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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,370 --> 00:00:03,969 30 SECONDS. 2 00:00:03,971 --> 00:00:06,205 ♪ 3 00:00:06,207 --> 00:00:09,475 Narrator: IN 1969, NEIL ARMSTRONG 4 00:00:09,477 --> 00:00:12,711 STEPPED ON THE LUNAR SURFACE AND INTO THE HISTORY BOOKS 5 00:00:12,713 --> 00:00:16,448 AS THE FIRST OF ONLY 12 MEN TO WALK ON THE MOON. 6 00:00:16,450 --> 00:00:22,521 Armstrong: THAT'S ONE SMALL STEP FOR MAN, ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND. 7 00:00:22,523 --> 00:00:24,056 Narrator: BUT IN 1961, 8 00:00:24,058 --> 00:00:26,992 WHEN KENNEDY PLEDGED TO PUT A MAN ON THE MOON, 9 00:00:26,994 --> 00:00:29,328 NASA HAD BARELY PUT A MAN INTO ORBIT. 10 00:00:29,330 --> 00:00:31,830 Baker: SUDDENLY, WE WERE LEAP-FROGGING 11 00:00:31,832 --> 00:00:33,399 FROM ONE MAN IN EARTH ORBIT 12 00:00:33,401 --> 00:00:35,934 TO THREE MEN GOING A QUARTER OF A MILLION MILES 13 00:00:35,936 --> 00:00:37,603 TO THE MOON AND BACK. 14 00:00:37,605 --> 00:00:40,005 Narrator: NASA HAD LESS THAN 10 YEARS 15 00:00:40,007 --> 00:00:42,574 TO TRAIN A TEAM OF ASTRONAUTS TO OVERCOME 16 00:00:42,576 --> 00:00:45,778 THE UNKNOWN CHALLENGES OF A MISSION TO THE MOON. 17 00:00:45,780 --> 00:00:47,513 Ojha: COULD A HUMAN BEING SURVIVE 18 00:00:47,515 --> 00:00:50,115 IN THIS INCREDIBLY HARSH ENVIRONMENT? 19 00:00:50,117 --> 00:00:53,519 NOBODY KNEW WHAT THESE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS 20 00:00:53,521 --> 00:00:55,187 FOR SPACE FLIGHT WOULD BE. 21 00:00:55,189 --> 00:00:59,458 Narrator: BUT FOR NASA, PLANTING FLAGS AND FOOTPRINTS WAS NOT ENOUGH. 22 00:00:59,460 --> 00:01:01,126 Joy: IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT FOR ALL THE ASTRONAUTS 23 00:01:01,128 --> 00:01:02,728 THAT WERE GONNA WALK ON THE LUNAR SURFACE 24 00:01:02,730 --> 00:01:05,230 TO DO FULL MISSION SIMULATIONS -- 25 00:01:05,232 --> 00:01:07,866 LEARNING HOW TO COLLECT LUNAR SAMPLES, 26 00:01:07,868 --> 00:01:13,539 HOW TO RUN THE EXPERIMENTS, HOW TO TAKE A GOOD PHOTOGRAPH. 27 00:01:13,541 --> 00:01:16,708 Ojha: ULTIMATELY, THEY BECAME THE ONLY HUMAN BEINGS 28 00:01:16,710 --> 00:01:18,377 TO HAVE EXPLORED ANOTHER WORLD. 29 00:01:18,379 --> 00:01:21,380 -- Captions by VITAC -- www.vitac.com 30 00:01:21,382 --> 00:01:24,383 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 31 00:01:24,385 --> 00:01:28,520 ♪ 32 00:01:28,522 --> 00:01:30,255 Narrator: 1958. 33 00:01:30,257 --> 00:01:33,592 THE COLD WAR GATHERS MOMENTUM, AND THE U.S. ARMY 34 00:01:33,594 --> 00:01:36,695 CONTINUES TO PIONEER MISSILE TECHNOLOGY. 35 00:01:36,697 --> 00:01:39,731 BUT NASA'S FOCUS IS ON A DIFFERENT GOAL. 36 00:01:39,733 --> 00:01:42,801 JUST ONE YEAR AFTER SPUTNIK GOES INTO ORBIT, 37 00:01:42,803 --> 00:01:46,705 AMERICA'S NEWLY CREATED SPACE AGENCY PUBLICLY ANNOUNCES 38 00:01:46,707 --> 00:01:50,275 THEIR SPACE PROGRAM, PROJECT MERCURY. 39 00:01:50,277 --> 00:01:51,610 THE GOAL? 40 00:01:51,612 --> 00:01:57,316 TO PUT A MAN INTO EARTH'S ORBIT BEFORE THE SOVIETS. 41 00:01:57,318 --> 00:01:59,818 THE GLOBAL LANDSCAPE WAS DOMINATED 42 00:01:59,820 --> 00:02:01,453 BY THIS GEOPOLITICAL BATTLE 43 00:02:01,455 --> 00:02:03,755 BETWEEN TWO COMPETING IDEOLOGIES. 44 00:02:03,757 --> 00:02:05,491 WE HAVE THE SOVIET UNION AND COMMUNISM, 45 00:02:05,493 --> 00:02:07,392 WE HAVE THE UNITED STATES AND CAPITALISM. 46 00:02:07,394 --> 00:02:09,495 AND MERCURY WAS THE AMERICAN PROGRAM 47 00:02:09,497 --> 00:02:13,398 TO PUSH THE AMERICANS AHEAD, TO REACH THIS MILESTONE. 48 00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:16,802 Narrator: THE SEARCH FOR ASTRONAUTS BEGINS 49 00:02:16,804 --> 00:02:19,138 NASA NEEDS PILOTS CAPABLE OF MEETING 50 00:02:19,140 --> 00:02:22,007 THE UNKNOWN CHALLENGES OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT, 51 00:02:22,009 --> 00:02:24,810 SO THEY TURN TO AMERICA'S BEST. 52 00:02:24,812 --> 00:02:28,147 ♪ 53 00:02:28,149 --> 00:02:30,215 Ojha: THE MILITARY HAD DONE A LOT OF TESTING 54 00:02:30,217 --> 00:02:35,487 ON HIGH-ALTITUDE, HIGH-RISK STRATOSPHERIC RESEARCH. 55 00:02:40,361 --> 00:02:42,995 NOBODY KNEW WHAT THE PHYSICAL 56 00:02:42,997 --> 00:02:45,898 AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPACE FLIGHT WOULD BE. 57 00:02:45,900 --> 00:02:49,067 THERE WAS NO PRECEDENT FOR IT, SO THEY WENT FOR THE MAX -- 58 00:02:49,069 --> 00:02:52,738 MILITARY PERSONNEL OF SUPREME PHYSICAL FITNESS. 59 00:02:52,740 --> 00:02:55,874 ♪ 60 00:02:55,876 --> 00:02:58,177 Ojha: SO, FOR THE FIRST SELECTION OF ASTRONAUTS, 61 00:02:58,179 --> 00:03:01,713 THEY WERE EXCLUSIVELY DRAWN FROM THE U.S. TEST-PILOT COMMUNITY, 62 00:03:01,715 --> 00:03:04,216 SOME FROM THE NAVY, SOME FROM THE AIR FORCE, 63 00:03:04,218 --> 00:03:05,851 FROM THE MARINES, 64 00:03:05,853 --> 00:03:09,254 BUT IT WAS TEST PILOTS REALLY BEING THE PRIME FOCUS 65 00:03:09,256 --> 00:03:12,524 FOR AMERICA'S FIRST CLASS OF ASTRONAUT CANDIDATES. 66 00:03:12,526 --> 00:03:18,063 Announcer: THE SERVICE RECORDS OF 473 TEST PILOTS WERE SELECTED FOR REVIEW. 67 00:03:18,065 --> 00:03:21,099 110 MET THE BASIC QUALIFICATIONS. 68 00:03:23,938 --> 00:03:26,772 EACH MUST BE A GRADUATE OF A NAVY OR AIR FORCE 69 00:03:26,774 --> 00:03:31,843 TEST-PILOT SCHOOL, 1,500 HOURS OF FLIGHT TIME, 70 00:03:31,845 --> 00:03:36,415 QUALIFIED IN JET AIRCRAFT, AN ENGINEERING BACKGROUND, 71 00:03:36,417 --> 00:03:39,451 YOUNGER THAN 40 AT THE TIME OF SELECTION, 72 00:03:39,453 --> 00:03:42,621 AND 5'11" OR LESS. 73 00:03:42,623 --> 00:03:48,660 Narrator: NASA WHITTLES 110 CANDIDATES DOWN TO A FINAL 32. 74 00:03:48,662 --> 00:03:52,764 THOSE 32 WENT THROUGH EVERY IMAGINABLE MEDICAL TEST 75 00:03:52,766 --> 00:03:54,433 YOU CAN THINK OF. 76 00:03:54,435 --> 00:03:57,970 Baker: NOBODY REALLY KNEW WHAT THESE GUYS WOULD ENCOUNTER. 77 00:03:57,972 --> 00:04:01,306 NOBODY KNEW IF YOU COULD SWALLOW FOOD IN SPACE. 78 00:04:01,308 --> 00:04:04,009 THEY DIDN'T KNOW IF THE HEART WOULD OPERATE NORMALLY, 79 00:04:04,011 --> 00:04:06,311 IF BLOOD COULD BE PUMPED AROUND. 80 00:04:06,313 --> 00:04:09,982 PILOTS WERE VERY MUCH A PART OF THE PHYSICAL EXPLORATION 81 00:04:09,984 --> 00:04:13,518 OF WHAT HUMANS WERE CAPABLE OF. 82 00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:15,153 THEY LITERALLY WERE GUINEA PIGS, 83 00:04:15,155 --> 00:04:18,523 AND SO EVERY CONCEIVABLE TEST HAD TO BE IMPOSED 84 00:04:18,525 --> 00:04:21,827 BEFORE THE FIRST CREWS WENT INTO SPACE. 85 00:04:21,829 --> 00:04:23,762 Stevenson: THEY WERE LOOKING FOR PEOPLE 86 00:04:23,764 --> 00:04:25,897 IN THE PEAK OF THEIR FITNESS, 87 00:04:25,899 --> 00:04:28,433 AND HOW THEY WOULD RESPOND PHYSICALLY 88 00:04:28,435 --> 00:04:30,769 TO THE MARGINAL ENVIRONMENTS 89 00:04:30,771 --> 00:04:33,238 THAT MANNED SPACE FLIGHT WOULD PROVIDE THEM WITH. 90 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:37,643 ♪ 91 00:04:37,645 --> 00:04:41,079 Narrator: ON APRIL 10th, 1959, 92 00:04:41,081 --> 00:04:43,081 NASA ANNOUNCES THE NAMES OF THE MEN 93 00:04:43,083 --> 00:04:48,020 CHOSEN TO FLY AMERICA'S FIRST MANNED SPACE PROGRAM. 94 00:04:48,022 --> 00:04:55,160 ALAN SHEPHARD, GUS GRISSOM, JOHN GLENN, SCOTT CARPENTER, 95 00:04:55,162 --> 00:05:00,265 WALLY SCHIRRA, GORDON COOPER, AND DEKE SLAYTON 96 00:05:00,267 --> 00:05:04,703 BECOME KNOWN AS "THE MERCURY SEVEN." 97 00:05:04,705 --> 00:05:08,073 THEY INSTANTLY SHOOT TO FAME AS NATIONAL HEROES 98 00:05:08,075 --> 00:05:12,711 SET TO CONQUER THE NEW FRONTIER OF SPACE. 99 00:05:12,713 --> 00:05:15,347 [ BEEPING ] 100 00:05:15,349 --> 00:05:18,984 SIX SOLO MANNED SPACE FLIGHTS ARE SCHEDULED. 101 00:05:18,986 --> 00:05:20,986 AND THE MERCURY SEVEN ARE SUBJECT 102 00:05:20,988 --> 00:05:23,221 TO A GRUELING TRAINING PROGRAM, 103 00:05:23,223 --> 00:05:24,790 WHERE THEY LEARN THE BASIC SKILLS 104 00:05:24,792 --> 00:05:27,659 REQUIRED TO MAKE SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS 105 00:05:27,661 --> 00:05:31,697 AND STUDY THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ORBITAL FLIGHT. 