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Sometimes I would
hear a car crunch up in the snow,
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00:00:22,856 --> 00:00:25,154
and I'd think maybe it
would be somebody coming
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00:00:25,275 --> 00:00:26,743
to give us bad news.
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00:00:26,860 --> 00:00:29,784
Which was not
good for me to think.
5
00:00:29,905 --> 00:00:31,782
It was an underlying anxiety
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00:00:31,907 --> 00:00:34,786
that I really think was
there all the time.
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00:00:36,411 --> 00:00:39,335
All his young
life, Denton Crocker, Jr.-
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00:00:39,456 --> 00:00:41,629
known as "Mogie" to his family...
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00:00:41,792 --> 00:00:43,840
had dreamed of serving
his country,
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00:00:43,961 --> 00:00:46,214
of putting his own life
on the line
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00:00:46,338 --> 00:00:50,138
in defense of what he called
"individual freedom."
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00:00:50,300 --> 00:00:54,225
He'd wanted to serve
in Vietnam so much
13
00:00:54,346 --> 00:00:57,350
he'd pressured his parents
into granting their permission
14
00:00:57,474 --> 00:01:00,444
for him to join the Army before
he was 18.
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00:01:02,854 --> 00:01:06,484
He was eager for combat and
pleased when he was assigned
16
00:01:06,608 --> 00:01:10,954
to the 1st Brigade of the
celebrated 101st Airborne,
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00:01:11,071 --> 00:01:15,167
the "Screaming Eagles"
who had led the way on D-Day.
18
00:01:15,325 --> 00:01:19,046
But he was quickly disappointed
to find himself attached
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to battalion headquarters,
repairing weapons, making lists,
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00:01:24,167 --> 00:01:25,919
keeping records.
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00:01:26,044 --> 00:01:29,514
It was "boring," he wrote home.
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I think perhaps
you will understand my disappointment
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when you see that there is
little sense in being over here
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unless one faces
the main objective,
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00:01:38,140 --> 00:01:40,689
the destruction of the VC.
26
00:01:42,978 --> 00:01:45,401
Certainly one feels no sense
of accomplishment
27
00:01:45,522 --> 00:01:48,196
when one's friends
are facing all the dangers.
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00:01:51,570 --> 00:01:54,744
I had a map on
the back of the living room door.
29
00:01:54,865 --> 00:01:58,790
And I put pins in it
every time Denton Jr. moved.
30
00:01:58,910 --> 00:02:00,253
And he moved a lot.
31
00:02:01,538 --> 00:02:03,882
And I knew those names
at one time
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00:02:04,041 --> 00:02:09,218
as well as any area
of our own world.
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00:02:20,307 --> 00:02:22,651
Well, how'd
you have a good weekend?
34
00:02:23,852 --> 00:02:25,104
Yeah, I did, Mr. President.
35
00:02:25,228 --> 00:02:26,400
I hope you did too.
36
00:02:26,563 --> 00:02:28,041
What's your thinking these days?
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00:02:28,065 --> 00:02:29,317
I haven't talked to you.
38
00:02:29,441 --> 00:02:30,738
What's happening to our pause?
39
00:02:30,859 --> 00:02:32,236
What are our generals saying?
40
00:02:32,402 --> 00:02:34,780
See, I think you'll
find some foreign leaders
41
00:02:34,905 --> 00:02:37,704
will criticize you
if you resume bombing.
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00:02:37,824 --> 00:02:41,419
As a matter of fact,
no other intelligence source
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00:02:41,536 --> 00:02:44,585
that I've seen indicates that
Hanoi is even considering
44
00:02:44,748 --> 00:02:46,421
moving toward negotiation
45
00:02:46,541 --> 00:02:48,635
in order to lead us
to extend the pause.
46
00:02:48,752 --> 00:02:50,220
Intelligence information...
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00:02:50,337 --> 00:02:54,092
As 1966 began, the
president of the United States
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was just learning
the name of the man
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00:02:56,760 --> 00:03:00,936
who was the most powerful member
of the Politburo in Hanoi...
50
00:03:01,056 --> 00:03:02,524
Le Duan.
51
00:03:02,641 --> 00:03:04,494
...First Secretary
of the Communist Party,
52
00:03:04,518 --> 00:03:07,613
a man named Le Duan...
L-E capital D-U-A-N...
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00:03:07,771 --> 00:03:10,115
who today is putting
considerable pressure
54
00:03:10,232 --> 00:03:13,736
on Ho Chi Minh and others
to ensure continuing a war
55
00:03:13,860 --> 00:03:16,158
that he thinks they either are
winning or can win.
56
00:03:18,281 --> 00:03:20,659
# They're masters of war #
57
00:03:23,495 --> 00:03:28,626
# You build all the big guns #
58
00:03:28,792 --> 00:03:30,260
# You build
the big planes. #
59
00:03:30,377 --> 00:03:32,105
As they continued
to escalate the war,
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00:03:32,129 --> 00:03:34,973
Johnson and McNamara were
frustrated
61
00:03:35,132 --> 00:03:39,012
that American commanders in
Vietnam, who had come of age
62
00:03:39,136 --> 00:03:41,480
during World War II and Korea,
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00:03:41,596 --> 00:03:43,769
were having a hard time
making sense
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00:03:43,890 --> 00:03:46,268
of what was happening
on the ground.
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00:03:46,393 --> 00:03:51,490
In the months and years to come,
as the American presence grew,
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00:03:51,648 --> 00:03:53,901
Hanoi would escalate too,
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00:03:54,025 --> 00:03:56,824
sending more and more
soldiers south,
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00:03:56,987 --> 00:04:00,116
strengthening its own
air defenses,
69
00:04:00,240 --> 00:04:02,288
and recruiting more fighters
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00:04:02,409 --> 00:04:05,788
from the alienated
South Vietnamese countryside.
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00:04:09,666 --> 00:04:12,636
The Johnson administration
was desperately trying
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00:04:12,753 --> 00:04:16,803
to prop up the government in
Saigon and, at the same time,
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00:04:16,923 --> 00:04:20,097
help that government to somehow
win the loyalty
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00:04:20,218 --> 00:04:22,061
of its own people.
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00:04:22,179 --> 00:04:26,229
Johnson had tried to forge
an international coalition
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00:04:26,349 --> 00:04:28,647
to defend South Vietnam.
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00:04:28,769 --> 00:04:33,866
But only five other countries
would ever send combat troops...
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00:04:34,024 --> 00:04:37,870
Australia and New Zealand,
Thailand, the Philippines,
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00:04:38,028 --> 00:04:39,905
and South Korea.
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00:04:41,490 --> 00:04:46,087
America's most important allies,
Britain, France and Canada,
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00:04:46,203 --> 00:04:52,210
refused to take part and were
calling instead for peace talks.
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00:04:52,334 --> 00:04:54,962
And more and more Americans,
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00:04:55,086 --> 00:04:57,805
including some of the country's
most respected
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00:04:57,923 --> 00:04:59,721
foreign policy experts,
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00:04:59,883 --> 00:05:03,308
were beginning to question the
way the war was being fought,
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00:05:03,428 --> 00:05:05,647
whether it could ever be won,
87
00:05:05,764 --> 00:05:10,691
and if the United States
should be in Vietnam at all.
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00:05:13,355 --> 00:05:21,081
As 1966 began, 2,344 Americans
had died in Vietnam.
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00:05:21,196 --> 00:05:24,040
Nearly 200,000
were stationed there,
90
00:05:24,157 --> 00:05:27,206
and more were on their way.
91
00:05:28,703 --> 00:05:31,081
Those soldiers would quickly
discover
92
00:05:31,248 --> 00:05:33,421
that the war they were being
asked to fight
93
00:05:33,583 --> 00:05:36,257
was not their father's war.
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00:05:39,172 --> 00:05:42,426
We tend to fight the next war
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00:05:42,551 --> 00:05:45,430
in the same way
we fought the last one.
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00:05:45,595 --> 00:05:49,725
We are prisoners
of our own experience.
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00:05:49,850 --> 00:05:52,228
And many of the things
that we learned that worked
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00:05:52,352 --> 00:05:53,399
in World War II
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00:05:53,520 --> 00:05:56,990
were not applicable
to the war in Vietnam.
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00:05:58,900 --> 00:06:00,948
We simply thought we'd go
in with a sledgehammer
101
00:06:01,069 --> 00:06:02,696
and knock things down,
clean them up,
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00:06:02,821 --> 00:06:04,664
and it would be all over.
103
00:06:04,781 --> 00:06:08,251
It was a kind
of an oversimplification
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00:06:08,368 --> 00:06:10,120
of the problem
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00:06:10,245 --> 00:06:14,466
combined with our
overconfidence that caused us,
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00:06:14,583 --> 00:06:17,086
I think, to be arrogant.
107
00:06:17,210 --> 00:06:20,464
And it's very, very difficult
to dispel ignorance
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00:06:20,630 --> 00:06:22,758
if you retain arrogance.
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00:06:22,883 --> 00:06:27,980
# I'll stand over your
body and make sure that you're dead. #
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00:06:39,065 --> 00:06:41,989
In early February of 1966,
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00:06:42,152 --> 00:06:45,281
President Johnson
got more bad news.
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00:06:45,405 --> 00:06:48,158
His old friend,
J. William Fulbright,
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00:06:48,325 --> 00:06:49,326
the powerful chairman
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00:06:49,492 --> 00:06:51,961
of the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee,
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00:06:52,078 --> 00:06:55,173
planned to hold hearings
on the Vietnam War,
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00:06:55,290 --> 00:06:59,761
and the television networks
intended to cover the hearings
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00:06:59,878 --> 00:07:01,596
from gavel to gavel.
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00:07:01,713 --> 00:07:05,138
Fulbright, who had once
supported the war,
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00:07:05,258 --> 00:07:07,135
now opposed it.
120
00:07:07,260 --> 00:07:10,514
LBJ was alarmed.
121
00:07:10,639 --> 00:07:13,438
His own advisers had been giving
him conflicting advice
122
00:07:13,558 --> 00:07:15,981
about Vietnam for years.
123
00:07:16,102 --> 00:07:19,197
But a public debate about
how he was running the war
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00:07:19,314 --> 00:07:23,319
in front of millions of
Americans filled him with dread.
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00:07:25,153 --> 00:07:27,372
As the hearings got underway,
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00:07:27,530 --> 00:07:29,157
the president tried
to deflect attention
127
00:07:29,282 --> 00:07:33,003
by suddenly announcing he was
going to a military conference
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00:07:33,119 --> 00:07:37,295
in Honolulu, to meet for the
first time the two generals
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00:07:37,415 --> 00:07:40,168
who now headed
the Saigon government.
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00:07:40,293 --> 00:07:42,021
It is a meeting
without precedent,
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00:07:42,045 --> 00:07:44,889
and is designed to strengthen
United States determination
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00:07:45,006 --> 00:07:48,431
to pursue to the end the drive
against communist domination
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00:07:48,551 --> 00:07:49,894
in South Vietnam.
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00:07:54,057 --> 00:07:57,436
General Nguyen Van
Thieu was the chief of state,
135
00:07:57,560 --> 00:08:01,030
but real power lay
with Thieu's bitter rival,
136
00:08:01,147 --> 00:08:04,242
the former head of the
South Vietnamese Air Force,
137
00:08:04,401 --> 00:08:07,405
Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky.
138
00:08:07,570 --> 00:08:12,326
Ky was "an unguided missile,"
according to one U.S. diplomat,
139
00:08:12,450 --> 00:08:15,124
known for his
flamboyant uniforms,
140
00:08:15,245 --> 00:08:19,250
his gaudy private life,
and his public pronouncements.
141
00:08:19,416 --> 00:08:23,671
He once told a reporter that
what Vietnam really needed
142
00:08:23,795 --> 00:08:26,218
was "five Hitlers."
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00:08:26,339 --> 00:08:29,969
How could we
allow and accept that to happen?
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00:08:30,093 --> 00:08:32,016
He was a charlatan.
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00:08:32,137 --> 00:08:34,686
The man not only
has no training,
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00:08:34,806 --> 00:08:37,855
has no education,
but doesn't seem to inter...
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00:08:37,976 --> 00:08:43,483
be interested in being educated,
and proud of his ignorance.
148
00:09:16,848 --> 00:09:20,148
President Johnson spent
most of his time in Honolulu
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00:09:20,268 --> 00:09:23,442
urging Ky to focus
on pacification...
150
00:09:23,563 --> 00:09:26,567
earning the support of the
South Vietnamese people
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00:09:26,691 --> 00:09:29,991
by undertaking economic
and social reforms
152
00:09:30,111 --> 00:09:34,161
Americans had been calling for
for more than a decade.
153
00:09:34,282 --> 00:09:37,786
Johnson wasn't interested
in "high-sounding words"
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00:09:37,911 --> 00:09:40,039
about progress, he said.
155
00:09:40,163 --> 00:09:42,541
He wanted genuine achievements...
156
00:09:42,665 --> 00:09:47,671
what they called in Texas,
"coonskins on the wall."
157
00:09:47,837 --> 00:09:51,592
Well, nobody understood
what does it mean "coonskin."
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00:09:51,716 --> 00:09:56,313
And people the Vietnamese
at the delegation they ask me,
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00:09:56,429 --> 00:09:58,227
"You understand what it is?"
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00:09:58,348 --> 00:10:00,771
And myself I said,
"Well, I don't understand."
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00:10:00,892 --> 00:10:03,315
I have to ask some Americans
to explain to me.
162
00:10:03,436 --> 00:10:06,565
And some American friends,
they explain to me later on
163
00:10:06,689 --> 00:10:08,817
and only by then
the Vietnamese understood.
164
00:10:10,568 --> 00:10:12,536
I happen to hold
the point of view
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00:10:12,695 --> 00:10:14,163
that it isn't going to be
too long
166
00:10:14,280 --> 00:10:16,328
before the American people,
as a people,
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00:10:16,449 --> 00:10:18,998
will repudiate our war
in Southeast Asia.
168
00:10:19,119 --> 00:10:20,879
That, of course, is good news
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00:10:20,912 --> 00:10:22,084
to Hanoi, Senator.
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00:10:22,205 --> 00:10:23,878
Oh, I know that
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00:10:23,998 --> 00:10:26,592
that's the smear artist that you
militarists give to those of us
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00:10:26,709 --> 00:10:28,395
that have honest differences
of opinion with you.
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00:10:28,419 --> 00:10:31,047
But I don't intend to get down
in the gutter with you
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00:10:31,214 --> 00:10:33,387
and engage in that
kind of debate, General.
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00:10:33,550 --> 00:10:36,975
Johnson's trip to
Honolulu had not distracted
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00:10:37,095 --> 00:10:38,392
the American public.
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00:10:38,513 --> 00:10:41,562
They were riveted
to the hearings.
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00:10:41,724 --> 00:10:44,193
And I also think
that great countries,
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00:10:44,310 --> 00:10:46,233
especially this country,
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00:10:46,396 --> 00:10:49,195
is quite strong enough
to engage in a compromise
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00:10:49,315 --> 00:10:51,443
without losing its standing
in the world,
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00:10:51,568 --> 00:10:54,037
without losing its prestige
as a great nation.
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00:10:54,154 --> 00:10:56,202
On the contrary,
I think it would be
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00:10:56,322 --> 00:11:00,577
one of the greatest victories
for us and our prestige
185
00:11:00,702 --> 00:11:04,423
if we could-could be ingenious
enough and magnanimous enough
186
00:11:04,581 --> 00:11:06,424
to bring about some kind
of a settlement
187
00:11:06,541 --> 00:11:08,259
of this particular struggle.
188
00:11:08,418 --> 00:11:12,844
Fulbright invited the
respected diplomat George Kennan
189
00:11:12,964 --> 00:11:14,466
to testify.
190
00:11:14,591 --> 00:11:17,561
For two decades,
his doctrine of containment...
191
00:11:17,677 --> 00:11:19,554
stopping Soviet expansion...
192
00:11:19,679 --> 00:11:22,728
had been the basis
of American foreign policy,
193
00:11:22,849 --> 00:11:25,898
and had in some ways been
the justification
194
00:11:26,019 --> 00:11:31,276
for leading the United States
into its proxy war in Vietnam.
195
00:11:31,399 --> 00:11:32,751
The first point
I would like to make
196
00:11:32,775 --> 00:11:36,996
is that if we were not already
involved as we are today
197
00:11:37,113 --> 00:11:38,786
in Vietnam,
198
00:11:38,948 --> 00:11:40,370
I would know of no reason
199
00:11:40,491 --> 00:11:43,119
why we should wish
to become so involved,
200
00:11:43,286 --> 00:11:44,879
and I could think
of several reasons
201
00:11:44,996 --> 00:11:46,418
why we should wish not to.
202
00:11:46,539 --> 00:11:50,635
You have referred
to containment here.
203
00:11:50,793 --> 00:11:56,015
How... how can we contain
in Vietnam?
204
00:11:56,132 --> 00:11:59,807
We would do better if we really
would show ourselves
205
00:11:59,928 --> 00:12:03,307
a little more relaxed and
less terrified of what happens
206
00:12:03,431 --> 00:12:05,354
in the...
207
00:12:05,475 --> 00:12:09,275
certainly in the smaller
countries of Asia and Africa,
208
00:12:09,395 --> 00:12:13,400
and not jump around like an
elephant frightened by a mouse
209
00:12:13,524 --> 00:12:15,652
every time these things occur.
210
00:12:15,777 --> 00:12:19,452
Johnson was relieved
when, at the last moment,
211
00:12:19,572 --> 00:12:22,496
instead of airing Kennan's
testimony,
212
00:12:22,659 --> 00:12:26,004
CBS showed reruns
of The Real McCoys,
213
00:12:26,162 --> 00:12:30,133
The Andy Griffith Show
and I Love Lucy.
214
00:12:30,250 --> 00:12:34,300
But NBC kept the cameras
running.
215
00:12:34,420 --> 00:12:37,173
This is not only not
our business,
216
00:12:37,340 --> 00:12:39,183
but I don't think we can
do it successfully.
217
00:12:39,342 --> 00:12:42,186
And I take it
by this you mean that
218
00:12:42,303 --> 00:12:45,352
this is simply not a
practicable objective,
219
00:12:45,473 --> 00:12:47,896
as I understand it,
in this country.
220
00:12:48,017 --> 00:12:50,315
We can't achieve it even
with the best of will.
221
00:12:50,436 --> 00:12:53,030
This is correct,
and I have a fear
222
00:12:53,189 --> 00:12:58,696
that our thinking about this
whole problem is still affected
223
00:12:58,820 --> 00:13:03,371
by some sort of illusions about
invincibility on our part.
224
00:13:13,084 --> 00:13:15,212
Just before the hearings began,
225
00:13:15,378 --> 00:13:18,382
the president had decided
to resume the bombing of targets
226
00:13:18,548 --> 00:13:20,391
in North Vietnam.
227
00:13:20,508 --> 00:13:26,311
The 37-day pause that had
begun on Christmas Eve 1965
228
00:13:26,431 --> 00:13:29,480
had yielded no hint
of Hanoi's willingness
229
00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:31,728
to come
to the negotiating table.
230
00:13:33,896 --> 00:13:37,776
In South Vietnam, Viet Cong
guerrillas were now believed
231
00:13:37,900 --> 00:13:41,905
to control nearly three-quarters
of the country.
232
00:13:42,030 --> 00:13:44,874
But General
William Westmoreland,
233
00:13:44,991 --> 00:13:48,746
the American commander,
thought his most urgent task
234
00:13:48,911 --> 00:13:52,586
was to destroy the North
Vietnamese regular army units
235
00:13:52,707 --> 00:13:54,459
Hanoi was sending South.
236
00:13:56,502 --> 00:13:59,381
Westmoreland's target
for the next two years
237
00:13:59,505 --> 00:14:03,601
would be reaching what he
called the "crossover point"-
238
00:14:03,718 --> 00:14:06,562
the point at which U.S.
and ARVN forces
239
00:14:06,679 --> 00:14:10,559
were killing more enemy troops
than could be replaced.
