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30 SECONDS.
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♪
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Narrator:
IN 1969, NEIL ARMSTRONG
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STEPPED ON THE LUNAR SURFACE
AND INTO THE HISTORY BOOKS
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AS THE FIRST OF ONLY 12 MEN
TO WALK ON THE MOON.
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Armstrong:
THAT'S ONE SMALL STEP FOR MAN,
ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND.
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Narrator:
BUT IN 1961,
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WHEN KENNEDY PLEDGED
TO PUT A MAN ON THE MOON,
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NASA HAD BARELY
PUT A MAN INTO ORBIT.
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Baker:
SUDDENLY, WE WERE LEAP-FROGGING
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00:00:31,832 --> 00:00:33,399
FROM ONE MAN IN EARTH ORBIT
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00:00:33,401 --> 00:00:35,934
TO THREE MEN GOING A QUARTER
OF A MILLION MILES
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00:00:35,936 --> 00:00:37,603
TO THE MOON AND BACK.
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Narrator:
NASA HAD LESS THAN 10 YEARS
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TO TRAIN A TEAM OF ASTRONAUTS
TO OVERCOME
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THE UNKNOWN CHALLENGES
OF A MISSION TO THE MOON.
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Ojha:
COULD A HUMAN BEING SURVIVE
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IN THIS INCREDIBLY
HARSH ENVIRONMENT?
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NOBODY KNEW WHAT THESE PHYSICAL
AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
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00:00:53,521 --> 00:00:55,187
FOR SPACE FLIGHT WOULD BE.
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Narrator:
BUT FOR NASA, PLANTING FLAGS
AND FOOTPRINTS WAS NOT ENOUGH.
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Joy: IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT
FOR ALL THE ASTRONAUTS
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THAT WERE GONNA WALK
ON THE LUNAR SURFACE
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TO DO
FULL MISSION SIMULATIONS --
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LEARNING HOW TO COLLECT
LUNAR SAMPLES,
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HOW TO RUN THE EXPERIMENTS,
HOW TO TAKE A GOOD PHOTOGRAPH.
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Ojha: ULTIMATELY, THEY BECAME
THE ONLY HUMAN BEINGS
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TO HAVE EXPLORED
ANOTHER WORLD.
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-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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♪
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Narrator: 1958.
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THE COLD WAR GATHERS MOMENTUM,
AND THE U.S. ARMY
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CONTINUES TO PIONEER
MISSILE TECHNOLOGY.
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BUT NASA'S FOCUS
IS ON A DIFFERENT GOAL.
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JUST ONE YEAR AFTER SPUTNIK
GOES INTO ORBIT,
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AMERICA'S NEWLY CREATED
SPACE AGENCY PUBLICLY ANNOUNCES
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THEIR SPACE PROGRAM,
PROJECT MERCURY.
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THE GOAL?
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TO PUT A MAN INTO EARTH'S ORBIT
BEFORE THE SOVIETS.
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THE GLOBAL LANDSCAPE
WAS DOMINATED
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BY THIS GEOPOLITICAL BATTLE
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BETWEEN TWO
COMPETING IDEOLOGIES.
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00:02:03,757 --> 00:02:05,491
WE HAVE THE SOVIET UNION
AND COMMUNISM,
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WE HAVE THE UNITED STATES
AND CAPITALISM.
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AND MERCURY WAS
THE AMERICAN PROGRAM
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TO PUSH THE AMERICANS AHEAD,
TO REACH THIS MILESTONE.
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Narrator:
THE SEARCH FOR ASTRONAUTS BEGINS
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NASA NEEDS PILOTS CAPABLE
OF MEETING
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THE UNKNOWN CHALLENGES
OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT,
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SO THEY TURN TO AMERICA'S BEST.
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♪
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Ojha: THE MILITARY HAD DONE
A LOT OF TESTING
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ON HIGH-ALTITUDE, HIGH-RISK
STRATOSPHERIC RESEARCH.
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NOBODY KNEW WHAT THE PHYSICAL
56
00:02:42,997 --> 00:02:45,898
AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
OF SPACE FLIGHT WOULD BE.
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THERE WAS NO PRECEDENT FOR IT,
SO THEY WENT FOR THE MAX --
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MILITARY PERSONNEL
OF SUPREME PHYSICAL FITNESS.
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♪
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Ojha: SO, FOR THE FIRST
SELECTION OF ASTRONAUTS,
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THEY WERE EXCLUSIVELY DRAWN FROM
THE U.S. TEST-PILOT COMMUNITY,
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SOME FROM THE NAVY,
SOME FROM THE AIR FORCE,
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FROM THE MARINES,
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BUT IT WAS TEST PILOTS
REALLY BEING THE PRIME FOCUS
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00:03:09,256 --> 00:03:12,524
FOR AMERICA'S FIRST CLASS
OF ASTRONAUT CANDIDATES.
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Announcer:
THE SERVICE RECORDS OF 473 TEST
PILOTS WERE SELECTED FOR REVIEW.
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110 MET THE BASIC
QUALIFICATIONS.
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EACH MUST BE A GRADUATE
OF A NAVY OR AIR FORCE
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TEST-PILOT SCHOOL,
1,500 HOURS OF FLIGHT TIME,
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QUALIFIED IN JET AIRCRAFT,
AN ENGINEERING BACKGROUND,
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YOUNGER THAN 40
AT THE TIME OF SELECTION,
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00:03:39,453 --> 00:03:42,621
AND 5'11" OR LESS.
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Narrator: NASA WHITTLES 110
CANDIDATES DOWN TO A FINAL 32.
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THOSE 32 WENT THROUGH EVERY
IMAGINABLE MEDICAL TEST
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YOU CAN THINK OF.
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Baker: NOBODY REALLY KNEW WHAT
THESE GUYS WOULD ENCOUNTER.
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NOBODY KNEW IF YOU COULD
SWALLOW FOOD IN SPACE.
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THEY DIDN'T KNOW IF THE HEART
WOULD OPERATE NORMALLY,
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IF BLOOD COULD
BE PUMPED AROUND.
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PILOTS WERE VERY MUCH A PART
OF THE PHYSICAL EXPLORATION
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OF WHAT HUMANS
WERE CAPABLE OF.
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THEY LITERALLY WERE GUINEA PIGS,
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AND SO EVERY CONCEIVABLE TEST
HAD TO BE IMPOSED
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BEFORE THE FIRST CREWS
WENT INTO SPACE.
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Stevenson:
THEY WERE LOOKING FOR PEOPLE
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IN THE PEAK OF THEIR FITNESS,
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AND HOW THEY WOULD RESPOND
PHYSICALLY
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TO THE MARGINAL ENVIRONMENTS
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THAT MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
WOULD PROVIDE THEM WITH.
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♪
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Narrator:
ON APRIL 10th, 1959,
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NASA ANNOUNCES THE NAMES
OF THE MEN
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CHOSEN TO FLY AMERICA'S
FIRST MANNED SPACE PROGRAM.
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ALAN SHEPHARD, GUS GRISSOM,
JOHN GLENN, SCOTT CARPENTER,
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WALLY SCHIRRA, GORDON COOPER,
AND DEKE SLAYTON
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BECOME KNOWN
AS "THE MERCURY SEVEN."
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THEY INSTANTLY SHOOT TO FAME
AS NATIONAL HEROES
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SET TO CONQUER
THE NEW FRONTIER OF SPACE.
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[ BEEPING ]
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SIX SOLO MANNED SPACE FLIGHTS
ARE SCHEDULED.
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AND THE MERCURY SEVEN
ARE SUBJECT
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TO A GRUELING
TRAINING PROGRAM,
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WHERE THEY LEARN
THE BASIC SKILLS
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REQUIRED TO MAKE
SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS
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00:05:27,661 --> 00:05:31,697
AND STUDY THE PHYSIOLOGY
OF ORBITAL FLIGHT.
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FINALLY, IN MAY 1961, NASA
SELECTS ASTRONAUT ALAN SHEPHARD
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TO BE AMERICA'S
FIRST MAN IN SPACE.
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Announcer: THE COUNTDOWN BEGINS
AT CAPE CANAVERAL, FLORIDA,
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FOR ONE OF MAN'S
GREATEST ADVENTURES.
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Man #1: 8...7...
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6...5...
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4...3...
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2...1...
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LIFTOFF.
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Shepard: AH, ROGER! LIFTOFF!
AND THE CLOCK HAS STARTED.
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THIS IS FREEDOM 7,
READING YOU LOUD AND CLEAR.
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ALL SYSTEMS ARE GO.
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WHAT A BEAUTIFUL VIEW.
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Narrator: AFTER SHEPHARD'S
SUCCESS, ASTRONAUT JOHN GLENN
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BECOMES THE FIRST AMERICAN
TO ORBIT THE EARTH.
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Man #2: ALL PRE-START DIAL
LIGHTS ARE CORRECT.
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THE RED LIGHT IS ON,
THE UMBILICAL CLEAR.
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-STATUS CHECK -- PRESSURIZATION.
-GO.
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LOCKS TAKING? YOU ARE GO.
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-OTHER SYSTEMS?
-GO.
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-MERCURY CAPSULE.
-GO.
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IT IS TIME.
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...0...
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Glenn: ROGER.
THE CLOCK IS OPERATING.
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WE'RE UNDERWAY.
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Man #3: GODSPEED, JOHN GLENN.
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ROGER, ZERO G's.
I FEEL FINE.
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CAPSULE IS TURNING AROUND.
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OH, THAT VIEW IS TREMENDOUS!
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Shayler: THE ACHIEVEMENTS
OF MERCURY PROVE
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THAT MAN COULD STAY IN SPACE,
SURVIVE, AND COME HOME.
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BUT MERCURY COULD ONLY STAY UP
FOR A FEW HOURS, REALLY.
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THEY COULDN'T RENDEZVOUS AND
DOCK WITH ANOTHER SPACECRAFT.
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SPACE-WALKING WASN'T POSSIBLE.
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00:07:05,692 --> 00:07:07,993
IT WAS JUST A MAN IN A CAN.
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SO, YES, WE CAN DO THIS --
WHAT CAN WE DO NEXT?
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Narrator:
THE SIX MERCURY MISSIONS
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ARE A RESOUNDING SUCCESS,
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PIONEERING PROCEDURES
IN ORBITAL SCIENCE AND TRAINING.
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00:07:19,173 --> 00:07:22,174
BUT AMERICA IS ALREADY
LOOKING TO THE FUTURE.
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INSPIRED BY
MERCURY'S ACHIEVEMENTS,
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PRESIDENT KENNEDY MAKES
A BOLD DECLARATION TO THE WORLD.
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Kennedy: I BELIEVE THAT
THIS NATION SHOULD COMMIT ITSELF
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TO ACHIEVING THE GOAL
BEFORE THIS DECADE IS OUT
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00:07:36,990 --> 00:07:38,657
OF LANDING A MAN ON THE MOON
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AND RETURNING HIM
SAFELY TO THE EARTH.
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♪
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Baker: THE SPACE AGE WAS BARELY
FOUR-YEARS OLD.
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THE AMERICANS WERE BEHIND
THE SOVIET UNION
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IN WHAT THEY WERE
TRYING TO ACHIEVE,
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00:07:50,904 --> 00:07:53,438
AND, SUDDENLY, THEY'RE BEING
TOLD THAT WITHIN 10 YEARS,
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THEY'VE GOT TO ACHIEVE WHAT TO
MANY PEOPLE SEEMED IMPOSSIBLE.
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00:07:57,344 --> 00:08:02,514
SUDDENLY, WE WERE LEAP-FROGGING
FROM ONE MAN IN EARTH ORBIT
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00:08:02,516 --> 00:08:04,649
FOR NO MORE THAN A DAY
AND A HALF
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00:08:04,651 --> 00:08:07,552
TO THREE MEN GOING A QUARTER
OF A MILLION MILES
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00:08:07,554 --> 00:08:09,955
ON A TWO-WEEK MISSION
TO THE MOON AND BACK.