106 00:05:31,699 --> 00:05:37,569 FINALLY, IN MAY 1961, NASA SELECTS ASTRONAUT ALAN SHEPHARD 107 00:05:37,571 --> 00:05:40,672 TO BE AMERICA'S FIRST MAN IN SPACE. 108 00:05:40,674 --> 00:05:44,309 Announcer: THE COUNTDOWN BEGINS AT CAPE CANAVERAL, FLORIDA, 109 00:05:44,311 --> 00:05:46,745 FOR ONE OF MAN'S GREATEST ADVENTURES. 110 00:05:46,747 --> 00:05:48,547 Man #1: 8...7... 111 00:05:48,549 --> 00:05:50,148 6...5... 112 00:05:50,150 --> 00:05:52,284 4...3... 113 00:05:52,286 --> 00:05:54,986 2...1... 114 00:05:54,988 --> 00:05:56,688 LIFTOFF. 115 00:05:56,690 --> 00:05:59,791 Shepard: AH, ROGER! LIFTOFF! AND THE CLOCK HAS STARTED. 116 00:05:59,793 --> 00:06:03,061 THIS IS FREEDOM 7, READING YOU LOUD AND CLEAR. 117 00:06:03,063 --> 00:06:06,131 ALL SYSTEMS ARE GO. 118 00:06:06,133 --> 00:06:07,799 WHAT A BEAUTIFUL VIEW. 119 00:06:09,937 --> 00:06:13,138 Narrator: AFTER SHEPHARD'S SUCCESS, ASTRONAUT JOHN GLENN 120 00:06:13,140 --> 00:06:18,043 BECOMES THE FIRST AMERICAN TO ORBIT THE EARTH. 121 00:06:18,045 --> 00:06:20,278 Man #2: ALL PRE-START DIAL LIGHTS ARE CORRECT. 122 00:06:20,280 --> 00:06:23,648 THE RED LIGHT IS ON, THE UMBILICAL CLEAR. 123 00:06:23,650 --> 00:06:25,384 -STATUS CHECK -- PRESSURIZATION. -GO. 124 00:06:25,386 --> 00:06:27,252 LOCKS TAKING? YOU ARE GO. 125 00:06:27,254 --> 00:06:29,321 -OTHER SYSTEMS? -GO. 126 00:06:29,323 --> 00:06:30,856 -MERCURY CAPSULE. -GO. 127 00:06:30,858 --> 00:06:32,424 IT IS TIME. 128 00:06:32,426 --> 00:06:34,393 ...0... 129 00:06:34,395 --> 00:06:37,129 Glenn: ROGER. THE CLOCK IS OPERATING. 130 00:06:37,131 --> 00:06:39,398 WE'RE UNDERWAY. 131 00:06:39,400 --> 00:06:41,967 Man #3: GODSPEED, JOHN GLENN. 132 00:06:41,969 --> 00:06:44,336 ROGER, ZERO G's. I FEEL FINE. 133 00:06:44,338 --> 00:06:47,239 CAPSULE IS TURNING AROUND. 134 00:06:47,241 --> 00:06:49,408 OH, THAT VIEW IS TREMENDOUS! 135 00:06:51,512 --> 00:06:53,879 Shayler: THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF MERCURY PROVE 136 00:06:53,881 --> 00:06:58,583 THAT MAN COULD STAY IN SPACE, SURVIVE, AND COME HOME. 137 00:06:58,585 --> 00:07:01,520 BUT MERCURY COULD ONLY STAY UP FOR A FEW HOURS, REALLY. 138 00:07:01,522 --> 00:07:03,855 THEY COULDN'T RENDEZVOUS AND DOCK WITH ANOTHER SPACECRAFT. 139 00:07:03,857 --> 00:07:05,690 SPACE-WALKING WASN'T POSSIBLE. 140 00:07:05,692 --> 00:07:07,993 IT WAS JUST A MAN IN A CAN. 141 00:07:07,995 --> 00:07:11,229 SO, YES, WE CAN DO THIS -- WHAT CAN WE DO NEXT? 142 00:07:11,231 --> 00:07:13,398 Narrator: THE SIX MERCURY MISSIONS 143 00:07:13,400 --> 00:07:15,434 ARE A RESOUNDING SUCCESS, 144 00:07:15,436 --> 00:07:19,171 PIONEERING PROCEDURES IN ORBITAL SCIENCE AND TRAINING. 145 00:07:19,173 --> 00:07:22,174 BUT AMERICA IS ALREADY LOOKING TO THE FUTURE. 146 00:07:22,176 --> 00:07:24,643 INSPIRED BY MERCURY'S ACHIEVEMENTS, 147 00:07:24,645 --> 00:07:28,847 PRESIDENT KENNEDY MAKES A BOLD DECLARATION TO THE WORLD. 148 00:07:28,849 --> 00:07:32,250 Kennedy: I BELIEVE THAT THIS NATION SHOULD COMMIT ITSELF 149 00:07:32,252 --> 00:07:36,988 TO ACHIEVING THE GOAL BEFORE THIS DECADE IS OUT 150 00:07:36,990 --> 00:07:38,657 OF LANDING A MAN ON THE MOON 151 00:07:38,659 --> 00:07:41,693 AND RETURNING HIM SAFELY TO THE EARTH. 152 00:07:41,695 --> 00:07:43,795 ♪ 153 00:07:43,797 --> 00:07:47,165 Baker: THE SPACE AGE WAS BARELY FOUR-YEARS OLD. 154 00:07:47,167 --> 00:07:49,468 THE AMERICANS WERE BEHIND THE SOVIET UNION 155 00:07:49,470 --> 00:07:50,902 IN WHAT THEY WERE TRYING TO ACHIEVE, 156 00:07:50,904 --> 00:07:53,438 AND, SUDDENLY, THEY'RE BEING TOLD THAT WITHIN 10 YEARS, 157 00:07:53,440 --> 00:07:57,342 THEY'VE GOT TO ACHIEVE WHAT TO MANY PEOPLE SEEMED IMPOSSIBLE. 158 00:07:57,344 --> 00:08:02,514 SUDDENLY, WE WERE LEAP-FROGGING FROM ONE MAN IN EARTH ORBIT 159 00:08:02,516 --> 00:08:04,649 FOR NO MORE THAN A DAY AND A HALF 160 00:08:04,651 --> 00:08:07,552 TO THREE MEN GOING A QUARTER OF A MILLION MILES 161 00:08:07,554 --> 00:08:09,955 ON A TWO-WEEK MISSION TO THE MOON AND BACK. 162 00:08:09,957 --> 00:08:14,125 THAT WAS A PRETTY, PRETTY HEFTY SHOCK. 163 00:08:14,127 --> 00:08:17,362 WHAT SEEMED TO BE PUSHING THE ENGINEERING BOUNDARIES 164 00:08:17,364 --> 00:08:19,130 VERY QUICKLY BECAME REALITY 165 00:08:19,132 --> 00:08:22,767 IN THIS MAGICAL PERIOD OF SPACE EXPLORATION. 166 00:08:22,769 --> 00:08:25,637 Narrator: IF NASA IS TO MEET KENNEDY'S AMBITIOUS TARGET 167 00:08:25,639 --> 00:08:27,305 BY THE END OF THE DECADE, 168 00:08:27,307 --> 00:08:29,474 THEY NEED A MORE ADVANCED SPACE PROGRAM 169 00:08:29,476 --> 00:08:32,611 THAT WILL PAVE A FLIGHT PATH TO THE MOON. 170 00:08:32,613 --> 00:08:36,448 THE APOLLO PROGRAM IS BORN. 171 00:08:36,450 --> 00:08:38,984 BUT WITH SPACE FLIGHT STILL IN ITS INFANCY, 172 00:08:38,986 --> 00:08:43,154 A MISSION TO THE MOON PRESENTS MAJOR CHALLENGES. 173 00:08:43,156 --> 00:08:44,823 APART FROM DESIGNING AND BUILDING 174 00:08:44,825 --> 00:08:47,058 THE NEW APOLLO MISSION HARDWARE, 175 00:08:47,060 --> 00:08:49,794 NASA WILL REQUIRE A NEW BREED OF ASTRONAUT 176 00:08:49,796 --> 00:08:54,699 TO MEET THE UNPRECEDENTED COMPLEXITY OF A LUNAR MISSION. 177 00:08:54,701 --> 00:08:58,403 BEFORE TAKING EVEN A SINGLE STEP ON THE MOON'S SURFACE, 178 00:08:58,405 --> 00:09:00,572 THESE APOLLO ASTRONAUTS WILL NEED TO FLY 179 00:09:00,574 --> 00:09:02,374 WITH PINPOINT PRECISION 180 00:09:02,376 --> 00:09:06,244 OVER 250,000 MILES THROUGH DEEP SPACE, 181 00:09:06,246 --> 00:09:10,115 EXECUTE CRITICAL DOCKING AND NAVIGATION MANEUVERS, 182 00:09:10,117 --> 00:09:12,784 AND GENTLY TOUCH DOWN AT AN UNFAMILIAR 183 00:09:12,786 --> 00:09:14,853 AND HOSTILE LANDING SITE, 184 00:09:14,855 --> 00:09:17,589 BEFORE RETURNING SAFELY TO THE EARTH -- 185 00:09:17,591 --> 00:09:20,792 QUITE LITERALLY ONE GIANT LEAP FOR NASA 186 00:09:20,794 --> 00:09:23,962 AFTER JUST SIX SOLO EARTH ORBITS. 187 00:09:23,964 --> 00:09:25,830 TO BRIDGE THE TECHNOLOGICAL VOID 188 00:09:25,832 --> 00:09:28,833 BETWEEN PROJECT MERCURY AND THE APOLLO PROGRAM, 189 00:09:28,835 --> 00:09:32,203 NASA ANNOUNCES PROJECT GEMINI, A MORE ADVANCED, 190 00:09:32,205 --> 00:09:34,439 TWO-MAN SPACE PROGRAM. 191 00:09:34,441 --> 00:09:38,677 10 GEMINI FLIGHTS BETWEEN 1965 AND 1966 192 00:09:38,679 --> 00:09:40,645 WILL PROVIDE THE FIRST REAL STEPS 193 00:09:40,647 --> 00:09:44,849 TOWARDS TRAINING APOLLO ASTRONAUTS FOR A MOON MISSION. 194 00:09:52,359 --> 00:09:56,561 ♪ 195 00:09:56,563 --> 00:09:59,898 Narrator: FOLLOWING THE SUCCESS OF PROJECT MERCURY, 196 00:09:59,900 --> 00:10:02,167 NASA MOVES FULL SPEED AHEAD IN THEIR MISSION 197 00:10:02,169 --> 00:10:05,337 TO PUT A MAN ON THE MOON, BUT THEY STILL HAVE A LONG WAY 198 00:10:05,339 --> 00:10:09,407 TO GO AND A LOT TO LEARN BEFORE THEY CAN GET THERE. 199 00:10:09,409 --> 00:10:11,409 THE NEXT PHASE OF THEIR PLAN? 200 00:10:11,411 --> 00:10:17,182 A MORE ADVANCED, TWO-MAN SPACE PROGRAM CALLED PROJECT GEMINI. 201 00:10:17,184 --> 00:10:19,884 Ojha: EVERY ASPECT OF THE METHODOLOGY 202 00:10:19,886 --> 00:10:21,786 THAT WAS NEEDED TO GET TO THE MOON 203 00:10:21,788 --> 00:10:24,356 HAD TO BE REHEARSED IN A LOW-EARTH ORBIT. 204 00:10:24,358 --> 00:10:27,258 AND THOSE CHALLENGES WERE CONSIDERABLE. 205 00:10:27,260 --> 00:10:30,028 COULD A HUMAN BEING SURVIVE TWO WEEKS 206 00:10:30,030 --> 00:10:32,664 IN THIS MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT? 207 00:10:32,666 --> 00:10:37,602 HOW DO YOU GET TWO SPACECRAFT TO RENDEZVOUS AND DOCK IN ORBIT 208 00:10:37,604 --> 00:10:40,972 WHILE THEY'RE TRAVELING THOUSANDS OF MILES AN HOUR? 209 00:10:40,974 --> 00:10:43,241 HOW DO YOU REHEARSE THE TECHNIQUES THAT WOULD ENABLE 210 00:10:43,243 --> 00:10:46,611 A HUMAN BEING TO SURVIVE OUTSIDE OF THEIR SPACECRAFT 211 00:10:46,613 --> 00:10:49,881 IN THIS INCREDIBLY HARSH ENVIRONMENT? 212 00:10:49,883 --> 00:10:54,653 Narrator: 16 GEMINI ASTRONAUTS ARE CHOSEN FOR ADVANCED TRAINING. 