240
00:14:11,601 --> 00:14:15,151
It would be a war of attrition.
241
00:14:15,271 --> 00:14:20,152
But that would require
still more American soldiers.
242
00:14:22,278 --> 00:14:25,532
They came from every corner
of the country.
243
00:14:28,785 --> 00:14:32,289
I was born at West Point
when my dad was on the faculty there.
244
00:14:32,413 --> 00:14:34,882
From my earliest recollection,
245
00:14:34,999 --> 00:14:37,252
West Point was what
I wanted to do,
246
00:14:37,377 --> 00:14:40,130
not even particularly
because I had an inkling
247
00:14:40,254 --> 00:14:42,382
or a strong desire
for a military career.
248
00:14:42,507 --> 00:14:43,633
It's just...
249
00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:45,720
West Point was kind of the
height of my ambition.
250
00:14:47,929 --> 00:14:50,978
The son of a colonel
who had served in World War II,
251
00:14:51,099 --> 00:14:55,821
Matt Harrison had grown up on
Army bases around the world.
252
00:14:55,978 --> 00:14:57,946
For him and his four siblings,
253
00:14:58,064 --> 00:15:02,319
the military was always
at the center of their lives.
254
00:15:02,485 --> 00:15:06,615
You addressed
parents "sir" and "ma'am,"
255
00:15:06,739 --> 00:15:09,492
and you said "yes"
and not "yeah."
256
00:15:09,659 --> 00:15:12,879
And you answered the phone,
"Colonel Harrison's quarters."
257
00:15:12,995 --> 00:15:15,714
We got up every Saturday
morning and we dusted the house.
258
00:15:15,832 --> 00:15:18,756
My dad would put on the
West Point marching band
259
00:15:18,876 --> 00:15:20,996
and my sister and I would dust
around the living room.
260
00:15:22,422 --> 00:15:24,015
It seemed to Matt's parents
261
00:15:24,173 --> 00:15:26,346
that he could do no wrong.
262
00:15:26,467 --> 00:15:29,687
He was the embodiment of the
values they had hoped to instill
263
00:15:29,846 --> 00:15:34,852
in all their children:
duty, honor, and country.
264
00:15:36,394 --> 00:15:38,817
The strongest
impression I have from my class
265
00:15:38,938 --> 00:15:43,318
and my classmates was they were
guys who just were idealists.
266
00:15:43,443 --> 00:15:46,367
And I think guys drawn
from little towns
267
00:15:46,487 --> 00:15:49,787
all across the United States
had that in common.
268
00:15:49,907 --> 00:15:52,786
It was a time before
the questions
269
00:15:52,910 --> 00:15:54,958
about American exceptionalism.
270
00:15:55,079 --> 00:15:57,002
We didn't question.
271
00:15:57,123 --> 00:16:00,218
We believed in what
this country stood for,
272
00:16:00,376 --> 00:16:04,506
and we believed that people
who had the ability
273
00:16:04,630 --> 00:16:07,725
to lead soldiers should do that.
274
00:16:16,893 --> 00:16:19,396
# Mustang Sally #
275
00:16:19,520 --> 00:16:20,942
# Huh! #
276
00:16:21,063 --> 00:16:23,065
I wanted to
go with the gladiators.
277
00:16:23,232 --> 00:16:25,075
I wanted to go
with the tough guys.
278
00:16:27,737 --> 00:16:31,708
I was born in Boston, in
the Roxbury section of Boston.
279
00:16:31,824 --> 00:16:34,873
There were those who would
recruit you for gangs
280
00:16:34,994 --> 00:16:38,248
and try to entice you
to do things
281
00:16:38,372 --> 00:16:41,922
that-that weren't in the
best interest of society.
282
00:16:42,043 --> 00:16:43,044
Let's put it like that.
283
00:16:44,587 --> 00:16:46,760
Roger Harris
dreamed of going to college
284
00:16:46,881 --> 00:16:49,509
on a football scholarship,
but was not big enough
285
00:16:49,634 --> 00:16:52,057
to play for his team
in high school.
286
00:16:52,178 --> 00:16:54,306
And so I enlisted
in the Marine Corps.
287
00:16:54,430 --> 00:16:58,401
And I felt that...
that it was a win-win
288
00:16:58,518 --> 00:17:03,240
because, one, if I died,
then my mother would be able
289
00:17:03,356 --> 00:17:06,485
to receive the $10,000
insurance policy.
290
00:17:06,609 --> 00:17:08,282
I thought that was
a lot of money,
291
00:17:08,444 --> 00:17:09,946
that my mother will be rich
if I die.
292
00:17:10,112 --> 00:17:11,112
You know, she'll be rich.
293
00:17:12,740 --> 00:17:15,414
If I live, then I'll be a hero,
you know,
294
00:17:15,535 --> 00:17:17,788
and I can come back
and get a job.
295
00:17:17,954 --> 00:17:20,298
Naive, dumb, you know?
296
00:17:21,958 --> 00:17:24,381
John Musgrave was from
the Fair-mount neighborhood
297
00:17:24,502 --> 00:17:26,846
of Independence, Missouri.
298
00:17:26,963 --> 00:17:30,308
I was 17 and
my best friend and I
299
00:17:30,466 --> 00:17:32,560
went down and enlisted
in the Marine Corps.
300
00:17:32,677 --> 00:17:35,601
I had always dreamed
of being a Marine.
301
00:17:35,721 --> 00:17:37,314
And...
302
00:17:40,268 --> 00:17:44,148
Well, I knew I wasn't going
to be a man right away
303
00:17:44,272 --> 00:17:46,741
but I was going to be a Marine,
and that was enough.
304
00:17:46,857 --> 00:17:51,078
I'd be doing something mature.
305
00:17:51,195 --> 00:17:53,744
And I'd be doing something
that was important.
306
00:17:53,864 --> 00:17:58,665
And there was a war on
and I wanted a piece of it.
307
00:18:00,580 --> 00:18:02,674
I grew up in
Perkasie, Pennsylvania.
308
00:18:02,790 --> 00:18:04,884
And every Memorial Day
309
00:18:05,001 --> 00:18:08,096
all that generation
of World War II would dress up
310
00:18:08,212 --> 00:18:10,252
in their American Legion
uniforms and parade around.
311
00:18:11,757 --> 00:18:15,603
And I'd put red, white, and blue
crepe paper on my bicycle.
312
00:18:15,720 --> 00:18:18,018
And the kids could ride
behind the parade.
313
00:18:19,765 --> 00:18:23,235
Bill Ehrhart would sign
up in part because his father,
314
00:18:23,352 --> 00:18:26,196
a pastor, had not served.
315
00:18:26,355 --> 00:18:29,359
Ehrhart was a gifted student
316
00:18:29,483 --> 00:18:31,360
and in his senior year
in high school
317
00:18:31,527 --> 00:18:34,497
was accepted by four colleges.
318
00:18:34,614 --> 00:18:36,366
Had he attended any one of them,
319
00:18:36,532 --> 00:18:39,752
he would have been
deferred from the draft.
320
00:18:39,869 --> 00:18:41,371
It all came down to this notion
321
00:18:41,537 --> 00:18:44,507
of I was going to serve
my country and be a hero
322
00:18:44,624 --> 00:18:48,049
and have that gorgeous
Marine Corps uniform.
323
00:18:48,210 --> 00:18:51,134
And the girls would just be
draped around my neck
324
00:18:51,255 --> 00:18:53,883
and nobody would beat me up
again.
325
00:18:54,008 --> 00:18:55,260
But at the same time
326
00:18:55,384 --> 00:18:58,854
I would really be serving
my country.
327
00:18:58,971 --> 00:19:01,599
It was my chance to be...
328
00:19:01,724 --> 00:19:04,273
one doesn't want to trivialize
it, but it was my chance to be
329
00:19:04,393 --> 00:19:06,236
the star of my own
John Wayne movie.
330
00:19:06,354 --> 00:19:11,531
It was my chance to do what that
World War II generation had done
331
00:19:11,651 --> 00:19:13,870
and seemed to be so proud of.
332
00:19:13,986 --> 00:19:16,865
Now I had my turn.
333
00:19:18,282 --> 00:19:19,593
Wherever they came from,
334
00:19:19,617 --> 00:19:22,587
whatever their reasons for
joining the military,
335
00:19:22,703 --> 00:19:25,081
training transformed them.
336
00:19:34,090 --> 00:19:36,343
For about the first five weeks
at Parris Island,
337
00:19:36,467 --> 00:19:39,937
I was convinced that I was going
to die there.
338
00:19:41,430 --> 00:19:43,550
The drill instructors said
they were going to kill me.
339
00:19:43,641 --> 00:19:45,188
And they certainly
sounded serious.
340
00:19:47,853 --> 00:19:50,527
I grew up in segregated
neighborhoods all my life.
341
00:19:50,648 --> 00:19:54,403
So, I'd never met a black person
till I arrived at boot camp.
342
00:19:54,527 --> 00:19:58,202
Never stood next to a black
person or a Hispanic
343
00:19:58,322 --> 00:19:59,949
or anyone who was Jewish.
344
00:20:00,116 --> 00:20:03,211
I just... they didn't mix
where I grew up.
345
00:20:03,327 --> 00:20:05,796
So that was just eye opening.
346
00:20:05,955 --> 00:20:09,380
But when I got to talking to
everybody, we were all the same.
347
00:20:09,500 --> 00:20:12,094
We were all working class
and poor.
348
00:20:12,211 --> 00:20:15,340
And we all wanted to be Marines
real bad.
349
00:20:16,549 --> 00:20:18,051
By the time I graduated,
350
00:20:18,175 --> 00:20:21,475
I felt like I was
king of the world.
351
00:20:21,595 --> 00:20:23,472
I was God.
352
00:20:23,639 --> 00:20:25,858
I could do anything.
353
00:20:25,975 --> 00:20:29,195
On that day I became a Marine.
354
00:20:29,311 --> 00:20:33,111
You know, the Marine Corps
trains you to be a fighter.
355
00:20:33,232 --> 00:20:35,280
They train you to fight,
they train you to kill.
356
00:20:35,401 --> 00:20:38,530
They used to say that if you're
a Marine, you can't die
357
00:20:38,654 --> 00:20:41,248
until you kill three Vietnamese.
358
00:20:42,616 --> 00:20:44,539
And I said,
"Well, I'm from Roxbury.
359
00:20:44,660 --> 00:20:49,541
If the expectation is three,
I'll do ten."
360
00:20:51,375 --> 00:20:53,002
You know, craziness.
361
00:21:01,886 --> 00:21:04,856
The tendency
for a great power is to use
362
00:21:05,014 --> 00:21:06,857
what it's greatest at...
363
00:21:07,016 --> 00:21:10,190
namely its firepower,
destructive power.
364
00:21:10,311 --> 00:21:13,485
Dropping a lot of bombs
and shooting a lot of artillery
365
00:21:13,606 --> 00:21:15,358
at a distance.
366
00:21:15,483 --> 00:21:16,700
You save lives.
367
00:21:16,859 --> 00:21:19,408
You kill a lot of them,
you don't lose a lot of us.
368
00:21:21,030 --> 00:21:23,783
The central coastal
province of Binh Dinh
369
00:21:23,908 --> 00:21:26,787
was home to more than
half a million people.
370
00:21:26,911 --> 00:21:30,506
For decades, it had been
a guerrilla stronghold,
371
00:21:30,623 --> 00:21:33,467
and in early 1966,
372
00:21:33,584 --> 00:21:38,715
the Viet Cong had been augmented
by North Vietnamese regulars,
373
00:21:38,839 --> 00:21:41,388
some 8,000 men in all.
374
00:21:45,054 --> 00:21:47,898
General Westmoreland sent
20,000 American,
375
00:21:48,015 --> 00:21:50,859
South Vietnamese
and South Korean troops
376
00:21:50,976 --> 00:21:54,230
storming across the province
in pursuit of the enemy
377
00:21:54,396 --> 00:21:56,899
and their sources of supply.
378
00:21:57,066 --> 00:22:01,537
They first dropped leaflets
and broadcast from loudspeakers
379
00:22:01,654 --> 00:22:03,656
to warn villagers
of the terrible fate
380
00:22:03,781 --> 00:22:07,456
that awaited anyone who fired
on their helicopters,
381
00:22:07,576 --> 00:22:09,795
urged them to leave their homes,
382
00:22:09,912 --> 00:22:13,132
promised safe passage
to any Viet Cong
383
00:22:13,249 --> 00:22:14,751
who wished to surrender.
384
00:22:14,875 --> 00:22:18,425
Then they called in airstrikes
and artillery
385
00:22:18,587 --> 00:22:22,308
and blew the hamlets to bits.
386
00:22:22,424 --> 00:22:26,804
It was the first large-scale
search-and-destroy campaign
387
00:22:26,929 --> 00:22:28,772
of the war.
388
00:22:32,935 --> 00:22:36,030
The offensive lasted 42 days.
389
00:22:36,146 --> 00:22:42,745
The Army reported
2,389 enemy soldiers killed.
390
00:22:42,862 --> 00:22:45,832
Westmoreland was pleased.
391
00:22:45,948 --> 00:22:48,542
But commanders on the scene
were concerned
392
00:22:48,659 --> 00:22:52,334
that despite all the American
firepower brought against them,
393
00:22:52,454 --> 00:22:56,300
most of the North Vietnamese
regulars had still managed
394
00:22:56,417 --> 00:23:00,012
to escape back
into the Central Highlands.
395
00:23:00,129 --> 00:23:04,635
The operation would drive
more than 100,000 civilians
396
00:23:04,800 --> 00:23:06,427
from their homes.
397
00:23:07,761 --> 00:23:10,810
Similar search-and-destroy
and bombing campaigns...
398
00:23:10,931 --> 00:23:15,983
17 large-scale U.S. offensives
in 1966 alone...
399
00:23:16,145 --> 00:23:17,522
would produce a total
400
00:23:17,646 --> 00:23:20,616
of more than three million
homeless people
401
00:23:20,733 --> 00:23:22,280
all across the country,
402
00:23:22,401 --> 00:23:27,623
roughly one-fifth
of South Vietnam's population.
403
00:23:31,952 --> 00:23:35,252
Since there was no front
in Vietnam,
404
00:23:35,372 --> 00:23:38,842
as there had been in the first
and second World Wars,
405
00:23:39,001 --> 00:23:43,302
since no ground was ever
permanently won or lost,
406
00:23:43,422 --> 00:23:47,097
the American military command
in Vietnam... MACV...
407
00:23:47,217 --> 00:23:51,643
fell back more and more
on a single grisly measure
408
00:23:51,764 --> 00:23:53,516
of supposed success:
409
00:23:53,641 --> 00:23:55,860
counting corpses.
410
00:23:55,976 --> 00:23:58,604
Body count.
411
00:24:03,776 --> 00:24:05,170
The problem with the war,
412
00:24:05,194 --> 00:24:07,822
as it often is, are the metrics.
413
00:24:07,947 --> 00:24:12,794
It is a situation where if you
can't count what's important,
414
00:24:12,910 --> 00:24:15,333
you make what you can count
important.
415
00:24:16,705 --> 00:24:18,558
So, in this particular case
what you could count
416
00:24:18,582 --> 00:24:21,051
was dead enemy bodies.
417
00:24:23,003 --> 00:24:25,722
You don't get
details with a body count.
418
00:24:25,839 --> 00:24:27,637
You get numbers.
419
00:24:27,758 --> 00:24:32,559
And the numbers are lies,
most of 'em.
420
00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:37,186
If body count is
your success mark,
421
00:24:37,309 --> 00:24:43,362
then you're pushing otherwise
honorable men, warriors,
422
00:24:43,482 --> 00:24:44,859
to become liars.
423
00:24:46,735 --> 00:24:48,533
If body count
424
00:24:48,654 --> 00:24:49,871
is the measure of success,
425
00:24:49,989 --> 00:24:53,539
then there's the tendency
to count every body
426
00:24:53,659 --> 00:24:55,753
as an enemy soldier.
427
00:24:55,911 --> 00:25:00,337
There's a tendency to want
to pile up dead bodies
428
00:25:00,457 --> 00:25:06,464
and perhaps to use
less discriminate firepower
429
00:25:06,588 --> 00:25:08,056
than you otherwise might
430
00:25:08,173 --> 00:25:11,598
in order to achieve the result
431
00:25:11,760 --> 00:25:15,310
that you're charged
with trying to obtain.
432
00:25:35,784 --> 00:25:41,336
Just think about the
problem from the North's point of view.
433
00:25:41,457 --> 00:25:44,802
They had to supply the South.
434
00:25:44,918 --> 00:25:48,138
I'm talking about bringing in
people, equipment, supplies,
435
00:25:48,255 --> 00:25:50,132
and so forth.
436
00:25:50,257 --> 00:25:55,184
They started from nothing and
pushed a road through that...
437
00:25:55,304 --> 00:25:58,228
through an area
the size of Massachusetts.
438
00:25:58,348 --> 00:26:02,194
So this is not a trivial amount
of real estate
439
00:26:02,311 --> 00:26:05,485
that they took over,
built a road on,
440
00:26:05,606 --> 00:26:07,153
and then maintained it.
441
00:26:09,943 --> 00:26:13,618
For years, Hanoi had
smuggled most of its arms and supplies
442
00:26:13,739 --> 00:26:16,993
to the South aboard an
improvised fleet of junks,
443
00:26:17,117 --> 00:26:19,461
trawlers and freighters.
444
00:26:19,578 --> 00:26:22,081
But when the U.S. Navy
effectively blockaded
445
00:26:22,206 --> 00:26:23,958
the Southern coastline,
446
00:26:24,083 --> 00:26:26,381
the North Vietnamese would be
forced to move
447
00:26:26,502 --> 00:26:29,255
almost all of their
supplies overland,
448
00:26:29,379 --> 00:26:31,473
through Laos and Cambodia,
449
00:26:31,590 --> 00:26:33,888
neutral countries
Hanoi considered
450
00:26:34,009 --> 00:26:36,353
part of the greater battlefield.
451
00:26:36,512 --> 00:26:40,062
Americans called it
the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
452
00:26:40,182 --> 00:26:44,232
The North Vietnamese called it
Route 559,
453
00:26:44,353 --> 00:26:48,358
after the men and women
of the 559th Army Corps,
454
00:26:48,482 --> 00:26:51,861
who were turning it from
a braided web of footpaths
455
00:26:51,985 --> 00:26:56,115
into 12,000 tangled miles
of jungle roadways
456
00:26:56,240 --> 00:26:59,915
down which men and materiel
streamed south.
457
00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:02,400
When they had fought the French,
458
00:27:02,538 --> 00:27:06,543
the Viet Minh had depended
on tens of thousands of porters,
459
00:27:06,708 --> 00:27:09,632
then on legions of bicycles.
460
00:27:09,753 --> 00:27:12,882
Now, to offset the growing
American presence,
461
00:27:13,048 --> 00:27:16,678
the North Vietnamese
used more mechanized transport...
462
00:27:16,802 --> 00:27:19,897
relays of six-wheeled
Russian-built trucks
463
00:27:20,055 --> 00:27:23,650
traveling under cover
of darkness.
464
00:27:23,767 --> 00:27:26,737
MACV reasoned that
if the Ho Chi Minh Trail
465
00:27:26,854 --> 00:27:29,323
could somehow be
sufficiently damaged,
466
00:27:29,439 --> 00:27:33,740
the enemy would be unable
to sustain itself.
467
00:27:36,321 --> 00:27:39,871
Three million tons of explosives
would eventually be dropped
468
00:27:39,992 --> 00:27:42,586
on the Laos portion
of the trail alone...
469
00:27:42,703 --> 00:27:46,879
a million more tons than fell
on Germany and Japan
470
00:27:46,999 --> 00:27:49,752
during all of World War II.
471
00:27:49,918 --> 00:27:53,923
Some key choke-points were hit
so many times
472
00:27:54,047 --> 00:27:57,426
the workers gave them
names... "the Gate of Death,"
473
00:27:57,551 --> 00:28:03,149
"Fried Flesh Hill"
and "the Gorge of Lost Souls."
