14:45,118 --> 00:14:47,719
Riskin: If it was as simple
as just how much water you add,
297
00:14:47,721 --> 00:14:50,455
Then you would expect geysers to
increase every time it rained,
298
00:14:50,457 --> 00:14:51,756
And you don't see that at all.
299
00:14:51,758 --> 00:14:54,926
Water is only half
of the equation.
300
00:14:54,928 --> 00:14:59,697
Narrator: So what is it that has
triggered steamboat's spouting?
301
00:14:59,699 --> 00:15:02,934
To find out, we have to
take a step back
302
00:15:02,936 --> 00:15:04,636
To see the bigger picture.
303
00:15:04,638 --> 00:15:08,406
Geyser basins need three things
to come into existence.
304
00:15:08,408 --> 00:15:09,674
One, they need heat,
305
00:15:09,676 --> 00:15:12,610
Which the volcano is providing
in yellowstone.
306
00:15:12,612 --> 00:15:13,845
Narrator: What else?
307
00:15:13,847 --> 00:15:16,381
They need a pathway
for fluid to flow through.
308
00:15:16,383 --> 00:15:18,116
And that's why earthquakes
are so important,
309
00:15:18,118 --> 00:15:19,284
'cause they fracture the ground.
310
00:15:19,286 --> 00:15:21,653
They create pathways.
Narrator: And then?
311
00:15:21,655 --> 00:15:23,454
And they need fluids.
They need lots of water.
312
00:15:23,456 --> 00:15:26,057
Narrator: So a geyser
needs a precise recipe.
313
00:15:26,059 --> 00:15:29,627
Change any ingredient,
and the results can be dramatic.
314
00:15:29,629 --> 00:15:31,863
By nature of how these things
work, they're very dynamic,
315
00:15:31,865 --> 00:15:34,432
And they can change based on
how much water is available,
316
00:15:34,434 --> 00:15:36,067
How much heat is available,
317
00:15:36,069 --> 00:15:40,171
And what the fluid pathways are
in the ground.
318
00:15:40,173 --> 00:15:45,510
Narrator: So cracks plus heat
plus water equals geysers.
319
00:15:45,512 --> 00:15:48,179
As steamboat's spouting spree
shows,
320
00:15:48,181 --> 00:15:51,416
Subtle changes
below the surface of the earth
321
00:15:51,418 --> 00:15:54,953
Can have explosive effects
above ground.
322
00:15:54,955 --> 00:16:01,059
♪
323
00:16:01,061 --> 00:16:03,461
September 2011.
324
00:16:03,463 --> 00:16:06,397
Saro on the coast of sweden.
325
00:16:06,399 --> 00:16:07,765
When he gets home from work,
326
00:16:07,767 --> 00:16:10,568
Per johansson
finds himself face-to-face
327
00:16:10,570 --> 00:16:12,770
With an unexpected guest.
328
00:16:15,041 --> 00:16:19,177
So a moose is found stuck
in the middle of this tree
329
00:16:19,179 --> 00:16:23,448
In this orchard
looking absolutely drunk.
330
00:16:23,450 --> 00:16:25,083
Narrator: The question is...
331
00:16:25,085 --> 00:16:28,152
How did this forlorn-looking
moose end up in an apple tree?
332
00:16:39,599 --> 00:16:43,301
Narrator: September 2011,
saro, sweden.
333
00:16:43,303 --> 00:16:46,471
A moose is found
stuck in a tree.
334
00:16:46,473 --> 00:16:51,075
Could this otherwise normal
moose have been drunk?
335
00:16:51,077 --> 00:16:53,378
Well, the moose was found
in an orchard,
336
00:16:53,380 --> 00:16:55,513
And there was rotting fruit
on the ground,
337
00:16:55,515 --> 00:16:58,549
And yeast will turn
the naturally occurring sugars
338
00:16:58,551 --> 00:17:01,652
In the apples into alcohol.
339
00:17:01,654 --> 00:17:04,022
Narrator:
But is it even possible
340
00:17:04,024 --> 00:17:08,893
For a wild animal like a moose
to get drunk, slip,
341
00:17:08,895 --> 00:17:10,995
And fall into a tree?
342
00:17:10,997 --> 00:17:13,564
There's a huge amount
of anecdotal evidence
343
00:17:13,566 --> 00:17:15,733
Of animals getting drunk
in the wild,
344
00:17:15,735 --> 00:17:17,502
In particular birds.
345
00:17:17,504 --> 00:17:20,104
There was a group
of californian scientists
346
00:17:20,106 --> 00:17:23,141
Who performed postmortems
on birds
347
00:17:23,143 --> 00:17:26,644
And found they did have
traces of alcohol in them,
348
00:17:26,646 --> 00:17:30,048
So maybe they were drunk.
349
00:17:31,851 --> 00:17:34,285
Narrator: Bob sallinger
is conservation director
350
00:17:34,287 --> 00:17:36,320
At the audubon society,
351
00:17:36,322 --> 00:17:39,991
America's number-one
bird protection group.
352
00:17:39,993 --> 00:17:43,461
Every year, he comes across
surprising numbers of birds
353
00:17:43,463 --> 00:17:46,764
Who seem sozzled.
354
00:17:46,766 --> 00:17:48,966
One of the things
we see periodically
355
00:17:48,968 --> 00:17:51,669
Are birds that come in
that appear to be intoxicated,
356
00:17:51,671 --> 00:17:54,806
And in particular,
robins and cedar waxwings
357
00:17:54,808 --> 00:17:59,510
Come in in the fall and winter
showing signs of uncoordination,
358
00:17:59,512 --> 00:18:04,882
Falling over, unable to fly.