213 00:10:54,655 --> 00:10:56,354 GUS GRISSOM, WALL SCHIRRA, 214 00:10:56,356 --> 00:10:59,658 AND GORDON COOPER GRADUATE FROM THE MERCURY PROJECT 215 00:10:59,660 --> 00:11:02,127 WHILE 13 NEWLY SELECTED ASTRONAUTS 216 00:11:02,129 --> 00:11:03,828 WILL JOIN THE PROGRAM, 217 00:11:03,830 --> 00:11:07,565 ALL MILITARY TEST PILOTS WITH ADVANCED ENGINEERING DEGREES, 218 00:11:07,567 --> 00:11:10,135 WITH THE EXCEPTION OF NEIL ARMSTRONG, 219 00:11:10,137 --> 00:11:15,240 A CIVILIAN TEST PILOT ALREADY WORKING FOR NASA. 220 00:11:15,242 --> 00:11:17,909 THE TWO-MAN GEMINI SPACECRAFT WILL BE MORE COMPLEX 221 00:11:17,911 --> 00:11:20,478 THAN THE MERCURY CAPSULE. 222 00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:22,747 USING FAMILIAR AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTATION 223 00:11:22,749 --> 00:11:25,517 AND ADVANCED FLIGHT CONTROLS, GEMINI ASTRONAUTS 224 00:11:25,519 --> 00:11:29,821 WILL BE ABLE TO MANUALLY FLY THIS SPACECRAFT IN ORBIT. 225 00:11:29,823 --> 00:11:34,292 Ojha: WHEN THE GEMINI SPACECRAFT WAS DESIGNED FOR TWO ASTRONAUTS, 226 00:11:34,294 --> 00:11:36,661 IT HAD AN INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF CAPABILITY 227 00:11:36,663 --> 00:11:41,399 IN TERMS OF MANEUVERABILITY, BUT ALSO IN TERMS OF LONGEVITY. 228 00:11:41,401 --> 00:11:44,469 AND THAT'S WHERE GEMINI CAN REALLY BE REGARDED 229 00:11:44,471 --> 00:11:46,237 AS THE PILOT'S SPACECRAFT. 230 00:11:46,239 --> 00:11:49,240 AND THE ASTRONAUTS AT THE TIME WERE INTIMATELY INVOLVED 231 00:11:49,242 --> 00:11:51,276 IN DESIGNED IN DESIGNING THE SYSTEMS 232 00:11:51,278 --> 00:11:53,478 AS WELL AS SOME OF THE FUTURE CAPABILITIES, 233 00:11:53,480 --> 00:11:55,947 NOT ONLY OF APOLLO, BUT OF GEMINI, AS WELL. 234 00:11:57,984 --> 00:12:01,186 Narrator: ONE OF THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE GEMINI PROJECT 235 00:12:01,188 --> 00:12:04,222 IS TO PERFECT THE ART OF SPACE-WALKING. 236 00:12:04,224 --> 00:12:05,890 IN ORDER FOR A MAN TO WALK ON THE MOON, 237 00:12:05,892 --> 00:12:09,394 HE MUST FIRST LEAVE THE SAFETY OF HIS SPACECRAFT. 238 00:12:09,396 --> 00:12:11,496 GEMINI ASTRONAUTS ARE THE FIRST TO TRAIN 239 00:12:11,498 --> 00:12:15,066 FOR THESE SPECIALIZED SPACE-WALKS KNOWN AS E.V.A.s., 240 00:12:15,068 --> 00:12:17,702 EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITIES. 241 00:12:17,704 --> 00:12:21,306 LEARNING TO SURVIVE AND WORK OUTSIDE THE CAPSULE 242 00:12:21,308 --> 00:12:23,341 IS NASA'S TOP PRIORITY. 243 00:12:25,512 --> 00:12:28,213 Shayler: TRAINING FOR SPACE-WALKING IS COMPLICATED 244 00:12:28,215 --> 00:12:31,616 WHEN YOU'RE ON EARTH, IN A GRAVITY ENVIRONMENT. 245 00:12:31,618 --> 00:12:35,186 INITIALLY, THE ASTRONAUTS WOULD GO THROUGH TRAINING 246 00:12:35,188 --> 00:12:36,821 CALLED AIR-BEARING FLOORS, 247 00:12:36,823 --> 00:12:39,758 WHERE THEY'RE ON A PLATFORM THAT'S ON A SHINY SURFACE, 248 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:41,459 BASICALLY A BIG TABLE, 249 00:12:41,461 --> 00:12:43,661 AND AIR IS PUMPED UNDERNEATH THE PLATFORM 250 00:12:43,663 --> 00:12:47,132 AND YOU GLIDE ACROSS THE TABLE. 251 00:12:47,134 --> 00:12:48,900 Narrator: ASTRONAUTS PRACTICE USING 252 00:12:48,902 --> 00:12:52,403 A HANDHELD MANEUVERING UNIT KNOWN AS THE ZIP GUN, 253 00:12:52,405 --> 00:12:54,939 A DEVICE THAT ALLOWS AN ASTRONAUT TO FIRE 254 00:12:54,941 --> 00:12:56,941 PRESSURIZED OXYGEN FROM SMALL JETS 255 00:12:56,943 --> 00:13:00,378 TO CONTROL HIS SPEED AND DIRECTION IN SPACE. 256 00:13:00,380 --> 00:13:04,849 ♪ 257 00:13:04,851 --> 00:13:07,819 NASA ALSO INCREASES ITS ZERO-G TRAINING 258 00:13:07,821 --> 00:13:12,056 TO SIMULATE THE WEIGHTLESSNESS OF SPACE. 259 00:13:12,058 --> 00:13:13,925 Shayler: THE BEST WAY TO PRACTICE IN ZERO GRAVITY 260 00:13:13,927 --> 00:13:16,728 IS IN WHAT WAS KNOWN AS "THE VOMIT COMET," 261 00:13:16,730 --> 00:13:18,997 WHICH WAS AN AIRPLANE, THE KC-135, 262 00:13:18,999 --> 00:13:20,598 WITH ALL THE SEATS STRIPPED OUT, 263 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:23,535 AND THEY WOULD PERFORM A PARABOLIC CURVE. 264 00:13:23,537 --> 00:13:26,004 AFTER A PULL-UP AT 2 1/2 G, 265 00:13:26,006 --> 00:13:30,742 A 35° CLIMB RESULTS IN 15 SECONDS AT ZERO G. 266 00:13:30,744 --> 00:13:33,645 THE MANEUVER ENDS WITH A 35° DIVE 267 00:13:33,647 --> 00:13:37,148 AND PULL-OUT AT 10,500 FEET. 268 00:13:39,953 --> 00:13:41,686 Narrator: EVERY GEMINI MISSION IS DESIGNED 269 00:13:41,688 --> 00:13:43,354 TO RE-ENTER THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE 270 00:13:43,356 --> 00:13:47,158 ABOVE THE PACIFIC OCEAN, AND HAVE THE CAPSULE SPLASH DOWN 271 00:13:47,160 --> 00:13:53,531 WITHIN RECOVERY DISTANCE OF A U.S. NAVY AIRCRAFT CARRIER. 272 00:13:53,533 --> 00:13:57,502 THEREFORE, PROFICIENCY IN WATER SURVIVAL IS ESSENTIAL. 273 00:13:57,504 --> 00:14:01,506 WATER-BASED EXERCISES INCLUDE PRACTICING EMERGENCY EVACUATION 274 00:14:01,508 --> 00:14:03,842 OF THE CAPSULE AFTER SPLASH-DOWN, 275 00:14:03,844 --> 00:14:07,078 AND HELICOPTER RECOVERY FROM THE WATER'S SURFACE. 276 00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:08,813 Shayler: NOT ONLY DID THE ASTRONAUTS HAVE TO LEARN 277 00:14:08,815 --> 00:14:11,182 HOW TO FLY IN SPACE AND OPERATE ALL THE EQUIPMENT, 278 00:14:11,184 --> 00:14:14,619 THEY NEEDED TO LEARN WHAT TO DO IF THINGS WENT WRONG. 279 00:14:14,621 --> 00:14:21,059 ♪ 280 00:14:21,061 --> 00:14:24,028 Narrator: IN THE EVENT OF AN EMERGENCY REENTRY TO THE EARTH, 281 00:14:24,030 --> 00:14:27,632 THE GEMINI CAPSULE MAY LAND IN A DESERT OR A REMOTE JUNGLE 282 00:14:27,634 --> 00:14:30,869 INSTEAD OF THE DESIRED WATER LANDING. 283 00:14:30,871 --> 00:14:34,539 AS AN ADDED SAFETY PRECAUTION, NASA PUTS THE ASTRONAUTS 284 00:14:34,541 --> 00:14:37,408 THROUGH RIGOROUS WILDERNESS-SURVIVAL TRAINING. 285 00:14:42,482 --> 00:14:44,382 Shayler: REMEMBERING THAT THESE ASTRONAUTS 286 00:14:44,384 --> 00:14:47,018 WERE ALSO FORMER TEST PILOTS AND MILITARY MEN 287 00:14:47,020 --> 00:14:49,053 WHO'D GONE THROUGH SURVIVAL TRAINING, 288 00:14:49,055 --> 00:14:53,691 THIS WAS JUST AN APPLICATION OF A SKILL THEY ALREADY HAD. 289 00:14:53,693 --> 00:14:56,895 LEARNING TO WORK AS A TEAM BECAUSE YOUR LIFE DEPENDS ON IT 290 00:14:56,897 --> 00:14:59,297 IS VERY SIMILAR TO THE MILITARY. 291 00:14:59,299 --> 00:15:01,366 YOUR TEAM BECOMES YOUR FAMILY. 292 00:15:01,368 --> 00:15:02,867 AND IF YOU'RE DOING SURVIVAL 293 00:15:02,869 --> 00:15:05,169 TRAINING IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DESERT, 294 00:15:05,171 --> 00:15:06,971 YOU NEED TO RELY ON YOUR COLLEAGUES, 295 00:15:06,973 --> 00:15:11,910 SO IT IS A MATTER OF TEAMWORK, TO ENSURE THAT YOU SURVIVE. 296 00:15:11,912 --> 00:15:13,912 ♪ 297 00:15:13,914 --> 00:15:19,150 Narrator: ON MARCH 23, 1965, MERCURY VETERAN GUS GRISSOM 298 00:15:19,152 --> 00:15:21,953 AND JOHN YOUNG PREPARE TO FLY 299 00:15:21,955 --> 00:15:25,456 THE FIRST TWO-MANNED GEMINI MISSION. 300 00:15:25,458 --> 00:15:27,525 Man #1: THIS IS GEMINI CONTROL. 301 00:15:27,527 --> 00:15:29,327 THE COUNT -- T-MINUS ONE MINUTE. 302 00:15:29,329 --> 00:15:32,263 T-MINUS 60 SECONDS AND COUNTING. 303 00:15:32,265 --> 00:15:34,632 Narrator: ITS MAIN OBJECTIVE -- TO TEST FLY 304 00:15:34,634 --> 00:15:37,936 THE NEW FULLY MANEUVERABLE GEMINI SPACECRAFT. 305 00:15:44,377 --> 00:15:48,179 Man #2: 30 SECONDS. 306 00:15:48,181 --> 00:15:49,814 10...9... 307 00:15:49,816 --> 00:15:51,349 8...7... 308 00:15:51,351 --> 00:15:53,384 6...5... 309 00:15:53,386 --> 00:15:55,186 4...3... 310 00:15:55,188 --> 00:15:57,021 2...1... 311 00:16:21,181 --> 00:16:22,714 Man: ROGER. 312 00:16:27,220 --> 00:16:29,721 Narrator: DURING THEIR FIVE-HOUR MISSION, 313 00:16:29,723 --> 00:16:32,123 THEY CONTROL THRUSTERS TO ADJUST THE SHAPE 314 00:16:32,125 --> 00:16:33,791 AND ALTITUDE OF THEIR ORBIT. 315 00:16:33,793 --> 00:16:38,129 ♪ 316 00:16:38,131 --> 00:16:40,131 GEMINI 3 IS A SUCCESS 317 00:16:40,133 --> 00:16:42,500 AND BEGINS THE REFINEMENT OF THE FLIGHT TECHNIQUES 318 00:16:42,502 --> 00:16:45,069 THAT WILL BE VITAL TO A LUNAR MISSION. 