474
00:28:05,309 --> 00:28:07,812
To expose enemy traffic,
475
00:28:07,936 --> 00:28:10,780
other aircraft dropped
chemical defoliants,
476
00:28:10,939 --> 00:28:12,816
including Agent Orange,
477
00:28:12,941 --> 00:28:15,865
that destroyed thousands
of acres of jungle
478
00:28:15,986 --> 00:28:19,741
and turned the earth into what
one American pilot called
479
00:28:19,865 --> 00:28:22,459
"bony, lunar dust."
480
00:28:24,369 --> 00:28:26,713
We'd punch a hole
in the road and say,
481
00:28:26,830 --> 00:28:28,433
"Ha ha, they'll never get around
that one."
482
00:28:28,457 --> 00:28:31,051
And the next day you'd come up,
and the hole wouldn't be there;
483
00:28:31,168 --> 00:28:33,887
and there'd be dust on the trees
back, you know, 50 meters
484
00:28:34,004 --> 00:28:36,848
in both directions, saying,
heavy traffic all night.
485
00:28:54,233 --> 00:28:59,114
As many as 230,000
teenagers, many of them volunteers,
486
00:28:59,238 --> 00:29:03,163
worked to keep the roads open
and the traffic moving.
487
00:29:03,325 --> 00:29:06,204
More than half of them
were women.
488
00:29:08,830 --> 00:29:11,800
Le Minh Khue, who had left
her home in the North
489
00:29:11,917 --> 00:29:14,761
with a novel by Ernest Hemingway
in her backpack,
490
00:29:14,878 --> 00:29:18,428
observed her 17th birthday
on the trail.
491
00:29:34,731 --> 00:29:39,828
Thousands died on the trail
from starvation and accidents,
492
00:29:39,945 --> 00:29:43,540
fevers and snakebite
and sheer exhaustion,
493
00:29:43,657 --> 00:29:46,456
as well as from
the relentless bombing.
494
00:30:58,607 --> 00:31:00,918
But
in this kind of war you never know.
495
00:31:00,942 --> 00:31:02,694
You have to be constantly alert
496
00:31:02,819 --> 00:31:05,242
because you can't tell friends
from enemies.
497
00:31:05,364 --> 00:31:08,789
Relax for a moment and your
reward may be a grenade
498
00:31:08,950 --> 00:31:10,327
or a hail of bullets.
499
00:31:10,452 --> 00:31:12,625
I couldn't watch the news.
500
00:31:12,788 --> 00:31:15,837
My parents would be sitting
in front of the television
501
00:31:15,957 --> 00:31:18,335
and I would hide in the kitchen.
502
00:31:20,504 --> 00:31:24,054
Of course you don't tell
anybody, but it was too much.
503
00:31:24,174 --> 00:31:26,097
I really didn't want to know.
504
00:31:36,144 --> 00:31:40,115
# Oh-oh, smokestack lightnin'. #
505
00:31:40,232 --> 00:31:43,577
Mogie Crocker had
spent most of his boyhood
506
00:31:43,693 --> 00:31:45,445
reading about war.
507
00:31:45,570 --> 00:31:48,870
But nothing had prepared him
for what he would experience
508
00:31:48,990 --> 00:31:51,960
in Quang Duc Province
on the Cambodian border.
509
00:31:54,037 --> 00:31:55,664
He had deliberately fouled up
his work
510
00:31:55,789 --> 00:31:58,167
at battalion headquarters
so badly
511
00:31:58,291 --> 00:31:59,838
that he had finally been
reassigned
512
00:31:59,960 --> 00:32:03,305
to what he wanted most...
a combat unit.
513
00:32:03,422 --> 00:32:07,393
# Whoa-oh, tell me, baby #
514
00:32:07,509 --> 00:32:11,514
# What's the matter with you? #
515
00:32:11,638 --> 00:32:14,687
# Why don't you hear me cryin'?
516
00:32:14,850 --> 00:32:16,523
# Oooh #
517
00:32:16,643 --> 00:32:19,692
Not hearing
in those days was so difficult.
518
00:32:19,813 --> 00:32:24,193
There'd be at least eight to ten
days usually between letters.
519
00:32:24,317 --> 00:32:28,197
So knowing he was in action,
you just didn't know what,
520
00:32:28,363 --> 00:32:30,115
you know, might be going on.
521
00:32:31,992 --> 00:32:33,994
Mogie's battalion commander,
522
00:32:34,119 --> 00:32:36,292
Lieutenant Colonel
Henry Emerson,
523
00:32:36,413 --> 00:32:37,881
known as "The Gunfighter,"
524
00:32:38,039 --> 00:32:41,714
was courageous,
implacable, relentless.
525
00:32:43,170 --> 00:32:45,093
A few months before
Mogie got there,
526
00:32:45,213 --> 00:32:48,592
he had offered a case of whiskey
to the first of his men
527
00:32:48,717 --> 00:32:52,813
to bring him the hacked-off head
of an enemy soldier.
528
00:32:52,929 --> 00:32:55,773
They did.
529
00:32:58,643 --> 00:33:02,648
For nine days in early May
of 1966,
530
00:33:02,772 --> 00:33:07,073
Mogie and his outfit battled
nothing but the terrain.
531
00:33:07,235 --> 00:33:10,205
They struggled through
a labyrinth of elephant grass
532
00:33:10,322 --> 00:33:11,619
and thorn bushes,
533
00:33:11,740 --> 00:33:14,459
bamboo taller than three men
534
00:33:14,576 --> 00:33:17,295
and triple-canopied jungle
so thick
535
00:33:17,412 --> 00:33:21,417
it sometimes took an hour
to move 100 feet.
536
00:33:22,834 --> 00:33:24,256
The monsoon had begun.
537
00:33:24,377 --> 00:33:27,847
Sunlight rarely reached
the forest floor.
538
00:33:27,964 --> 00:33:29,966
Finger-long black leeches
539
00:33:30,091 --> 00:33:33,721
caused wounds that quickly
became infected.
540
00:33:33,845 --> 00:33:37,099
When Colonel Emerson learned
that four companies
541
00:33:37,265 --> 00:33:39,814
of North Vietnamese
were preparing an ambush,
542
00:33:39,935 --> 00:33:43,030
he decided to ambush
the ambushers.
543
00:33:44,314 --> 00:33:47,864
On May 11, he ordered
his men to attack,
544
00:33:47,984 --> 00:33:51,454
backed by massive air
and artillery strikes.
545
00:33:53,907 --> 00:33:55,875
Before the fighting ended,
546
00:33:55,992 --> 00:34:01,965
some 2,000 shells had slammed
into the enemy positions.
547
00:34:02,123 --> 00:34:05,878
Blood was everywhere,
pooled on the ground,
548
00:34:06,002 --> 00:34:09,472
smeared on leaves and grass
and bamboo.
549
00:34:09,589 --> 00:34:11,967
There were scores of corpses,
550
00:34:12,133 --> 00:34:16,479
torn to pieces or blown into
the earth, hidden in thickets,
551
00:34:16,638 --> 00:34:19,733
half-buried
in scooped-out graves.
552
00:34:19,849 --> 00:34:22,147
The earth-shaking concussions
553
00:34:22,310 --> 00:34:26,156
had blown the eyeballs of
some of them from their heads.
554
00:34:27,649 --> 00:34:28,992
In the midst of the fighting,
555
00:34:29,109 --> 00:34:31,737
Mogie's squad was moving along
a narrow path
556
00:34:31,861 --> 00:34:35,035
when two enemy machine guns
opened up on them.
557
00:34:41,454 --> 00:34:44,674
His closest friend
was fatally wounded.
558
00:34:44,833 --> 00:34:49,464
Mogie crouched in front of him,
radioed for suppressive fire,
559
00:34:49,588 --> 00:34:53,468
and then, as both machine guns
continued shooting,
560
00:34:53,592 --> 00:34:57,972
he carried his dying friend
off the battlefield.
561
00:34:59,097 --> 00:35:00,269
For his courage,
562
00:35:00,390 --> 00:35:04,520
he would be awarded the
Army Commendation Medal.
563
00:35:06,813 --> 00:35:10,067
In his letters home,
Mogie told his family
564
00:35:10,191 --> 00:35:14,071
nothing of what he'd seen
or done.
565
00:35:21,369 --> 00:35:24,714
One day when I was
at the post office mailing something,
566
00:35:24,873 --> 00:35:28,719
I asked the clerk,
"How do they let you know
567
00:35:28,877 --> 00:35:30,720
if your son is wounded?"
568
00:35:30,837 --> 00:35:33,841
It was very hard for me
to form those words.
569
00:35:33,965 --> 00:35:36,559
But I just felt
I've got to know.
570
00:35:36,676 --> 00:35:40,931
I just felt so suspended
in space, in anxiety.
571
00:35:42,891 --> 00:35:46,395
And the man said,
"Now, don't ask that.
572
00:35:46,519 --> 00:35:48,897
Don't think about that."
573
00:35:49,064 --> 00:35:51,692
I said, "Well, I have to know."
574
00:35:51,816 --> 00:35:55,411
And he said, "Don't worry,
they'll tell you."
575
00:36:02,952 --> 00:36:05,080
# Oh sergeant, I'm a draftee #
576
00:36:05,246 --> 00:36:07,795
# And I've just arrived
in camp #
577
00:36:07,916 --> 00:36:12,467
# I've come to wear the uniform
and join the martial tramp #
578
00:36:12,587 --> 00:36:17,263
# And I want to do my duty,
but one thing I do implore #
579
00:36:17,384 --> 00:36:19,011
# You must give me lessons,
sergeant #
580
00:36:19,135 --> 00:36:22,264
# For I've never
killed before. #
581
00:36:24,224 --> 00:36:28,900
I didn't like
the war protesters whatever.
582
00:36:29,020 --> 00:36:32,115
I kind of felt that they were
privileged, spoiled kids
583
00:36:32,273 --> 00:36:38,997
who may have been protesting
because they didn't want to go.
584
00:36:39,114 --> 00:36:41,537
So they leave it to some guy
585
00:36:41,658 --> 00:36:43,956
that maybe got through two years
of high school
586
00:36:44,077 --> 00:36:45,374
to go do it for 'em.
587
00:36:46,621 --> 00:36:49,090
The war by 1966
588
00:36:49,207 --> 00:36:51,630
began to impact the middle class
589
00:36:51,793 --> 00:36:54,922
because the draft calls
had to be enlarged.
590
00:36:55,046 --> 00:36:58,016
They couldn't get enough
people to volunteer
591
00:36:58,133 --> 00:37:00,352
or draft people out
of the working class.
592
00:37:00,468 --> 00:37:02,266
They started drafting people
out of college.
593
00:37:02,387 --> 00:37:06,517
And that's when the
antiwar movement shifted
594
00:37:06,641 --> 00:37:10,236
from a moral movement
to a self-interest movement
595
00:37:10,353 --> 00:37:13,448
driven by people who
didn't want to go to war
596
00:37:13,565 --> 00:37:17,820
and their loved ones who didn't
want them to go to war.
597
00:37:17,944 --> 00:37:20,322
# And I know
that it won't matter #
598
00:37:20,488 --> 00:37:23,833
# That I've never
killed before. #
599
00:37:25,368 --> 00:37:27,621
Bill Zimmerman
was a graduate student
600
00:37:27,746 --> 00:37:32,092
at the University of
Chicago in May of 1966.
601
00:37:32,208 --> 00:37:34,836
The son of Eastern European
refugees,
602
00:37:34,961 --> 00:37:37,510
he'd worked for civil rights
in Mississippi
603
00:37:37,630 --> 00:37:40,884
and had been opposed to American
involvement in Vietnam
604
00:37:41,009 --> 00:37:43,728
since 1963.
605
00:37:43,845 --> 00:37:46,348
The draft was a consuming issue
606
00:37:46,514 --> 00:37:49,017
for young men of
Zimmerman's generation.
607
00:37:49,142 --> 00:37:53,443
Since 1942, every male citizen
of the United States
608
00:37:53,563 --> 00:37:57,238
had been required
to register at age 18.
609
00:37:57,358 --> 00:38:00,828
But of the nearly 27 million
American men
610
00:38:00,945 --> 00:38:03,573
who came of age during
the Vietnam War,
611
00:38:03,698 --> 00:38:06,702
more than half avoided
military service
612
00:38:06,826 --> 00:38:09,249
through exemptions
and deferments.
613
00:38:09,370 --> 00:38:13,045
Nearly 500,000 Americans applied
614
00:38:13,166 --> 00:38:15,385
for conscientious objector
status
615
00:38:15,502 --> 00:38:17,630
on religious or moral grounds,
616
00:38:17,754 --> 00:38:20,724
six times as many
as in World War II.
617
00:38:20,882 --> 00:38:27,060
In all, 170,000 were allowed
to perform alternative service
618
00:38:27,180 --> 00:38:31,526
in hospitals,
homeless shelters, and schools.
619
00:38:31,643 --> 00:38:35,693
Some were trained as medics
and sent to Vietnam.
620
00:38:35,814 --> 00:38:38,283
At least two were killed;
621
00:38:38,399 --> 00:38:42,154
both received the Congressional
Medal of Honor.
622
00:38:42,278 --> 00:38:46,704
A million young men served in
the Reserves or National Guard
623
00:38:46,825 --> 00:38:50,420
with the expectation they would
never be sent into combat.
624
00:38:50,537 --> 00:38:55,043
Reservists and Guardsmen
were almost always white,
625
00:38:55,166 --> 00:38:57,840
generally better educated,
better connected,
626
00:38:57,961 --> 00:39:00,589
and better paid than draftees.
627
00:39:00,755 --> 00:39:04,259
Interrupting their lives,
President Johnson felt,
628
00:39:04,384 --> 00:39:07,183
would have increased opposition
to the war.
629
00:39:07,303 --> 00:39:12,810
"If you've got the dough," GIs
said, "you don't have to go."
630
00:39:14,519 --> 00:39:16,613
The result was an
Army heavily skewed
631
00:39:16,771 --> 00:39:19,490
toward minorities
and the underprivileged.
632
00:39:19,607 --> 00:39:22,611
# Mr. Backlash, Mr. Backlash #
633
00:39:22,777 --> 00:39:25,326
# Just who do you think I am? #
634
00:39:25,446 --> 00:39:28,370
# You raise my taxes,
freeze my wages #
635
00:39:28,491 --> 00:39:31,540
# And send my son to Vietnam. #
636
00:39:31,661 --> 00:39:34,460
For a time, African Americans,
637
00:39:34,581 --> 00:39:38,131
though they represented
only 12% of the population,
638
00:39:38,293 --> 00:39:41,968
suffered a disproportionate
number of casualties.
639
00:39:42,130 --> 00:39:46,055
Resentment began to grow.
640
00:39:46,175 --> 00:39:48,237
We've got
to build so much strength
641
00:39:48,261 --> 00:39:49,729
in building our community,
642
00:39:49,846 --> 00:39:51,848
that if they come to get
one person,
643
00:39:51,973 --> 00:39:53,450
they going to have to mess
with us all.
644
00:39:53,474 --> 00:39:54,600
That's what we got to do!
645
00:39:54,726 --> 00:39:56,069
That's what we go to do.
646
00:39:57,687 --> 00:40:02,158
We've got to build so much
strength inside our community,
647
00:40:02,275 --> 00:40:05,575
so that when LBJ says,
"Come here, boy, to my war,"
648
00:40:05,695 --> 00:40:07,697
we say, "Hell no,
we ain't going."
649
00:40:09,157 --> 00:40:11,376
# But the world is big. #
650
00:40:11,492 --> 00:40:12,803
I'm not going to help nobody
651
00:40:12,827 --> 00:40:14,955
get something
my Negroes don't have.
652
00:40:15,079 --> 00:40:16,399
If I'm going to die,
I'll die now,
653
00:40:16,456 --> 00:40:19,175
right here fighting you,
if I'm going to die.
654
00:40:19,292 --> 00:40:23,092
You my enemy, my enemy is the
white people, not Viet Congs,
655
00:40:23,212 --> 00:40:24,680
or Chinese, or Japanese.
656
00:40:24,797 --> 00:40:27,175
You my opposer
when I want freedom.
657
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:29,143
You my opposer when
I want justice.
658
00:40:29,260 --> 00:40:30,682
You my opposer
when I want equality.
659
00:40:30,803 --> 00:40:32,521
And you want me to go
somewhere and fight,
660
00:40:32,680 --> 00:40:34,978
but you won't even stand up
for me here at home.
661
00:40:35,099 --> 00:40:40,196
At first, 10,000 draftees
were called up each month,
662
00:40:40,355 --> 00:40:45,703
but in 1966, the growing demand
for fresh troops in Vietnam
663
00:40:45,818 --> 00:40:49,368
raised that number to 30,000.
664
00:40:49,530 --> 00:40:52,704
Now, thousands
of college students
665
00:40:52,825 --> 00:40:56,125
could no longer expect
a deferment.
666
00:40:56,245 --> 00:40:59,545
And if your rank
fell below a certain threshold,
667
00:40:59,666 --> 00:41:02,715
you were yanked out of college.
668
00:41:02,835 --> 00:41:05,429
And the worst that could happen
to you is you would be killed
669
00:41:05,546 --> 00:41:07,219
in Vietnam.
670
00:41:07,382 --> 00:41:10,761
So we protested at
the University of Chicago
671
00:41:10,885 --> 00:41:15,436
that the university was
complicit with this war
672
00:41:15,556 --> 00:41:19,811
by agreeing to supply those
rankings to the draft board.
673
00:41:19,936 --> 00:41:22,530
We thought for the first time,
you know,
674
00:41:22,647 --> 00:41:24,399
we're really having an impact.
675
00:41:28,236 --> 00:41:33,834
But a majority of Americans,
old and young, supported the war.
676
00:41:33,950 --> 00:41:36,123
The Young Americans for Freedom,
677
00:41:36,244 --> 00:41:39,669
created by the conservative
writer William F. Buckley,
678
00:41:39,789 --> 00:41:44,420
held counter-demonstrations
on campuses across the country.
679
00:41:44,585 --> 00:41:48,010
# His truth is marching on. #
680
00:42:43,061 --> 00:42:46,907
I was brought up to
believe that the communists were people
681
00:42:47,023 --> 00:42:51,995
who destroy the family,
destroy religion,
682
00:42:52,153 --> 00:42:55,623
and people who had no allegiance
to our country
683
00:42:55,740 --> 00:42:58,789
but to international communism.
684
00:42:58,910 --> 00:43:02,835
My mother would describe them
as,
685
00:43:02,997 --> 00:43:05,170
which means that
these are people
686
00:43:05,333 --> 00:43:07,961
with the head of a water buffalo
and the face of a horse,
687
00:43:08,086 --> 00:43:12,011
meaning that they were
subhumans, and they were brutal.
688
00:43:13,341 --> 00:43:16,515
But on the other hand I
thought they also include people
689
00:43:16,677 --> 00:43:20,307
like my sister Thang
and a lot of my cousins.
690
00:43:20,431 --> 00:43:24,686
I couldn't quite reconcile
the two images.
691
00:43:24,811 --> 00:43:29,066
But of the two, I think the
other image was much stronger
692
00:43:29,190 --> 00:43:31,067
because I was so scared of them.
693
00:43:31,192 --> 00:43:34,696
I thought these people must be
really, really horrible people.
694
00:43:34,821 --> 00:43:37,244
That was the frame of mind I had
695
00:43:37,365 --> 00:43:41,586
when I started doing research
into the communist movement.
696
00:43:41,702 --> 00:43:45,252
Duong Van Mai was
the daughter of an official
697
00:43:45,373 --> 00:43:48,547
in the South Vietnamese
government and was now married
698
00:43:48,668 --> 00:43:51,217
to an American, David Elliott.
699
00:43:51,337 --> 00:43:54,432
Back in 1964, she had gone
to work
700
00:43:54,549 --> 00:43:57,143
for the RAND Corporation
in Saigon.