359
00:18:04,884 --> 00:18:08,920
What we'll do is give them
a warm, quiet place to recover.
360
00:18:08,922 --> 00:18:11,923
We will make sure
that they are hydrated,
361
00:18:11,925 --> 00:18:16,060
And oftentimes they'll come out
of their intoxication
362
00:18:16,062 --> 00:18:20,398
In a matter of hours or a day
or so and be perfectly healthy.
363
00:18:24,604 --> 00:18:27,939
Narrator: So birds eating
their fill of fermented fruit
364
00:18:27,941 --> 00:18:30,975
Can become inebriated
in the process.
365
00:18:30,977 --> 00:18:34,078
But what about our moose,
who is much larger?
366
00:18:34,080 --> 00:18:35,780
Cooke: There's plenty
of anecdotal evidence
367
00:18:35,782 --> 00:18:38,116
Of animals
a lot bigger than birds
368
00:18:38,118 --> 00:18:41,152
Seemingly getting drunk
on fermented fruit.
369
00:18:41,154 --> 00:18:42,854
Bears and elephants, as well,
370
00:18:42,856 --> 00:18:45,990
Anecdotally people think
they've seen that happen.
371
00:18:45,992 --> 00:18:48,259
Narrator: Elephants seemingly
get a little boozy
372
00:18:48,261 --> 00:18:52,063
After gorging on the fermented
fruit of the marula tree.
373
00:18:52,065 --> 00:18:55,533
But at a hundred times heavier
than the average human,
374
00:18:55,535 --> 00:18:58,703
Even if elephants filled up
on fermented fruit,
375
00:18:58,705 --> 00:19:00,204
It's unlikely to be enough
376
00:19:00,206 --> 00:19:03,474
To get the largest
land mammal drunk.
377
00:19:03,476 --> 00:19:05,109
But what about our moose?
378
00:19:05,111 --> 00:19:06,511
Cooke: Think about it.
379
00:19:06,513 --> 00:19:09,213
Fruit doesn't produce
a whole lot of alcohol.
380
00:19:09,215 --> 00:19:13,151
It might be enough to intoxicate
something as small as a bird.
381
00:19:13,153 --> 00:19:16,787
But if you're a huge elephant
or a moose,
382
00:19:16,789 --> 00:19:18,022
You're going to need to consume
383
00:19:18,024 --> 00:19:21,292
An enormous amount
of fermented fruit
384
00:19:21,294 --> 00:19:24,529
In order to feel
its intoxicating effects.
385
00:19:24,531 --> 00:19:27,999
Narrator: So it seems like
the moose wasn't drunk at all.
386
00:19:28,001 --> 00:19:30,902
In which case
the question remains,
387
00:19:30,904 --> 00:19:33,738
How did it end up
tangled in this tree?
388
00:19:38,211 --> 00:19:40,211
Cooke it's not the alcohol
in the fruit.
389
00:19:40,213 --> 00:19:42,880
It's the sugars
that are contained in the fruit,
390
00:19:42,882 --> 00:19:47,852
Because ruminants, cows, moose,
of which are the same group,
391
00:19:47,854 --> 00:19:50,087
They're very attracted
to sugar-rich foods.
392
00:19:50,089 --> 00:19:52,423
They're delicious, so they're
going to gorge themselves
393
00:19:52,425 --> 00:19:55,092
On loads of apples
if they're available,
394
00:19:55,094 --> 00:19:58,796
But they can't really
process those sugars.
395
00:19:58,798 --> 00:20:00,031
Narrator: And it's those sugars
396
00:20:00,033 --> 00:20:02,400
That could be causing
the problem,
397
00:20:02,402 --> 00:20:06,170
Because as they're digested in
the four stomachs of the moose,
398
00:20:06,172 --> 00:20:09,707
The sugar turns to acid.
399
00:20:09,709 --> 00:20:12,109
Schreiber:
They suffer from acidosis.
400
00:20:12,111 --> 00:20:15,913
Acidosis is when you've taken in
too much acid in your body.
401
00:20:15,915 --> 00:20:17,715
Cooke:
This acidosis is actually
402
00:20:17,717 --> 00:20:19,483
Incredibly painful
for the animals
403
00:20:19,485 --> 00:20:21,819
And causes them to behave
in a strange way.
404
00:20:21,821 --> 00:20:24,855
They might be lethargic.
They might stagger about.
405
00:20:24,857 --> 00:20:27,458
Vets deal with it a lot
in agriculture.
406
00:20:27,460 --> 00:20:29,727
Narrator: So acidosis
seemingly set in
407
00:20:29,729 --> 00:20:33,431
After the moose gorged
on one too many apples.
408
00:20:33,433 --> 00:20:35,166
This would have made it dozy,
409
00:20:35,168 --> 00:20:38,769
And it probably slipped
while reaching for one last bite
410
00:20:38,771 --> 00:20:41,272
And fell into the tree.
411
00:20:41,274 --> 00:20:44,575
Fortunately, acidosis
doesn't last forever.
412
00:20:44,577 --> 00:20:47,111
Within a few hours, it got up
and it was recovered.
413
00:20:50,316 --> 00:20:52,116
Happy ending for the moose.
414
00:20:52,118 --> 00:20:54,552
-- Captions by vitac --
www.Vitac.Com
415
00:20:54,554 --> 00:20:56,954
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