319 00:16:45,071 --> 00:16:47,338 [ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ] 320 00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:52,944 ♪ 321 00:16:52,946 --> 00:16:58,549 ♪ 322 00:16:58,551 --> 00:17:02,153 IN JUNE 1965, ASTRONAUTS ED WHITE 323 00:17:02,155 --> 00:17:05,256 AND JIM McDIVITT FLY GEMINI 4. 324 00:17:05,258 --> 00:17:08,926 ♪ 325 00:17:08,928 --> 00:17:11,329 THEY COMPLETE 66 EARTH ORBITS 326 00:17:11,331 --> 00:17:14,932 IN NASA'S FIRST MULTI-DAY MISSION. 327 00:17:14,934 --> 00:17:19,904 ASTRONAUT ED WHITE COMPLETES AMERICA'S FIRST SPACE-WALK. 328 00:17:19,906 --> 00:17:22,040 OKAY, I'M OUT. 329 00:17:22,042 --> 00:17:23,341 OKAY, I PUT A LITTLE ROLL IN. 330 00:17:23,343 --> 00:17:24,776 TOOK IT RIGHT OUT. 331 00:17:24,778 --> 00:17:27,779 I'M UNDER MY OWN CONTROL. 332 00:17:27,781 --> 00:17:29,914 I FEEL LIKE A MILLION DOLLARS. 333 00:17:29,916 --> 00:17:31,682 Narrator: TETHERED TO THE SPACECRAFT, 334 00:17:31,684 --> 00:17:34,986 HE SPACE-WALKS FOR OVER 20 MINUTES. 335 00:17:34,988 --> 00:17:37,055 NOW, I'VE COME ABOVE THE SPACECRAFT. 336 00:17:37,057 --> 00:17:41,526 THIS IS THE GREATEST EXPERIENCE. IT'S JUST TREMENDOUS. 337 00:17:41,528 --> 00:17:45,096 Ojha: GEMINI 4'S E.V.A. SHOWED THAT SPACE SUITS WORK, 338 00:17:45,098 --> 00:17:48,199 THAT HUMAN BEINGS CAN OPERATE IN A VACUUM. 339 00:17:48,201 --> 00:17:49,801 THE NEXT CHALLENGE WAS TO SHOW 340 00:17:49,803 --> 00:17:51,335 WHETHER OR NOT AN ASTRONAUT CAN DO WORK, 341 00:17:51,337 --> 00:17:53,905 AND THIS IS WHERE THE DIFFICULTIES CAME IN. 342 00:17:53,907 --> 00:17:56,240 GEMINI 9 -- WHAT NASA LEARNS IS THAT 343 00:17:56,242 --> 00:17:58,676 DOING A SPACE-WALK IS HARD WORK. 344 00:17:58,678 --> 00:18:02,747 GEMINI 10, GEMINI 11, ALL OF THOSE MISSIONS, 345 00:18:02,749 --> 00:18:05,416 AS SOON AS THE ASTRONAUTS HAD TO PERFORM TASKS, 346 00:18:05,418 --> 00:18:07,051 THEIR SPACE SUITS WERE OVERHEATING. 347 00:18:07,053 --> 00:18:08,953 THEY'RE REALIZING IT REQUIRED 348 00:18:08,955 --> 00:18:11,322 AN INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF MUSCULAR EFFORT, 349 00:18:11,324 --> 00:18:15,193 AND THOSE CHALLENGES WERE REALLY ACCUMULATING. 350 00:18:15,195 --> 00:18:17,662 Narrator: ALTHOUGH NASA IS MAKING GOOD PROGRESS 351 00:18:17,664 --> 00:18:19,864 ON THEIR PATH TO A LUNAR LANDING, 352 00:18:19,866 --> 00:18:23,000 THEY WILL HAVE TO COME UP WITH A SOLUTION TO THESE PROBLEMS 353 00:18:23,002 --> 00:18:26,137 IF THEY EVER WANT TO PUT A MAN ON THE MOON. 354 00:18:36,616 --> 00:18:41,185 ♪ 355 00:18:41,187 --> 00:18:44,856 Narrator: AS NASA APPROACHES THE END OF THE GEMINI PROGRAM, 356 00:18:44,858 --> 00:18:46,624 THERE ARE STILL SEVERAL CHALLENGES 357 00:18:46,626 --> 00:18:49,560 THAT NEED TO BE SORTED OUT IF THEY HOPE TO REACH THEIR GOAL 358 00:18:49,562 --> 00:18:53,564 OF PUTTING A MAN ON THE MOON BY THE END OF THE DECADE. 359 00:18:53,566 --> 00:18:56,801 THE FINAL GEMINI SPACE-WALK FALLS ON THE SHOULDERS 360 00:18:56,803 --> 00:18:59,637 OF ROOKIE ASTRONAUT BUZZ ALDRIN. 361 00:18:59,639 --> 00:19:01,706 AN EXPERIENCED SCUBA DIVER, 362 00:19:01,708 --> 00:19:05,243 ALDRIN SPEARHEADS A NEW UNDERWATER TRAINING PROGRAM 363 00:19:05,245 --> 00:19:07,211 KNOWN AS NEUTRAL BUOYANCY. 364 00:19:07,213 --> 00:19:09,647 Announcer: IN AN INFLATED PRESSURE SUIT, 365 00:19:09,649 --> 00:19:12,884 ASTRONAUT EDWIN ALDRIN, PILOT GEMINI 12, 366 00:19:12,886 --> 00:19:17,321 IS WEIGHTED WITH 60 POUNDS OF LEAD. 367 00:19:17,323 --> 00:19:19,257 HE IS POSITIONED AT THE PREPARED WORK STATION 368 00:19:19,259 --> 00:19:22,627 BY TRAINED SCUBA DIVERS. 369 00:19:22,629 --> 00:19:25,763 THE NEUTRAL-BUOYANCY TANK IS THE BEST SIMULATION 370 00:19:25,765 --> 00:19:29,734 YOU CAN GET ON EARTH OF MICROGRAVITY, AS WE CALL IT. 371 00:19:29,736 --> 00:19:33,471 IN OTHER WORDS, ESSENTIALLY A WEIGHTLESS ENVIRONMENT. 372 00:19:33,473 --> 00:19:34,972 YOU IMMERSE THE CREW MEMBER 373 00:19:34,974 --> 00:19:38,409 AND THE THINGS THEY HAVE TO WORK WITH IN A TANK OF WATER 374 00:19:38,411 --> 00:19:40,578 SO THAT YOU CAN THEN ADJUST THEIR BUOYANCY 375 00:19:40,580 --> 00:19:43,214 SO THAT THEY FLOAT IN ONE PLACE. 376 00:19:43,216 --> 00:19:46,984 AND THEY CAN ORIENT THEMSELVES VERY, VERY FREELY. 377 00:19:46,986 --> 00:19:51,155 Announcer: UNDERWATER SIMULATION CREATES A CONDITION OF NEUTRAL BUOYANCY. 378 00:19:51,157 --> 00:19:53,291 IT GIVES THE PILOT AN EFFECT QUITE SIMILAR 379 00:19:53,293 --> 00:19:57,828 TO THAT OF ZERO GRAVITY. 380 00:19:57,830 --> 00:20:01,299 IT'S ABSOLUTELY KEY TO WORKING OUT, IN PARTICULAR, 381 00:20:01,301 --> 00:20:03,201 HOW LONG THINGS TAKE, 382 00:20:03,203 --> 00:20:07,338 AND OF COURSE, HOW EASY THINGS ARE IN WEIGHTLESSNESS. 383 00:20:07,340 --> 00:20:09,373 Announcer: THE JOBS NOW PERFORMED UNDERWATER 384 00:20:09,375 --> 00:20:13,978 BY PILOT ALDRIN ARE THOSE WHICH WILL BE DONE ON GEMINI 12. 385 00:20:13,980 --> 00:20:15,780 Ojha: A LOT OF THE PROBLEMS 386 00:20:15,782 --> 00:20:19,050 THAT HAD MANIFESTED THEMSELVES PREVIOUSLY DISAPPEARED. 387 00:20:19,052 --> 00:20:22,253 PART OF THAT IS TESTIMONY TO BUZZ'S CAPABILITIES, 388 00:20:22,255 --> 00:20:24,622 BUT A LOT OF IT WAS ALSO DUE TO WHAT WAS LEARNED 389 00:20:24,624 --> 00:20:28,092 ON THOSE HARROWING EARLIER SPACE-WALKS THAT HAD HAPPENED. 390 00:20:28,094 --> 00:20:31,128 IF THOSE TEST PILOTS INVOLVED HADN'T UNDERGONE 391 00:20:31,130 --> 00:20:34,966 THOSE TRAVAILS THAT THEY DID, THEN WE WOULDN'T HAVE REACHED 392 00:20:34,968 --> 00:20:37,134 THE LEVEL OF MATURITY THAT WE REACHED 393 00:20:37,136 --> 00:20:40,571 BY THE TIME GEMINI 12 FLEW IN NOVEMBER 1966. 394 00:20:40,573 --> 00:20:43,975 ♪ 395 00:20:43,977 --> 00:20:46,711 Narrator: NASA HAS ONE LAST CHANCE TO PERFORM 396 00:20:46,713 --> 00:20:48,946 THE PERFECT E.V.A. 397 00:20:51,351 --> 00:20:53,684 THANKS TO NEUTRAL-BUOYANCY TRAINING, 398 00:20:53,686 --> 00:20:55,920 BUZZ ALDRIN SUCCESSFULLY SPACE-WALKS 399 00:20:55,922 --> 00:20:58,189 FOR MORE THAN FIVE HOURS. 400 00:20:58,191 --> 00:21:01,125 -HEY, CONGRATULATIONS. -[ CHUCKLES ] 401 00:21:01,127 --> 00:21:03,894 Narrator: IN DECEMBER 1965, 402 00:21:03,896 --> 00:21:06,998 NASA LAUNCHES ASTRONAUTS FRANK BORMAN AND JIM LOVELL 403 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:09,634 ON A 14-DAY MISSION TO INVESTIGATE 404 00:21:09,636 --> 00:21:12,937 THE LONG TERM EFFECTS OF SPACE FLIGHT ON THE HUMAN BODY. 405 00:21:12,939 --> 00:21:18,009 ♪ 406 00:21:18,011 --> 00:21:21,779 11 DAYS INTO THEIR MISSION, GEMINI 7 IS JOINED IN ORBIT 407 00:21:21,781 --> 00:21:24,749 BY GEMINI 6A. 408 00:21:24,751 --> 00:21:29,587 Man #1: GEMINI 7, ARE YOU ABLE TO SEE IN THE WINDOWS OF 6 VERY EASILY? 409 00:21:29,589 --> 00:21:33,691 Man #2: ROGER, WE'RE JUST FLYING NOSE TO NOSE. 410 00:21:33,693 --> 00:21:35,693 Man #1: ROGER. 411 00:21:35,695 --> 00:21:37,895 Narrator: WORKING TOGETHER, THE FOUR ASTRONAUTS PERFORMED 412 00:21:37,897 --> 00:21:41,666 THE VERY FIRST MANNED SPACECRAFT RENDEZVOUS. 413 00:21:41,668 --> 00:21:43,734 Man #3: HOW DOES IT FEEL FOR THE UNITED STATES 414 00:21:43,736 --> 00:21:45,936 TO BE A NEW RECORD HOLDER? 415 00:21:45,938 --> 00:21:47,672 Man #4: AT LAST, HUH? 416 00:21:47,674 --> 00:21:50,908 Man #3: ROGER. CONGRATULATIONS. 417 00:21:50,910 --> 00:21:53,144 Narrator: AFTER TWO WEEKS IN SPACE, 418 00:21:53,146 --> 00:21:55,846 BORMAN AND LOVELL RETURN VICTORIOUSLY TO EARTH, 419 00:21:55,848 --> 00:21:59,216 PROVING MAN CAN SURVIVE LONG-DURATION SPACE FLIGHT. 420 00:22:02,855 --> 00:22:06,057 THE DEMANDS OF PROJECT GEMINI PUSH EACH TWO-MAN CREW 421 00:22:06,059 --> 00:22:10,361 TO THEIR PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL LIMIT. 