701
00:43:57,260 --> 00:43:59,513
The think tank had been
commissioned
702
00:43:59,637 --> 00:44:03,358
by Robert McNamara to do
a study of enemy prisoners
703
00:44:03,474 --> 00:44:06,398
to find out
"Who are the Viet Cong?
704
00:44:06,561 --> 00:44:08,814
And what makes them tick?"
705
00:44:10,565 --> 00:44:12,863
I remember my first interview.
706
00:44:12,984 --> 00:44:14,577
I was by myself.
707
00:44:14,694 --> 00:44:19,541
I was very young and I was going
to this pretty grim prison
708
00:44:19,657 --> 00:44:24,254
to interview this high-ranking
cadre who had been captured.
709
00:44:24,412 --> 00:44:28,417
I went in thinking I'm going
to meet this beast, you know,
710
00:44:28,541 --> 00:44:30,885
this guy with the head
of a water buffalo
711
00:44:31,002 --> 00:44:32,504
and the face of a horse.
712
00:44:32,628 --> 00:44:35,256
He walked in and he was
very surprised to see me.
713
00:44:36,632 --> 00:44:39,260
Just as surprised
as I was to see him.
714
00:44:39,385 --> 00:44:43,640
Here was a man who had devoted
all his life to fight
715
00:44:43,764 --> 00:44:46,734
for what he called a just cause
716
00:44:46,851 --> 00:44:49,445
to free his country
of foreign domination,
717
00:44:49,604 --> 00:44:54,110
to reunify the country
under just government.
718
00:44:54,275 --> 00:44:56,243
So he really totally
believed in it
719
00:44:56,360 --> 00:44:59,580
to the point that he sacrificed
his whole life to this cause.
720
00:44:59,697 --> 00:45:02,325
So I left, I was very...
I was very impressed with him.
721
00:45:04,035 --> 00:45:05,787
When the RAND
report was presented
722
00:45:05,912 --> 00:45:08,836
to McNamara's top
deputies at the Pentagon,
723
00:45:08,956 --> 00:45:11,960
describing the Viet Cong
as a dedicated enemy
724
00:45:12,084 --> 00:45:15,463
that "could only be defeated
at enormous cost,"
725
00:45:15,588 --> 00:45:19,889
one senior official said,
"If what you say is true,
726
00:45:20,009 --> 00:45:22,478
"we're fighting
on the wrong side,
727
00:45:22,637 --> 00:45:25,561
the side that's going to lose
this war."
728
00:45:39,820 --> 00:45:46,999
# Sunshine came softly
through my a-window today #
729
00:45:47,119 --> 00:45:54,173
# Could've tripped out easy
a-but I've a-changed my ways. #
730
00:45:54,293 --> 00:45:59,595
The overall myth
of an American army running roughshod
731
00:45:59,715 --> 00:46:04,846
by policy, by strategy, by
tactics to terrorize and murder
732
00:46:05,012 --> 00:46:09,643
and victimize the innocent
population of South Vietnam,
733
00:46:09,767 --> 00:46:11,360
that image is the...
734
00:46:11,477 --> 00:46:14,697
it-it doesn't do justice
to the young men and women
735
00:46:14,814 --> 00:46:15,986
who served over there.
736
00:46:16,107 --> 00:46:18,906
It's certainly not
an accurate depiction
737
00:46:19,026 --> 00:46:21,529
of what our army was about.
738
00:46:23,364 --> 00:46:26,538
From the first, the
Johnson administration understood
739
00:46:26,659 --> 00:46:28,457
that the war could not be won
740
00:46:28,577 --> 00:46:32,377
without convincing poor farmers
living in the countryside
741
00:46:32,540 --> 00:46:36,261
that the government in Saigon,
not the Viet Cong,
742
00:46:36,377 --> 00:46:40,883
had their best interests
at heart.
743
00:46:41,048 --> 00:46:43,176
In addition to the military,
744
00:46:43,301 --> 00:46:46,396
many American aid organizations
were at work
745
00:46:46,554 --> 00:46:48,227
in Vietnamese villages.
746
00:46:48,347 --> 00:46:51,100
They dug wells
and built windmills,
747
00:46:51,225 --> 00:46:55,196
started schools,
introduced improved rice,
748
00:46:55,313 --> 00:46:56,986
provided medical care,
749
00:46:57,106 --> 00:47:00,781
and electrified
much of the countryside.
750
00:47:03,404 --> 00:47:06,203
Under pressure
from Robert McNamara,
751
00:47:06,324 --> 00:47:10,045
MACV struggled to find ways
to measure the progress
752
00:47:10,161 --> 00:47:14,416
of pacification in South
Vietnam's 44 provinces,
753
00:47:14,582 --> 00:47:19,429
220 districts
and 13,000 hamlets,
754
00:47:19,545 --> 00:47:24,722
and finally came up with
the Hamlet Evaluation System.
755
00:47:24,842 --> 00:47:28,938
Soon some 220 U.S.
district advisers
756
00:47:29,096 --> 00:47:32,817
were required to produce
some 90,000 pages
757
00:47:32,933 --> 00:47:37,689
of data every month... a mountain
of information so daunting
758
00:47:37,813 --> 00:47:41,443
no one could make sense of it.
759
00:47:44,195 --> 00:47:47,074
Everything can be quantified.
760
00:47:47,198 --> 00:47:51,044
So you can literally say,
"How pacified is this village?"
761
00:47:51,160 --> 00:47:54,209
"It's 37.5% pacified."
762
00:47:54,330 --> 00:47:56,503
Well, what does that mean?
763
00:47:56,624 --> 00:47:57,967
An American would tell you,
764
00:47:58,084 --> 00:48:01,304
"You know, we haven't had
an incident in this village
765
00:48:01,462 --> 00:48:03,965
or this province," whatever.
766
00:48:04,090 --> 00:48:09,893
"The incident rate's going down,
and therefore we're winning."
767
00:48:10,012 --> 00:48:12,606
But we would point out
that certain troubled areas
768
00:48:12,723 --> 00:48:15,317
in the provinces that we were
working in,
769
00:48:15,434 --> 00:48:18,608
we would say simply
that it's not pacified
770
00:48:18,729 --> 00:48:22,484
unless you want to consider it
pacified by the other side.
771
00:48:24,235 --> 00:48:26,579
To the extent that
pacification was succeeding,
772
00:48:26,695 --> 00:48:29,744
schools were being built,
wells were being cleaned.
773
00:48:29,865 --> 00:48:31,162
And then one fine night
774
00:48:31,283 --> 00:48:34,002
here comes 400 North Vietnamese
soldiers into the village,
775
00:48:34,161 --> 00:48:36,960
executes the village chief,
kidnaps 12 of the young people
776
00:48:37,081 --> 00:48:40,506
for, you know, service in the
revolutionary armed forces,
777
00:48:40,668 --> 00:48:42,716
and the people look
at the government and say,
778
00:48:42,837 --> 00:48:48,185
"You promised us you'd protect
us, but you didn't stay."
779
00:48:53,556 --> 00:48:55,308
I was over there early.
780
00:48:55,433 --> 00:48:59,779
I was with a really good unit,
who believed in Army traditions,
781
00:48:59,895 --> 00:49:01,397
they believed in honor,
782
00:49:01,522 --> 00:49:05,527
they believed even in treating
your enemy humanely
783
00:49:05,651 --> 00:49:07,699
once he was a POW.
784
00:49:07,820 --> 00:49:12,200
Lieutenant Mike Heaney
from Basking Ridge, New Jersey,
785
00:49:12,366 --> 00:49:15,336
was a platoon leader
in the 1st Cavalry Division.
786
00:49:15,453 --> 00:49:18,707
He'd arrived late in 1965
787
00:49:18,831 --> 00:49:21,801
and was assigned to a densely
populated section
788
00:49:21,917 --> 00:49:23,134
of central Vietnam,
789
00:49:23,252 --> 00:49:25,346
where he found himself
surrounded
790
00:49:25,463 --> 00:49:27,716
by North Vietnamese infiltrators
791
00:49:27,840 --> 00:49:31,344
and villagers whose loyalties
were unclear.
792
00:49:32,470 --> 00:49:34,689
We never really figured out
793
00:49:34,805 --> 00:49:37,228
how to determine
who the enemy was.
794
00:49:37,391 --> 00:49:42,238
Being normal, decent
American boys,
795
00:49:42,354 --> 00:49:45,198
you don't just put your rifle up
and take a shot at a guy
796
00:49:45,316 --> 00:49:46,442
and try to kill him
797
00:49:46,567 --> 00:49:50,322
unless you're pretty sure
this is an enemy.
798
00:49:50,446 --> 00:49:52,995
And if he wasn't armed,
799
00:49:53,115 --> 00:49:57,086
or wasn't menacing you in any
way, we wouldn't shoot him.
800
00:49:58,787 --> 00:50:00,460
We'd go through a village
801
00:50:00,581 --> 00:50:03,004
in which there would be no
people we could identify
802
00:50:03,125 --> 00:50:06,629
as enemy soldiers, and we'd find
a big cache of rice.
803
00:50:06,754 --> 00:50:10,008
So the standing instructions
were blow that up, burn it,
804
00:50:10,132 --> 00:50:11,884
destroy it, poison it, whatever.
805
00:50:12,009 --> 00:50:15,559
We really didn't want to do that
because it...
806
00:50:15,679 --> 00:50:17,898
You didn't have to be a
rocket scientist to look around
807
00:50:18,015 --> 00:50:19,618
and see these people are
depending on this.
808
00:50:19,642 --> 00:50:20,642
This is their food.
809
00:50:22,228 --> 00:50:25,107
We were told sometimes
to burn thatched dwellings.
810
00:50:25,231 --> 00:50:26,528
And guys would
unenthusiastically
811
00:50:26,649 --> 00:50:28,777
try to light a roof.
812
00:50:28,901 --> 00:50:30,619
And as soon as the flame
burned out,
813
00:50:30,736 --> 00:50:33,114
they weren't going to try again.
814
00:50:33,239 --> 00:50:36,493
Our hearts really weren't
in trying to destroy
815
00:50:36,617 --> 00:50:38,790
civilian food, civilian homes.
816
00:50:38,953 --> 00:50:42,082
It gave us an uneasy feeling
about,
817
00:50:42,206 --> 00:50:43,924
"What is this war is about?"
818
00:50:48,462 --> 00:50:50,464
Most of the fighting in Vietnam
819
00:50:50,589 --> 00:50:53,138
was the kind Mike Heaney
was about to see...
820
00:50:53,259 --> 00:50:58,982
small-scale, close-up, and
initiated by the elusive enemy.
821
00:51:00,474 --> 00:51:03,148
The military called it
"contact."
822
00:51:04,687 --> 00:51:10,319
"War is hell," grunts liked to
say, "but contact is a mother."
823
00:51:14,863 --> 00:51:19,619
The job of an infantry platoon
usually is to try to scare up
824
00:51:19,743 --> 00:51:22,792
enemy infantry and take it down.
825
00:51:22,913 --> 00:51:27,339
Really, the tactic was
we were acting as bait.
826
00:51:27,501 --> 00:51:29,503
And at some level we knew that.
827
00:51:29,628 --> 00:51:32,347
You know, go walk
in the woods and draw fire.
828
00:51:34,174 --> 00:51:35,801
Six months into his tour,
829
00:51:35,926 --> 00:51:38,600
Heaney undertook what
he and his men thought
830
00:51:38,721 --> 00:51:40,348
would be an easy assignment:
831
00:51:40,514 --> 00:51:44,690
climb a slope not far
from their base at An Khe
832
00:51:44,810 --> 00:51:48,531
and drive a small enemy mortar
unit off a ridge line.
833
00:51:48,647 --> 00:51:53,323
As soon as we started out,
we started to get some bad vibes.
834
00:51:53,444 --> 00:51:58,701
We found some boot prints
in the mud
835
00:51:58,866 --> 00:52:01,369
at the edge of this
landing zone,
836
00:52:01,493 --> 00:52:04,463
and a nice trail, a well-used
trail going up the ridge.
837
00:52:04,580 --> 00:52:08,710
I remember talking to one of
my squad leaders about this.
838
00:52:08,834 --> 00:52:12,884
And we were both sitting there,
"Well, shit, this sucks."
839
00:52:14,131 --> 00:52:17,010
And all of a sudden
the very point man,
840
00:52:17,134 --> 00:52:19,432
the first guy in the column,
Sergeant Mays,
841
00:52:19,553 --> 00:52:23,057
without saying anything just put
his M16 up to his shoulder
842
00:52:23,182 --> 00:52:24,559
and fired off a round.
843
00:52:24,725 --> 00:52:27,854
And he turned around
and he said, "VC on the trail.
844
00:52:27,978 --> 00:52:29,696
VC on the trail."
845
00:52:31,732 --> 00:52:35,612
Before I had a chance
to digest this, he went down,
846
00:52:35,736 --> 00:52:36,612
shot right through the chest.
847
00:52:36,737 --> 00:52:37,737
Boom!
848
00:52:39,114 --> 00:52:40,912
And all of a sudden
849
00:52:41,033 --> 00:52:44,879
what was a very well-laid
ambush erupted.
850
00:52:46,246 --> 00:52:50,376
And it was so loud
and so unexpected
851
00:52:50,501 --> 00:52:54,847
I was stunned for...
for a little bit, you know.
852
00:52:54,963 --> 00:52:56,590
"What the fuck is going on?"
853
00:52:56,757 --> 00:53:00,557
Heaney's radio operator,
Private Terry Carpenter,
854
00:53:00,678 --> 00:53:03,022
got the company commander
on the line.
855
00:53:03,138 --> 00:53:06,267
"We've run into something bad,"
Heaney said.
856
00:53:06,433 --> 00:53:11,280
At that moment, a bullet hit
Carpenter in the head.
857
00:53:11,438 --> 00:53:12,906
I knew Terry was down.
858
00:53:13,023 --> 00:53:14,821
I knew Sergeant Mays was down.
859
00:53:14,942 --> 00:53:17,320
I had asked the first machine
gun crew to come up
860
00:53:17,444 --> 00:53:19,117
and start laying down
machine gun fire.
861
00:53:19,279 --> 00:53:21,657
They got blown away
pretty quickly.
862
00:53:21,782 --> 00:53:25,127
They never really had a chance
to lay down much fire.
863
00:53:25,285 --> 00:53:27,003
At that point there
wasn't anybody left
864
00:53:27,121 --> 00:53:28,964
in my forward unit.
865
00:53:29,123 --> 00:53:31,967
Every one of them had
been taken down except me.
866
00:53:32,126 --> 00:53:33,844
Every one.
867
00:53:33,961 --> 00:53:36,259
Every one had been killed
868
00:53:36,380 --> 00:53:38,474
or mortally wounded
at that point.
869
00:53:42,803 --> 00:53:44,146
Night fell.
870
00:53:44,304 --> 00:53:46,306
What was left
of Heaney's company braced
871
00:53:46,432 --> 00:53:50,107
for the assault they assumed
would come at dawn.
872
00:53:51,311 --> 00:53:53,279
I was lying there
on the perimeter.
873
00:53:53,397 --> 00:53:55,525
I was right next
to a dead enemy soldier.
874
00:53:55,649 --> 00:53:58,368
It was kind of my face
and his feet
875
00:53:58,485 --> 00:54:00,078
and I kept looking back at him,
876
00:54:00,195 --> 00:54:02,664
because I couldn't see
any wounds on him.
877
00:54:02,823 --> 00:54:05,201
And, you know, the strange
things you think,
878
00:54:05,325 --> 00:54:06,998
"This guy's going to kill me.
879
00:54:07,119 --> 00:54:08,371
"He's faking it.
880
00:54:08,495 --> 00:54:09,775
"He's waiting until the assault,
881
00:54:09,830 --> 00:54:11,798
then he's going to jump up
and kill me."
882
00:54:11,915 --> 00:54:13,383
And I almost shot him again.
883
00:54:13,500 --> 00:54:15,093
Just to make sure he was dead.
884
00:54:16,670 --> 00:54:18,889
Then the enemy
began to lob mortar shells
885
00:54:19,006 --> 00:54:21,259
among Heaney's men.
886
00:54:21,383 --> 00:54:23,477
I felt like
somebody had taken a bat
887
00:54:23,594 --> 00:54:27,690
and hit me on my calf, my right
calf, as hard as he could.
888
00:54:27,848 --> 00:54:32,820
I was so stunned by the shock
of being hit,
889
00:54:32,936 --> 00:54:38,067
and I just drew in a deep breath
of air in terrible pain.
890
00:54:38,192 --> 00:54:40,490
I couldn't speak.
891
00:54:40,611 --> 00:54:43,410
Right after the ambush happened,
892
00:54:43,530 --> 00:54:45,407
and I knew I'd lost
a bunch of guys,
893
00:54:45,532 --> 00:54:49,753
I said a prayer to God saying,
basically,
894
00:54:49,870 --> 00:54:52,373
"If you need any more guys
from my platoon, take me.
895
00:54:52,539 --> 00:54:54,416
Don't take any more of my men."
896
00:54:54,541 --> 00:54:57,886
As soon as I said it,
I freaked myself out and said,
897
00:54:58,003 --> 00:55:01,598
"Holy shit, can I take
that prayer back?"
898
00:55:01,715 --> 00:55:02,716
But it was too late.
899
00:55:02,883 --> 00:55:04,305
I'd-I'd said it.
900
00:55:04,426 --> 00:55:05,723
And as it turns out,
901
00:55:05,886 --> 00:55:09,436
not one more man in my platoon
died after that prayer.
902
00:55:11,058 --> 00:55:15,234
American artillery
finally zeroed in on the enemy.
903
00:55:15,395 --> 00:55:18,194
The survivors of Heaney's
company stumbled down the hill
904
00:55:18,315 --> 00:55:19,988
to safety.
905
00:55:20,108 --> 00:55:22,987
He was carried to a hospital.
906
00:55:30,911 --> 00:55:33,755
I was lying on my bed sobbing.
907
00:55:33,872 --> 00:55:36,170
And this nurse came over.
908
00:55:36,291 --> 00:55:37,884
She bent over and said,
"Lieutenant...
909
00:55:38,001 --> 00:55:40,424
"You... the-the your men
are all over the place.
910
00:55:40,546 --> 00:55:42,594
You've gotta stop crying."
911
00:55:42,714 --> 00:55:45,513
And at that point
my platoon sergeant,
912
00:55:45,634 --> 00:55:48,979
huge black guy from Detroit
whom I loved dearly,
913
00:55:49,096 --> 00:55:52,600
Sergeant Sam Hunt, he came over
and he sat down next to me
914
00:55:52,724 --> 00:55:54,192
and he took my hand
915
00:55:54,309 --> 00:55:55,652
and he said to this nurse,
916
00:55:55,769 --> 00:55:57,396
"Ma'am, this here lieutenant
917
00:55:57,521 --> 00:55:59,489
don't have to stop doing
anything."
918
00:56:51,408 --> 00:56:53,048
The students are angry now.
919
00:56:53,160 --> 00:56:54,662
And the word is passed
920
00:56:54,828 --> 00:56:58,173
to gather at Saigon's main
Buddhist pagoda after dark.
921
00:57:00,250 --> 00:57:01,570
After all these years,
922
00:57:01,668 --> 00:57:05,013
the Vietnamese have learned
to live with crises and war.
923
00:57:05,130 --> 00:57:08,350
But they haven't learned yet
to live as a nation.
924
00:57:09,843 --> 00:57:12,062
Now, Dean, what
are we going to do?
925
00:57:12,179 --> 00:57:15,979
Are we moving to the point where
it would be difficult for us
926
00:57:16,099 --> 00:57:17,851
to ask people to continue
to die out there,
927
00:57:18,018 --> 00:57:20,942
this kind of stuff going on
every two or three months?
928
00:57:21,063 --> 00:57:22,863
I think not
yet, sir, by any means.
929
00:57:23,023 --> 00:57:26,197
I think that this is still
a minority problem.
930
00:57:26,360 --> 00:57:29,204
But political talk is not going
to be able to get anywhere
931
00:57:29,363 --> 00:57:31,206
if they don't maintain
the elements of order.