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00:08:09,957 --> 00:08:14,125
THAT WAS A PRETTY,
PRETTY HEFTY SHOCK.
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00:08:14,127 --> 00:08:17,362
WHAT SEEMED TO BE PUSHING
THE ENGINEERING BOUNDARIES
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00:08:17,364 --> 00:08:19,130
VERY QUICKLY BECAME REALITY
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00:08:19,132 --> 00:08:22,767
IN THIS MAGICAL PERIOD
OF SPACE EXPLORATION.
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00:08:22,769 --> 00:08:25,637
Narrator: IF NASA IS TO MEET
KENNEDY'S AMBITIOUS TARGET
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BY THE END OF THE DECADE,
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THEY NEED A MORE ADVANCED
SPACE PROGRAM
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00:08:29,476 --> 00:08:32,611
THAT WILL PAVE A FLIGHT PATH
TO THE MOON.
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THE APOLLO PROGRAM IS BORN.
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00:08:36,450 --> 00:08:38,984
BUT WITH SPACE FLIGHT
STILL IN ITS INFANCY,
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00:08:38,986 --> 00:08:43,154
A MISSION TO THE MOON
PRESENTS MAJOR CHALLENGES.
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00:08:43,156 --> 00:08:44,823
APART FROM DESIGNING
AND BUILDING
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00:08:44,825 --> 00:08:47,058
THE NEW APOLLO MISSION HARDWARE,
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00:08:47,060 --> 00:08:49,794
NASA WILL REQUIRE
A NEW BREED OF ASTRONAUT
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00:08:49,796 --> 00:08:54,699
TO MEET THE UNPRECEDENTED
COMPLEXITY OF A LUNAR MISSION.
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00:08:54,701 --> 00:08:58,403
BEFORE TAKING EVEN A SINGLE STEP
ON THE MOON'S SURFACE,
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00:08:58,405 --> 00:09:00,572
THESE APOLLO ASTRONAUTS
WILL NEED TO FLY
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00:09:00,574 --> 00:09:02,374
WITH PINPOINT PRECISION
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00:09:02,376 --> 00:09:06,244
OVER 250,000 MILES
THROUGH DEEP SPACE,
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00:09:06,246 --> 00:09:10,115
EXECUTE CRITICAL DOCKING
AND NAVIGATION MANEUVERS,
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00:09:10,117 --> 00:09:12,784
AND GENTLY TOUCH DOWN
AT AN UNFAMILIAR
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00:09:12,786 --> 00:09:14,853
AND HOSTILE LANDING SITE,
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00:09:14,855 --> 00:09:17,589
BEFORE RETURNING SAFELY
TO THE EARTH --
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00:09:17,591 --> 00:09:20,792
QUITE LITERALLY
ONE GIANT LEAP FOR NASA
186
00:09:20,794 --> 00:09:23,962
AFTER JUST SIX SOLO
EARTH ORBITS.
187
00:09:23,964 --> 00:09:25,830
TO BRIDGE THE TECHNOLOGICAL VOID
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00:09:25,832 --> 00:09:28,833
BETWEEN PROJECT MERCURY
AND THE APOLLO PROGRAM,
189
00:09:28,835 --> 00:09:32,203
NASA ANNOUNCES PROJECT GEMINI,
A MORE ADVANCED,
190
00:09:32,205 --> 00:09:34,439
TWO-MAN SPACE PROGRAM.
191
00:09:34,441 --> 00:09:38,677
10 GEMINI FLIGHTS
BETWEEN 1965 AND 1966
192
00:09:38,679 --> 00:09:40,645
WILL PROVIDE
THE FIRST REAL STEPS
193
00:09:40,647 --> 00:09:44,849
TOWARDS TRAINING APOLLO
ASTRONAUTS FOR A MOON MISSION.
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00:09:52,359 --> 00:09:56,561
♪
195
00:09:56,563 --> 00:09:59,898
Narrator: FOLLOWING THE SUCCESS
OF PROJECT MERCURY,
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00:09:59,900 --> 00:10:02,167
NASA MOVES FULL SPEED AHEAD
IN THEIR MISSION
197
00:10:02,169 --> 00:10:05,337
TO PUT A MAN ON THE MOON,
BUT THEY STILL HAVE A LONG WAY
198
00:10:05,339 --> 00:10:09,407
TO GO AND A LOT TO LEARN
BEFORE THEY CAN GET THERE.
199
00:10:09,409 --> 00:10:11,409
THE NEXT PHASE OF THEIR PLAN?
200
00:10:11,411 --> 00:10:17,182
A MORE ADVANCED, TWO-MAN SPACE
PROGRAM CALLED PROJECT GEMINI.
201
00:10:17,184 --> 00:10:19,884
Ojha:
EVERY ASPECT OF THE METHODOLOGY
202
00:10:19,886 --> 00:10:21,786
THAT WAS NEEDED
TO GET TO THE MOON
203
00:10:21,788 --> 00:10:24,356
HAD TO BE REHEARSED
IN A LOW-EARTH ORBIT.
204
00:10:24,358 --> 00:10:27,258
AND THOSE CHALLENGES
WERE CONSIDERABLE.
205
00:10:27,260 --> 00:10:30,028
COULD A HUMAN BEING SURVIVE
TWO WEEKS
206
00:10:30,030 --> 00:10:32,664
IN THIS MICROGRAVITY
ENVIRONMENT?
207
00:10:32,666 --> 00:10:37,602
HOW DO YOU GET TWO SPACECRAFT
TO RENDEZVOUS AND DOCK IN ORBIT
208
00:10:37,604 --> 00:10:40,972
WHILE THEY'RE TRAVELING
THOUSANDS OF MILES AN HOUR?
209
00:10:40,974 --> 00:10:43,241
HOW DO YOU REHEARSE
THE TECHNIQUES THAT WOULD ENABLE
210
00:10:43,243 --> 00:10:46,611
A HUMAN BEING TO SURVIVE
OUTSIDE OF THEIR SPACECRAFT
211
00:10:46,613 --> 00:10:49,881
IN THIS INCREDIBLY
HARSH ENVIRONMENT?
212
00:10:49,883 --> 00:10:54,653
Narrator:
16 GEMINI ASTRONAUTS ARE CHOSEN
FOR ADVANCED TRAINING.
213
00:10:54,655 --> 00:10:56,354
GUS GRISSOM, WALL SCHIRRA,
214
00:10:56,356 --> 00:10:59,658
AND GORDON COOPER GRADUATE
FROM THE MERCURY PROJECT
215
00:10:59,660 --> 00:11:02,127
WHILE 13 NEWLY
SELECTED ASTRONAUTS
216
00:11:02,129 --> 00:11:03,828
WILL JOIN THE PROGRAM,
217
00:11:03,830 --> 00:11:07,565
ALL MILITARY TEST PILOTS WITH
ADVANCED ENGINEERING DEGREES,
218
00:11:07,567 --> 00:11:10,135
WITH THE EXCEPTION
OF NEIL ARMSTRONG,
219
00:11:10,137 --> 00:11:15,240
A CIVILIAN TEST PILOT
ALREADY WORKING FOR NASA.
220
00:11:15,242 --> 00:11:17,909
THE TWO-MAN GEMINI SPACECRAFT
WILL BE MORE COMPLEX
221
00:11:17,911 --> 00:11:20,478
THAN THE MERCURY CAPSULE.
222
00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:22,747
USING FAMILIAR
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
223
00:11:22,749 --> 00:11:25,517
AND ADVANCED FLIGHT CONTROLS,
GEMINI ASTRONAUTS
224
00:11:25,519 --> 00:11:29,821
WILL BE ABLE TO MANUALLY FLY
THIS SPACECRAFT IN ORBIT.
225
00:11:29,823 --> 00:11:34,292
Ojha: WHEN THE GEMINI SPACECRAFT
WAS DESIGNED FOR TWO ASTRONAUTS,
226
00:11:34,294 --> 00:11:36,661
IT HAD AN INCREDIBLE
AMOUNT OF CAPABILITY
227
00:11:36,663 --> 00:11:41,399
IN TERMS OF MANEUVERABILITY,
BUT ALSO IN TERMS OF LONGEVITY.
228
00:11:41,401 --> 00:11:44,469
AND THAT'S WHERE GEMINI
CAN REALLY BE REGARDED
229
00:11:44,471 --> 00:11:46,237
AS THE PILOT'S SPACECRAFT.
230
00:11:46,239 --> 00:11:49,240
AND THE ASTRONAUTS AT THE TIME
WERE INTIMATELY INVOLVED
231
00:11:49,242 --> 00:11:51,276
IN DESIGNED
IN DESIGNING THE SYSTEMS
232
00:11:51,278 --> 00:11:53,478
AS WELL AS SOME
OF THE FUTURE CAPABILITIES,
233
00:11:53,480 --> 00:11:55,947
NOT ONLY OF APOLLO,
BUT OF GEMINI, AS WELL.
234
00:11:57,984 --> 00:12:01,186
Narrator: ONE OF THE MAIN
OBJECTIVES OF THE GEMINI PROJECT
235
00:12:01,188 --> 00:12:04,222
IS TO PERFECT THE ART
OF SPACE-WALKING.
236
00:12:04,224 --> 00:12:05,890
IN ORDER FOR A MAN
TO WALK ON THE MOON,
237
00:12:05,892 --> 00:12:09,394
HE MUST FIRST LEAVE
THE SAFETY OF HIS SPACECRAFT.
238
00:12:09,396 --> 00:12:11,496
GEMINI ASTRONAUTS ARE
THE FIRST TO TRAIN
239
00:12:11,498 --> 00:12:15,066
FOR THESE SPECIALIZED
SPACE-WALKS KNOWN AS E.V.A.s.,
240
00:12:15,068 --> 00:12:17,702
EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITIES.
241
00:12:17,704 --> 00:12:21,306
LEARNING TO SURVIVE AND WORK
OUTSIDE THE CAPSULE
242
00:12:21,308 --> 00:12:23,341
IS NASA'S TOP PRIORITY.
243
00:12:25,512 --> 00:12:28,213
Shayler: TRAINING FOR
SPACE-WALKING IS COMPLICATED
244
00:12:28,215 --> 00:12:31,616
WHEN YOU'RE ON EARTH,
IN A GRAVITY ENVIRONMENT.
245
00:12:31,618 --> 00:12:35,186
INITIALLY, THE ASTRONAUTS
WOULD GO THROUGH TRAINING
246
00:12:35,188 --> 00:12:36,821
CALLED AIR-BEARING FLOORS,
247
00:12:36,823 --> 00:12:39,758
WHERE THEY'RE ON A PLATFORM
THAT'S ON A SHINY SURFACE,
248
00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:41,459
BASICALLY A BIG TABLE,
249
00:12:41,461 --> 00:12:43,661
AND AIR IS PUMPED
UNDERNEATH THE PLATFORM
250
00:12:43,663 --> 00:12:47,132
AND YOU GLIDE
ACROSS THE TABLE.
251
00:12:47,134 --> 00:12:48,900
Narrator:
ASTRONAUTS PRACTICE USING
252
00:12:48,902 --> 00:12:52,403
A HANDHELD MANEUVERING UNIT
KNOWN AS THE ZIP GUN,
253
00:12:52,405 --> 00:12:54,939
A DEVICE THAT ALLOWS
AN ASTRONAUT TO FIRE
254
00:12:54,941 --> 00:12:56,941
PRESSURIZED OXYGEN
FROM SMALL JETS
255
00:12:56,943 --> 00:13:00,378
TO CONTROL HIS SPEED
AND DIRECTION IN SPACE.