422 00:22:10,363 --> 00:22:14,298 GEMINI EMERGED IN ORDER TO TICK OFF 423 00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:17,635 THE THREE ESSENTIAL BOXES FOR A MOON MISSION -- 424 00:22:17,637 --> 00:22:21,339 LONG-DURATION FLIGHT OF UP TO 14 DAYS, 425 00:22:21,341 --> 00:22:24,809 EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY, E.V.A., SPACE-WALKING, 426 00:22:24,811 --> 00:22:28,012 AND FINALLY, OF COURSE, THERE WAS RENDEZVOUS AND DOCKING, 427 00:22:28,014 --> 00:22:30,581 WHICH WAS ESSENTIAL TO COME BACK TO THE MOTHERSHIP 428 00:22:30,583 --> 00:22:32,717 FROM THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 429 00:22:32,719 --> 00:22:34,218 AND, SO, WITHOUT GEMINI, 430 00:22:34,220 --> 00:22:36,153 WE WOULD HAVE HAD TO OF PUT ALL THOSE THINGS 431 00:22:36,155 --> 00:22:39,957 INTO THE APOLLO PROGRAM, AND BEEN YEARS BEHIND. 432 00:22:39,959 --> 00:22:41,959 OF THE FINAL FIVE GEMINI MISSIONS, 433 00:22:41,961 --> 00:22:47,365 EVERY SINGLE CREW MEMBER WENT TO THE MOON ON APOLLO. 434 00:22:47,367 --> 00:22:50,134 IT REALLY SHOWS THAT THE PEOPLE THEY WERE PICKING 435 00:22:50,136 --> 00:22:52,403 HAD THE RIGHT STUFF. 436 00:22:52,405 --> 00:22:53,771 THEY HAD DETERMINATION. 437 00:22:53,773 --> 00:22:57,208 THEY WEREN'T GOING TO GIVE UP WHEN CHALLENGES EMERGED. 438 00:22:57,210 --> 00:23:00,544 AND, ULTIMATELY, THEY BECAME THE ONLY HUMAN BEINGS 439 00:23:00,546 --> 00:23:02,646 TO HAVE EXPLORED ANOTHER WORLD. 440 00:23:02,648 --> 00:23:06,817 Narrator: PRESIDENT KENNEDY'S DEADLINE IS NOW LESS THAN FOUR YEARS AWAY. 441 00:23:06,819 --> 00:23:09,653 ALL ATTENTION MUST FOCUS ON THE COLOSSAL CHALLENGE 442 00:23:09,655 --> 00:23:11,288 OF THE APOLLO PROGRAM 443 00:23:11,290 --> 00:23:15,292 AND LANDING A MAN ON THE MOON BEFORE THE DECADE IS OUT. 444 00:23:24,003 --> 00:23:28,539 ♪ 445 00:23:28,541 --> 00:23:31,475 Narrator: BY THE TIME THE GEMINI PROGRAM CLOSES, 446 00:23:31,477 --> 00:23:32,977 THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 447 00:23:32,979 --> 00:23:35,546 OF THE APOLLO HARDWARE IS WELL UNDERWAY. 448 00:23:35,548 --> 00:23:37,915 INCORPORATING ALL THE NECESSARY CAPABILITIES 449 00:23:37,917 --> 00:23:40,418 TO PERFORM AND SUPPORT A LUNAR MISSION, 450 00:23:40,420 --> 00:23:42,319 THESE IMMENSELY TECHNICAL MACHINES 451 00:23:42,321 --> 00:23:46,957 WILL NEED HIGHLY TRAINED ASTRONAUTS TO PILOT THEM. 452 00:23:46,959 --> 00:23:48,259 Ojha: YOU GOT A COMMAND MODULE 453 00:23:48,261 --> 00:23:50,094 THAT'S THE ONLY PART TO COME BACK TO EARTH, 454 00:23:50,096 --> 00:23:52,163 THAT'S YOUR MAIN LIVING QUARTERS FOR YOUR ASTRONAUTS, 455 00:23:52,165 --> 00:23:53,731 AND STAYS ORBITING THE MOON, 456 00:23:53,733 --> 00:23:55,266 AND THEN YOU'VE GOT YOUR LUNAR MODULE, 457 00:23:55,268 --> 00:23:58,602 THIS INCREDIBLY FLIMSY AND YET CAPABLE VEHICLE 458 00:23:58,604 --> 00:24:02,973 THAT GETS TWO ASTRONAUTS DOWN TO THE LUNAR SURFACE AND BACK AGAIN 459 00:24:02,975 --> 00:24:05,743 TO RENDEZVOUS WITH THE COMMAND MODULE ORBITING. 460 00:24:05,745 --> 00:24:08,813 BY HAVING THREE CREW MEMBERS IN A TWO-SPACECRAFT 461 00:24:08,815 --> 00:24:10,214 CONFIGURATION, IT'S CLEAR THAT ONE PERSON 462 00:24:10,216 --> 00:24:12,049 THAT ONE PERSON COULDN'T LEARN EVERYTHING. 463 00:24:12,051 --> 00:24:15,386 AND THAT'S WHY THE SPECIALIZATION OF ROLES 464 00:24:15,388 --> 00:24:18,422 WAS ABSOLUTELY CRITICAL ONCE ASTRONAUTS 465 00:24:18,424 --> 00:24:20,724 WERE ASSIGNED TO PROJECT APOLLO. 466 00:24:20,726 --> 00:24:23,194 ♪ 467 00:24:23,196 --> 00:24:26,864 Narrator: COMMAND-MODULE PILOTS FLY SPECIALIST SIMULATORS, 468 00:24:26,866 --> 00:24:29,133 PRACTICE DOCKING, NAVIGATION, 469 00:24:29,135 --> 00:24:33,437 AND OTHER EARTH ORBIT AND LUNAR ORBITAL FLIGHTS, 470 00:24:33,439 --> 00:24:35,639 WHILE COMMANDERS AND LUNAR MODULE PILOTS 471 00:24:35,641 --> 00:24:38,075 PERFECT THEIR DELICATE LANDING PROCEDURES 472 00:24:38,077 --> 00:24:41,345 IN LUNAR-MODULE SIMULATORS. 473 00:24:41,347 --> 00:24:44,815 THESE PROCESSES ARE OVERSEEN BY SIMULATOR SUPERVISORS, 474 00:24:44,817 --> 00:24:48,085 ALSO KNOWN AS SIM SUPES. 475 00:24:48,087 --> 00:24:50,454 [ BEEPING ] 476 00:24:50,456 --> 00:24:53,257 Baker: THEIR JOB IS TO PUT THE CREW THROUGH 477 00:24:53,259 --> 00:24:57,027 THE MOST AGONIZING, TECHNICAL, EMOTIONAL, 478 00:24:57,029 --> 00:25:01,131 AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS THEY CAN POSSIBLY IMPOSE, 479 00:25:01,133 --> 00:25:04,335 AND SIT BACK AND WATCH HOW THEY COPE WITH IT. 480 00:25:04,337 --> 00:25:09,540 BUT THEY ARE VITAL BECAUSE THEY STRETCH THE CREWS 481 00:25:09,542 --> 00:25:13,410 BEYOND THE LIMITS THEY KNOW THAT THEY'RE CAPABLE OF. 482 00:25:13,412 --> 00:25:17,047 TO TRAIN ASTRONAUTS HOW TO FLY AND LAND ON THE MOON, 483 00:25:17,049 --> 00:25:21,151 THE LUNAR LANDING RESEARCH VEHICLE IS DEVELOPED. 484 00:25:21,153 --> 00:25:24,054 THIS TRAINING AIRCRAFT REPLICATES HOW THE LUNAR MODULE 485 00:25:24,056 --> 00:25:28,626 WILL OPERATE IN THE WEAKER GRAVITY OF THE MOON. 486 00:25:28,628 --> 00:25:30,160 Stevenson: IT'S EFFECTIVELY A BIG ENGINE 487 00:25:30,162 --> 00:25:32,363 WITH THIS LIGHTER FRAMEWORK AROUND IT 488 00:25:32,365 --> 00:25:36,066 AND THE CONTROLS THAT EMULATE FLYING LOW 489 00:25:36,068 --> 00:25:37,401 AT A REASONABLE DESCENT RATE, 490 00:25:37,403 --> 00:25:40,371 AND MAKING SURE THAT YOU'VE GOT SUFFICIENT RESOURCES 491 00:25:40,373 --> 00:25:44,575 TO ALLOW PRETTY REALISTIC TRAINING AND PRACTICE 492 00:25:44,577 --> 00:25:46,744 OF THE APPROACH AND LANDING, 493 00:25:46,746 --> 00:25:49,914 AND THEREFOR, WAS A VERY, VERY IMPORTANT TRAINING RESOURCE. 494 00:25:49,916 --> 00:25:53,317 Narrator: BUT THESE MACHINES ARE UNSTABLE AND DIFFICULT TO FLY, 495 00:25:53,319 --> 00:25:56,654 EVEN FOR THE BEST PILOTS AMERICA HAS TO OFFER. 496 00:25:56,656 --> 00:26:00,090 THREE OF THE FIVE BUILT ARE DESTROYED IN CRASHES. 497 00:26:00,092 --> 00:26:05,529 ♪ 498 00:26:05,531 --> 00:26:07,298 Shayler: SO, IT'S A HIGHLY DANGEROUS VEHICLE. 499 00:26:07,300 --> 00:26:08,699 AND, CERTAINLY, THAT TRAINING 500 00:26:08,701 --> 00:26:10,601 ON THE LUNAR LANDING RESEARCH VEHICLE 501 00:26:10,603 --> 00:26:12,136 HELPED TO PREPARE THE ASTRONAUTS 502 00:26:12,138 --> 00:26:14,805 WHO FLEW THE LUNAR MODULE FOR LANDING ON THE MOON. 503 00:26:14,807 --> 00:26:17,174 ♪ 504 00:26:17,176 --> 00:26:19,710 Narrator: AND JUST LANDING IS NOT ENOUGH. 505 00:26:19,712 --> 00:26:22,279 ONCE DOWN ON THE MOON, THE APOLLO ASTRONAUTS WILL 506 00:26:22,281 --> 00:26:26,250 HAVE TO EXIT THEIR SPACECRAFT AND WALK ON THE LUNAR SURFACE. 507 00:26:26,252 --> 00:26:28,919 ♪ 508 00:26:28,921 --> 00:26:31,989 Ojha: THE DIFFERENCE ON THE LUNAR SURFACE IS THAT YOU GOT 509 00:26:31,991 --> 00:26:36,994 1/6 OF THE GRAVITY-FIELD STRENGTH THAT'S ON EARTH. 510 00:26:36,996 --> 00:26:40,397 SO, IT WAS REALIZED THAT, SOMEHOW, WE NEED TO BE ABLE 511 00:26:40,399 --> 00:26:43,567 TO REPLICATE 1/6 GRAVITY CONDITIONS, 512 00:26:43,569 --> 00:26:45,069 AND THERE WERE ALL SORTS OF WAYS 513 00:26:45,071 --> 00:26:46,937 THAT WERE USED VERY SUCCESSFULLY. 514 00:26:46,939 --> 00:26:48,572 Stevenson: ONE OF THE MOST DRAMATIC ONES 515 00:26:48,574 --> 00:26:51,508 WAS SUSPENDING FROM A RIG WHERE YOU LIE HORIZONTALLY 516 00:26:51,510 --> 00:26:53,711 AND YOU WALK ALONG A WALL, 517 00:26:53,713 --> 00:26:55,579 SUSPENDED BY A SERIES OF BUNGEES, 518 00:26:55,581 --> 00:26:58,349 AND THE BUNGEES PROVIDE YOU WITH JUST ABOUT THE RIGHT 519 00:26:58,351 --> 00:27:02,953 RESTORING FORCE AGAINST THE WALL TO ALLOW YOU TO PRACTICE 520 00:27:02,955 --> 00:27:06,857 YOUR VARIOUS FORMS OF WALKING AND AMBULATION, 521 00:27:06,859 --> 00:27:08,993 THE BUNNY HOPS AND ALL THIS KIND OF STUFF, 522 00:27:08,995 --> 00:27:11,895 IN A RELATIVELY REALISTIC ENVIRONMENT. 523 00:27:11,897 --> 00:27:15,199 Ojha: YOU COULD SUCCESSFULLY RECREATE LUNAR GRAVITY, 524 00:27:15,201 --> 00:27:18,435 AND THIS WAS DONE TO LOOK AT THE CAPABILITIES OF ASTRONAUTS 525 00:27:18,437 --> 00:27:21,905 TO WALK ON THE MOON, BUT TO USE TOOLS ON THE MOON, 526 00:27:21,907 --> 00:27:25,209 AND ULTIMATELY TO USE REAL VEHICLES ON THE MOON. 527 00:27:25,211 --> 00:27:28,078 ALL OF IT FOCUSED THOUGH ON TRAINING THE ASTRONAUTS 528 00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:30,280 FOR THE JOBS THEY'D HAVE TO DO IN APOLLO. 