932
00:57:35,285 --> 00:57:38,084
On May 15, 1966,
933
00:57:38,205 --> 00:57:41,334
the government of South Vietnam,
the country for which
934
00:57:41,458 --> 00:57:43,927
so many Americans were
risking their lives,
935
00:57:44,044 --> 00:57:46,888
again seemed
on the brink of collapse.
936
00:57:49,341 --> 00:57:52,936
The ascendancy of Prime Minister
Ky had dealt a severe blow
937
00:57:53,053 --> 00:57:55,727
to activist Buddhists,
who had been demanding
938
00:57:55,889 --> 00:57:59,564
representative government and
a negotiated end to the war
939
00:57:59,685 --> 00:58:01,779
since 1963.
940
00:58:01,895 --> 00:58:05,900
When Ky suddenly fired
a rival general,
941
00:58:06,024 --> 00:58:07,742
a popular Buddhist commander,
942
00:58:07,859 --> 00:58:13,081
demonstrators poured into
the streets of Hue and Danang.
943
00:58:13,240 --> 00:58:15,459
They shut down the port
944
00:58:15,575 --> 00:58:17,748
through which U.S. supplies
had been flowing.
945
00:58:19,913 --> 00:58:23,838
Some South Vietnamese soldiers,
loyal to the dismissed general,
946
00:58:23,959 --> 00:58:26,462
abandoned the struggle
against the communists
947
00:58:26,586 --> 00:58:29,055
and headed for the city.
948
00:58:29,172 --> 00:58:32,517
Angry crowds burned
American jeeps.
949
00:58:32,634 --> 00:58:36,639
Signs reading "Peace!"
and "Americans Go Home!"
950
00:58:36,763 --> 00:58:38,436
appeared everywhere.
951
00:58:38,598 --> 00:58:41,727
President Johnson
was so concerned,
952
00:58:41,852 --> 00:58:45,402
he asked his advisors to ready
a fallback position
953
00:58:45,522 --> 00:58:47,570
if the Ky government fell.
954
00:58:47,691 --> 00:58:51,286
If necessary, he said,
the U.S. should be prepared
955
00:58:51,403 --> 00:58:53,826
to get out of Vietnam
and perhaps
956
00:58:53,947 --> 00:58:58,248
make a stand against communism
in Thailand instead.
957
00:59:00,454 --> 00:59:02,456
Ky ordered South Vietnamese
soldiers
958
00:59:02,622 --> 00:59:05,250
to surround and subdue Danang,
959
00:59:05,375 --> 00:59:09,130
where they exchanged fire
with their former comrades.
960
00:59:12,799 --> 00:59:17,976
As Ky's forces stormed
Buddhist pagodas in Danang,
961
00:59:18,138 --> 00:59:21,142
his warplanes strafed
dissident troops
962
00:59:21,308 --> 00:59:22,981
occupying the central market.
963
00:59:26,021 --> 00:59:27,739
The rebellion was crushed.
964
00:59:27,856 --> 00:59:30,735
Washington was relieved.
965
00:59:30,859 --> 00:59:34,659
Ky seemed to be back in control.
966
00:59:34,780 --> 00:59:39,035
But from his command post
on a hilltop outside the city,
967
00:59:39,159 --> 00:59:42,538
an American Marine lieutenant
had watched in disbelief
968
00:59:42,662 --> 00:59:46,337
as two battles unfolded
simultaneously:
969
00:59:46,500 --> 00:59:51,631
in the west, his fellow Marines
were fighting the Viet Cong;
970
00:59:51,755 --> 00:59:55,430
in the east,
the South Vietnamese army
971
00:59:55,550 --> 00:59:58,349
seemed to be at war with itself.
972
01:00:06,186 --> 01:00:09,190
# Hello darkness,
my old friend. #
973
01:00:09,314 --> 01:00:12,193
May 16, 1966.
974
01:00:12,359 --> 01:00:14,737
Dear Mom and Dad...
975
01:00:14,861 --> 01:00:16,784
Our operation here
on the Cambodian border
976
01:00:16,905 --> 01:00:19,078
has been quite a success.
977
01:00:19,199 --> 01:00:21,452
No doubt you will hear about it
on the news.
978
01:00:22,869 --> 01:00:25,042
We keep getting more and more
operations thrown at us
979
01:00:25,205 --> 01:00:27,207
so that nothing is very sure.
980
01:00:27,332 --> 01:00:32,008
# ...that was
planted in my brain still remains. #
981
01:00:32,129 --> 01:00:34,973
Whether I will go
out again soon I don't know,
982
01:00:35,090 --> 01:00:36,467
but don't plan on steady mail.
983
01:00:39,761 --> 01:00:42,014
Tell Randy I'm looking forward
to seeing his new dog.
984
01:00:45,392 --> 01:00:48,396
I may take a 15-day leave
to Tokyo
985
01:00:48,562 --> 01:00:50,360
to keep from cracking up.
986
01:00:50,480 --> 01:00:53,074
# 'Neath
the halo of a street lamp. #
987
01:00:53,233 --> 01:00:55,076
It was a lovely spring day,
988
01:00:55,193 --> 01:00:58,288
and I opened the letter
that said that.
989
01:00:58,405 --> 01:01:01,204
And I was just really devastated
990
01:01:01,324 --> 01:01:05,454
because by that time
Vietnam was in total chaos.
991
01:01:05,579 --> 01:01:08,002
There was
a continuing changeover
992
01:01:08,123 --> 01:01:12,173
of people in authority at the
government in South Vietnam.
993
01:01:12,294 --> 01:01:15,764
And there were protests of
the Buddhist monks and others
994
01:01:15,922 --> 01:01:17,094
that...
995
01:01:17,215 --> 01:01:19,092
there were anti-American
demonstrations.
996
01:01:19,259 --> 01:01:21,933
I just thought,
"Why? Why are we there?"
997
01:01:23,680 --> 01:01:25,640
I think that
letter when my brother
998
01:01:25,682 --> 01:01:28,276
showed a kind of despair
999
01:01:28,393 --> 01:01:31,613
is probably the first time
he'd expressed that openly
1000
01:01:31,771 --> 01:01:34,524
to the whole family.
1001
01:01:38,195 --> 01:01:42,621
It echoed back to the day
he'd said to me,
1002
01:01:42,782 --> 01:01:44,284
"I don't want to go back."
1003
01:01:45,785 --> 01:01:47,662
To an old high school friend,
1004
01:01:47,787 --> 01:01:51,758
Mogie was even more forthcoming.
1005
01:01:51,875 --> 01:01:54,469
Dear Duff,
1006
01:01:54,586 --> 01:01:56,884
Since I last wrote,
which is several months,
1007
01:01:57,005 --> 01:01:59,099
a number of exciting but
terribly unpleasant events
1008
01:01:59,216 --> 01:02:02,937
have occurred, the worst of
which was being pinned down
1009
01:02:03,053 --> 01:02:04,475
by two Chinese
light machine guns
1010
01:02:04,596 --> 01:02:07,065
firing 900 rounds per minute
1011
01:02:07,182 --> 01:02:09,856
and having my best friend
killed more or less beside me.
1012
01:02:12,062 --> 01:02:13,609
Someday I may tell you
the whole story
1013
01:02:13,730 --> 01:02:16,483
if my nerves aren't
completely gone by then.
1014
01:02:16,608 --> 01:02:19,862
Actually the latter
is just wishful thinking,
1015
01:02:19,986 --> 01:02:24,287
in false hope
they will take me off the line.
1016
01:02:24,407 --> 01:02:28,287
I was fantastically religious
for a while,
1017
01:02:28,411 --> 01:02:31,540
sending up various and sundry
prayers mainly concerned
1018
01:02:31,665 --> 01:02:34,635
with trying to stay alive,
1019
01:02:34,751 --> 01:02:39,257
but I am once again an atheist
until the shooting starts.
1020
01:02:56,523 --> 01:02:58,025
I really believed
1021
01:02:58,191 --> 01:03:02,367
that we had to stop
the communist expansion.
1022
01:03:02,529 --> 01:03:07,535
I also believed that we were
on the side of the angels.
1023
01:03:07,701 --> 01:03:10,124
Just as France had provided
us with support
1024
01:03:10,245 --> 01:03:13,249
during our revolution, we were
providing the South Vietnamese
1025
01:03:13,373 --> 01:03:15,421
with support during
their revolution.
1026
01:03:15,542 --> 01:03:19,137
Matthew Harrison
was among the 300 graduates
1027
01:03:19,254 --> 01:03:23,805
of the class of 1966 who
volunteered to go to Vietnam.
1028
01:03:23,925 --> 01:03:24,801
Rangers!
1029
01:03:24,926 --> 01:03:25,927
Rangers!
1030
01:03:26,052 --> 01:03:27,725
- All the way!
- All the way!
1031
01:03:27,887 --> 01:03:31,357
But first, he went
to Florida to become a Ranger
1032
01:03:31,474 --> 01:03:34,148
and endured nine weeks of
the most demanding training
1033
01:03:34,269 --> 01:03:36,146
the Army had to offer.
1034
01:03:36,271 --> 01:03:38,740
Airborne daddy gonna
take a little trip!
1035
01:03:38,898 --> 01:03:41,401
Airborne daddy gonna
take a little trip!
1036
01:03:41,568 --> 01:03:45,118
The man in charge was
Major Charles A. Beckwith-
1037
01:03:45,238 --> 01:03:46,660
Chargin' Charlie...
1038
01:03:46,781 --> 01:03:49,910
hero of the siege of Plei Me
the year before.
1039
01:03:50,076 --> 01:03:54,456
"If a man is bloody stupid," he
told each group of newcomers,
1040
01:03:54,581 --> 01:03:57,881
"his mother will receive
a telegram and it will say,
1041
01:03:58,001 --> 01:04:00,754
"'Your son is dead
because he's stupid.'
1042
01:04:00,879 --> 01:04:06,101
"Let's hope your telegram only
reads, 'Your son is dead.'
1043
01:04:06,259 --> 01:04:09,263
"With the training we're going
to give you here,
1044
01:04:09,387 --> 01:04:13,267
"maybe your mother won't receive
any telegram at all.
1045
01:04:13,391 --> 01:04:15,189
So pay attention."
1046
01:04:16,519 --> 01:04:17,736
To make it through,
1047
01:04:17,854 --> 01:04:19,948
Harrison and his fellow trainees
had to survive
1048
01:04:20,065 --> 01:04:24,411
days without sleep;
were deprived of food and water,
1049
01:04:24,527 --> 01:04:28,452
forced to march up mountains
until their feet bled
1050
01:04:28,615 --> 01:04:32,119
and patrol through swamps
that harbored copperheads
1051
01:04:32,243 --> 01:04:33,460
and cottonmouths;
1052
01:04:33,578 --> 01:04:36,627
had to learn how to detect
booby traps
1053
01:04:36,748 --> 01:04:41,845
and outmaneuver veterans
masquerading as Viet Cong.
1054
01:04:41,961 --> 01:04:46,307
"Expect the unexpected,"
Beckwith told his trainees
1055
01:04:46,466 --> 01:04:48,059
again and again.
1056
01:04:48,176 --> 01:04:51,476
"Life is unfair."
1057
01:04:52,847 --> 01:04:54,815
Once he'd become a Ranger,
Harrison was eager
1058
01:04:54,974 --> 01:04:58,729
to get to Vietnam and put
into action
1059
01:04:58,853 --> 01:05:02,198
the survival and leadership
skills he'd been absorbing
1060
01:05:02,315 --> 01:05:04,568
for five years.
1061
01:05:04,692 --> 01:05:07,662
I remember
discussing with my classmates
1062
01:05:07,779 --> 01:05:10,157
how horrible it would be
to serve in the Army
1063
01:05:10,281 --> 01:05:14,536
if everybody just a year ahead
of us had served in combat
1064
01:05:14,661 --> 01:05:16,914
and we didn't have the
opportunity to do that.
1065
01:05:17,038 --> 01:05:20,167
I was afraid we were going
to win the war too quickly
1066
01:05:20,333 --> 01:05:23,007
and I wouldn't have a chance
to experience it.
1067
01:05:46,651 --> 01:05:52,454
June 3, 1966, was
Mogie Crocker's 19th birthday.
1068
01:05:52,574 --> 01:05:56,124
His company was involved
in yet another campaign,
1069
01:05:56,244 --> 01:05:59,874
aimed at finding and killing
North Vietnamese troops
1070
01:06:00,039 --> 01:06:04,465
filtering into the
Central Highlands from Laos.
1071
01:06:04,586 --> 01:06:08,466
As night fell, Mogie and
his squad were ordered
1072
01:06:08,590 --> 01:06:10,718
to move up toward
the crest of a hill
1073
01:06:10,884 --> 01:06:14,184
overlooking a besieged
ARVN outpost
1074
01:06:14,304 --> 01:06:16,306
so that artillery could be
brought up
1075
01:06:16,431 --> 01:06:19,776
and positioned to shell
the enemy in the morning.
1076
01:06:22,770 --> 01:06:26,570
They moved slowly,
warily up the slope.
1077
01:06:26,733 --> 01:06:28,735
Mogie was the point man.
1078
01:06:31,779 --> 01:06:34,453
Out of the darkness,
a machine gun opened up.
1079
01:06:37,243 --> 01:06:41,874
Denton Crocker, Jr. never made
it to the top of the hill.
1080
01:06:51,883 --> 01:06:54,056
# Down the street
the dogs are barkin' #
1081
01:06:54,177 --> 01:06:57,807
# And the day is
a-gettin' dark. #
1082
01:06:57,931 --> 01:07:01,356
It was just a
lovely day to be out in our garden.
1083
01:07:03,269 --> 01:07:07,115
Candy, our little girl,
went to a birthday party.
1084
01:07:07,232 --> 01:07:10,452
And the other children were
just around the house, I guess.
1085
01:07:10,568 --> 01:07:15,449
But shortly after lunchtime,
I stepped out on the porch.
1086
01:07:19,744 --> 01:07:22,964
I saw two men in uniform
coming to the house.
1087
01:07:25,708 --> 01:07:29,303
And I knew something terrible
had happened.
1088
01:07:30,672 --> 01:07:32,265
And I ran down the steps.
1089
01:07:32,382 --> 01:07:34,931
And I just grabbed hold
of one of them and said,
1090
01:07:35,051 --> 01:07:36,894
"Don't tell me.
Don't say it.
1091
01:07:37,011 --> 01:07:39,560
Not my beautiful boy."
1092
01:07:39,681 --> 01:07:42,059
And he just said, "Yes."
1093
01:07:42,183 --> 01:07:44,026
# From the
crossroads of my doorstep #
1094
01:07:44,143 --> 01:07:46,237
# My eyes start to fade. #
1095
01:07:46,354 --> 01:07:48,754
I was sitting on
the couch in the living room.
1096
01:07:48,856 --> 01:07:52,736
I suddenly heard my mother
screaming for my father.
1097
01:07:52,860 --> 01:07:56,831
Like in a movie, here came
the priest up the stairs
1098
01:07:56,948 --> 01:07:59,326
with a soldier,
and she's going, "Oh no."
1099
01:07:59,450 --> 01:08:03,045
And she's calling my dad.
1100
01:08:03,162 --> 01:08:05,915
My reaction was to leap up
off the couch,
1101
01:08:06,040 --> 01:08:07,508
race out the back door
1102
01:08:07,625 --> 01:08:09,502
and I grabbed my little
brother's hand
1103
01:08:09,669 --> 01:08:11,012
and I just started walking.
1104
01:08:11,129 --> 01:08:13,507
I said, "You have to come
with me."
1105
01:08:13,631 --> 01:08:15,258
I said, "I have something
to show you."
1106
01:08:15,383 --> 01:08:17,351
I have no idea
where I was going.
1107
01:08:17,510 --> 01:08:22,186
I just said to myself, "No.
1108
01:08:22,348 --> 01:08:23,691
This isn't going to happen."
1109
01:08:23,808 --> 01:08:27,438
And something made me
turn around
1110
01:08:27,562 --> 01:08:31,567
and I walked up to the back
of the house from the alley.
1111
01:08:31,691 --> 01:08:34,535
And my dad was standing there.
1112
01:08:34,694 --> 01:08:38,198
And I fell into his arms
and I said,
1113
01:08:38,323 --> 01:08:40,121
"Don't let it be true, Dad.
1114
01:08:42,535 --> 01:08:44,537
Is it true?"
1115
01:08:44,704 --> 01:08:46,206
And he said, "Yes.".
1116
01:08:49,375 --> 01:08:52,549
I somehow knew that
things had changed forever.
1117
01:08:54,255 --> 01:08:57,259
That my mom as my mom
and my dad as my dad,
1118
01:08:57,383 --> 01:09:00,387
it was never going to be
quite the same again.
1119
01:09:00,553 --> 01:09:02,396
I just, I remember sitting
on the couch
1120
01:09:02,513 --> 01:09:04,481
and I put my arms around them
and I said,
1121
01:09:04,599 --> 01:09:07,773
"We'll love each other
and we'll be all right."
1122
01:09:07,894 --> 01:09:11,194
But I don't know
how far it carried.
1123
01:09:11,314 --> 01:09:12,566
You know?
1124
01:09:12,690 --> 01:09:15,068
We all tried.
1125
01:09:15,234 --> 01:09:17,862
# We're both just
one too many mornings #
1126
01:09:17,987 --> 01:09:20,957
# And a thousand miles behind. #
1127
01:09:21,074 --> 01:09:23,543
Carol said to me one day
1128
01:09:23,660 --> 01:09:26,004
very shortly after Denton
was killed,
1129
01:09:26,120 --> 01:09:30,796
probably that very clay,
"How can you believe in God?"
1130
01:09:30,917 --> 01:09:34,046
And I said,
"Because we had Mogie."
1131
01:09:37,382 --> 01:09:41,933
And I think that his life
was a real gift.
1132
01:09:42,095 --> 01:09:45,144
It was a privilege to have him.
1133
01:09:45,264 --> 01:09:46,436
A friend wrote to me,
1134
01:09:46,557 --> 01:09:50,187
"Our children are really
only on loan to us,"
1135
01:09:50,311 --> 01:09:52,188
which I guess is true.
1136
01:09:54,732 --> 01:09:58,453
Ten clays later, an Army
captain escorted Mogie's body
1137
01:09:58,611 --> 01:10:00,830
to Dick Stone's funeral home.
1138
01:10:00,947 --> 01:10:03,826
The family priest had suggested
1139
01:10:03,950 --> 01:10:06,328
that Mogie be buried
in Saratoga Springs
1140
01:10:06,452 --> 01:10:10,423
so that his parents could easily
visit his grave.
1141
01:10:10,540 --> 01:10:15,171
But they chose Arlington
National Cemetery instead.
1142
01:10:16,587 --> 01:10:19,807
"A corner of my heart knew,"
his mother remembered,
1143
01:10:19,924 --> 01:10:21,517
"that if he were buried near us,
1144
01:10:21,634 --> 01:10:26,310
I would want to claw the ground
to retrieve the warmth of him."
1145
01:10:33,938 --> 01:10:35,440
I hear my friends say,
1146
01:10:35,565 --> 01:10:37,863
"I am troubled,"
and "I am confused,"
1147
01:10:37,984 --> 01:10:39,361
and "I am frustrated,"
1148
01:10:39,485 --> 01:10:42,079
and all of us can understand
those people.
1149
01:10:42,196 --> 01:10:45,166
Sometimes I almost develop
a stomach ulcer myself,
1150
01:10:45,283 --> 01:10:47,377
just listening to them.
1151
01:10:47,493 --> 01:10:50,167
And we all wish
the war would end.
1152
01:10:50,288 --> 01:10:52,382
We all wish the troops
would come home.
1153
01:10:52,498 --> 01:10:55,672
There is no human being
in all this world
1154
01:10:55,835 --> 01:10:59,465
who wishes these things
to happen,
1155
01:10:59,589 --> 01:11:01,466
for peace to come to the world,
1156
01:11:01,591 --> 01:11:04,185
more than your president
of the United States.