256
00:13:00,380 --> 00:13:04,849
♪
257
00:13:04,851 --> 00:13:07,819
NASA ALSO INCREASES
ITS ZERO-G TRAINING
258
00:13:07,821 --> 00:13:12,056
TO SIMULATE
THE WEIGHTLESSNESS OF SPACE.
259
00:13:12,058 --> 00:13:13,925
Shayler: THE BEST WAY
TO PRACTICE IN ZERO GRAVITY
260
00:13:13,927 --> 00:13:16,728
IS IN WHAT WAS KNOWN
AS "THE VOMIT COMET,"
261
00:13:16,730 --> 00:13:18,997
WHICH WAS AN AIRPLANE,
THE KC-135,
262
00:13:18,999 --> 00:13:20,598
WITH ALL THE SEATS
STRIPPED OUT,
263
00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:23,535
AND THEY WOULD PERFORM
A PARABOLIC CURVE.
264
00:13:23,537 --> 00:13:26,004
AFTER A PULL-UP AT 2 1/2 G,
265
00:13:26,006 --> 00:13:30,742
A 35° CLIMB RESULTS
IN 15 SECONDS AT ZERO G.
266
00:13:30,744 --> 00:13:33,645
THE MANEUVER ENDS
WITH A 35° DIVE
267
00:13:33,647 --> 00:13:37,148
AND PULL-OUT AT 10,500 FEET.
268
00:13:39,953 --> 00:13:41,686
Narrator:
EVERY GEMINI MISSION IS DESIGNED
269
00:13:41,688 --> 00:13:43,354
TO RE-ENTER
THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE
270
00:13:43,356 --> 00:13:47,158
ABOVE THE PACIFIC OCEAN,
AND HAVE THE CAPSULE SPLASH DOWN
271
00:13:47,160 --> 00:13:53,531
WITHIN RECOVERY DISTANCE
OF A U.S. NAVY AIRCRAFT CARRIER.
272
00:13:53,533 --> 00:13:57,502
THEREFORE, PROFICIENCY IN
WATER SURVIVAL IS ESSENTIAL.
273
00:13:57,504 --> 00:14:01,506
WATER-BASED EXERCISES INCLUDE
PRACTICING EMERGENCY EVACUATION
274
00:14:01,508 --> 00:14:03,842
OF THE CAPSULE
AFTER SPLASH-DOWN,
275
00:14:03,844 --> 00:14:07,078
AND HELICOPTER RECOVERY
FROM THE WATER'S SURFACE.
276
00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:08,813
Shayler: NOT ONLY DID
THE ASTRONAUTS HAVE TO LEARN
277
00:14:08,815 --> 00:14:11,182
HOW TO FLY IN SPACE
AND OPERATE ALL THE EQUIPMENT,
278
00:14:11,184 --> 00:14:14,619
THEY NEEDED TO LEARN WHAT TO DO
IF THINGS WENT WRONG.
279
00:14:14,621 --> 00:14:21,059
♪
280
00:14:21,061 --> 00:14:24,028
Narrator: IN THE EVENT OF AN
EMERGENCY REENTRY TO THE EARTH,
281
00:14:24,030 --> 00:14:27,632
THE GEMINI CAPSULE MAY LAND
IN A DESERT OR A REMOTE JUNGLE
282
00:14:27,634 --> 00:14:30,869
INSTEAD OF THE DESIRED
WATER LANDING.
283
00:14:30,871 --> 00:14:34,539
AS AN ADDED SAFETY PRECAUTION,
NASA PUTS THE ASTRONAUTS
284
00:14:34,541 --> 00:14:37,408
THROUGH RIGOROUS
WILDERNESS-SURVIVAL TRAINING.
285
00:14:42,482 --> 00:14:44,382
Shayler: REMEMBERING THAT
THESE ASTRONAUTS
286
00:14:44,384 --> 00:14:47,018
WERE ALSO FORMER TEST PILOTS
AND MILITARY MEN
287
00:14:47,020 --> 00:14:49,053
WHO'D GONE
THROUGH SURVIVAL TRAINING,
288
00:14:49,055 --> 00:14:53,691
THIS WAS JUST AN APPLICATION
OF A SKILL THEY ALREADY HAD.
289
00:14:53,693 --> 00:14:56,895
LEARNING TO WORK AS A TEAM
BECAUSE YOUR LIFE DEPENDS ON IT
290
00:14:56,897 --> 00:14:59,297
IS VERY SIMILAR
TO THE MILITARY.
291
00:14:59,299 --> 00:15:01,366
YOUR TEAM BECOMES YOUR FAMILY.
292
00:15:01,368 --> 00:15:02,867
AND IF YOU'RE DOING SURVIVAL
293
00:15:02,869 --> 00:15:05,169
TRAINING IN THE MIDDLE
OF THE DESERT,
294
00:15:05,171 --> 00:15:06,971
YOU NEED TO RELY
ON YOUR COLLEAGUES,
295
00:15:06,973 --> 00:15:11,910
SO IT IS A MATTER OF TEAMWORK,
TO ENSURE THAT YOU SURVIVE.
296
00:15:11,912 --> 00:15:13,912
♪
297
00:15:13,914 --> 00:15:19,150
Narrator: ON MARCH 23, 1965,
MERCURY VETERAN GUS GRISSOM
298
00:15:19,152 --> 00:15:21,953
AND JOHN YOUNG PREPARE TO FLY
299
00:15:21,955 --> 00:15:25,456
THE FIRST TWO-MANNED
GEMINI MISSION.
300
00:15:25,458 --> 00:15:27,525
Man #1:
THIS IS GEMINI CONTROL.
301
00:15:27,527 --> 00:15:29,327
THE COUNT -- T-MINUS ONE MINUTE.
302
00:15:29,329 --> 00:15:32,263
T-MINUS 60 SECONDS AND COUNTING.
303
00:15:32,265 --> 00:15:34,632
Narrator: ITS MAIN OBJECTIVE --
TO TEST FLY
304
00:15:34,634 --> 00:15:37,936
THE NEW FULLY MANEUVERABLE
GEMINI SPACECRAFT.
305
00:15:44,377 --> 00:15:48,179
Man #2: 30 SECONDS.
306
00:15:48,181 --> 00:15:49,814
10...9...
307
00:15:49,816 --> 00:15:51,349
8...7...
308
00:15:51,351 --> 00:15:53,384
6...5...
309
00:15:53,386 --> 00:15:55,186
4...3...
310
00:15:55,188 --> 00:15:57,021
2...1...
311
00:16:21,181 --> 00:16:22,714
Man: ROGER.
312
00:16:27,220 --> 00:16:29,721
Narrator: DURING
THEIR FIVE-HOUR MISSION,
313
00:16:29,723 --> 00:16:32,123
THEY CONTROL THRUSTERS
TO ADJUST THE SHAPE
314
00:16:32,125 --> 00:16:33,791
AND ALTITUDE OF THEIR ORBIT.
315
00:16:33,793 --> 00:16:38,129
♪
316
00:16:38,131 --> 00:16:40,131
GEMINI 3 IS A SUCCESS
317
00:16:40,133 --> 00:16:42,500
AND BEGINS THE REFINEMENT
OF THE FLIGHT TECHNIQUES
318
00:16:42,502 --> 00:16:45,069
THAT WILL BE VITAL
TO A LUNAR MISSION.
319
00:16:45,071 --> 00:16:47,338
[ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ]
320
00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:52,944
♪
321
00:16:52,946 --> 00:16:58,549
♪
322
00:16:58,551 --> 00:17:02,153
IN JUNE 1965,
ASTRONAUTS ED WHITE
323
00:17:02,155 --> 00:17:05,256
AND JIM McDIVITT FLY GEMINI 4.
324
00:17:05,258 --> 00:17:08,926
♪
325
00:17:08,928 --> 00:17:11,329
THEY COMPLETE 66 EARTH ORBITS
326
00:17:11,331 --> 00:17:14,932
IN NASA'S FIRST
MULTI-DAY MISSION.
327
00:17:14,934 --> 00:17:19,904
ASTRONAUT ED WHITE COMPLETES
AMERICA'S FIRST SPACE-WALK.
328
00:17:19,906 --> 00:17:22,040
OKAY, I'M OUT.
329
00:17:22,042 --> 00:17:23,341
OKAY, I PUT A LITTLE ROLL IN.
330
00:17:23,343 --> 00:17:24,776
TOOK IT RIGHT OUT.
331
00:17:24,778 --> 00:17:27,779
I'M UNDER MY OWN CONTROL.
332
00:17:27,781 --> 00:17:29,914
I FEEL LIKE A MILLION DOLLARS.
333
00:17:29,916 --> 00:17:31,682
Narrator:
TETHERED TO THE SPACECRAFT,
334
00:17:31,684 --> 00:17:34,986
HE SPACE-WALKS
FOR OVER 20 MINUTES.
335
00:17:34,988 --> 00:17:37,055
NOW, I'VE COME
ABOVE THE SPACECRAFT.
336
00:17:37,057 --> 00:17:41,526
THIS IS THE GREATEST EXPERIENCE.
IT'S JUST TREMENDOUS.
337
00:17:41,528 --> 00:17:45,096
Ojha: GEMINI 4'S E.V.A. SHOWED
THAT SPACE SUITS WORK,
338
00:17:45,098 --> 00:17:48,199
THAT HUMAN BEINGS CAN OPERATE
IN A VACUUM.
339
00:17:48,201 --> 00:17:49,801
THE NEXT CHALLENGE WAS TO SHOW
340
00:17:49,803 --> 00:17:51,335
WHETHER OR NOT
AN ASTRONAUT CAN DO WORK,
341
00:17:51,337 --> 00:17:53,905
AND THIS IS WHERE
THE DIFFICULTIES CAME IN.
342
00:17:53,907 --> 00:17:56,240
GEMINI 9 --
WHAT NASA LEARNS IS THAT
343
00:17:56,242 --> 00:17:58,676
DOING A SPACE-WALK IS HARD WORK.
344
00:17:58,678 --> 00:18:02,747
GEMINI 10, GEMINI 11,
ALL OF THOSE MISSIONS,
345
00:18:02,749 --> 00:18:05,416
AS SOON AS THE ASTRONAUTS
HAD TO PERFORM TASKS,
346
00:18:05,418 --> 00:18:07,051
THEIR SPACE SUITS
WERE OVERHEATING.
347
00:18:07,053 --> 00:18:08,953
THEY'RE REALIZING IT REQUIRED
348
00:18:08,955 --> 00:18:11,322
AN INCREDIBLE AMOUNT
OF MUSCULAR EFFORT,
349
00:18:11,324 --> 00:18:15,193
AND THOSE CHALLENGES
WERE REALLY ACCUMULATING.
350
00:18:15,195 --> 00:18:17,662
Narrator: ALTHOUGH NASA IS
MAKING GOOD PROGRESS
351
00:18:17,664 --> 00:18:19,864
ON THEIR PATH
TO A LUNAR LANDING,
352
00:18:19,866 --> 00:18:23,000
THEY WILL HAVE TO COME UP WITH
A SOLUTION TO THESE PROBLEMS
353
00:18:23,002 --> 00:18:26,137
IF THEY EVER WANT
TO PUT A MAN ON THE MOON.
354
00:18:36,616 --> 00:18:41,185
♪
355
00:18:41,187 --> 00:18:44,856
Narrator: AS NASA APPROACHES
THE END OF THE GEMINI PROGRAM,
356
00:18:44,858 --> 00:18:46,624
THERE ARE STILL
SEVERAL CHALLENGES
357
00:18:46,626 --> 00:18:49,560
THAT NEED TO BE SORTED OUT
IF THEY HOPE TO REACH THEIR GOAL
358
00:18:49,562 --> 00:18:53,564
OF PUTTING A MAN ON THE MOON
BY THE END OF THE DECADE.