529 00:27:30,282 --> 00:27:34,652 Man #1: 3...2...1...MARK. 530 00:27:34,654 --> 00:27:36,253 WE HAVE YOU GO FOR ORBIT. 531 00:27:36,255 --> 00:27:38,455 YOU'RE GO FOR ORBIT. 532 00:27:38,457 --> 00:27:41,058 Narrator: OCTOBER 1968. 533 00:27:41,060 --> 00:27:44,028 NASA LAUNCHES APOLLO 7, 534 00:27:44,030 --> 00:27:46,030 THE FIRST MANNED MISSION OF THE PROGRAM 535 00:27:46,032 --> 00:27:47,531 TO RIGOROUSLY FLIGHT-TEST 536 00:27:47,533 --> 00:27:52,102 THE NEW THREE-MANNED COMMAND MODULE IN EARTH'S ORBIT. 537 00:27:52,104 --> 00:27:54,204 Man #2: 10...9... 538 00:27:54,206 --> 00:27:56,807 WE HAVE IGNITION SEQUENCE START. 539 00:27:56,809 --> 00:27:58,342 ALL ENGINES RUNNING. 540 00:27:58,344 --> 00:28:01,578 LIFTOFF. WE HAVE LIFTOFF. 541 00:28:01,580 --> 00:28:03,313 THE TOWER IS CLEAR. 542 00:28:03,315 --> 00:28:06,050 Narrator: TWO MONTHS LATER, APOLLO 8 CONDUCTS THE FIRST 543 00:28:06,052 --> 00:28:09,453 MANNED FLIGHT TEST OF THE SATURN V ROCKET. 544 00:28:09,455 --> 00:28:13,090 Man #3: APOLLO 8 TO HOUSTON. YOU ARE GO FOR A T.L.I., OVER. 545 00:28:13,092 --> 00:28:16,727 APOLLO 8 IS ALSO THE FIRST MISSION TO FLY TO MOON, 546 00:28:16,729 --> 00:28:19,563 WHERE THE CREW CONDUCTS A TRIAL RUN OF THE COMMAND MODULE 547 00:28:19,565 --> 00:28:21,165 IN LUNAR ORBIT. 548 00:28:21,167 --> 00:28:23,801 THE MISSION SUCCESSFULLY TESTS THE NAVIGATION 549 00:28:23,803 --> 00:28:27,371 AND GUIDANCE PROCEDURES VITAL FOR A MOON LANDING. 550 00:28:27,373 --> 00:28:31,909 Man: IN THE BEGINNING, GOD CREATED THE HEAVEN AND THE EARTH. 551 00:28:31,911 --> 00:28:35,379 AND GOD SAID, "LET THERE BE LIGHT," 552 00:28:35,381 --> 00:28:36,880 AND THERE WAS LIGHT. 553 00:28:36,882 --> 00:28:39,116 Narrator: MARCH 1969. 554 00:28:39,118 --> 00:28:43,387 APOLLO 9 PERFORMS THE FIRST TESTS OF THE LUNAR MODULE. 555 00:28:43,389 --> 00:28:45,422 Man #1: HOW DOES THAT SPORTS CAR HANDLE, JIM? 556 00:28:45,424 --> 00:28:46,857 Man #2: PRETTY NICE. 557 00:28:46,859 --> 00:28:48,192 Narrator: THE CREW SUCCESSFULLY DOCKS 558 00:28:48,194 --> 00:28:49,727 THE COMMAND AND LUNAR MODULES 559 00:28:49,729 --> 00:28:52,496 IN EARTH'S ORBIT FOR THE FIRST TIME. 560 00:28:52,498 --> 00:28:54,665 Man #3: APOLLO 9, EVERYBODY IS HAPPY AS A CLAM HERE. 561 00:28:54,667 --> 00:28:58,402 -LOOKING GOOD. -OH, THIS IS VERY GOOD. 562 00:28:58,404 --> 00:29:03,373 Narrator: MAY 1969 -- APOLLO 10 RETURNS TO THE MOON. 563 00:29:03,375 --> 00:29:07,111 Man #4: HOUSTON, YOU CAN TELL THE WORLD THAT WE HAVE ARRIVED. 564 00:29:07,113 --> 00:29:09,747 Narrator: THE MISSION RUNS A FULL REHEARSAL OF THE LUNAR LANDING, 565 00:29:09,749 --> 00:29:12,816 FLYING JUST EIGHT MILES ABOVE THE SURFACE. 566 00:29:12,818 --> 00:29:15,052 Man #5: WE ARE DOWN AMONG 'EM, CHARLIE. 567 00:29:15,054 --> 00:29:17,554 Man #6: ROGER. HEY, YOU'RE WEAVING YOUR WAY UP THE FREEWAY. 568 00:29:17,556 --> 00:29:18,889 Narrator: WITH ALL TESTING COMPLETE, 569 00:29:18,891 --> 00:29:24,261 THE STAGE IS NOW SET TO ATTEMPT A LUNAR LANDING. 570 00:29:30,569 --> 00:29:39,209 ♪ 571 00:29:39,211 --> 00:29:41,945 Narrator: JULY 1969. 572 00:29:41,947 --> 00:29:45,115 APOLLO 11 IS GO FOR LAUNCH. 573 00:29:45,117 --> 00:29:47,017 Man #1: 6...5... 574 00:29:47,019 --> 00:29:48,852 4...3... 575 00:29:48,854 --> 00:29:51,355 2...1... 576 00:29:51,357 --> 00:29:53,690 ♪ 577 00:29:53,692 --> 00:29:57,494 LIFTOFF. WE HAVE A LIFTOFF. 578 00:29:57,496 --> 00:29:59,096 Man #2: STANDBY FOR ONE BRAVO. 579 00:29:59,098 --> 00:30:00,931 Man #3: THAT'S ONE BRAVO. 580 00:30:00,933 --> 00:30:03,300 Man #4: THAT'S GOOD, FLY. REAL GOOD. 581 00:30:03,302 --> 00:30:05,903 Man #5: FOUR FORWARD. DRIFTING TO THE RIGHT A LITTLE. 582 00:30:05,905 --> 00:30:07,971 OKAY, ENGINE STOP. 583 00:30:07,973 --> 00:30:10,307 HOUSTON, THE EAGLE HAS LANDED. 584 00:30:10,309 --> 00:30:13,744 Man #6: WE COPY YOU DOWN, EAGLE. 585 00:30:13,746 --> 00:30:17,948 Armstrong: THAT'S ONE SMALL STEP FOR MAN, 586 00:30:17,950 --> 00:30:21,118 ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND. 587 00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:23,787 Narrator: AFTER ALMOST A DECADE OF DEDICATION, 588 00:30:23,789 --> 00:30:26,323 NASA HAS WON THE RACE TO THE MOON. 589 00:30:26,325 --> 00:30:29,259 AND ASTRONAUTS NEIL ARMSTRONG AND BUZZ ALDRIN 590 00:30:29,261 --> 00:30:33,697 BECOME THE FIRST OF ONLY 12 MEN TO WALK ON THE LUNAR SURFACE. 591 00:30:37,236 --> 00:30:39,736 APOLLO 11 WAS A GREAT ACHIEVEMENT FOR NASA 592 00:30:39,738 --> 00:30:43,073 BECAUSE IT DEMONSTRATED THAT THE MISSION PLAN 593 00:30:43,075 --> 00:30:48,312 AND THE WAY IN WHICH THE PROGRAM HAD LAID OUT 594 00:30:48,314 --> 00:30:49,513 ALL THE VARIOUS STEPS 595 00:30:49,515 --> 00:30:51,515 AND THE TECHNOLOGIES AND THE HARDWARE 596 00:30:51,517 --> 00:30:53,050 DID ACTUALLY WORK FOR REAL, 597 00:30:53,052 --> 00:30:56,954 SO IT WAS AN ENGINEERING VERIFICATION. 598 00:30:56,956 --> 00:30:58,922 FOR THE WORLD AT LARGE, 599 00:30:58,924 --> 00:31:03,193 IT OPENED A WHOLE NEW CHAPTER OF EXPLORING OTHER WORLDS. 600 00:31:03,195 --> 00:31:10,167 ♪ 601 00:31:10,169 --> 00:31:12,936 Narrator: ALTHOUGH THE SPACE RACE IS POLITICALLY DRIVEN, 602 00:31:12,938 --> 00:31:15,172 THE SCIENTIFIC BENEFITS OF KENNEDY'S GOAL 603 00:31:15,174 --> 00:31:18,242 ARE NOT LOST ON NASA. 604 00:31:18,244 --> 00:31:21,645 IF ASTRONAUTS CAN SURVEY AND SAMPLE THE LUNAR SURFACE, 605 00:31:21,647 --> 00:31:24,514 MANKIND'S UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOON, THE EARTH, 606 00:31:24,516 --> 00:31:28,652 AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM WILL BE GREATLY ENHANCED. 607 00:31:28,654 --> 00:31:30,621 AFTER THE SUCCESS OF APOLLO 11, 608 00:31:30,623 --> 00:31:33,557 NASA SCHEDULES SIX MORE LANDING MISSIONS. 609 00:31:33,559 --> 00:31:37,261 EACH MISSION HAS ITS OWN SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES, 610 00:31:37,263 --> 00:31:39,796 AND NASA ACCELERATES THE SCIENTIFIC TRAINING 611 00:31:39,798 --> 00:31:42,165 FOR THE ASTRONAUT CORPS. 612 00:31:42,167 --> 00:31:43,734 Joy: IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT FOR ALL THE ASTRONAUTS 613 00:31:43,736 --> 00:31:45,335 THAT WERE GONNA WALK ON THE LUNAR SURFACE, 614 00:31:45,337 --> 00:31:47,537 WHETHER THEY HAD A TEST-PILOT BACKGROUND 615 00:31:47,539 --> 00:31:48,939 OR A SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND, 616 00:31:48,941 --> 00:31:51,975 TO BE TRAINED IN THE ART OF RECOGNIZING DIFFERENT ROCKS, 617 00:31:51,977 --> 00:31:54,912 SO THEY UNDERWENT A SERIES OF EXTENSIVE TRAINING PROGRAMS 618 00:31:54,914 --> 00:31:56,880 IN PLACES LIKE THE GRAND CANYON. 619 00:31:56,882 --> 00:31:59,816 THEY EVEN WENT TO ICELAND AND HAWAII TO LOOK AT LAVA FIELDS. 620 00:31:59,818 --> 00:32:02,352 THEY WERE TRAINED BY VERY EMINENT GEOLOGISTS 621 00:32:02,354 --> 00:32:04,254 ON HOW TO RECOGNIZE DIFFERENT ROCKS, 622 00:32:04,256 --> 00:32:06,123 HOW TO INTERPRET THE AGE RELATIONSHIPS 623 00:32:06,125 --> 00:32:08,191 BETWEEN DIFFERENT ROCKS. 624 00:32:08,193 --> 00:32:09,927 THEY ALWAYS HAD A LOT OF CLASSROOM EXERCISES 625 00:32:09,929 --> 00:32:11,862 WHERE THEY LOOKED AT ROCKS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE 626 00:32:11,864 --> 00:32:14,097 AND ENHANCED SPECIMENS. 627 00:32:14,099 --> 00:32:15,866 SO, IT WAS A REALLY VALUABLE EXPERIENCE, 628 00:32:15,868 --> 00:32:18,168 AND THEY WERE TRAINED BY SOME OF THE BEST GEOLOGISTS 629 00:32:18,170 --> 00:32:21,238 IN THE WORLD TO DO THAT. 630 00:32:21,240 --> 00:32:23,707 WHEN THE ASTRONAUTS GOT TO THE LUNAR SURFACE, 631 00:32:23,709 --> 00:32:26,510 THE FIRST THING THEY DID WAS TO VIEW THE WHOLE OF THE AREA 632 00:32:26,512 --> 00:32:30,013 AND TO REPORT A LOCAL GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION. 633 00:32:30,015 --> 00:32:31,815 Man: THERE'S A RELATIVELY LEVEL PLAIN, 634 00:32:31,817 --> 00:32:35,519 CRATERED WITH A FAIRLY LARGE NUMBER OF CRATERS 635 00:32:35,521 --> 00:32:38,822 OF THE 5- TO 50-FOOT VARIETY. 