1157
01:11:14,604 --> 01:11:16,527
The military
claimed to have killed
1158
01:11:16,647 --> 01:11:23,246
some 57,000 enemy soldiers in
the first six months of 1966.
1159
01:11:23,362 --> 01:11:26,286
But privately the administration
worried
1160
01:11:26,407 --> 01:11:29,286
that General Westmoreland's
"crossover point"...
1161
01:11:29,410 --> 01:11:32,630
the moment when more enemy
soldiers had been killed
1162
01:11:32,747 --> 01:11:36,672
than could be replaced...
seemed no nearer.
1163
01:11:36,793 --> 01:11:40,468
From the first, the Joint Chiefs
had urged the president
1164
01:11:40,588 --> 01:11:41,840
to be more aggressive...
1165
01:11:41,964 --> 01:11:47,642
to permit troops to pursue
the enemy into Laos and Cambodia
1166
01:11:47,762 --> 01:11:52,563
and to expand the target list
for bombing in North Vietnam.
1167
01:11:52,725 --> 01:11:56,775
Johnson still would not allow
borders to be crossed
1168
01:11:56,896 --> 01:12:00,241
by regular ground troops
for fear of bringing China
1169
01:12:00,399 --> 01:12:03,778
or even the Soviet Union
into the war.
1170
01:12:03,903 --> 01:12:06,577
And he was wary
of heavier bombing,
1171
01:12:06,697 --> 01:12:09,576
fearful of hitting
more civilians.
1172
01:12:09,742 --> 01:12:12,416
But despite his concern,
1173
01:12:12,578 --> 01:12:16,128
the president now agreed to
intensify the bombing campaign
1174
01:12:16,249 --> 01:12:18,798
called Operation
Rolling Thunder.
1175
01:12:18,918 --> 01:12:22,013
He approved attacks
on oil facilities
1176
01:12:22,129 --> 01:12:24,348
all over North Vietnam,
1177
01:12:24,465 --> 01:12:27,344
including some sites adjacent
to the cities
1178
01:12:27,468 --> 01:12:31,018
of Haiphong and Hanoi.
1179
01:12:31,138 --> 01:12:33,061
His commanders assured him
1180
01:12:33,182 --> 01:12:35,810
that this would be
a mortal blow to the enemy,
1181
01:12:35,935 --> 01:12:38,654
sure to force
the North Vietnamese
1182
01:12:38,771 --> 01:12:40,318
to the bargaining table.
1183
01:12:47,947 --> 01:12:51,622
Tens of thousands
of sorties were flown.
1184
01:12:54,745 --> 01:12:57,965
Many bombs hit
their intended targets.
1185
01:12:58,124 --> 01:13:00,126
But many missed
1186
01:13:00,293 --> 01:13:03,888
and fell on residential
neighborhoods instead,
1187
01:13:04,005 --> 01:13:06,884
just as the president
had feared.
1188
01:13:11,429 --> 01:13:14,478
Things are going reasonably
well in the South, aren't they?
1189
01:13:14,640 --> 01:13:16,768
Yes, I think so.
1190
01:13:16,893 --> 01:13:19,316
Because we think we're taking
a heavy toll of them,
1191
01:13:19,437 --> 01:13:22,065
but it just scares me to see
what we're doing there
1192
01:13:22,189 --> 01:13:25,284
with God knows how many
airplanes and helicopters
1193
01:13:25,401 --> 01:13:30,157
and firepower and going after
a bunch of half-starved beggars.
1194
01:13:30,323 --> 01:13:32,451
This is what's going
on in the South.
1195
01:13:32,575 --> 01:13:35,044
And the great danger is that,
1196
01:13:35,161 --> 01:13:39,758
that they can keep that up
almost indefinitely.
1197
01:13:39,874 --> 01:13:41,794
The only thing that'll prevent
it, Mr. President,
1198
01:13:41,834 --> 01:13:43,552
is their morale breaking.
1199
01:13:43,669 --> 01:13:46,047
There's no question but what
the troops in the South,
1200
01:13:46,172 --> 01:13:47,765
the VC and North Vietnamese,
1201
01:13:47,882 --> 01:13:50,681
they know that we're bombing
in the North.
1202
01:13:50,801 --> 01:13:52,269
And we just have a free rein.
1203
01:13:52,386 --> 01:13:53,946
And when they see they're
getting killed
1204
01:13:54,013 --> 01:13:55,606
in such high rates in the South,
1205
01:13:55,723 --> 01:13:59,023
and they see that the supplies
are less likely to come down
1206
01:13:59,185 --> 01:14:00,787
from the North, I think it will
just hurt their morale
1207
01:14:00,811 --> 01:14:01,858
a little bit more.
1208
01:14:02,021 --> 01:14:03,332
And to me that's
the only way to win
1209
01:14:03,356 --> 01:14:05,199
because we're not killing
enough of them
1210
01:14:05,358 --> 01:14:08,453
to make it impossible for
the North to continue to fight.
1211
01:14:08,569 --> 01:14:11,322
But we are killing enough
to destroy the morale
1212
01:14:11,447 --> 01:14:12,824
of those people down there
1213
01:14:12,949 --> 01:14:15,029
if they think this is going
to have to go on forever.
1214
01:14:16,786 --> 01:14:17,833
All right.
1215
01:14:17,954 --> 01:14:19,752
Go ahead, Bob.
1216
01:15:05,376 --> 01:15:08,926
People talk about collateral
damage, but it means something.
1217
01:15:10,631 --> 01:15:13,180
You don't want to do
collateral damage.
1218
01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:16,304
You want to do the damage
you want to do.
1219
01:15:16,429 --> 01:15:18,272
That's the winning way
to do this.
1220
01:15:32,069 --> 01:15:34,288
Even though
I was in a cell by myself
1221
01:15:34,447 --> 01:15:37,166
and others were in by
themselves, we weren't alone.
1222
01:15:37,283 --> 01:15:39,752
We were together
in this old French prison
1223
01:15:39,869 --> 01:15:42,668
halfway around the world
from the United States.
1224
01:15:42,788 --> 01:15:47,339
Gradually I began to realize
this could go on a long time.
1225
01:15:47,460 --> 01:15:50,805
A long time to me
was like maybe a year or two.
1226
01:15:50,921 --> 01:15:55,142
I never dreamed it would be
eight-and-a-half years.
1227
01:15:55,301 --> 01:15:59,852
By the summer of 1966,
Lieutenant Everett Alvarez,
1228
01:15:59,972 --> 01:16:02,816
the first American pilot
to have been shot down
1229
01:16:02,975 --> 01:16:07,276
over North Vietnam, had been
a captive for nearly two years
1230
01:16:07,396 --> 01:16:10,240
and had been joined
in and around Hanoi
1231
01:16:10,357 --> 01:16:13,452
by more than 100
other downed airmen.
1232
01:16:13,569 --> 01:16:17,369
Even though the North Vietnamese
considered them all
1233
01:16:17,490 --> 01:16:20,744
"aggressors," "criminals,"
and "air pirates"
1234
01:16:20,868 --> 01:16:24,247
rather than prisoners of war
deserving of humane treatment,
1235
01:16:24,371 --> 01:16:28,046
Alvarez and the others had
been treated relatively well
1236
01:16:28,167 --> 01:16:29,384
at first.
1237
01:16:29,502 --> 01:16:32,506
But that hadn't lasted long.
1238
01:16:32,630 --> 01:16:36,385
The men were soon forbidden to
communicate with one another,
1239
01:16:36,509 --> 01:16:38,853
forced to bow to their jailers,
1240
01:16:39,011 --> 01:16:42,311
and told that their country
had forgotten them.
1241
01:16:42,431 --> 01:16:45,856
They were subjected
to isolation, beatings,
1242
01:16:46,018 --> 01:16:48,612
and hour upon hour of torture,
1243
01:16:48,729 --> 01:16:52,324
all aimed at forcing them
to admit their guilt
1244
01:16:52,441 --> 01:16:56,821
and record statements
denouncing the war.
1245
01:16:58,489 --> 01:17:01,208
When that cell door
would open, when they would say,
1246
01:17:01,325 --> 01:17:06,673
"You, your turn," you know,
the bottom just fell out of you,
1247
01:17:06,789 --> 01:17:09,838
and you knew
that you may not come back.
1248
01:17:09,959 --> 01:17:15,056
The manacles, the ropes,
the beatings, they broke bones.
1249
01:17:15,172 --> 01:17:16,970
They... they did everything.
1250
01:17:18,551 --> 01:17:20,224
My arms turned black
1251
01:17:20,344 --> 01:17:23,518
from the cuffs that cut off
all circulation.
1252
01:17:23,639 --> 01:17:25,391
And they didn't let me die.
1253
01:17:25,516 --> 01:17:27,564
They just kept the pain.
1254
01:17:27,726 --> 01:17:30,730
That's when I realized
that I was not a superhuman.
1255
01:17:34,483 --> 01:17:39,785
The first time I broke and gave
them something, I felt so low.
1256
01:17:39,905 --> 01:17:43,205
I felt so little.
1257
01:17:45,411 --> 01:17:48,085
Some of the men who
were forced to record statements
1258
01:17:48,205 --> 01:17:52,585
did their best to make their
true feelings known back home.
1259
01:17:52,751 --> 01:17:56,676
Commander Jeremiah Denton
blinked his eyes to spell out
1260
01:17:56,797 --> 01:17:59,175
"torture" in Morse code.
1261
01:18:06,682 --> 01:18:10,186
On July 6, just one week
after American bombs
1262
01:18:10,311 --> 01:18:13,110
had first fallen on Hanoi
and Haiphong,
1263
01:18:13,272 --> 01:18:17,618
jailers rounded up Alvarez
and 51 other prisoners,
1264
01:18:17,735 --> 01:18:20,158
and, while cameras rolled,
1265
01:18:20,279 --> 01:18:22,782
marched them through
downtown Hanoi,
1266
01:18:22,907 --> 01:18:26,207
past the angry citizens
of the city.
1267
01:18:26,327 --> 01:18:28,671
I could hear the
crowd being whipped up.
1268
01:18:28,787 --> 01:18:32,758
And as I passed this one fellow
with the megaphone,
1269
01:18:32,875 --> 01:18:34,923
he looked at me
and he yelled to the crowd.
1270
01:18:35,044 --> 01:18:38,093
"Alvarez, Alvarez, son of
a bitch, son of a bitch!"
1271
01:18:38,214 --> 01:18:41,718
People started pressing in,
throwing things...
1272
01:18:41,842 --> 01:18:43,810
bottles, shoes.
1273
01:18:43,969 --> 01:18:46,097
But the guards by this time
were having a hard time
1274
01:18:46,222 --> 01:18:48,645
keeping the people away.
1275
01:18:48,807 --> 01:18:51,606
The North
Vietnamese had hoped to rally
1276
01:18:51,727 --> 01:18:56,107
international support for trying
the prisoners as war criminals.
1277
01:18:56,232 --> 01:18:58,109
It backfired.
1278
01:18:58,234 --> 01:19:02,410
People everywhere, even many of
those who opposed the war,
1279
01:19:02,529 --> 01:19:06,534
sympathized with the stumbling,
helpless men.
1280
01:19:07,952 --> 01:19:10,876
Plans for public trials
were canceled.
1281
01:19:13,165 --> 01:19:17,636
The bombing continued, and more
American planes were shot down.
1282
01:19:20,506 --> 01:19:25,012
The North Vietnamese took pride
in capturing American airmen.
1283
01:19:25,135 --> 01:19:29,015
Even children were
expected to do their part.
1284
01:19:30,849 --> 01:19:32,692
Hands up! Hand up!
1285
01:19:35,479 --> 01:19:37,447
Hands LIP!
1286
01:19:38,524 --> 01:19:39,524
Hands LIP!
1287
01:19:40,818 --> 01:19:43,037
The bombing
around Hanoi and Haiphong
1288
01:19:43,153 --> 01:19:45,531
that resulted in so many
of our people being POWs
1289
01:19:45,656 --> 01:19:46,748
for a long period of time
1290
01:19:46,865 --> 01:19:48,708
was fought out
of the White House basement,
1291
01:19:48,826 --> 01:19:51,705
with the president himself
picking targets,
1292
01:19:51,829 --> 01:19:53,581
and deciding that we're going
to attack now,
1293
01:19:53,706 --> 01:19:55,708
and then we're going to pause
for awhile.
1294
01:19:56,959 --> 01:20:01,556
Airpower was being misused,
big time.
1295
01:20:05,009 --> 01:20:07,512
Operation Rolling
Thunder did destroy
1296
01:20:07,636 --> 01:20:12,062
most of North Vietnam's
oil storage facilities.
1297
01:20:12,224 --> 01:20:15,023
But the North Vietnamese shifted
1298
01:20:15,144 --> 01:20:17,863
most of their oil
to underground tanks,
1299
01:20:17,980 --> 01:20:23,783
and more arrived every day
from China and the Soviet Union.
1300
01:20:26,989 --> 01:20:30,038
The bombing was stepped up
anyway.
1301
01:20:32,077 --> 01:20:33,078
Throughout the North,
1302
01:20:33,245 --> 01:20:35,919
enough crude air shelters
were fashioned
1303
01:20:36,081 --> 01:20:40,086
from concrete pipe buried
five feet beneath the ground
1304
01:20:40,210 --> 01:20:43,180
to accommodate some
18 million people-
1305
01:20:43,297 --> 01:20:46,551
virtually the entire population.
1306
01:20:50,721 --> 01:20:54,601
Over a million people were said
to be working around the clock
1307
01:20:54,767 --> 01:20:57,395
to undo what American bombs
had done.
1308
01:20:57,519 --> 01:21:00,113
When key bridges were destroyed,
1309
01:21:00,272 --> 01:21:02,570
they fashioned pontoon bridges
overnight
1310
01:21:02,691 --> 01:21:04,443
to keep traffic moving.
1311
01:21:04,568 --> 01:21:09,290
Crews waited along the roads
with heaps of gravel and stone
1312
01:21:09,448 --> 01:21:13,419
and stacks of wood
to fill bomb craters.
1313
01:21:13,535 --> 01:21:19,542
They worked under the slogan
"The enemy destroys, we repair.
1314
01:21:19,666 --> 01:21:24,297
The enemy destroys,
we repair again."
1315
01:21:30,677 --> 01:21:33,021
Rolling Thunder
was the dumbest campaign
1316
01:21:33,138 --> 01:21:35,482
ever devised by a human being.
1317
01:21:35,599 --> 01:21:37,727
The normal human thing to do
1318
01:21:37,851 --> 01:21:40,354
is to think that your enemy
thinks like you.
1319
01:21:40,479 --> 01:21:43,358
There's the old story,
apocryphal,
1320
01:21:43,482 --> 01:21:45,234
that when McNamara wants to know
1321
01:21:45,359 --> 01:21:48,408
what Ho Chi Minh is thinking,
he interviews himself.
1322
01:21:48,529 --> 01:21:51,328
What the problem then becomes is
1323
01:21:51,448 --> 01:21:55,043
that you keep trying to send
messages that are rational
1324
01:21:55,160 --> 01:21:57,504
based upon your judgment
of rationality,
1325
01:21:57,621 --> 01:22:00,795
but have nothing to do with
the definition of rationality
1326
01:22:00,916 --> 01:22:02,338
on the other side.
1327
01:22:03,669 --> 01:22:05,671
So what's irrational to us
1328
01:22:05,796 --> 01:22:07,548
is totally rational
to the other side
1329
01:22:07,673 --> 01:22:12,349
if you've decided that you are
going to reunify the Vietnams
1330
01:22:12,511 --> 01:22:16,766
no matter what it takes,
no matter how many casualties.
1331
01:22:20,477 --> 01:22:23,356
Hanoi did all it
could to publicize the damage
1332
01:22:23,480 --> 01:22:26,700
American bombs were doing
to civilians.
1333
01:22:26,859 --> 01:22:31,990
Most Americans dismissed the
reports as communist propaganda.
1334
01:22:34,158 --> 01:22:37,378
But when Harrison Salisbury
of the New York Times
1335
01:22:37,494 --> 01:22:43,126
traveled to North Vietnam and
reported on Christmas Day, 1966,
1336
01:22:43,250 --> 01:22:44,502
what he had seen,
1337
01:22:44,626 --> 01:22:48,881
public doubts about
the morality of the war grew.
1338
01:22:50,340 --> 01:22:52,889
A lot of the
military we talked to
1339
01:22:53,010 --> 01:22:57,311
shared our concerns about
how the war was being fought,
1340
01:22:57,431 --> 01:22:59,729
and whether or not
it could be won.
1341
01:22:59,892 --> 01:23:02,771
But when it came
to an official position,
1342
01:23:02,895 --> 01:23:05,739
it was what we know well,
1343
01:23:05,898 --> 01:23:08,777
namely, "We can win this war
and we're doing it right.
1344
01:23:08,901 --> 01:23:13,452
We just need more...
more troops, more bombing."
1345
01:23:19,620 --> 01:23:24,126
I recall on one instance
after I had returned from Vietnam,
1346
01:23:24,249 --> 01:23:27,924
I went by to see McNamara.
1347
01:23:29,922 --> 01:23:34,348
He was saying, "Well, how is our
strategic bombing program
1348
01:23:34,468 --> 01:23:36,937
affecting the course
of the war?"
1349
01:23:38,138 --> 01:23:42,735
I said, "It is not gaining us
anything.
1350
01:23:42,851 --> 01:23:46,526
Indeed, it is
counterproductive."
1351
01:23:48,190 --> 01:23:49,442
He said, "What do you mean?"
1352
01:23:52,152 --> 01:23:58,376
"Mr. Secretary, the sledgehammer
approach is not working.
1353
01:23:58,492 --> 01:24:01,416
"These people know
that at some point
1354
01:24:01,537 --> 01:24:04,131
"we're going to get tired
of killing them.
1355
01:24:04,248 --> 01:24:06,592
And they think they can
outlast us."
1356
01:24:06,708 --> 01:24:11,305
And he said, "Why don't people
tell me these things?"
1357
01:24:13,924 --> 01:24:17,269
I said, "Mr. Secretary,
you don't ask."
1358
01:24:20,806 --> 01:24:22,900
I think every father and son
1359
01:24:23,016 --> 01:24:28,773
struggles in the course
of their lives together.
1360
01:24:28,897 --> 01:24:32,868
# In a deep and dark December #
1361
01:24:32,985 --> 01:24:38,333
And I don't think
my dad and I were exempt from that.
1362
01:24:38,490 --> 01:24:41,039
The interesting thing for me is
1363
01:24:41,159 --> 01:24:44,709
the space to talk about Vietnam
was never created.
1364
01:24:44,830 --> 01:24:48,835
And that was clearly a decision
on my father's part.
1365
01:24:49,001 --> 01:24:50,753
# I am a rock. #
1366
01:24:50,877 --> 01:24:54,347
Craig McNamara, the son
of the Secretary of Defense,
1367
01:24:54,464 --> 01:24:56,558
was a student at
St. Paul's School
1368
01:24:56,675 --> 01:24:58,302
in Concord, New Hampshire,
1369
01:24:58,427 --> 01:25:02,523
where a teach-in about
the war was to be held.
1370
01:25:02,681 --> 01:25:06,026
I remember calling my father
from a phone booth and saying,
1371
01:25:06,184 --> 01:25:08,312
"Dad, we're going to have
this experience
1372
01:25:08,437 --> 01:25:10,189
"and if there's any
support materials
1373
01:25:10,314 --> 01:25:15,491
that you think I should present,
please let me know."
1374
01:25:17,029 --> 01:25:19,703
The support materials
didn't come.
1375
01:25:19,865 --> 01:25:23,870
I think my father really wanted
lovingly to protect me
1376
01:25:24,036 --> 01:25:27,165
from the Vietnam experience
to the best of his ability.
1377
01:25:27,289 --> 01:25:29,007
Well, we know you can't do that.
1378
01:25:29,124 --> 01:25:33,174
Things bleed through and it just
doesn't happen that way.