359
00:18:53,566 --> 00:18:56,801
THE FINAL GEMINI SPACE-WALK
FALLS ON THE SHOULDERS
360
00:18:56,803 --> 00:18:59,637
OF ROOKIE ASTRONAUT BUZZ ALDRIN.
361
00:18:59,639 --> 00:19:01,706
AN EXPERIENCED SCUBA DIVER,
362
00:19:01,708 --> 00:19:05,243
ALDRIN SPEARHEADS A NEW
UNDERWATER TRAINING PROGRAM
363
00:19:05,245 --> 00:19:07,211
KNOWN AS NEUTRAL BUOYANCY.
364
00:19:07,213 --> 00:19:09,647
Announcer:
IN AN INFLATED PRESSURE SUIT,
365
00:19:09,649 --> 00:19:12,884
ASTRONAUT EDWIN ALDRIN,
PILOT GEMINI 12,
366
00:19:12,886 --> 00:19:17,321
IS WEIGHTED
WITH 60 POUNDS OF LEAD.
367
00:19:17,323 --> 00:19:19,257
HE IS POSITIONED
AT THE PREPARED WORK STATION
368
00:19:19,259 --> 00:19:22,627
BY TRAINED SCUBA DIVERS.
369
00:19:22,629 --> 00:19:25,763
THE NEUTRAL-BUOYANCY TANK
IS THE BEST SIMULATION
370
00:19:25,765 --> 00:19:29,734
YOU CAN GET ON EARTH
OF MICROGRAVITY, AS WE CALL IT.
371
00:19:29,736 --> 00:19:33,471
IN OTHER WORDS, ESSENTIALLY
A WEIGHTLESS ENVIRONMENT.
372
00:19:33,473 --> 00:19:34,972
YOU IMMERSE THE CREW MEMBER
373
00:19:34,974 --> 00:19:38,409
AND THE THINGS THEY HAVE TO
WORK WITH IN A TANK OF WATER
374
00:19:38,411 --> 00:19:40,578
SO THAT YOU CAN THEN
ADJUST THEIR BUOYANCY
375
00:19:40,580 --> 00:19:43,214
SO THAT THEY FLOAT IN ONE PLACE.
376
00:19:43,216 --> 00:19:46,984
AND THEY CAN ORIENT THEMSELVES
VERY, VERY FREELY.
377
00:19:46,986 --> 00:19:51,155
Announcer:
UNDERWATER SIMULATION CREATES
A CONDITION OF NEUTRAL BUOYANCY.
378
00:19:51,157 --> 00:19:53,291
IT GIVES THE PILOT AN EFFECT
QUITE SIMILAR
379
00:19:53,293 --> 00:19:57,828
TO THAT OF ZERO GRAVITY.
380
00:19:57,830 --> 00:20:01,299
IT'S ABSOLUTELY KEY
TO WORKING OUT, IN PARTICULAR,
381
00:20:01,301 --> 00:20:03,201
HOW LONG THINGS TAKE,
382
00:20:03,203 --> 00:20:07,338
AND OF COURSE, HOW EASY THINGS
ARE IN WEIGHTLESSNESS.
383
00:20:07,340 --> 00:20:09,373
Announcer: THE JOBS NOW
PERFORMED UNDERWATER
384
00:20:09,375 --> 00:20:13,978
BY PILOT ALDRIN ARE THOSE
WHICH WILL BE DONE ON GEMINI 12.
385
00:20:13,980 --> 00:20:15,780
Ojha:
A LOT OF THE PROBLEMS
386
00:20:15,782 --> 00:20:19,050
THAT HAD MANIFESTED THEMSELVES
PREVIOUSLY DISAPPEARED.
387
00:20:19,052 --> 00:20:22,253
PART OF THAT IS TESTIMONY
TO BUZZ'S CAPABILITIES,
388
00:20:22,255 --> 00:20:24,622
BUT A LOT OF IT WAS ALSO
DUE TO WHAT WAS LEARNED
389
00:20:24,624 --> 00:20:28,092
ON THOSE HARROWING EARLIER
SPACE-WALKS THAT HAD HAPPENED.
390
00:20:28,094 --> 00:20:31,128
IF THOSE TEST PILOTS INVOLVED
HADN'T UNDERGONE
391
00:20:31,130 --> 00:20:34,966
THOSE TRAVAILS THAT THEY DID,
THEN WE WOULDN'T HAVE REACHED
392
00:20:34,968 --> 00:20:37,134
THE LEVEL OF MATURITY
THAT WE REACHED
393
00:20:37,136 --> 00:20:40,571
BY THE TIME GEMINI 12 FLEW
IN NOVEMBER 1966.
394
00:20:40,573 --> 00:20:43,975
♪
395
00:20:43,977 --> 00:20:46,711
Narrator: NASA HAS ONE LAST
CHANCE TO PERFORM
396
00:20:46,713 --> 00:20:48,946
THE PERFECT E.V.A.
397
00:20:51,351 --> 00:20:53,684
THANKS TO NEUTRAL-BUOYANCY
TRAINING,
398
00:20:53,686 --> 00:20:55,920
BUZZ ALDRIN
SUCCESSFULLY SPACE-WALKS
399
00:20:55,922 --> 00:20:58,189
FOR MORE THAN FIVE HOURS.
400
00:20:58,191 --> 00:21:01,125
-HEY, CONGRATULATIONS.
-[ CHUCKLES ]
401
00:21:01,127 --> 00:21:03,894
Narrator: IN DECEMBER 1965,
402
00:21:03,896 --> 00:21:06,998
NASA LAUNCHES ASTRONAUTS
FRANK BORMAN AND JIM LOVELL
403
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:09,634
ON A 14-DAY MISSION
TO INVESTIGATE
404
00:21:09,636 --> 00:21:12,937
THE LONG TERM EFFECTS OF
SPACE FLIGHT ON THE HUMAN BODY.
405
00:21:12,939 --> 00:21:18,009
♪
406
00:21:18,011 --> 00:21:21,779
11 DAYS INTO THEIR MISSION,
GEMINI 7 IS JOINED IN ORBIT
407
00:21:21,781 --> 00:21:24,749
BY GEMINI 6A.
408
00:21:24,751 --> 00:21:29,587
Man #1:
GEMINI 7, ARE YOU ABLE TO SEE
IN THE WINDOWS OF 6 VERY EASILY?
409
00:21:29,589 --> 00:21:33,691
Man #2: ROGER, WE'RE JUST
FLYING NOSE TO NOSE.
410
00:21:33,693 --> 00:21:35,693
Man #1: ROGER.
411
00:21:35,695 --> 00:21:37,895
Narrator: WORKING TOGETHER,
THE FOUR ASTRONAUTS PERFORMED
412
00:21:37,897 --> 00:21:41,666
THE VERY FIRST
MANNED SPACECRAFT RENDEZVOUS.
413
00:21:41,668 --> 00:21:43,734
Man #3: HOW DOES IT FEEL
FOR THE UNITED STATES
414
00:21:43,736 --> 00:21:45,936
TO BE A NEW RECORD HOLDER?
415
00:21:45,938 --> 00:21:47,672
Man #4: AT LAST, HUH?
416
00:21:47,674 --> 00:21:50,908
Man #3: ROGER.
CONGRATULATIONS.
417
00:21:50,910 --> 00:21:53,144
Narrator:
AFTER TWO WEEKS IN SPACE,
418
00:21:53,146 --> 00:21:55,846
BORMAN AND LOVELL
RETURN VICTORIOUSLY TO EARTH,
419
00:21:55,848 --> 00:21:59,216
PROVING MAN CAN SURVIVE
LONG-DURATION SPACE FLIGHT.
420
00:22:02,855 --> 00:22:06,057
THE DEMANDS OF PROJECT GEMINI
PUSH EACH TWO-MAN CREW
421
00:22:06,059 --> 00:22:10,361
TO THEIR PHYSICAL
AND PSYCHOLOGICAL LIMIT.
422
00:22:10,363 --> 00:22:14,298
GEMINI EMERGED
IN ORDER TO TICK OFF
423
00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:17,635
THE THREE ESSENTIAL BOXES
FOR A MOON MISSION --
424
00:22:17,637 --> 00:22:21,339
LONG-DURATION FLIGHT
OF UP TO 14 DAYS,
425
00:22:21,341 --> 00:22:24,809
EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY, E.V.A.,
SPACE-WALKING,
426
00:22:24,811 --> 00:22:28,012
AND FINALLY, OF COURSE, THERE
WAS RENDEZVOUS AND DOCKING,
427
00:22:28,014 --> 00:22:30,581
WHICH WAS ESSENTIAL TO COME
BACK TO THE MOTHERSHIP
428
00:22:30,583 --> 00:22:32,717
FROM THE SURFACE OF THE MOON.
429
00:22:32,719 --> 00:22:34,218
AND, SO, WITHOUT GEMINI,
430
00:22:34,220 --> 00:22:36,153
WE WOULD HAVE HAD
TO OF PUT ALL THOSE THINGS
431
00:22:36,155 --> 00:22:39,957
INTO THE APOLLO PROGRAM,
AND BEEN YEARS BEHIND.
432
00:22:39,959 --> 00:22:41,959
OF THE FINAL
FIVE GEMINI MISSIONS,
433
00:22:41,961 --> 00:22:47,365
EVERY SINGLE CREW MEMBER
WENT TO THE MOON ON APOLLO.
434
00:22:47,367 --> 00:22:50,134
IT REALLY SHOWS THAT THE PEOPLE
THEY WERE PICKING
435
00:22:50,136 --> 00:22:52,403
HAD THE RIGHT STUFF.
436
00:22:52,405 --> 00:22:53,771
THEY HAD DETERMINATION.
437
00:22:53,773 --> 00:22:57,208
THEY WEREN'T GOING TO GIVE UP
WHEN CHALLENGES EMERGED.
438
00:22:57,210 --> 00:23:00,544
AND, ULTIMATELY, THEY BECAME
THE ONLY HUMAN BEINGS
439
00:23:00,546 --> 00:23:02,646
TO HAVE EXPLORED ANOTHER WORLD.
440
00:23:02,648 --> 00:23:06,817
Narrator:
PRESIDENT KENNEDY'S DEADLINE IS
NOW LESS THAN FOUR YEARS AWAY.
441
00:23:06,819 --> 00:23:09,653
ALL ATTENTION MUST FOCUS
ON THE COLOSSAL CHALLENGE
442
00:23:09,655 --> 00:23:11,288
OF THE APOLLO PROGRAM
443
00:23:11,290 --> 00:23:15,292
AND LANDING A MAN ON THE MOON
BEFORE THE DECADE IS OUT.
444
00:23:24,003 --> 00:23:28,539
♪
445
00:23:28,541 --> 00:23:31,475
Narrator: BY THE TIME
THE GEMINI PROGRAM CLOSES,
446
00:23:31,477 --> 00:23:32,977
THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
447
00:23:32,979 --> 00:23:35,546
OF THE APOLLO HARDWARE
IS WELL UNDERWAY.
448
00:23:35,548 --> 00:23:37,915
INCORPORATING ALL
THE NECESSARY CAPABILITIES
449
00:23:37,917 --> 00:23:40,418
TO PERFORM AND SUPPORT
A LUNAR MISSION,
450
00:23:40,420 --> 00:23:42,319
THESE IMMENSELY
TECHNICAL MACHINES
451
00:23:42,321 --> 00:23:46,957
WILL NEED HIGHLY TRAINED
ASTRONAUTS TO PILOT THEM.