636 00:32:38,824 --> 00:32:40,924 AND THERE ARE LITERALLY THOUSANDS 637 00:32:40,926 --> 00:32:45,963 OF LITTLE 1- AND 2-FOOT CRATERS AROUND THE AREA. 638 00:32:45,965 --> 00:32:47,731 THE GEOLOGICAL TRAINING ALSO PREPARED THEM 639 00:32:47,733 --> 00:32:50,434 TO COLLECT THE APPROPRIATE TYPES OF LUNAR SAMPLES 640 00:32:50,436 --> 00:32:53,203 THAT WOULD PRESENT SCIENTISTS A WIDE A RANGE 641 00:32:53,205 --> 00:32:55,572 AS POSSIBLE ABOUT THE LOCAL GEOLOGY. 642 00:32:55,574 --> 00:32:59,743 Man: IT'S OBVIOUSLY VERY, VERY COHESIVE. 643 00:32:59,745 --> 00:33:02,612 BECAUSE IT'S -- THE BOTTOM OF THE CORE IS NOT SMOOTH. 644 00:33:02,614 --> 00:33:04,114 IT'S VERY JAGGEDY. 645 00:33:04,116 --> 00:33:06,750 IT'S THREAD-METAL-LIKE. 646 00:33:06,752 --> 00:33:09,019 WE'D LIKE TO SHARE A PIECE OF THIS ROCK 647 00:33:09,021 --> 00:33:11,521 WITH SO MANY OF THE COUNTRIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. 648 00:33:11,523 --> 00:33:15,625 WE HOPE THAT THIS WILL BE A SYMBOL OF WHAT OUR FEELINGS ARE, 649 00:33:15,627 --> 00:33:18,061 WHAT THE FEELINGS OF THE APOLLO PROGRAM ARE, 650 00:33:18,063 --> 00:33:19,396 AND A SYMBOL OF MANKIND 651 00:33:19,398 --> 00:33:23,033 THAT WE CAN LIVE IN PEACE AND HARMONY IN THE FUTURE. 652 00:33:25,204 --> 00:33:27,270 Narrator: TO MAXIMIZE THE SCIENTIFIC POTENTIAL 653 00:33:27,272 --> 00:33:29,239 OF EACH MISSION, NASA DEVELOPS 654 00:33:29,241 --> 00:33:31,908 THE APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE, 655 00:33:31,910 --> 00:33:34,111 KNOWN AS ALSEP. 656 00:33:34,113 --> 00:33:36,747 Joy: THESE EXPERIMENT PACKAGES WERE DESIGNED BY SCIENTISTS 657 00:33:36,749 --> 00:33:38,448 WHO WANTED TO ADDRESS REALLY KEY 658 00:33:38,450 --> 00:33:40,717 AND INTERESTING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE MOON 659 00:33:40,719 --> 00:33:44,654 SUCH AS WHAT THE LUNAR INTERIOR IS LIKE, IF IT HAS MOON QUAKES, 660 00:33:44,656 --> 00:33:46,723 THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE LUNAR SURFACE 661 00:33:46,725 --> 00:33:49,459 AND THE SURROUNDING SPACE ENVIRONMENT. 662 00:33:49,461 --> 00:33:51,995 THESE WERE SMALL, LIGHTWEIGHT SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS 663 00:33:51,997 --> 00:33:53,363 THAT WERE LEFT ON THE LUNAR SURFACE 664 00:33:53,365 --> 00:33:55,999 BY THE ASTRONAUTS TO OPERATE OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME 665 00:33:56,001 --> 00:33:58,335 AFTER THEY RETURNED TO EARTH. 666 00:33:58,337 --> 00:34:00,871 Man #1: I'M GONNA GO DEPLOY AN ALSEP. 667 00:34:00,873 --> 00:34:02,372 Man #2: HAVE AT IT. 668 00:34:02,374 --> 00:34:05,075 Man #1: FIRST, I GOT TO FIND AN ALSEP SITE. 669 00:34:05,077 --> 00:34:10,213 ♪ WELL, WE'RE OFF TO SEE THE WIZARD ♪ 670 00:34:10,215 --> 00:34:14,484 Joy: ALSEP IS THE EXPERIMENTS THAT KEEP ON GIVING. 671 00:34:14,486 --> 00:34:16,920 IN FACT, THE LUNAR LASER RANGING STATIONS 672 00:34:16,922 --> 00:34:19,289 ARE STILL STUDIED AT THE PRESENT DAY. 673 00:34:19,291 --> 00:34:22,059 SO, ALSEP IS AN INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT PART 674 00:34:22,061 --> 00:34:23,894 OF THE APOLLO MISSIONS. 675 00:34:23,896 --> 00:34:26,229 ♪ 676 00:34:26,231 --> 00:34:28,465 Narrator: IN ADDITION TO THEIR SCIENTIFIC 677 00:34:28,467 --> 00:34:31,301 AND GEOLOGICAL TRAINING, ALL APOLLO ASTRONAUTS RECEIVE 678 00:34:31,303 --> 00:34:34,571 EXHAUSTIVE PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTION. 679 00:34:34,573 --> 00:34:36,440 Stevenson: THE PHOTOGRAPHY WAS CLEARLY GOING TO BE VERY, 680 00:34:36,442 --> 00:34:39,709 VERY IMPORTANT ON THE MISSION. 681 00:34:39,711 --> 00:34:43,513 PHOTO DOCUMENTATION FOR GEOLOGICAL PURPOSES, 682 00:34:43,515 --> 00:34:45,315 FOR SAMPLE ANALYSIS, 683 00:34:45,317 --> 00:34:48,585 PHOTOGRAPHING A ROCK BEFORE YOU MOVED IT. 684 00:34:48,587 --> 00:34:50,587 ♪ 685 00:34:50,589 --> 00:34:53,523 THEN, AFTER YOU LIFT THE SAMPLE, YOU HAVE TO PHOTOGRAPH 686 00:34:53,525 --> 00:34:55,459 AND DOCUMENT THE PLACES IT'S COME FROM 687 00:34:55,461 --> 00:34:57,327 SO YOU GET A REFERENCE, YOU KNOW -- 688 00:34:57,329 --> 00:34:58,795 YOU DIDN'T EXPECT TO SEE ANYTHING CRAWL OUT 689 00:34:58,797 --> 00:35:00,230 FROM UNDER THAT ROCK, BUT IF THERE WAS, 690 00:35:00,232 --> 00:35:02,599 YOU WANTED A PICTURE OF IT. 691 00:35:02,601 --> 00:35:05,102 Joy: CONTEXT IS EVERYTHING IN GEOLOGY. 692 00:35:05,104 --> 00:35:07,137 SO, WHEN WE HAVE A HAND-SPECIMEN SAMPLE, 693 00:35:07,139 --> 00:35:09,339 WE WANT TO KNOW THE BIGGER PICTURE. 694 00:35:09,341 --> 00:35:12,309 SO BY TAKING A PHOTOGRAPH OF THE SAMPLE IN THE LUNAR SURFACE, 695 00:35:12,311 --> 00:35:15,245 WE COULD UNDERSTAND WHERE THAT ROCK'S ORIGINATED FROM 696 00:35:15,247 --> 00:35:18,582 AND WHAT THAT TELLS US ABOUT THE LOCAL GEOLOGY. 697 00:35:18,584 --> 00:35:21,251 Narrator: WHEN CREWS VISIT GEOLOGICAL SITES ALONG EARTH, 698 00:35:21,253 --> 00:35:23,620 THEY ALSO PRACTICE WITH THE BODY-MOUNTED CAMERAS 699 00:35:23,622 --> 00:35:25,255 THEY WILL USE ON THE MOON. 700 00:35:27,359 --> 00:35:29,793 THE BODY-MOUNTED CAMERAS WERE VERY DIFFICULT TO USE, 701 00:35:29,795 --> 00:35:32,362 MAINLY BECAUSE OF THE CONSTRAINTS OF THE SUIT. 702 00:35:32,364 --> 00:35:33,897 YOU HAVE A HELMET ON, AND THE HELMET 703 00:35:33,899 --> 00:35:36,233 IS EFFECTIVELY JOINED AT THE SUIT MORE AT YOUR NECK, 704 00:35:36,235 --> 00:35:38,802 SO YOU CAN MOVE YOUR HEAD BUT THE HELMET DOESN'T MOVE. 705 00:35:38,804 --> 00:35:42,572 YOU CAN'T EVEN LOOK DOWN INTO THE VIEW-FINDER. 706 00:35:42,574 --> 00:35:44,541 SO IT WAS REALLY ABOUT HOW TO POSITION 707 00:35:44,543 --> 00:35:48,145 THE CAMERA IN FRONT OF THEM, AND IT TOOK A LONG TIME. 708 00:35:48,147 --> 00:35:50,847 Baker: SOME OF THE CREW DID IT BETTER THAN OTHERS, 709 00:35:50,849 --> 00:35:55,118 AND SOME WERE MORE NATURAL PHOTOGRAPHERS THAN OTHERS. 710 00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:57,387 SOME OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS FROM APOLLO 711 00:35:57,389 --> 00:36:00,290 THAT LOOK BACK AT THE EARTH WERE SOME OF THE BEST THINGS 712 00:36:00,292 --> 00:36:03,560 THAT HAPPENED ON THE SPACE PROGRAM. 713 00:36:03,562 --> 00:36:07,931 THE LEGACY CREATED THE ENVIRONMENT MOVEMENT. 714 00:36:07,933 --> 00:36:10,700 THE PALE BLUE DOT FLOATING IN SPACE 715 00:36:10,702 --> 00:36:12,435 TURNED PEOPLE'S IMAGINATIONS TO SAY, 716 00:36:12,437 --> 00:36:16,006 "WOW, WE NEED TO LOOK AFTER THIS PLANET." 717 00:36:16,008 --> 00:36:18,775 Man: I THINK WE'VE SEEN AS MUCH IN 10 DAYS 718 00:36:18,777 --> 00:36:21,711 AS MOST PEOPLE SEE IN 10 LIFETIMES. 719 00:36:21,713 --> 00:36:26,416 Narrator: TO GAIN THE WEALTH OF UNTAPPED INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN SPACE, 720 00:36:26,418 --> 00:36:29,352 NASA WILL NEED TO ENHANCE THEIR RESEARCH PROCEDURES 721 00:36:29,354 --> 00:36:31,721 ON THE REMAINING APOLLO MISSIONS. 722 00:36:39,932 --> 00:36:44,267 ♪ 723 00:36:44,269 --> 00:36:45,936 Narrator: ALTHOUGH THEY HAVE COMPLETED 724 00:36:45,938 --> 00:36:49,306 A SUCCESSFUL MOON LANDING, NASA ISN'T DONE YET. 725 00:36:49,308 --> 00:36:51,474 NOW THEY'RE READY TO SET OFF ON A QUEST 726 00:36:51,476 --> 00:36:53,944 FOR MORE SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION 727 00:36:53,946 --> 00:36:58,215 WITH WHAT ARE KNOWN AS THE J-CLASS MISSIONS. 728 00:36:58,217 --> 00:37:00,550 SUDDENLY, THERE WAS A VERY WIDE VARIETY OF TASKS 729 00:37:00,552 --> 00:37:01,851 THAT THE CREW HAD TO DO, 730 00:37:01,853 --> 00:37:04,454 AND THAT WAS GRAFTED ON 731 00:37:04,456 --> 00:37:07,724 TO AN ALREADY-DEMANDING TRAINING PROGRAM. 732 00:37:07,726 --> 00:37:10,293 IT'S INTERESTING HOW WE CAME TO HAVE MORE SCIENCE 733 00:37:10,295 --> 00:37:13,663 WITHIN THESE MANNED MISSIONS, BECAUSE, INITIALLY, 734 00:37:13,665 --> 00:37:16,433 NASA FELT THAT THESE WERE LARGELY ENGINEERING VENTURES, 735 00:37:16,435 --> 00:37:19,469 AND BEGAN TO RECRUIT SCIENTIST ASTRONAUTS 736 00:37:19,471 --> 00:37:23,807 WHOSE PRIMARY SKILLS WERE NOT IN PILOTING OR ENGINEERING, 737 00:37:23,809 --> 00:37:28,411 AND IT STARTED WITH HARRISON SCHMITT ON APOLLO 17. 