1379
01:25:33,295 --> 01:25:35,798
Probably, he realized
at that time
1380
01:25:35,922 --> 01:25:40,723
that the support materials...
weren't there.
1381
01:25:46,558 --> 01:25:48,918
Today I can
tell you that military progress
1382
01:25:49,019 --> 01:25:53,570
in the past 12 months has
exceeded our expectations.
1383
01:25:53,732 --> 01:25:55,575
The Viet Cong have
been unable to mount
1384
01:25:55,734 --> 01:25:57,828
the offensive
that they had planned
1385
01:25:57,944 --> 01:26:02,450
designed to cut the country
in half at its narrow waist.
1386
01:26:02,574 --> 01:26:04,542
The military pressure,
1387
01:26:04,660 --> 01:26:06,708
which forces have brought
against them,
1388
01:26:06,828 --> 01:26:08,348
have prevented them from
mounting that offensive
1389
01:26:08,372 --> 01:26:11,717
and have inflicted
very heavy casualties on them.
1390
01:26:11,833 --> 01:26:13,426
No matter how you measure it,
1391
01:26:13,585 --> 01:26:17,055
we're better off than we thought
we would be at this time.
1392
01:26:20,258 --> 01:26:22,932
# I know you want
to leave me... #
1393
01:26:23,095 --> 01:26:24,906
Certainly when
I arrived, I'm thinking
1394
01:26:24,930 --> 01:26:26,898
I'm involved in
a winning enterprise.
1395
01:26:27,015 --> 01:26:28,767
I mean, America doesn't lose.
1396
01:26:28,892 --> 01:26:30,769
We never lose.
1397
01:26:30,936 --> 01:26:34,782
I had sort of not really known
much about the War of 1812,
1398
01:26:34,898 --> 01:26:38,277
which was...
pretty much of a draw,
1399
01:26:38,443 --> 01:26:41,617
or the Civil War in which
half of America lost,
1400
01:26:41,738 --> 01:26:44,833
and the Korean War
where we won the first half
1401
01:26:44,950 --> 01:26:46,042
and lost the second half.
1402
01:26:46,159 --> 01:26:48,912
But I'd been taught
America never loses.
1403
01:26:49,037 --> 01:26:53,087
The Marines had been
the first American combat troops
1404
01:26:53,208 --> 01:26:55,176
to fight in Vietnam.
1405
01:26:55,293 --> 01:26:57,716
And they were expected
to fight longer
1406
01:26:57,838 --> 01:27:02,139
than their Army counterparts...
13 months instead of 12.
1407
01:27:04,136 --> 01:27:05,979
Marine privates Bill Ehrhart,
1408
01:27:06,096 --> 01:27:10,647
John Musgrave, and Roger Harris
all arrived at Danang
1409
01:27:10,809 --> 01:27:13,278
in early 1967.
1410
01:27:13,395 --> 01:27:17,491
The first thing that assaulted
my nose was the foreign smells.
1411
01:27:17,607 --> 01:27:19,905
And watching people relieve
themselves
1412
01:27:20,026 --> 01:27:21,494
by the side of the road
1413
01:27:21,611 --> 01:27:24,410
and seeing animals
I'd never seen before...
1414
01:27:24,531 --> 01:27:26,408
the big water buffaloes.
1415
01:27:26,533 --> 01:27:28,911
You know, it was like
being on Mars,
1416
01:27:29,035 --> 01:27:32,710
because it was
totally foreign to me.
1417
01:27:32,831 --> 01:27:37,507
But I honestly, in my dumb
Missouri kid kind of way,
1418
01:27:37,627 --> 01:27:40,005
I thought, "Look at
all those foreigners."
1419
01:27:40,130 --> 01:27:42,508
And it didn't dawn on me
for a little while
1420
01:27:42,674 --> 01:27:45,848
that the only foreigner
in that area was me.
1421
01:27:47,804 --> 01:27:51,525
The feeling was that we
were going over to rescue folks.
1422
01:27:51,641 --> 01:27:54,690
And that the communists were
taking over this country
1423
01:27:54,811 --> 01:27:56,813
and they needed help.
1424
01:27:56,938 --> 01:27:59,441
But then when we got there
we realized that...
1425
01:27:59,566 --> 01:28:01,614
that it wasn't exactly
like that, you know.
1426
01:28:01,735 --> 01:28:04,033
Many of the Vietnamese,
they would spit at our trucks
1427
01:28:04,154 --> 01:28:06,031
and they'd tell us
to go back to America.
1428
01:28:06,156 --> 01:28:07,759
And then, you know, we began
questioning ourselves,
1429
01:28:07,783 --> 01:28:09,000
you know, why are we here?
1430
01:28:10,452 --> 01:28:12,204
These people don't want us here.
1431
01:28:14,331 --> 01:28:18,211
Roger Harris was assigned
to G Company, 2nd Battalion,
1432
01:28:18,376 --> 01:28:22,347
9th Regiment of the 3rd Marine
Division at Phu Bai,
1433
01:28:22,464 --> 01:28:24,637
outside of Hue.
1434
01:28:24,758 --> 01:28:26,806
John Musgrave was
first stationed
1435
01:28:26,927 --> 01:28:31,148
with the 1st Marine Division
at the Danang Airbase.
1436
01:28:31,264 --> 01:28:33,813
And Bill Ehrhart joined
the 1st Regiment
1437
01:28:33,934 --> 01:28:37,234
of the 1st Marine Division
near the city of Hoi An.
1438
01:28:39,898 --> 01:28:41,821
Private Ehrhart was given
a desk job,
1439
01:28:41,942 --> 01:28:44,036
collating snippets
of information
1440
01:28:44,152 --> 01:28:46,280
for the daily intelligence
summary.
1441
01:28:48,615 --> 01:28:50,743
Three days after he got
to Hoi An,
1442
01:28:50,867 --> 01:28:55,998
a group of civilian detainees
was brought into the compound.
1443
01:28:56,122 --> 01:28:59,547
These two amtracs
come in the back gate.
1444
01:28:59,668 --> 01:29:02,012
The Marines up top start
pushing them off.
1445
01:29:02,128 --> 01:29:03,768
Their hands are tied,
their feet are tied,
1446
01:29:03,797 --> 01:29:05,470
they have no way
to break their fall.
1447
01:29:05,590 --> 01:29:10,346
You literally can hear bones
snapping, shoulders dislocate.
1448
01:29:10,470 --> 01:29:13,440
And I grab Corporal Sal,
1449
01:29:13,598 --> 01:29:16,477
and he says in the absolute
flattest, hollowest voice
1450
01:29:16,601 --> 01:29:17,978
I've ever heard,
1451
01:29:18,103 --> 01:29:22,324
"Ehrhart, you better keep your
mouth shut and your eyes open
1452
01:29:22,440 --> 01:29:24,693
"till you understand
what's going on around here.
1453
01:29:24,818 --> 01:29:27,196
"Those trackers, they're
hitting mines out there
1454
01:29:27,320 --> 01:29:29,118
"on the sand flats every day.
1455
01:29:29,281 --> 01:29:31,283
"They're getting killed;
they're getting maimed.
1456
01:29:31,408 --> 01:29:34,833
"And these people know where
those mines are.
1457
01:29:34,953 --> 01:29:38,628
"You treat these people nice
in front of the trackers
1458
01:29:38,748 --> 01:29:39,920
"and those trackers
1459
01:29:40,041 --> 01:29:41,641
"will rearrange your head
and ass for you
1460
01:29:41,793 --> 01:29:43,261
and walk away laughing."
1461
01:29:44,880 --> 01:29:48,009
Well, at that point,
three days into Vietnam,
1462
01:29:48,133 --> 01:29:49,931
I'm thinking, "Whoa.
1463
01:29:50,051 --> 01:29:53,305
What the hell
is going on here?"
1464
01:29:55,307 --> 01:29:57,776
I think it is destroying
the good name
1465
01:29:57,893 --> 01:30:00,442
and the leadership
of the United States.
1466
01:30:00,562 --> 01:30:05,489
Furthermore, I believe that the
war is militarily unwinnable.
1467
01:30:05,609 --> 01:30:10,035
I believe that thousands
of American young men
1468
01:30:10,155 --> 01:30:14,251
are being asked to die to save
Lyndon Johnson's face.
1469
01:30:14,367 --> 01:30:17,837
He must know by now
that this war is unwinnable,
1470
01:30:17,954 --> 01:30:20,298
but he does not know
how to give up.
1471
01:30:20,415 --> 01:30:24,090
Therefore, I believe that young
men are not only justified
1472
01:30:24,210 --> 01:30:27,214
but to be thanked
if they point this out
1473
01:30:27,339 --> 01:30:31,185
by refusing to take part in such
an outrageous war any longer.
1474
01:30:35,221 --> 01:30:38,475
Dr. Benjamin Spock was
the best-loved pediatrician
1475
01:30:38,600 --> 01:30:39,897
of his time;
1476
01:30:40,018 --> 01:30:43,989
millions of American parents
had consulted his bestseller,
1477
01:30:44,105 --> 01:30:46,403
Baby and Child Care.
1478
01:30:46,524 --> 01:30:51,075
In early 1967, he wrote
the preface to an article
1479
01:30:51,196 --> 01:30:53,870
in the leftist magazine Ramparts
1480
01:30:54,032 --> 01:30:59,539
on the impact of American napalm
on South Vietnamese children.
1481
01:30:59,704 --> 01:31:04,380
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
was among those who had read it.
1482
01:31:04,542 --> 01:31:07,637
He had been agonizing
about the war for months.
1483
01:31:07,754 --> 01:31:10,553
But he had been reluctant
to break openly
1484
01:31:10,715 --> 01:31:14,595
with Lyndon Johnson, who had
done so much for civil rights.
1485
01:31:14,719 --> 01:31:18,895
Now he could no longer
stay silent.
1486
01:31:19,057 --> 01:31:24,188
I come to this
magnificent house of worship tonight
1487
01:31:24,312 --> 01:31:29,284
because my conscience
leaves me no other choice.
1488
01:31:29,401 --> 01:31:35,408
A time comes when silence
is betrayal.
1489
01:31:35,532 --> 01:31:42,290
That time has come for us
in relation to Vietnam.
1490
01:31:44,416 --> 01:31:47,590
Eleven days later,
King joined Dr. Spock
1491
01:31:47,711 --> 01:31:50,464
and perhaps half a million
other protestors
1492
01:31:50,588 --> 01:31:53,888
at a massive demonstration
in Central Park
1493
01:31:54,009 --> 01:31:56,103
organized by a new coalition,
1494
01:31:56,219 --> 01:32:00,850
the National Mobilization
to End the War in Vietnam.
1495
01:32:00,974 --> 01:32:03,022
# Some time ago a crazy dream
came to me #
1496
01:32:03,143 --> 01:32:06,113
# I dreamt I was walkin' into
World War III. #
1497
01:32:06,229 --> 01:32:09,278
That was the biggest
crowd any of us had ever been in
1498
01:32:09,399 --> 01:32:10,776
in our lives.
1499
01:32:10,942 --> 01:32:14,947
And when the front of the march
got down to the United Nations,
1500
01:32:15,113 --> 01:32:17,992
the back of the march had not
yet left Central Park.
1501
01:32:18,116 --> 01:32:21,336
That's how many people we were.
1502
01:32:26,082 --> 01:32:30,303
Not all of the people
on that march were students.
1503
01:32:30,420 --> 01:32:35,221
And as a result, we all felt
we have a chance now.
1504
01:32:35,341 --> 01:32:39,938
You know, there's a path that
we could see to ending the war.
1505
01:32:43,475 --> 01:32:46,069
Stop the bombing.
1506
01:32:46,186 --> 01:32:49,986
Let us save our national honor.
1507
01:32:50,148 --> 01:32:54,369
Stop the bombing,
and stop the war.
1508
01:32:54,486 --> 01:32:59,367
Let us save American lives
and Vietnamese lives.
1509
01:32:59,491 --> 01:33:02,995
Let us take a single
instantaneous step
1510
01:33:03,161 --> 01:33:04,504
to the peace table.
1511
01:33:04,621 --> 01:33:06,089
Stop the bombing.
1512
01:33:07,665 --> 01:33:09,713
The antiwar movement was growing
1513
01:33:09,834 --> 01:33:12,963
in numbers and militancy.
1514
01:33:13,088 --> 01:33:16,843
"We are no longer interested
in merely protesting the war,"
1515
01:33:17,008 --> 01:33:20,433
one organizer said,
"we are out to stop it."
1516
01:33:23,348 --> 01:33:27,228
Meanwhile, some in the Johnson
administration became convinced
1517
01:33:27,352 --> 01:33:30,606
the antiwar movement was
a communist conspiracy
1518
01:33:30,730 --> 01:33:32,573
directed by Moscow.
1519
01:33:32,690 --> 01:33:37,412
The FBI and the CIA,
which was barred by statute
1520
01:33:37,529 --> 01:33:39,907
from operating within
the United States,
1521
01:33:40,031 --> 01:33:44,332
began infiltrating the movement,
wiretapping its leaders,
1522
01:33:44,452 --> 01:33:49,549
even inciting violence in order
to undercut their appeal.
1523
01:33:53,586 --> 01:33:56,590
At that time,
people who supported the war
1524
01:33:56,714 --> 01:34:00,093
were fond of saying
"My country right or wrong";
1525
01:34:00,218 --> 01:34:03,097
"America,
love it or leave it."
1526
01:34:03,221 --> 01:34:06,691
Or "Better dead than Red."
1527
01:34:06,808 --> 01:34:10,938
Those sentiments seemed
insane to us.
1528
01:34:11,062 --> 01:34:13,235
We don't want to live
in a country
1529
01:34:13,356 --> 01:34:15,556
that we're going to support
whether it's right or wrong.
1530
01:34:15,650 --> 01:34:16,993
We want to live in a country
1531
01:34:17,110 --> 01:34:20,330
that acts rightly
and doesn't act wrongly.
1532
01:34:20,446 --> 01:34:24,747
And if our country isn't doing
that, it needs to be corrected.
1533
01:34:24,909 --> 01:34:28,083
So we had a very different idea
of patriotism.
1534
01:34:28,204 --> 01:34:34,758
So we began an era in which
two groups of Americans,
1535
01:34:34,919 --> 01:34:37,889
both thinking that
they were acting patriotically,
1536
01:34:38,006 --> 01:34:40,179
went to war with each other.
1537
01:34:40,300 --> 01:34:44,021
Over 200,000 communist
sympathizers
1538
01:34:44,137 --> 01:34:47,107
in that park this morning
tried to burn this flag,
1539
01:34:47,265 --> 01:34:48,938
but they didn't succeed.
1540
01:34:49,058 --> 01:34:50,658
I would put it this way...
1541
01:34:50,727 --> 01:34:53,071
there's a monstrous myth abroad,
1542
01:34:53,188 --> 01:34:56,613
a myth which Hanoi creates
and which it believes,
1543
01:34:56,774 --> 01:34:59,869
and that is that the United
States is so divided
1544
01:34:59,986 --> 01:35:04,537
that if they just hang on that
they will win in Washington,
1545
01:35:04,657 --> 01:35:06,927
and in the United States the
victory that our fighting men
1546
01:35:06,951 --> 01:35:08,624
are denying them in field.
1547
01:35:08,745 --> 01:35:11,589
As I have said before,
1548
01:35:11,706 --> 01:35:15,461
in evaluating the enemy strategy
it is evident to me
1549
01:35:15,585 --> 01:35:19,180
that he believes our
Achilles' heel is our resolve.
1550
01:35:20,632 --> 01:35:22,805
Two weeks after
the Manhattan protest,
1551
01:35:22,967 --> 01:35:27,097
General Westmoreland addressed
a joint session of Congress,
1552
01:35:27,222 --> 01:35:30,476
the first general ever to be
called home from a battlefield
1553
01:35:30,642 --> 01:35:33,111
by his president to do so.
1554
01:35:33,228 --> 01:35:38,860
Backed at home by resolve,
confidence, patience,
1555
01:35:38,983 --> 01:35:42,032
determination,
and continued support,
1556
01:35:42,153 --> 01:35:46,249
we will prevail in Vietnam
over the communist aggressor.
1557
01:35:47,951 --> 01:35:50,170
Behind the scenes,
1558
01:35:50,286 --> 01:35:53,665
neither Westmoreland
nor the administration he served
1559
01:35:53,790 --> 01:35:56,885
was confident the United States
would prevail.
1560
01:35:58,461 --> 01:36:00,680
Westmoreland reported
to the president
1561
01:36:00,838 --> 01:36:03,261
that according
to the latest statistics,
1562
01:36:03,383 --> 01:36:07,263
the crossover point had finally
been reached that spring,
1563
01:36:07,387 --> 01:36:11,767
except in the military sector
just south of the DMZ.
1564
01:36:11,891 --> 01:36:15,896
But, he warned, the United
States was doing little better
1565
01:36:16,020 --> 01:36:17,488
than holding its own.
1566
01:36:17,605 --> 01:36:21,326
If he were given
200,000 additional troops
1567
01:36:21,442 --> 01:36:24,696
and allowed to go into Laos
and Cambodia,
1568
01:36:24,821 --> 01:36:26,869
he could cut off
the Ho Chi Minh Trail
1569
01:36:26,990 --> 01:36:29,664
and end the war in two years.
1570
01:36:29,784 --> 01:36:33,129
But "When we add divisions,"
Johnson asked,
1571
01:36:33,246 --> 01:36:35,795
"can't the enemy add divisions?
1572
01:36:35,915 --> 01:36:38,088
Where does it all end?"
1573
01:36:38,209 --> 01:36:41,429
Westmoreland had no answer.
1574
01:36:41,546 --> 01:36:44,550
Instead, he and the Joint Chiefs
asked the president
1575
01:36:44,716 --> 01:36:48,562
to permit them to bomb sites
just below the Chinese border,
1576
01:36:48,720 --> 01:36:51,439
and to mine the harbors
of North Vietnam
1577
01:36:51,556 --> 01:36:57,404
to keep Hanoi's Soviet ally
from resupplying her by sea.
1578
01:36:57,520 --> 01:37:02,777
Meanwhile, Robert McNamara,
the chief architect
1579
01:37:02,900 --> 01:37:05,949
of American strategy in Vietnam,
1580
01:37:06,070 --> 01:37:08,198
had grown less and less
confident
1581
01:37:08,323 --> 01:37:10,417
in its ultimate success
1582
01:37:10,575 --> 01:37:14,421
and in the repeated calls
for more men and more bombing
1583
01:37:14,579 --> 01:37:17,583
made by the military he oversaw.
1584
01:37:17,707 --> 01:37:22,713
Robert McNamara was the
giant of Washington, D.C.
1585
01:37:22,837 --> 01:37:28,059
He was the embodiment of
intellect and self-confidence.
1586
01:37:28,176 --> 01:37:31,726
If there was a problem,
there had to be an answer.
1587
01:37:31,846 --> 01:37:34,850
And that was his fatal flaw.
1588
01:37:34,974 --> 01:37:37,602
The startling thing is
1589
01:37:37,769 --> 01:37:43,822
that this man who never seemed
to doubt anything he said,
1590
01:37:43,941 --> 01:37:47,491
actually began to doubt
profoundly what he was doing
1591
01:37:47,612 --> 01:37:49,205
in Vietnam.
1592
01:37:49,322 --> 01:37:50,915
But we didn't know about it.
1593
01:37:51,032 --> 01:37:54,411
In a private
memorandum to the president,
1594
01:37:54,535 --> 01:37:57,129
McNamara told Johnson that
1595
01:37:57,246 --> 01:37:59,965
"the picture of the world's
greatest superpower
1596
01:38:00,124 --> 01:38:04,925
"killing or seriously injuring
1,000 non-combatants a week,
1597
01:38:05,046 --> 01:38:09,472
"while trying to pound a tiny,
backward nation into submission
1598
01:38:09,634 --> 01:38:12,604
"on an issue whose merits are
hotly disputed
1599
01:38:12,720 --> 01:38:14,688
is not a pretty one."