452
00:23:46,959 --> 00:23:48,259
Ojha:
YOU GOT A COMMAND MODULE
453
00:23:48,261 --> 00:23:50,094
THAT'S THE ONLY PART
TO COME BACK TO EARTH,
454
00:23:50,096 --> 00:23:52,163
THAT'S YOUR MAIN LIVING
QUARTERS FOR YOUR ASTRONAUTS,
455
00:23:52,165 --> 00:23:53,731
AND STAYS ORBITING THE MOON,
456
00:23:53,733 --> 00:23:55,266
AND THEN YOU'VE GOT
YOUR LUNAR MODULE,
457
00:23:55,268 --> 00:23:58,602
THIS INCREDIBLY FLIMSY
AND YET CAPABLE VEHICLE
458
00:23:58,604 --> 00:24:02,973
THAT GETS TWO ASTRONAUTS DOWN TO
THE LUNAR SURFACE AND BACK AGAIN
459
00:24:02,975 --> 00:24:05,743
TO RENDEZVOUS WITH
THE COMMAND MODULE ORBITING.
460
00:24:05,745 --> 00:24:08,813
BY HAVING THREE CREW MEMBERS
IN A TWO-SPACECRAFT
461
00:24:08,815 --> 00:24:10,214
CONFIGURATION,
IT'S CLEAR THAT ONE PERSON
462
00:24:10,216 --> 00:24:12,049
THAT ONE PERSON
COULDN'T LEARN EVERYTHING.
463
00:24:12,051 --> 00:24:15,386
AND THAT'S WHY
THE SPECIALIZATION OF ROLES
464
00:24:15,388 --> 00:24:18,422
WAS ABSOLUTELY CRITICAL
ONCE ASTRONAUTS
465
00:24:18,424 --> 00:24:20,724
WERE ASSIGNED
TO PROJECT APOLLO.
466
00:24:20,726 --> 00:24:23,194
♪
467
00:24:23,196 --> 00:24:26,864
Narrator: COMMAND-MODULE PILOTS
FLY SPECIALIST SIMULATORS,
468
00:24:26,866 --> 00:24:29,133
PRACTICE DOCKING, NAVIGATION,
469
00:24:29,135 --> 00:24:33,437
AND OTHER EARTH ORBIT
AND LUNAR ORBITAL FLIGHTS,
470
00:24:33,439 --> 00:24:35,639
WHILE COMMANDERS
AND LUNAR MODULE PILOTS
471
00:24:35,641 --> 00:24:38,075
PERFECT THEIR DELICATE
LANDING PROCEDURES
472
00:24:38,077 --> 00:24:41,345
IN LUNAR-MODULE SIMULATORS.
473
00:24:41,347 --> 00:24:44,815
THESE PROCESSES ARE OVERSEEN
BY SIMULATOR SUPERVISORS,
474
00:24:44,817 --> 00:24:48,085
ALSO KNOWN AS SIM SUPES.
475
00:24:48,087 --> 00:24:50,454
[ BEEPING ]
476
00:24:50,456 --> 00:24:53,257
Baker: THEIR JOB IS
TO PUT THE CREW THROUGH
477
00:24:53,259 --> 00:24:57,027
THE MOST AGONIZING,
TECHNICAL, EMOTIONAL,
478
00:24:57,029 --> 00:25:01,131
AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS
THEY CAN POSSIBLY IMPOSE,
479
00:25:01,133 --> 00:25:04,335
AND SIT BACK AND WATCH
HOW THEY COPE WITH IT.
480
00:25:04,337 --> 00:25:09,540
BUT THEY ARE VITAL
BECAUSE THEY STRETCH THE CREWS
481
00:25:09,542 --> 00:25:13,410
BEYOND THE LIMITS THEY KNOW
THAT THEY'RE CAPABLE OF.
482
00:25:13,412 --> 00:25:17,047
TO TRAIN ASTRONAUTS HOW TO FLY
AND LAND ON THE MOON,
483
00:25:17,049 --> 00:25:21,151
THE LUNAR LANDING
RESEARCH VEHICLE IS DEVELOPED.
484
00:25:21,153 --> 00:25:24,054
THIS TRAINING AIRCRAFT
REPLICATES HOW THE LUNAR MODULE
485
00:25:24,056 --> 00:25:28,626
WILL OPERATE IN THE WEAKER
GRAVITY OF THE MOON.
486
00:25:28,628 --> 00:25:30,160
Stevenson:
IT'S EFFECTIVELY A BIG ENGINE
487
00:25:30,162 --> 00:25:32,363
WITH THIS LIGHTER FRAMEWORK
AROUND IT
488
00:25:32,365 --> 00:25:36,066
AND THE CONTROLS
THAT EMULATE FLYING LOW
489
00:25:36,068 --> 00:25:37,401
AT A REASONABLE DESCENT RATE,
490
00:25:37,403 --> 00:25:40,371
AND MAKING SURE THAT
YOU'VE GOT SUFFICIENT RESOURCES
491
00:25:40,373 --> 00:25:44,575
TO ALLOW PRETTY REALISTIC
TRAINING AND PRACTICE
492
00:25:44,577 --> 00:25:46,744
OF THE APPROACH AND LANDING,
493
00:25:46,746 --> 00:25:49,914
AND THEREFOR, WAS A VERY, VERY
IMPORTANT TRAINING RESOURCE.
494
00:25:49,916 --> 00:25:53,317
Narrator: BUT THESE MACHINES ARE
UNSTABLE AND DIFFICULT TO FLY,
495
00:25:53,319 --> 00:25:56,654
EVEN FOR THE BEST PILOTS
AMERICA HAS TO OFFER.
496
00:25:56,656 --> 00:26:00,090
THREE OF THE FIVE BUILT
ARE DESTROYED IN CRASHES.
497
00:26:00,092 --> 00:26:05,529
♪
498
00:26:05,531 --> 00:26:07,298
Shayler: SO, IT'S A HIGHLY
DANGEROUS VEHICLE.
499
00:26:07,300 --> 00:26:08,699
AND, CERTAINLY, THAT TRAINING
500
00:26:08,701 --> 00:26:10,601
ON THE LUNAR LANDING
RESEARCH VEHICLE
501
00:26:10,603 --> 00:26:12,136
HELPED TO PREPARE THE ASTRONAUTS
502
00:26:12,138 --> 00:26:14,805
WHO FLEW THE LUNAR MODULE
FOR LANDING ON THE MOON.
503
00:26:14,807 --> 00:26:17,174
♪
504
00:26:17,176 --> 00:26:19,710
Narrator:
AND JUST LANDING IS NOT ENOUGH.
505
00:26:19,712 --> 00:26:22,279
ONCE DOWN ON THE MOON,
THE APOLLO ASTRONAUTS WILL
506
00:26:22,281 --> 00:26:26,250
HAVE TO EXIT THEIR SPACECRAFT
AND WALK ON THE LUNAR SURFACE.
507
00:26:26,252 --> 00:26:28,919
♪
508
00:26:28,921 --> 00:26:31,989
Ojha: THE DIFFERENCE ON THE
LUNAR SURFACE IS THAT YOU GOT
509
00:26:31,991 --> 00:26:36,994
1/6 OF THE GRAVITY-FIELD
STRENGTH THAT'S ON EARTH.
510
00:26:36,996 --> 00:26:40,397
SO, IT WAS REALIZED THAT,
SOMEHOW, WE NEED TO BE ABLE
511
00:26:40,399 --> 00:26:43,567
TO REPLICATE
1/6 GRAVITY CONDITIONS,
512
00:26:43,569 --> 00:26:45,069
AND THERE WERE ALL SORTS OF WAYS
513
00:26:45,071 --> 00:26:46,937
THAT WERE USED
VERY SUCCESSFULLY.
514
00:26:46,939 --> 00:26:48,572
Stevenson:
ONE OF THE MOST DRAMATIC ONES
515
00:26:48,574 --> 00:26:51,508
WAS SUSPENDING FROM A RIG
WHERE YOU LIE HORIZONTALLY
516
00:26:51,510 --> 00:26:53,711
AND YOU WALK ALONG A WALL,
517
00:26:53,713 --> 00:26:55,579
SUSPENDED BY A SERIES
OF BUNGEES,
518
00:26:55,581 --> 00:26:58,349
AND THE BUNGEES PROVIDE YOU WITH
JUST ABOUT THE RIGHT
519
00:26:58,351 --> 00:27:02,953
RESTORING FORCE AGAINST THE WALL
TO ALLOW YOU TO PRACTICE
520
00:27:02,955 --> 00:27:06,857
YOUR VARIOUS FORMS
OF WALKING AND AMBULATION,
521
00:27:06,859 --> 00:27:08,993
THE BUNNY HOPS
AND ALL THIS KIND OF STUFF,
522
00:27:08,995 --> 00:27:11,895
IN A RELATIVELY
REALISTIC ENVIRONMENT.
523
00:27:11,897 --> 00:27:15,199
Ojha: YOU COULD SUCCESSFULLY
RECREATE LUNAR GRAVITY,
524
00:27:15,201 --> 00:27:18,435
AND THIS WAS DONE TO LOOK AT
THE CAPABILITIES OF ASTRONAUTS
525
00:27:18,437 --> 00:27:21,905
TO WALK ON THE MOON,
BUT TO USE TOOLS ON THE MOON,
526
00:27:21,907 --> 00:27:25,209
AND ULTIMATELY TO USE
REAL VEHICLES ON THE MOON.
527
00:27:25,211 --> 00:27:28,078
ALL OF IT FOCUSED THOUGH
ON TRAINING THE ASTRONAUTS
528
00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:30,280
FOR THE JOBS
THEY'D HAVE TO DO IN APOLLO.
529
00:27:30,282 --> 00:27:34,652
Man #1: 3...2...1...MARK.
530
00:27:34,654 --> 00:27:36,253
WE HAVE YOU GO FOR ORBIT.
531
00:27:36,255 --> 00:27:38,455
YOU'RE GO FOR ORBIT.
532
00:27:38,457 --> 00:27:41,058
Narrator: OCTOBER 1968.
533
00:27:41,060 --> 00:27:44,028
NASA LAUNCHES APOLLO 7,
534
00:27:44,030 --> 00:27:46,030
THE FIRST MANNED MISSION
OF THE PROGRAM
535
00:27:46,032 --> 00:27:47,531
TO RIGOROUSLY FLIGHT-TEST
536
00:27:47,533 --> 00:27:52,102
THE NEW THREE-MANNED
COMMAND MODULE IN EARTH'S ORBIT.
537
00:27:52,104 --> 00:27:54,204
Man #2: 10...9...
538
00:27:54,206 --> 00:27:56,807
WE HAVE
IGNITION SEQUENCE START.
539
00:27:56,809 --> 00:27:58,342
ALL ENGINES RUNNING.
540
00:27:58,344 --> 00:28:01,578
LIFTOFF.
WE HAVE LIFTOFF.
541
00:28:01,580 --> 00:28:03,313
THE TOWER IS CLEAR.
542
00:28:03,315 --> 00:28:06,050
Narrator: TWO MONTHS LATER,
APOLLO 8 CONDUCTS THE FIRST
543
00:28:06,052 --> 00:28:09,453
MANNED FLIGHT TEST
OF THE SATURN V ROCKET.
544
00:28:09,455 --> 00:28:13,090
Man #3: APOLLO 8 TO HOUSTON.
YOU ARE GO FOR A T.L.I., OVER.
545
00:28:13,092 --> 00:28:16,727
APOLLO 8 IS ALSO THE FIRST
MISSION TO FLY TO MOON,
546
00:28:16,729 --> 00:28:19,563
WHERE THE CREW CONDUCTS A
TRIAL RUN OF THE COMMAND MODULE
547
00:28:19,565 --> 00:28:21,165
IN LUNAR ORBIT.