738 00:37:28,413 --> 00:37:30,313 AND, IN FACT, HE WAS INSTRUMENTAL 739 00:37:30,315 --> 00:37:33,550 IN DISCOVERING THE LOCATION OF SOME VOLCANIC DEBRIS, 740 00:37:33,552 --> 00:37:36,319 THE FAMOUS ORANGE SOIL. 741 00:37:36,321 --> 00:37:40,323 THERE IS ORANGE SOIL! IT'S ALL OVER! 742 00:37:40,325 --> 00:37:43,159 HEY, IT IS! I CAN SEE IT FROM HERE! 743 00:37:43,161 --> 00:37:44,327 IT'S ORANGE. 744 00:37:44,329 --> 00:37:45,996 Joy: HAVING A GEOLOGIST THERE 745 00:37:45,998 --> 00:37:47,831 REALLY HELPED FOR SERENDIPITOUS DISCOVERIES 746 00:37:47,833 --> 00:37:49,699 AND RECOGNIZING ROCK TYPES 747 00:37:49,701 --> 00:37:50,867 THAT MAYBE SOME OF THE OTHER ASTRONAUTS 748 00:37:50,869 --> 00:37:53,370 WOULDN'T BE TRAINED TO RECOGNIZE. 749 00:37:53,372 --> 00:37:55,171 SCHMITT CERTAINLY HAS LEFT A LEGACY 750 00:37:55,173 --> 00:37:56,940 FOR TRAINING OF SCIENTIFIC ASTRONAUTS, 751 00:37:56,942 --> 00:37:59,209 AND AS NASA IS PLANNING TO GO BACK TO THE MOON 752 00:37:59,211 --> 00:38:01,611 AND GO TO ASTEROIDS AND MARS IN THE FUTURE, 753 00:38:01,613 --> 00:38:03,346 I HAVE NO DOUBT THAT GEOLOGISTS 754 00:38:03,348 --> 00:38:05,749 WILL BE PART OF THAT EXCITING EXPERIENCE 755 00:38:05,751 --> 00:38:08,051 SO THAT WE CAN MAXIMIZE THE SCIENTIFIC RETURN 756 00:38:08,053 --> 00:38:11,554 FROM THESE LANDED EXPLORATION MISSIONS. 757 00:38:11,556 --> 00:38:13,523 ♪ 758 00:38:13,525 --> 00:38:16,926 Narrator: IN PREPARATION FOR THE LAST THREE APOLLO MISSIONS, 759 00:38:16,928 --> 00:38:18,762 NASA TRAINED ITS CREWS TO OPERATE 760 00:38:18,764 --> 00:38:22,899 A SMALL TWO-MAN EXPLORATION BUGGY KNOWN AS THE LUNAR ROVER. 761 00:38:25,504 --> 00:38:27,470 Man #1: MAN, THIS IS A FUN RIDE. 762 00:38:27,472 --> 00:38:30,040 Man #2: MY GOSH, THIS IS SOMETHING. 763 00:38:30,042 --> 00:38:33,376 Man #1: MAN, YOU ARE REALLY ABOUT THIS. 764 00:38:33,378 --> 00:38:35,345 -[ LAUGHS ] -YAHOO! 765 00:38:35,347 --> 00:38:37,981 Ojha: THE PROBLEMS WITH THE EARLY MISSIONS 766 00:38:37,983 --> 00:38:41,818 WAS A PRETTY LIMITED GEOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT 767 00:38:41,820 --> 00:38:43,787 OF AREA THAT YOU COULD EXPLORE. 768 00:38:43,789 --> 00:38:45,488 BASICALLY, THE ASTRONAUTS WERE LIMITED 769 00:38:45,490 --> 00:38:48,358 BY HOW FAR THEY COULD WALK FROM THE LUNAR MODULE AND COME BACK, 770 00:38:48,360 --> 00:38:50,560 AND THAT MEANS THEY'RE EXPLORING 771 00:38:50,562 --> 00:38:54,898 A GEOLOGICALLY LESS DIVERSE AREA THAN THEY COULD. 772 00:38:54,900 --> 00:38:56,733 AND, SO, IT WAS REALIZED THAT HAVING SOME TYPE 773 00:38:56,735 --> 00:38:59,469 OF ROVING VEHICLE ON WHICH THE ASTRONAUTS 774 00:38:59,471 --> 00:39:01,204 COULD TRAVERSE A LUNAR LANDSCAPE 775 00:39:01,206 --> 00:39:03,273 AT MUCH HIGHER SPEEDS THAN THEY COULD WALK, 776 00:39:03,275 --> 00:39:06,309 MEANT THAT THE SCIENCE YIELD COULD BE HIGHER. 777 00:39:06,311 --> 00:39:09,446 Man: THIS IS REALLY SOME MACHINE. 778 00:39:09,448 --> 00:39:13,249 THE TIRES, THEY SKID, JUST LIKE ON SNOW. 779 00:39:13,251 --> 00:39:17,420 IT'S JUST LIKE DRIVING ON SNOW, HOUSTON, BY GOLLY. 780 00:39:17,422 --> 00:39:22,158 Ojha: WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE AMOUNT OF LUNAR SURFACE THAT WAS COVERED, 781 00:39:22,160 --> 00:39:27,297 WE'RE TALKING 15 TO 20 MILES BY THE TIME APOLLO 17 HAD FLOWN. 782 00:39:27,299 --> 00:39:29,999 THE AMOUNT OF DOCUMENTATION THAT THEY DID 783 00:39:30,001 --> 00:39:31,801 WAS ABSOLUTELY FIRST-RATE, 784 00:39:31,803 --> 00:39:35,372 AND, IN FACT, IT JUST GOES TO SHOW THAT PROJECT APOLLO 785 00:39:35,374 --> 00:39:38,375 PROVED THERE IS NOTHING THAT WILL COMPARE 786 00:39:38,377 --> 00:39:40,510 TO HAVING A TRAINED OBSERVER, 787 00:39:40,512 --> 00:39:44,013 BE IT ON THE MOON, AND, ULTIMATELY, BE IT ON MARS. 788 00:39:44,015 --> 00:39:47,884 Man #1: 3...2...1...IGNITION. 789 00:39:47,886 --> 00:39:50,453 Man #2: WE'RE ON OUR WAY, HOUSTON. 790 00:39:50,455 --> 00:39:54,224 Man #1: TAKE YOUR FINAL LOOK AT THE VALLEY OF TAURUS-LITTROW. 791 00:39:54,226 --> 00:39:57,026 Narrator: AS APOLLO 17 LIFTED OFF THE MOON'S SURFACE 792 00:39:57,028 --> 00:40:00,296 ON DECEMBER 14th, 1972, 793 00:40:00,298 --> 00:40:03,700 IT NOT ONLY SIGNIFIED THE END OF THE APOLLO PROGRAM, 794 00:40:03,702 --> 00:40:08,304 BUT THE GREATEST CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF HUMAN EXPLORATION. 795 00:40:08,306 --> 00:40:11,674 WHEN PRESIDENT KENNEDY PLEDGED TO PUT A MAN ON THE MOON, 796 00:40:11,676 --> 00:40:15,612 NASA HAD BARELY PUT A MAN INTO ORBIT. 797 00:40:15,614 --> 00:40:18,014 YET, LITTLE MORE THAN A DECADE LATER, 798 00:40:18,016 --> 00:40:21,618 NASA HAD SUCCESSFULLY CROSSED THE VAST TECHNOLOGICAL GAP 799 00:40:21,620 --> 00:40:24,454 BETWEEN PROJECT MERCURY AND APOLLO, 800 00:40:24,456 --> 00:40:28,758 AND THE VAST OCEAN OF SPACE BETWEEN EARTH AND THE MOON. 801 00:40:31,496 --> 00:40:33,763 Baker: THE TRAINING IN THE APOLLO PROGRAM 802 00:40:33,765 --> 00:40:36,866 WAS THE PIVOTAL KEY TO BEING ABLE TO MOVE FORWARD 803 00:40:36,868 --> 00:40:38,368 TO THE SHUTTLE PROGRAM. 804 00:40:38,370 --> 00:40:39,769 THAT IS THE BEDROCK. 805 00:40:39,771 --> 00:40:41,871 IT IS THE STRUCTURE THAT IS VIEWED 806 00:40:41,873 --> 00:40:46,042 AS A TEMPLATE FOR EVERYTHING THAT STEMS FROM IT. 807 00:40:46,044 --> 00:40:48,711 I THINK MANY PEOPLE HAVE CONTRIBUTED 808 00:40:48,713 --> 00:40:50,346 TO THIS PINNACLE WE'VE REACHED. 809 00:40:50,348 --> 00:40:52,582 SOME HAVE CONTRIBUTED MORE THAN OTHERS. 810 00:40:52,584 --> 00:40:54,617 AND WE KNOW OF 14 INDIVIDUALS 811 00:40:54,619 --> 00:40:56,853 WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED ALL THEY HAD. 812 00:40:56,855 --> 00:41:01,591 AND BECAUSE OF THAT, WE LEFT A SMALL MEMORIAL ON THE MOON 813 00:41:01,593 --> 00:41:03,893 AND A SMALL, SUBTLE CRATER. 814 00:41:03,895 --> 00:41:06,629 THERE'S A SIMPLE PLAQUE WITH 14 NAMES, 815 00:41:06,631 --> 00:41:08,998 AND THOSE ARE THE NAMES, IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, 816 00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:12,402 OF ALL THE ASTRONAUTS AND COSMONAUTS WHO HAVE DIED 817 00:41:12,404 --> 00:41:15,505 IN THE PURSUIT OF EXPLORATION OF SPACE. 818 00:41:15,507 --> 00:41:18,208 NEAR IT IS A SMALL FIGURE REPRESENTING 819 00:41:18,210 --> 00:41:19,876 THE FALLEN ASTRONAUTS. 820 00:41:19,878 --> 00:41:21,911 ♪ 821 00:41:21,913 --> 00:41:25,048 Ojha: LOOKING AT THE APOLLO GROUP OF ASTRONAUTS, 822 00:41:25,050 --> 00:41:28,218 THE ONE THING THEY ALL HAD IN COMMON, 823 00:41:28,220 --> 00:41:31,821 AND I THINK THIS CONTINUES TO TODAY'S ASTRONAUTS, 824 00:41:31,823 --> 00:41:35,358 IS AN ABSOLUTELY DEDICATION TO THEIR TASK, 825 00:41:35,360 --> 00:41:37,927 A REAL COMMITMENT TO TEAMWORK, 826 00:41:37,929 --> 00:41:41,030 AND A REALIZATION THAT WHAT THEY WERE DOING 827 00:41:41,032 --> 00:41:44,334 WAS JUST THE SHARP END OF A PYRAMID 828 00:41:44,336 --> 00:41:49,305 BUILT ON THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THOUSANDS OF OTHERS. 829 00:41:49,307 --> 00:41:53,209 Baker: AND I THINK THE LEGACY OF THE APOLLO EXPERIENCE 830 00:41:53,211 --> 00:41:57,347 HAS PROVIDED THE PERFECT TEMPLATE FOR FUTURE CREWS. 831 00:41:57,349 --> 00:41:59,916 ♪ 832 00:41:59,918 --> 00:42:06,089 Narrator: BETWEEN 1968 AND 1972, 24 MEN FLEW TO THE MOON, 833 00:42:06,091 --> 00:42:10,093 AND 12 WALKED UPON ITS SURFACE. 834 00:42:10,095 --> 00:42:13,630 WHEN NEIL ARMSTRONG TOOK THOSE FIRST HISTORIC STEPS, 835 00:42:13,632 --> 00:42:15,999 NOT ONLY DID THEY REPRESENT MANKIND'S ABILITY 836 00:42:16,001 --> 00:42:18,735 TO OVERCOME AND CHALLENGE, 837 00:42:18,737 --> 00:42:21,971 BUT THEY SYMBOLIZED THE COURAGE AND DETERMINATION 838 00:42:21,973 --> 00:42:27,110 OF A FEW EXTRAORDINARY MEN WHO WERE MADE OF THE RIGHT STUFF. 75086

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