1600
01:38:14,806 --> 01:38:19,482
He urged the president to limit
troop levels, not raise them,
1601
01:38:19,644 --> 01:38:23,694
and to declare an unconditional
end to all bombing
1602
01:38:23,815 --> 01:38:26,284
north of the 20th parallel.
1603
01:38:26,401 --> 01:38:30,372
"The war in Vietnam is acquiring
a momentum of its own
1604
01:38:30,488 --> 01:38:33,492
that must be stopped,"
McNamara wrote.
1605
01:38:33,616 --> 01:38:36,995
"Dramatic increases
in U.S. troop deployments
1606
01:38:37,120 --> 01:38:39,964
"and attacks on the North
are not necessary
1607
01:38:40,081 --> 01:38:41,708
"and are not the answer.
1608
01:38:41,833 --> 01:38:45,588
"The enemy can absorb them
or counter them,
1609
01:38:45,711 --> 01:38:47,304
"bogging us down further
1610
01:38:47,422 --> 01:38:52,679
and risking even more serious
escalation of the war."
1611
01:38:52,844 --> 01:38:57,520
In the end, Johnson tried
to find a middle ground.
1612
01:38:57,640 --> 01:39:00,109
He expanded the list
of bombing targets,
1613
01:39:00,226 --> 01:39:02,979
but he refused to mine
the harbors
1614
01:39:03,104 --> 01:39:05,357
and he agreed to send
Westmoreland
1615
01:39:05,481 --> 01:39:08,200
only 47,000 more troops,
1616
01:39:08,359 --> 01:39:11,533
which would bring the total
of U.S. forces in the country
1617
01:39:11,654 --> 01:39:13,827
to more than half a million men.
1618
01:39:16,200 --> 01:39:21,377
On June 17, 1967,
Robert McNamara placed a call
1619
01:39:21,497 --> 01:39:25,627
to his military assistant,
Lieutenant Colonel Robert Gard.
1620
01:39:25,751 --> 01:39:28,800
My phone rang and
the little light showed
1621
01:39:28,921 --> 01:39:31,515
it was the secretary
on the line.
1622
01:39:31,632 --> 01:39:34,761
And I picked it up and said,
"Yes, Mr. Secretary?"
1623
01:39:34,886 --> 01:39:36,729
And Mr. McNamara said,
1624
01:39:36,888 --> 01:39:39,516
"Bob, I want a thorough study
done of the background
1625
01:39:39,640 --> 01:39:42,109
of our involvement in Vietnam,"
and hung up the phone.
1626
01:39:42,226 --> 01:39:45,571
Leslie Gelb,
a 30-year-old member
1627
01:39:45,730 --> 01:39:48,904
of the International Security
Affairs staff,
1628
01:39:49,025 --> 01:39:52,029
was named to oversee
the top-secret analysis
1629
01:39:52,153 --> 01:39:56,374
of how key decisions had been
made, going all the way back
1630
01:39:56,491 --> 01:39:58,585
to the Truman administration.
1631
01:40:00,745 --> 01:40:05,626
McNamara gave us
full access to his closet,
1632
01:40:05,750 --> 01:40:08,299
in his office,
which was like a room.
1633
01:40:08,419 --> 01:40:10,888
But all his private papers
were there.
1634
01:40:11,005 --> 01:40:13,428
And I was picking out the memos,
1635
01:40:13,549 --> 01:40:16,098
a lot of which
I helped to write.
1636
01:40:16,260 --> 01:40:19,355
But there were others in there
that I had never seen.
1637
01:40:19,472 --> 01:40:26,572
In these memos you began to see
Robert McNamara communicating
1638
01:40:26,687 --> 01:40:31,739
with the president, alone,
his doubts.
1639
01:40:31,859 --> 01:40:34,112
It stunned me.
1640
01:40:41,786 --> 01:40:44,710
I had thought that we were
mostly fighting a guerrilla war.
1641
01:40:47,458 --> 01:40:53,761
I didn't know that we were going
to be fighting guys like us,
1642
01:40:53,881 --> 01:40:55,679
that I had a doppelganger
out there
1643
01:40:55,800 --> 01:41:01,057
who was leading a rifle platoon,
who knew what he was doing,
1644
01:41:01,180 --> 01:41:06,528
who was as fully prepared to
kill me as I was to kill him.
1645
01:41:08,813 --> 01:41:11,862
That June, First
Lieutenant Matthew Harrison
1646
01:41:11,983 --> 01:41:16,614
finally got his orders
to join the 173rd Airborne,
1647
01:41:16,737 --> 01:41:20,958
an elite unit ready to rush
anywhere they were needed.
1648
01:41:21,075 --> 01:41:26,548
They called themselves General
Westmoreland's Fire Brigade.
1649
01:41:31,002 --> 01:41:34,472
Harrison's arrival at Bien Hoa
was a reunion of sorts.
1650
01:41:34,589 --> 01:41:39,345
He and seven others from
the West Point class of 1966
1651
01:41:39,468 --> 01:41:42,472
all found themselves serving
in the 2nd Battalion,
1652
01:41:42,597 --> 01:41:45,851
including two especially
close friends:
1653
01:41:46,017 --> 01:41:50,022
Donald Judd and Richard Hood.
1654
01:41:50,187 --> 01:41:53,361
As young
lieutenants, as 22-year-olds,
1655
01:41:53,482 --> 01:41:58,534
we really were idealists
and we really were Boy Scouts.
1656
01:41:58,696 --> 01:42:02,826
I really felt as though
I was uniquely qualified
1657
01:42:02,950 --> 01:42:04,543
to lead American soldiers
1658
01:42:04,702 --> 01:42:06,955
and that there was nothing
more important
1659
01:42:07,079 --> 01:42:09,457
than what I was going
to be doing.
1660
01:42:09,582 --> 01:42:13,086
But when I joined the 173rd,
1661
01:42:13,210 --> 01:42:16,805
I think the first day I was
there some guy showed me
1662
01:42:16,922 --> 01:42:20,722
what looked like a bunch of
apricots on a leather thong.
1663
01:42:20,885 --> 01:42:24,389
Turns out they were ears,
dried, desiccated.
1664
01:42:26,265 --> 01:42:29,940
I understood theoretically
what it meant to be in a war.
1665
01:42:30,061 --> 01:42:32,985
But, of course, no one can
really understand it
1666
01:42:33,105 --> 01:42:34,482
until they've done it.
1667
01:42:39,445 --> 01:42:42,164
Harrison was a platoon
leader in Charlie Company.
1668
01:42:42,281 --> 01:42:47,959
His West Point classmates
served with Alpha Company.
1669
01:42:48,079 --> 01:42:50,423
Within a few days,
1670
01:42:50,539 --> 01:42:53,418
they were helicoptered into the
heart of the Central Highlands
1671
01:42:53,542 --> 01:42:57,012
near Dak To,
where North Vietnamese regulars
1672
01:42:57,129 --> 01:43:02,101
were said to be threatening
a Special Forces camp.
1673
01:43:02,259 --> 01:43:05,012
They were all airlifted
into landing zones
1674
01:43:05,137 --> 01:43:08,391
hacked out of the steep,
jungle-blanketed slope
1675
01:43:08,516 --> 01:43:12,271
of a mountain the Americans
called Hill 1338
1676
01:43:12,395 --> 01:43:17,617
for its height in meters, with
orders to hunt down the enemy.
1677
01:43:17,775 --> 01:43:20,119
They walked for two days,
1678
01:43:20,236 --> 01:43:23,080
following a well-worn
enemy trail,
1679
01:43:23,197 --> 01:43:27,794
constantly on the lookout
for booby traps or ambushes.
1680
01:43:32,331 --> 01:43:34,208
On the evening of June 21,
1681
01:43:34,333 --> 01:43:37,587
Harrison's Charlie Company
settled in for the night
1682
01:43:37,712 --> 01:43:41,091
while his friends in Alpha
Company set up camp
1683
01:43:41,215 --> 01:43:43,513
a little less than
two miles to the south,
1684
01:43:43,634 --> 01:43:47,389
along the same
slippery jungle path.
1685
01:43:47,513 --> 01:43:52,314
No one knew that an entire
North Vietnamese battalion...
1686
01:43:52,476 --> 01:43:54,820
perhaps 500 men...
1687
01:43:54,979 --> 01:43:57,653
was encamped on the other side
of a ridgeline,
1688
01:43:57,815 --> 01:44:01,490
just a few hundred yards away.
1689
01:44:03,487 --> 01:44:05,489
At 6:58 the next morning,
1690
01:44:05,656 --> 01:44:09,331
a patrol from Alpha Company
stumbled into a squad
1691
01:44:09,493 --> 01:44:11,120
of North Vietnamese.
1692
01:44:11,245 --> 01:44:14,124
The Americans withdrew
1693
01:44:14,248 --> 01:44:17,468
and struggled to establish
a perimeter.
1694
01:44:17,585 --> 01:44:20,088
Within minutes,
they were under attack
1695
01:44:20,212 --> 01:44:24,718
from relentless AK-47
automatic fire.
1696
01:44:24,842 --> 01:44:28,096
The enemy mounted
attack after attack,
1697
01:44:28,220 --> 01:44:31,099
drawing closer each time.
1698
01:44:31,223 --> 01:44:35,023
Alpha Company radioed for air
and artillery support,
1699
01:44:35,186 --> 01:44:39,157
but the triple-canopy jungle
blocked the spotter's view.
1700
01:45:30,741 --> 01:45:34,086
At around noon, Harrison's
unit was ordered to rescue
1701
01:45:34,203 --> 01:45:37,082
the trapped men
of Alpha Company.
1702
01:45:37,248 --> 01:45:39,876
It was mountainous terrain.
1703
01:45:40,000 --> 01:45:41,718
We were carrying two bodies
1704
01:45:41,836 --> 01:45:44,305
along with a bunch
of engineer equipment.
1705
01:45:44,421 --> 01:45:49,723
And we could not push down
the couple of hundred meters
1706
01:45:49,844 --> 01:45:52,768
to where the most of the
fighting had taken place.
1707
01:45:54,765 --> 01:45:56,984
The going was
steep and slippery.
1708
01:45:57,101 --> 01:45:59,149
North Vietnamese troops,
1709
01:45:59,270 --> 01:46:01,989
now entrenched along both sides
of the trail,
1710
01:46:02,106 --> 01:46:06,737
prevented Matt Harrison and his
men from reaching Alpha Company.
1711
01:46:06,861 --> 01:46:10,411
At dusk, the shooting died down,
1712
01:46:10,531 --> 01:46:12,954
and they dug in
at the top of a ridge
1713
01:46:13,075 --> 01:46:15,954
and did their best to sleep.
1714
01:46:17,788 --> 01:46:21,543
So we lay there
on the night of June 22
1715
01:46:21,667 --> 01:46:26,138
and we could hear the screams
of the wounded down the hill
1716
01:46:26,297 --> 01:46:30,848
as the North Vietnamese
went around and shot them.
1717
01:46:30,968 --> 01:46:34,142
By dawn, the
enemy had melted away.
1718
01:46:37,850 --> 01:46:41,104
Harrison and his platoon
crept down the hillside
1719
01:46:41,228 --> 01:46:44,823
and reached what was left
of Alpha Company.
1720
01:46:46,275 --> 01:46:52,157
Out of 137 men,
76 lay dead along the path.
1721
01:46:52,323 --> 01:46:57,295
Forty-three had been shot
in the head at close range.
1722
01:46:57,411 --> 01:47:01,962
Ears had been cut from some;
eyes gouged out;
1723
01:47:02,082 --> 01:47:04,005
ring fingers missing.
1724
01:47:04,126 --> 01:47:07,801
Twenty-three more men
were wounded.
1725
01:47:07,922 --> 01:47:13,679
Harrison found his classmates,
Donald Judd and Richard Hood,
1726
01:47:13,844 --> 01:47:15,892
among the dead.
1727
01:47:17,556 --> 01:47:21,686
This was my introduction to war.
1728
01:47:21,810 --> 01:47:25,610
This was my welcome to Vietnam.
1729
01:47:27,900 --> 01:47:31,370
We spent the rest of the day
putting those bodies
1730
01:47:31,487 --> 01:47:34,866
into body bags
and getting them out of there.
1731
01:47:34,990 --> 01:47:37,709
Getting-getting killed
is forever.
1732
01:47:37,868 --> 01:47:43,591
And, um, that was something
that I had known theoretically
1733
01:47:43,707 --> 01:47:45,880
but I now understood
particularly
1734
01:47:46,043 --> 01:47:48,637
when I put my two classmates
in body bags,
1735
01:47:48,754 --> 01:47:51,382
guys that I had gone
to school with for four years
1736
01:47:51,507 --> 01:47:54,477
and were good friends
and who just the week before
1737
01:47:54,593 --> 01:47:57,517
we had been drinking beer
and ribbing each other
1738
01:47:57,638 --> 01:48:00,687
and these guys were now gone.
1739
01:48:01,767 --> 01:48:02,869
Charlie Company found
1740
01:48:02,893 --> 01:48:06,443
just nine or ten
North Vietnamese bodies.
1741
01:48:06,563 --> 01:48:09,237
Harrison and his men were
ordered to search
1742
01:48:09,400 --> 01:48:13,200
the nearby hillsides
for more enemy dead,
1743
01:48:13,320 --> 01:48:17,325
who commanders assumed had been
killed by U.S. artillery.
1744
01:48:17,449 --> 01:48:21,044
MACV needed its body count.
1745
01:48:23,664 --> 01:48:26,713
We never located
them and I believe today
1746
01:48:26,834 --> 01:48:29,804
that we didn't locate them
because they weren't there.
1747
01:48:29,920 --> 01:48:34,426
I think we just
took a terrible loss on June 22.
1748
01:48:34,591 --> 01:48:41,645
To admit that a rifle company
in the 173rd had been wiped out
1749
01:48:41,765 --> 01:48:43,938
by the North Vietnamese
was not something
1750
01:48:44,059 --> 01:48:45,436
our leaders were prepared to do.
1751
01:48:45,561 --> 01:48:51,284
So we had to sell ourselves
and we had to sell the public
1752
01:48:51,400 --> 01:48:54,779
on the idea that we had
inflicted casualties
1753
01:48:54,903 --> 01:48:56,621
on the North Vietnamese
as severe
1754
01:48:56,780 --> 01:48:58,999
as they had inflicted on us.
1755
01:48:59,116 --> 01:49:03,587
An officer told a reporter
that the shattered rifle company
1756
01:49:03,704 --> 01:49:07,959
had killed 475 enemy soldiers.
1757
01:49:08,083 --> 01:49:12,133
When another officer suggested
to General Westmoreland
1758
01:49:12,254 --> 01:49:15,098
that the figure seemed too high
to be believable,
1759
01:49:15,215 --> 01:49:17,559
he replied, "Too late.
1760
01:49:17,676 --> 01:49:20,054
It's already gone out."
1761
01:49:20,179 --> 01:49:23,023
Within a few
days after the battle,
1762
01:49:23,140 --> 01:49:25,359
Westmoreland came up to speak
1763
01:49:25,476 --> 01:49:29,197
to what we thought of ourselves
as his brigade.
1764
01:49:29,313 --> 01:49:35,320
And he hopped up on a hood of
a jeep in very crisp fatigues
1765
01:49:35,486 --> 01:49:38,365
looking every inch
the battle commander
1766
01:49:38,489 --> 01:49:42,835
and gave us a pep talk and told
us how proud he was
1767
01:49:42,951 --> 01:49:45,454
and what a magnificent job
we had done.
1768
01:49:45,579 --> 01:49:50,506
But by then I had more
than just a suspicion
1769
01:49:50,667 --> 01:49:56,800
that this was a fairy tale,
that Westmoreland was wrong
1770
01:49:56,924 --> 01:49:59,848
and I didn't know whether
he knew he was wrong
1771
01:49:59,968 --> 01:50:03,689
or whether he believed
what he was being told
1772
01:50:03,806 --> 01:50:06,025
and wanted to believe.
1773
01:50:06,141 --> 01:50:10,521
But this was the first time
that I had to come to grips
1774
01:50:10,646 --> 01:50:12,398
with the fact
that the leadership
1775
01:50:12,523 --> 01:50:16,153
was either out of touch
or was lying.
1776
01:50:18,529 --> 01:50:20,452
# Down the street
the dogs are barkin' #
1777
01:50:20,572 --> 01:50:22,995
# And the day
is a-gettin' dark. #
1778
01:50:23,117 --> 01:50:26,872
I remember a very
difficult conversation I had
1779
01:50:27,037 --> 01:50:30,337
with a girl who had really been
a best friend of mine.
1780
01:50:30,457 --> 01:50:33,836
And the talk turned to Vietnam.
1781
01:50:33,961 --> 01:50:36,840
And I remember her looking
at me and saying,
1782
01:50:36,964 --> 01:50:44,269
"My father says that you can't
listen to people
1783
01:50:44,388 --> 01:50:47,062
"who've lost someone in the war
1784
01:50:47,182 --> 01:50:48,775
"because they're going
to support it
1785
01:50:48,892 --> 01:50:50,986
to justify that person's death."
1786
01:50:52,855 --> 01:50:55,859
I felt like she'd hit me
in the stomach.
1787
01:50:55,983 --> 01:51:00,159
But I knew at that moment there
were some factions developing
1788
01:51:00,279 --> 01:51:04,000
and this wasn't going to be
an easy path to walk;
1789
01:51:04,116 --> 01:51:05,743
that people were going
to have opinions
1790
01:51:05,909 --> 01:51:08,162
about my brother's death
1791
01:51:08,287 --> 01:51:12,008
that in some ways had nothing
to do with his death for me.
1792
01:51:16,545 --> 01:51:20,721
# Hello darkness,
my old friend #
1793
01:51:20,841 --> 01:51:25,312
# I've come to talk
with you again #
1794
01:51:25,429 --> 01:51:30,060
# Because a vision
softly creeping #
1795
01:51:30,184 --> 01:51:34,564
# Left its seeds
while I was sleeping #
1796
01:51:34,688 --> 01:51:41,162
# And the vision that
was planted in my brain #
1797
01:51:41,278 --> 01:51:44,782
# Still remains #
1798
01:51:44,907 --> 01:51:50,664
# Within the sound of silence #
1799
01:51:50,787 --> 01:51:55,133
# In restless dreams
I walked alone #
1800
01:51:55,250 --> 01:51:59,676
# Narrow streets
of cobblestone #
1801
01:51:59,796 --> 01:52:04,176
# 'Neath the halo
of a street lamp #
1802
01:52:04,301 --> 01:52:08,807
# I turned my collar
to the cold and damp #
1803
01:52:08,972 --> 01:52:15,480
# When my eyes were stabbed
by the flash of a neon light #
1804
01:52:15,604 --> 01:52:18,949
# That split the night #
1805
01:52:19,066 --> 01:52:25,199
# And touched
the sound of silence #
1806
01:52:25,322 --> 01:52:29,168
# And in the naked light I saw #
1807
01:52:29,326 --> 01:52:33,923
# Ten thousand people,
maybe more #
1808
01:52:34,039 --> 01:52:38,590
# People talking
without speaking #
1809
01:52:38,710 --> 01:52:43,011
# People hearing
without listening #
1810
01:52:43,131 --> 01:52:50,515
# People writing songs
that voices never share #
1811
01:52:50,681 --> 01:52:54,185
# And no one dared #
1812
01:52:54,351 --> 01:52:59,949
# Disturb the sound of silence #
1813
01:53:00,065 --> 01:53:04,366
# And the people
bowed and prayed #
1814
01:53:04,528 --> 01:53:08,783
# To the neon god they made #
1815
01:53:08,907 --> 01:53:13,128
# And the sign flashed out
its warning #
1816
01:53:13,245 --> 01:53:17,546
# In the words
that it was forming #
1817
01:53:17,666 --> 01:53:19,168
# And the signs said #
1818
01:53:19,293 --> 01:53:24,891
# The words of the prophets are
written on the subway walls #
1819
01:53:25,048 --> 01:53:28,427
# And tenement halls #
1820
01:53:28,552 --> 01:53:37,028
# And whisper'd in the sounds
of silence. #
147838
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