548
00:28:21,167 --> 00:28:23,801
THE MISSION SUCCESSFULLY TESTS
THE NAVIGATION
549
00:28:23,803 --> 00:28:27,371
AND GUIDANCE PROCEDURES
VITAL FOR A MOON LANDING.
550
00:28:27,373 --> 00:28:31,909
Man:
IN THE BEGINNING, GOD CREATED
THE HEAVEN AND THE EARTH.
551
00:28:31,911 --> 00:28:35,379
AND GOD SAID,
"LET THERE BE LIGHT,"
552
00:28:35,381 --> 00:28:36,880
AND THERE WAS LIGHT.
553
00:28:36,882 --> 00:28:39,116
Narrator: MARCH 1969.
554
00:28:39,118 --> 00:28:43,387
APOLLO 9 PERFORMS THE
FIRST TESTS OF THE LUNAR MODULE.
555
00:28:43,389 --> 00:28:45,422
Man #1: HOW DOES THAT SPORTS CAR
HANDLE, JIM?
556
00:28:45,424 --> 00:28:46,857
Man #2: PRETTY NICE.
557
00:28:46,859 --> 00:28:48,192
Narrator:
THE CREW SUCCESSFULLY DOCKS
558
00:28:48,194 --> 00:28:49,727
THE COMMAND AND LUNAR MODULES
559
00:28:49,729 --> 00:28:52,496
IN EARTH'S ORBIT
FOR THE FIRST TIME.
560
00:28:52,498 --> 00:28:54,665
Man #3: APOLLO 9, EVERYBODY IS
HAPPY AS A CLAM HERE.
561
00:28:54,667 --> 00:28:58,402
-LOOKING GOOD.
-OH, THIS IS VERY GOOD.
562
00:28:58,404 --> 00:29:03,373
Narrator: MAY 1969 --
APOLLO 10 RETURNS TO THE MOON.
563
00:29:03,375 --> 00:29:07,111
Man #4: HOUSTON, YOU CAN TELL
THE WORLD THAT WE HAVE ARRIVED.
564
00:29:07,113 --> 00:29:09,747
Narrator:
THE MISSION RUNS A FULL
REHEARSAL OF THE LUNAR LANDING,
565
00:29:09,749 --> 00:29:12,816
FLYING JUST EIGHT MILES
ABOVE THE SURFACE.
566
00:29:12,818 --> 00:29:15,052
Man #5:
WE ARE DOWN AMONG 'EM, CHARLIE.
567
00:29:15,054 --> 00:29:17,554
Man #6: ROGER. HEY, YOU'RE
WEAVING YOUR WAY UP THE FREEWAY.
568
00:29:17,556 --> 00:29:18,889
Narrator:
WITH ALL TESTING COMPLETE,
569
00:29:18,891 --> 00:29:24,261
THE STAGE IS NOW SET
TO ATTEMPT A LUNAR LANDING.
570
00:29:30,569 --> 00:29:39,209
♪
571
00:29:39,211 --> 00:29:41,945
Narrator: JULY 1969.
572
00:29:41,947 --> 00:29:45,115
APOLLO 11 IS GO FOR LAUNCH.
573
00:29:45,117 --> 00:29:47,017
Man #1: 6...5...
574
00:29:47,019 --> 00:29:48,852
4...3...
575
00:29:48,854 --> 00:29:51,355
2...1...
576
00:29:51,357 --> 00:29:53,690
♪
577
00:29:53,692 --> 00:29:57,494
LIFTOFF.
WE HAVE A LIFTOFF.
578
00:29:57,496 --> 00:29:59,096
Man #2: STANDBY FOR ONE BRAVO.
579
00:29:59,098 --> 00:30:00,931
Man #3: THAT'S ONE BRAVO.
580
00:30:00,933 --> 00:30:03,300
Man #4: THAT'S GOOD, FLY.
REAL GOOD.
581
00:30:03,302 --> 00:30:05,903
Man #5: FOUR FORWARD. DRIFTING
TO THE RIGHT A LITTLE.
582
00:30:05,905 --> 00:30:07,971
OKAY, ENGINE STOP.
583
00:30:07,973 --> 00:30:10,307
HOUSTON, THE EAGLE HAS LANDED.
584
00:30:10,309 --> 00:30:13,744
Man #6:
WE COPY YOU DOWN, EAGLE.
585
00:30:13,746 --> 00:30:17,948
Armstrong:
THAT'S ONE SMALL STEP FOR MAN,
586
00:30:17,950 --> 00:30:21,118
ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND.
587
00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:23,787
Narrator: AFTER ALMOST A DECADE
OF DEDICATION,
588
00:30:23,789 --> 00:30:26,323
NASA HAS WON THE RACE
TO THE MOON.
589
00:30:26,325 --> 00:30:29,259
AND ASTRONAUTS NEIL ARMSTRONG
AND BUZZ ALDRIN
590
00:30:29,261 --> 00:30:33,697
BECOME THE FIRST OF ONLY 12 MEN
TO WALK ON THE LUNAR SURFACE.
591
00:30:37,236 --> 00:30:39,736
APOLLO 11 WAS
A GREAT ACHIEVEMENT FOR NASA
592
00:30:39,738 --> 00:30:43,073
BECAUSE IT DEMONSTRATED
THAT THE MISSION PLAN
593
00:30:43,075 --> 00:30:48,312
AND THE WAY IN WHICH
THE PROGRAM HAD LAID OUT
594
00:30:48,314 --> 00:30:49,513
ALL THE VARIOUS STEPS
595
00:30:49,515 --> 00:30:51,515
AND THE TECHNOLOGIES
AND THE HARDWARE
596
00:30:51,517 --> 00:30:53,050
DID ACTUALLY WORK FOR REAL,
597
00:30:53,052 --> 00:30:56,954
SO IT WAS AN ENGINEERING
VERIFICATION.
598
00:30:56,956 --> 00:30:58,922
FOR THE WORLD AT LARGE,
599
00:30:58,924 --> 00:31:03,193
IT OPENED A WHOLE NEW CHAPTER
OF EXPLORING OTHER WORLDS.
600
00:31:03,195 --> 00:31:10,167
♪
601
00:31:10,169 --> 00:31:12,936
Narrator: ALTHOUGH THE SPACE
RACE IS POLITICALLY DRIVEN,
602
00:31:12,938 --> 00:31:15,172
THE SCIENTIFIC BENEFITS
OF KENNEDY'S GOAL
603
00:31:15,174 --> 00:31:18,242
ARE NOT LOST ON NASA.
604
00:31:18,244 --> 00:31:21,645
IF ASTRONAUTS CAN SURVEY
AND SAMPLE THE LUNAR SURFACE,
605
00:31:21,647 --> 00:31:24,514
MANKIND'S UNDERSTANDING
OF THE MOON, THE EARTH,
606
00:31:24,516 --> 00:31:28,652
AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM
WILL BE GREATLY ENHANCED.
607
00:31:28,654 --> 00:31:30,621
AFTER THE SUCCESS
OF APOLLO 11,
608
00:31:30,623 --> 00:31:33,557
NASA SCHEDULES
SIX MORE LANDING MISSIONS.
609
00:31:33,559 --> 00:31:37,261
EACH MISSION HAS ITS OWN
SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES,
610
00:31:37,263 --> 00:31:39,796
AND NASA ACCELERATES
THE SCIENTIFIC TRAINING
611
00:31:39,798 --> 00:31:42,165
FOR THE ASTRONAUT CORPS.
612
00:31:42,167 --> 00:31:43,734
Joy: IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT
FOR ALL THE ASTRONAUTS
613
00:31:43,736 --> 00:31:45,335
THAT WERE GONNA WALK
ON THE LUNAR SURFACE,
614
00:31:45,337 --> 00:31:47,537
WHETHER THEY HAD
A TEST-PILOT BACKGROUND
615
00:31:47,539 --> 00:31:48,939
OR A SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND,
616
00:31:48,941 --> 00:31:51,975
TO BE TRAINED IN THE ART
OF RECOGNIZING DIFFERENT ROCKS,
617
00:31:51,977 --> 00:31:54,912
SO THEY UNDERWENT A SERIES
OF EXTENSIVE TRAINING PROGRAMS
618
00:31:54,914 --> 00:31:56,880
IN PLACES
LIKE THE GRAND CANYON.
619
00:31:56,882 --> 00:31:59,816
THEY EVEN WENT TO ICELAND AND
HAWAII TO LOOK AT LAVA FIELDS.
620
00:31:59,818 --> 00:32:02,352
THEY WERE TRAINED BY
VERY EMINENT GEOLOGISTS
621
00:32:02,354 --> 00:32:04,254
ON HOW TO RECOGNIZE
DIFFERENT ROCKS,
622
00:32:04,256 --> 00:32:06,123
HOW TO INTERPRET
THE AGE RELATIONSHIPS
623
00:32:06,125 --> 00:32:08,191
BETWEEN DIFFERENT ROCKS.
624
00:32:08,193 --> 00:32:09,927
THEY ALWAYS HAD A LOT
OF CLASSROOM EXERCISES
625
00:32:09,929 --> 00:32:11,862
WHERE THEY LOOKED AT ROCKS
UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
626
00:32:11,864 --> 00:32:14,097
AND ENHANCED SPECIMENS.
627
00:32:14,099 --> 00:32:15,866
SO, IT WAS A REALLY VALUABLE
EXPERIENCE,
628
00:32:15,868 --> 00:32:18,168
AND THEY WERE TRAINED
BY SOME OF THE BEST GEOLOGISTS
629
00:32:18,170 --> 00:32:21,238
IN THE WORLD TO DO THAT.
630
00:32:21,240 --> 00:32:23,707
WHEN THE ASTRONAUTS GOT
TO THE LUNAR SURFACE,
631
00:32:23,709 --> 00:32:26,510
THE FIRST THING THEY DID WAS
TO VIEW THE WHOLE OF THE AREA
632
00:32:26,512 --> 00:32:30,013
AND TO REPORT
A LOCAL GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION.
633
00:32:30,015 --> 00:32:31,815
Man: THERE'S A RELATIVELY
LEVEL PLAIN,
634
00:32:31,817 --> 00:32:35,519
CRATERED WITH A FAIRLY LARGE
NUMBER OF CRATERS
635
00:32:35,521 --> 00:32:38,822
OF THE 5- TO 50-FOOT VARIETY.
636
00:32:38,824 --> 00:32:40,924
AND THERE ARE
LITERALLY THOUSANDS
637
00:32:40,926 --> 00:32:45,963
OF LITTLE 1- AND 2-FOOT CRATERS
AROUND THE AREA.
638
00:32:45,965 --> 00:32:47,731
THE GEOLOGICAL TRAINING
ALSO PREPARED THEM
639
00:32:47,733 --> 00:32:50,434
TO COLLECT THE APPROPRIATE
TYPES OF LUNAR SAMPLES
640
00:32:50,436 --> 00:32:53,203
THAT WOULD PRESENT SCIENTISTS
A WIDE A RANGE
641
00:32:53,205 --> 00:32:55,572
AS POSSIBLE
ABOUT THE LOCAL GEOLOGY.
642
00:32:55,574 --> 00:32:59,743
Man: IT'S OBVIOUSLY VERY,
VERY COHESIVE.
643
00:32:59,745 --> 00:33:02,612
BECAUSE IT'S -- THE BOTTOM
OF THE CORE IS NOT SMOOTH.
644
00:33:02,614 --> 00:33:04,114
IT'S VERY JAGGEDY.
645
00:33:04,116 --> 00:33:06,750
IT'S THREAD-METAL-LIKE.
646
00:33:06,752 --> 00:33:09,019
WE'D LIKE TO SHARE A PIECE
OF THIS ROCK
647
00:33:09,021 --> 00:33:11,521
WITH SO MANY OF THE COUNTRIES
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.
648
00:33:11,523 --> 00:33:15,625
WE HOPE THAT THIS WILL BE A
SYMBOL OF WHAT OUR FEELINGS ARE,
649
00:33:15,627 --> 00:33:18,061
WHAT THE FEELINGS
OF THE APOLLO PROGRAM ARE,
650
00:33:18,063 --> 00:33:19,396
AND A SYMBOL OF MANKIND
651
00:33:19,398 --> 00:33:23,033
THAT WE CAN LIVE IN PEACE
AND HARMONY IN THE FUTURE.
652
00:33:25,204 --> 00:33:27,270
Narrator: TO MAXIMIZE
THE SCIENTIFIC POTENTIAL
653
00:33:27,272 --> 00:33:29,239
OF EACH MISSION, NASA DEVELOPS
654
00:33:29,241 --> 00:33:31,908
THE APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE
EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE,
655
00:33:31,910 --> 00:33:34,111
KNOWN AS ALSEP.
656
00:33:34,113 --> 00:33:36,747
Joy: THESE EXPERIMENT PACKAGES
WERE DESIGNED BY SCIENTISTS
657
00:33:36,749 --> 00:33:38,448
WHO WANTED TO ADDRESS REALLY KEY
658
00:33:38,450 --> 00:33:40,717
AND INTERESTING QUESTIONS
ABOUT THE MOON
659
00:33:40,719 --> 00:33:44,654
SUCH AS WHAT THE LUNAR INTERIOR
IS LIKE, IF IT HAS MOON QUAKES,
660
00:33:44,656 --> 00:33:46,723
THE INTERACTION
BETWEEN THE LUNAR SURFACE
661
00:33:46,725 --> 00:33:49,459
AND THE SURROUNDING
SPACE ENVIRONMENT.
662
00:33:49,461 --> 00:33:51,995
THESE WERE SMALL, LIGHTWEIGHT
SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS
663
00:33:51,997 --> 00:33:53,363
THAT WERE LEFT
ON THE LUNAR SURFACE
664
00:33:53,365 --> 00:33:55,999
BY THE ASTRONAUTS TO OPERATE
OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME
665
00:33:56,001 --> 00:33:58,335
AFTER THEY RETURNED TO EARTH.
666
00:33:58,337 --> 00:34:00,871
Man #1:
I'M GONNA GO DEPLOY AN ALSEP.
667
00:34:00,873 --> 00:34:02,372
Man #2: HAVE AT IT.
668
00:34:02,374 --> 00:34:05,075
Man #1: FIRST,
I GOT TO FIND AN ALSEP SITE.
669
00:34:05,077 --> 00:34:10,213
♪ WELL, WE'RE OFF TO SEE
THE WIZARD ♪
670
00:34:10,215 --> 00:34:14,484
Joy: ALSEP IS THE EXPERIMENTS
THAT KEEP ON GIVING.
671
00:34:14,486 --> 00:34:16,920
IN FACT, THE LUNAR LASER
RANGING STATIONS
672
00:34:16,922 --> 00:34:19,289
ARE STILL STUDIED
AT THE PRESENT DAY.
673
00:34:19,291 --> 00:34:22,059
SO, ALSEP IS AN INCREDIBLY
IMPORTANT PART
674
00:34:22,061 --> 00:34:23,894
OF THE APOLLO MISSIONS.
675
00:34:23,896 --> 00:34:26,229
♪
676
00:34:26,231 --> 00:34:28,465
Narrator:
IN ADDITION TO THEIR SCIENTIFIC
677
00:34:28,467 --> 00:34:31,301
AND GEOLOGICAL TRAINING,
ALL APOLLO ASTRONAUTS RECEIVE
678
00:34:31,303 --> 00:34:34,571
EXHAUSTIVE
PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTION.
679
00:34:34,573 --> 00:34:36,440
Stevenson: THE PHOTOGRAPHY WAS
CLEARLY GOING TO BE VERY,
680
00:34:36,442 --> 00:34:39,709
VERY IMPORTANT
ON THE MISSION.
681
00:34:39,711 --> 00:34:43,513
PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
FOR GEOLOGICAL PURPOSES,
682
00:34:43,515 --> 00:34:45,315
FOR SAMPLE ANALYSIS,
683
00:34:45,317 --> 00:34:48,585
PHOTOGRAPHING A ROCK
BEFORE YOU MOVED IT.
684
00:34:48,587 --> 00:34:50,587
♪
685
00:34:50,589 --> 00:34:53,523
THEN, AFTER YOU LIFT THE SAMPLE,
YOU HAVE TO PHOTOGRAPH
686
00:34:53,525 --> 00:34:55,459
AND DOCUMENT
THE PLACES IT'S COME FROM
687
00:34:55,461 --> 00:34:57,327
SO YOU GET A REFERENCE,
YOU KNOW --
688
00:34:57,329 --> 00:34:58,795
YOU DIDN'T EXPECT TO SEE
ANYTHING CRAWL OUT
689
00:34:58,797 --> 00:35:00,230
FROM UNDER THAT ROCK,
BUT IF THERE WAS,
690
00:35:00,232 --> 00:35:02,599
YOU WANTED A PICTURE OF IT.
691
00:35:02,601 --> 00:35:05,102
Joy: CONTEXT IS EVERYTHING
IN GEOLOGY.
692
00:35:05,104 --> 00:35:07,137
SO, WHEN WE HAVE
A HAND-SPECIMEN SAMPLE,
693
00:35:07,139 --> 00:35:09,339
WE WANT TO KNOW
THE BIGGER PICTURE.
694
00:35:09,341 --> 00:35:12,309
SO BY TAKING A PHOTOGRAPH OF
THE SAMPLE IN THE LUNAR SURFACE,
695
00:35:12,311 --> 00:35:15,245
WE COULD UNDERSTAND WHERE
THAT ROCK'S ORIGINATED FROM
696
00:35:15,247 --> 00:35:18,582
AND WHAT THAT TELLS US
ABOUT THE LOCAL GEOLOGY.
697
00:35:18,584 --> 00:35:21,251
Narrator: WHEN CREWS VISIT
GEOLOGICAL SITES ALONG EARTH,
698
00:35:21,253 --> 00:35:23,620
THEY ALSO PRACTICE
WITH THE BODY-MOUNTED CAMERAS
699
00:35:23,622 --> 00:35:25,255
THEY WILL USE ON THE MOON.
700
00:35:27,359 --> 00:35:29,793
THE BODY-MOUNTED CAMERAS
WERE VERY DIFFICULT TO USE,
701
00:35:29,795 --> 00:35:32,362
MAINLY BECAUSE
OF THE CONSTRAINTS OF THE SUIT.
702
00:35:32,364 --> 00:35:33,897
YOU HAVE A HELMET ON,
AND THE HELMET
703
00:35:33,899 --> 00:35:36,233
IS EFFECTIVELY JOINED
AT THE SUIT MORE AT YOUR NECK,
704
00:35:36,235 --> 00:35:38,802
SO YOU CAN MOVE YOUR HEAD
BUT THE HELMET DOESN'T MOVE.
705
00:35:38,804 --> 00:35:42,572
YOU CAN'T EVEN LOOK DOWN
INTO THE VIEW-FINDER.
706
00:35:42,574 --> 00:35:44,541
SO IT WAS REALLY ABOUT
HOW TO POSITION
707
00:35:44,543 --> 00:35:48,145
THE CAMERA IN FRONT OF THEM,
AND IT TOOK A LONG TIME.
708
00:35:48,147 --> 00:35:50,847
Baker: SOME OF THE CREW
DID IT BETTER THAN OTHERS,
709
00:35:50,849 --> 00:35:55,118
AND SOME WERE MORE NATURAL
PHOTOGRAPHERS THAN OTHERS.
710
00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:57,387
SOME OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS
FROM APOLLO
711
00:35:57,389 --> 00:36:00,290
THAT LOOK BACK AT THE EARTH
WERE SOME OF THE BEST THINGS
712
00:36:00,292 --> 00:36:03,560
THAT HAPPENED
ON THE SPACE PROGRAM.
713
00:36:03,562 --> 00:36:07,931
THE LEGACY CREATED
THE ENVIRONMENT MOVEMENT.
714
00:36:07,933 --> 00:36:10,700
THE PALE BLUE DOT
FLOATING IN SPACE
715
00:36:10,702 --> 00:36:12,435
TURNED PEOPLE'S IMAGINATIONS
TO SAY,
716
00:36:12,437 --> 00:36:16,006
"WOW, WE NEED TO LOOK
AFTER THIS PLANET."
717
00:36:16,008 --> 00:36:18,775
Man: I THINK WE'VE SEEN
AS MUCH IN 10 DAYS
718
00:36:18,777 --> 00:36:21,711
AS MOST PEOPLE
SEE IN 10 LIFETIMES.
719
00:36:21,713 --> 00:36:26,416
Narrator:
TO GAIN THE WEALTH OF UNTAPPED
INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN SPACE,
720
00:36:26,418 --> 00:36:29,352
NASA WILL NEED TO ENHANCE
THEIR RESEARCH PROCEDURES
721
00:36:29,354 --> 00:36:31,721
ON THE REMAINING
APOLLO MISSIONS.
722
00:36:39,932 --> 00:36:44,267
♪
723
00:36:44,269 --> 00:36:45,936
Narrator:
ALTHOUGH THEY HAVE COMPLETED
724
00:36:45,938 --> 00:36:49,306
A SUCCESSFUL MOON LANDING,
NASA ISN'T DONE YET.
725
00:36:49,308 --> 00:36:51,474
NOW THEY'RE READY TO SET OFF
ON A QUEST
726
00:36:51,476 --> 00:36:53,944
FOR MORE SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION
727
00:36:53,946 --> 00:36:58,215
WITH WHAT ARE KNOWN
AS THE J-CLASS MISSIONS.
728
00:36:58,217 --> 00:37:00,550
SUDDENLY, THERE WAS A VERY
WIDE VARIETY OF TASKS
729
00:37:00,552 --> 00:37:01,851
THAT THE CREW HAD TO DO,
730
00:37:01,853 --> 00:37:04,454
AND THAT WAS GRAFTED ON
731
00:37:04,456 --> 00:37:07,724
TO AN ALREADY-DEMANDING
TRAINING PROGRAM.
732
00:37:07,726 --> 00:37:10,293
IT'S INTERESTING HOW WE CAME
TO HAVE MORE SCIENCE
733
00:37:10,295 --> 00:37:13,663
WITHIN THESE MANNED MISSIONS,
BECAUSE, INITIALLY,
734
00:37:13,665 --> 00:37:16,433
NASA FELT THAT THESE WERE
LARGELY ENGINEERING VENTURES,
735
00:37:16,435 --> 00:37:19,469
AND BEGAN TO RECRUIT
SCIENTIST ASTRONAUTS
736
00:37:19,471 --> 00:37:23,807
WHOSE PRIMARY SKILLS WERE NOT
IN PILOTING OR ENGINEERING,
737
00:37:23,809 --> 00:37:28,411
AND IT STARTED WITH
HARRISON SCHMITT ON APOLLO 17.
738
00:37:28,413 --> 00:37:30,313
AND, IN FACT,
HE WAS INSTRUMENTAL
739
00:37:30,315 --> 00:37:33,550
IN DISCOVERING THE LOCATION
OF SOME VOLCANIC DEBRIS,
740
00:37:33,552 --> 00:37:36,319
THE FAMOUS ORANGE SOIL.
741
00:37:36,321 --> 00:37:40,323
THERE IS ORANGE SOIL!
IT'S ALL OVER!
742
00:37:40,325 --> 00:37:43,159
HEY, IT IS!
I CAN SEE IT FROM HERE!
743
00:37:43,161 --> 00:37:44,327
IT'S ORANGE.
744
00:37:44,329 --> 00:37:45,996
Joy:
HAVING A GEOLOGIST THERE
745
00:37:45,998 --> 00:37:47,831
REALLY HELPED
FOR SERENDIPITOUS DISCOVERIES
746
00:37:47,833 --> 00:37:49,699
AND RECOGNIZING ROCK TYPES
747
00:37:49,701 --> 00:37:50,867
THAT MAYBE SOME
OF THE OTHER ASTRONAUTS
748
00:37:50,869 --> 00:37:53,370
WOULDN'T BE TRAINED
TO RECOGNIZE.
749
00:37:53,372 --> 00:37:55,171
SCHMITT CERTAINLY HAS LEFT
A LEGACY
750
00:37:55,173 --> 00:37:56,940
FOR TRAINING
OF SCIENTIFIC ASTRONAUTS,
751
00:37:56,942 --> 00:37:59,209
AND AS NASA IS PLANNING
TO GO BACK TO THE MOON
752
00:37:59,211 --> 00:38:01,611
AND GO TO ASTEROIDS AND MARS
IN THE FUTURE,
753
00:38:01,613 --> 00:38:03,346
I HAVE NO DOUBT THAT GEOLOGISTS
754
00:38:03,348 --> 00:38:05,749
WILL BE PART OF
THAT EXCITING EXPERIENCE
755
00:38:05,751 --> 00:38:08,051
SO THAT WE CAN MAXIMIZE
THE SCIENTIFIC RETURN
756
00:38:08,053 --> 00:38:11,554
FROM THESE LANDED
EXPLORATION MISSIONS.
757
00:38:11,556 --> 00:38:13,523
♪
758
00:38:13,525 --> 00:38:16,926
Narrator: IN PREPARATION FOR
THE LAST THREE APOLLO MISSIONS,
759
00:38:16,928 --> 00:38:18,762
NASA TRAINED ITS CREWS
TO OPERATE
760
00:38:18,764 --> 00:38:22,899
A SMALL TWO-MAN EXPLORATION
BUGGY KNOWN AS THE LUNAR ROVER.
761
00:38:25,504 --> 00:38:27,470
Man #1:
MAN, THIS IS A FUN RIDE.
762
00:38:27,472 --> 00:38:30,040
Man #2:
MY GOSH, THIS IS SOMETHING.
763
00:38:30,042 --> 00:38:33,376
Man #1:
MAN, YOU ARE REALLY ABOUT THIS.
764
00:38:33,378 --> 00:38:35,345
-[ LAUGHS ]
-YAHOO!
765
00:38:35,347 --> 00:38:37,981
Ojha: THE PROBLEMS
WITH THE EARLY MISSIONS
766
00:38:37,983 --> 00:38:41,818
WAS A PRETTY LIMITED
GEOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
767
00:38:41,820 --> 00:38:43,787
OF AREA THAT YOU COULD EXPLORE.
768
00:38:43,789 --> 00:38:45,488
BASICALLY,
THE ASTRONAUTS WERE LIMITED
769
00:38:45,490 --> 00:38:48,358
BY HOW FAR THEY COULD WALK FROM
THE LUNAR MODULE AND COME BACK,
770
00:38:48,360 --> 00:38:50,560
AND THAT MEANS THEY'RE EXPLORING
771
00:38:50,562 --> 00:38:54,898
A GEOLOGICALLY LESS DIVERSE AREA
THAN THEY COULD.
772
00:38:54,900 --> 00:38:56,733
AND, SO, IT WAS REALIZED
THAT HAVING SOME TYPE
773
00:38:56,735 --> 00:38:59,469
OF ROVING VEHICLE
ON WHICH THE ASTRONAUTS
774
00:38:59,471 --> 00:39:01,204
COULD TRAVERSE A LUNAR LANDSCAPE
775
00:39:01,206 --> 00:39:03,273
AT MUCH HIGHER SPEEDS
THAN THEY COULD WALK,
776
00:39:03,275 --> 00:39:06,309
MEANT THAT THE SCIENCE YIELD
COULD BE HIGHER.
777
00:39:06,311 --> 00:39:09,446
Man:
THIS IS REALLY SOME MACHINE.
778
00:39:09,448 --> 00:39:13,249
THE TIRES, THEY SKID,
JUST LIKE ON SNOW.
779
00:39:13,251 --> 00:39:17,420
IT'S JUST LIKE DRIVING ON SNOW,
HOUSTON, BY GOLLY.
780
00:39:17,422 --> 00:39:22,158
Ojha:
WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE AMOUNT OF
LUNAR SURFACE THAT WAS COVERED,
781
00:39:22,160 --> 00:39:27,297
WE'RE TALKING 15 TO 20 MILES
BY THE TIME APOLLO 17 HAD FLOWN.
782
00:39:27,299 --> 00:39:29,999
THE AMOUNT OF DOCUMENTATION
THAT THEY DID
783
00:39:30,001 --> 00:39:31,801
WAS ABSOLUTELY FIRST-RATE,
784
00:39:31,803 --> 00:39:35,372
AND, IN FACT, IT JUST GOES
TO SHOW THAT PROJECT APOLLO
785
00:39:35,374 --> 00:39:38,375
PROVED THERE IS NOTHING
THAT WILL COMPARE
786
00:39:38,377 --> 00:39:40,510
TO HAVING A TRAINED OBSERVER,
787
00:39:40,512 --> 00:39:44,013
BE IT ON THE MOON,
AND, ULTIMATELY, BE IT ON MARS.
788
00:39:44,015 --> 00:39:47,884
Man #1:
3...2...1...IGNITION.
789
00:39:47,886 --> 00:39:50,453
Man #2:
WE'RE ON OUR WAY, HOUSTON.
790
00:39:50,455 --> 00:39:54,224
Man #1: TAKE YOUR FINAL LOOK
AT THE VALLEY OF TAURUS-LITTROW.
791
00:39:54,226 --> 00:39:57,026
Narrator: AS APOLLO 17 LIFTED
OFF THE MOON'S SURFACE
792
00:39:57,028 --> 00:40:00,296
ON DECEMBER 14th, 1972,
793
00:40:00,298 --> 00:40:03,700
IT NOT ONLY SIGNIFIED THE END
OF THE APOLLO PROGRAM,
794
00:40:03,702 --> 00:40:08,304
BUT THE GREATEST CHAPTER IN THE
HISTORY OF HUMAN EXPLORATION.
795
00:40:08,306 --> 00:40:11,674
WHEN PRESIDENT KENNEDY PLEDGED
TO PUT A MAN ON THE MOON,
796
00:40:11,676 --> 00:40:15,612
NASA HAD BARELY PUT
A MAN INTO ORBIT.
797
00:40:15,614 --> 00:40:18,014
YET, LITTLE MORE
THAN A DECADE LATER,
798
00:40:18,016 --> 00:40:21,618
NASA HAD SUCCESSFULLY CROSSED
THE VAST TECHNOLOGICAL GAP
799
00:40:21,620 --> 00:40:24,454
BETWEEN PROJECT MERCURY
AND APOLLO,
800
00:40:24,456 --> 00:40:28,758
AND THE VAST OCEAN OF SPACE
BETWEEN EARTH AND THE MOON.
801
00:40:31,496 --> 00:40:33,763
Baker: THE TRAINING
IN THE APOLLO PROGRAM
802
00:40:33,765 --> 00:40:36,866
WAS THE PIVOTAL KEY
TO BEING ABLE TO MOVE FORWARD
803
00:40:36,868 --> 00:40:38,368
TO THE SHUTTLE PROGRAM.
804
00:40:38,370 --> 00:40:39,769
THAT IS THE BEDROCK.
805
00:40:39,771 --> 00:40:41,871
IT IS THE STRUCTURE
THAT IS VIEWED
806
00:40:41,873 --> 00:40:46,042
AS A TEMPLATE FOR EVERYTHING
THAT STEMS FROM IT.
807
00:40:46,044 --> 00:40:48,711
I THINK MANY PEOPLE
HAVE CONTRIBUTED
808
00:40:48,713 --> 00:40:50,346
TO THIS PINNACLE
WE'VE REACHED.
809
00:40:50,348 --> 00:40:52,582
SOME HAVE CONTRIBUTED
MORE THAN OTHERS.
810
00:40:52,584 --> 00:40:54,617
AND WE KNOW
OF 14 INDIVIDUALS
811
00:40:54,619 --> 00:40:56,853
WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED
ALL THEY HAD.
812
00:40:56,855 --> 00:41:01,591
AND BECAUSE OF THAT, WE LEFT
A SMALL MEMORIAL ON THE MOON
813
00:41:01,593 --> 00:41:03,893
AND A SMALL,
SUBTLE CRATER.
814
00:41:03,895 --> 00:41:06,629
THERE'S A SIMPLE PLAQUE
WITH 14 NAMES,
815
00:41:06,631 --> 00:41:08,998
AND THOSE ARE THE NAMES,
IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER,
816
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:12,402
OF ALL THE ASTRONAUTS
AND COSMONAUTS WHO HAVE DIED
817
00:41:12,404 --> 00:41:15,505
IN THE PURSUIT
OF EXPLORATION OF SPACE.
818
00:41:15,507 --> 00:41:18,208
NEAR IT IS
A SMALL FIGURE REPRESENTING
819
00:41:18,210 --> 00:41:19,876
THE FALLEN ASTRONAUTS.
820
00:41:19,878 --> 00:41:21,911
♪
821
00:41:21,913 --> 00:41:25,048
Ojha: LOOKING AT
THE APOLLO GROUP OF ASTRONAUTS,
822
00:41:25,050 --> 00:41:28,218
THE ONE THING
THEY ALL HAD IN COMMON,
823
00:41:28,220 --> 00:41:31,821
AND I THINK THIS CONTINUES
TO TODAY'S ASTRONAUTS,
824
00:41:31,823 --> 00:41:35,358
IS AN ABSOLUTELY DEDICATION
TO THEIR TASK,
825
00:41:35,360 --> 00:41:37,927
A REAL COMMITMENT TO TEAMWORK,
826
00:41:37,929 --> 00:41:41,030
AND A REALIZATION
THAT WHAT THEY WERE DOING
827
00:41:41,032 --> 00:41:44,334
WAS JUST THE SHARP END
OF A PYRAMID
828
00:41:44,336 --> 00:41:49,305
BUILT ON THE ACHIEVEMENTS
OF THOUSANDS OF OTHERS.
829
00:41:49,307 --> 00:41:53,209
Baker: AND I THINK THE LEGACY
OF THE APOLLO EXPERIENCE
830
00:41:53,211 --> 00:41:57,347
HAS PROVIDED THE PERFECT
TEMPLATE FOR FUTURE CREWS.
831
00:41:57,349 --> 00:41:59,916
♪
832
00:41:59,918 --> 00:42:06,089
Narrator: BETWEEN 1968 AND 1972,
24 MEN FLEW TO THE MOON,
833
00:42:06,091 --> 00:42:10,093
AND 12 WALKED UPON ITS SURFACE.
834
00:42:10,095 --> 00:42:13,630
WHEN NEIL ARMSTRONG TOOK THOSE
FIRST HISTORIC STEPS,
835
00:42:13,632 --> 00:42:15,999
NOT ONLY DID THEY
REPRESENT MANKIND'S ABILITY
836
00:42:16,001 --> 00:42:18,735
TO OVERCOME AND CHALLENGE,
837
00:42:18,737 --> 00:42:21,971
BUT THEY SYMBOLIZED THE COURAGE
AND DETERMINATION
838
00:42:21,973 --> 00:42:27,110
OF A FEW EXTRAORDINARY MEN WHO
WERE MADE OF THE RIGHT STUFF.
75086
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