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(upbeat jazz music playing)
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NARRATOR: The United States, 1947.
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In Texas, Max and Rachelcelebrate the return of their son, Paul,
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discharged from the US Armyafter serving two years in Japan.
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He has great memories of his time there.
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(inaudible conversation)
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Children were conceivedduring the short time
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the American armyhelped rebuild the country,
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after having dropped the atom bomb on it.
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In Nagasaki, the ruinsof the atomic disaster have been erased.
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The grass has grown back,
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but the world has changed forever.
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Scientists have conceivedan imaginary clock,
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the Doomsday Clock,
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which measures the dangerof imminent nuclear war.
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If it hits midnight,it's the end of the world.
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For the next 50 years,
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Russia, then knownas the Communist Soviet Union,
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will confront the West,led by the United States.
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This is the Cold War.
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Between the East and West.
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The war of the worlds.
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(theme song playing)
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-(all cheering)
-NARRATOR: Like many Americans,
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Max and Rachel donate foodto help a starving Europe.
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Little Daniel in Paris will be ableto face the harsh winter of 1947,
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one of the coldest of the century,
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even though France has no coal.
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Still the morale of the Frenchsets an example for the whole world.
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After six years of war,
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they have chosen to livea carefree existence.
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Meanwhile between East and West,
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the weapons race has begun.
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Are these confrontations
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between the Western democraciesand the Communists in the East,
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like in Indochina or in Korea,
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merely the first stepsin the Escalation of Fear?
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Texas, spring of 1947.
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Max and Rachel move to Fort Bliss,a small city near a military base.
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Max, an engineer, is hired to participatein the development of German rockets
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seized at the end of the war.
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Someday, these rockets could launchother atomic bombs.
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Max works with a group of Germans,which is upsetting to him.
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The recently revealed horrorsof the Nazi camps
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and the Holocaust have shocked him,
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along with the rest of America.
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(inaudible conversation)
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Many German-born scientistsand technicians
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were captured by the Soviets,the French and the Americans.
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1500 are now settled in the US.
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Among them is a young prodigy,
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35-year-old Werner Von Braun.
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He invented the V2 rocket for Hitler,
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the rocket that terrified Londonersat the end of the war.
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Von Braun will perfectthese German V2 units
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recovered by the Americans.
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Over 30 years, he redesigns themfor the conquest of space.
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(inaudible conversation)
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In 1946,they are the first weapons of dissuasion,
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launched over the New Mexican desert.
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The sound of war is coming closer.
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At the same time,diplomats try to save world peace
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by organizing a conferencewith the Soviet Union.
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On March 9, 1947,
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France's Secretary of State,Georges Bidault,
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a Christian Democrat,
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leaves for Moscow with his wife.
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At this conference,
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the foreign ministersof the four great powers
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that brought down Hitler
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try to agree on the fateof occupied Germany.
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But the context has changed.
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France's minister Bidault wants Saarland,
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an industrial region in Germanythat De Gaulle has already laid claim to.
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From Britain, Bevin,a leftist, anti-Communist union supporter,
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aligns with the US position...
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a position advocated by General Marshall,
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whose main concerns is America's security.
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The Soviet foreign minister, Mr. Molotov,who is getting close to the West,
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will be sidelined by Stalin.
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The former "allies"can't agree on anything.
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Germany will remain split in two.
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A final receptionthat Stalin doesn't attend
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marks the end of the wartime alliancebetween East and West.
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After the smiles come the farewells.
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The American president,Democrat Harry Truman,
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presents his doctrine to Congress.
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His policy is one of containment.
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Any aggressive action by Stalinwill be met with retaliation.
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And most importantly,help Europe recover from poverty,
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a breeding ground for Communism.
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The American Secretary of State,George Marshall,
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offers Truman a planfor European reconstruction
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that bears his name:
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the Marshall Plan.
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He says...
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"The people of these countries need to eatand to survive the winter."
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Back in France, little Daniel marvelsat the convoy of American equipment.
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There are electric transformers
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and all kinds of machine tools.
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Provided by the USA
for European economic recovery
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The offer is generousfor the European populations.
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$12 billion, a fortune at the time.
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But this loan must be partially reimbursed
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and be used, whenever possible,
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to buy American products.
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Stalin refuses.
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He forces the countries he occupiesto turn down the Marshall Plan aid.
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In the other countries, Italy, Belgium,England, and especially France...
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DOWN WITH THE MARSHALL PLAN
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...he stirs up the localCommunist parties,
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backing violent protests and strikes...
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(all protesting)
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...to denounce "American imperialism."
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But France's ambassador to the USaccepts Washington's checks.
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Mister Ambassador,
It gives me great pleasure
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to be able to hand you these checks
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which total $31,400,000.
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With these checks
and those which we gave you last week,
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the total now is $33,000,000.
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Even this amount represents
only the initial portion
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which eventually will be made available
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under the United States
foreign aid program.
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NARRATOR: France needs moneyto fund its war in Indochina...
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(foghorn blares)
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...now entering its third year.
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1948...
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French ownership of Indochinabecomes a stake in the Cold War.
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The Communist insurgents of the Viet Minhhave attempted a bloody coup in Hanoi,
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the capital in the North.
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The French have managed to regain control.
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This is an expensive war.
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500 million French Francs per day,
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and more importantly almost a totalof 100,000 dead on both sides.
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(machine guns rattling)
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In the North,the men of the French Expeditionary Corps
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are hunting for Ho Chi Minh and Giap,
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the Communist leadersof the fight for independence.
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They're searching the mountains,
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where the tribeshave stayed out of the war.
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But for how long?
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A French commandoalmost captured Ho Chi Minh,
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missing him by a few hours.
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But he disappearedinto the impenetrable jungle.
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Ho Chi Minh has taken refugein this region
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near the border of the Republic of China,
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which is still fighting Mao's Communists.
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(plane engine whirring)
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From the sky, the zone looks deserted.
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But within this sanctuary,
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Ho Chi Minh has createdan embryonic government.
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Its bamboo ministriescan quickly be disassembled
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and carried to new hiding places.
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Bamboo serves all purposes.
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It can be used for everything.
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It can be used to survive, and to kill.
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Its sharpened points stick up outof the clearings to impale paratroopers.
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In the opposing camp,
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the French positionsare also protected by bamboo,
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as dangerous as the barbed wireused during World War I.
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From his jungle workshops,
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Ho Chi Minh wants to project the image
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of an entire population buildingwith its own hands
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-the very weapons that will liberate it.
-(clanging)
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A heavy machine-gunis worth two kilos of opium.
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Ho Chi Minh appliesthe basic principles of Marxism-Leninism:
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Hammer home and spread propagandaand the ideology...
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(printing press rattling)
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...dispense combat instructions,
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inspire the will to fight...
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(inaudible conversation)
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...recruit soldiers and militants,
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and tirelessly cleanse the Partyby killing skeptics and opponents.
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Ho Chi Minh shows his true face,after years spent in the USSR.
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No more negotiating.
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He is preparing for a long war.
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He declares...
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"It will be the fightbetween the tiger and the elephant.
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During the day,the tiger lies low in the jungle.
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He only comes out at night.
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He jumps on the elephant,
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tearing large chunks of fleshfrom his back.
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Then he leaps back into the dark jungle.
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Slowly, the elephant bleeds to death.
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Such will be the war in Indochina."
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(fire roaring, crackling)
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But the French have understood.
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Twenty-one-year-oldLieutenant Bernard Moinet writes,
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"We must adapt to this type of combat.
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We must cease to be prey
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and become hunters."
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(boat engine whirring)
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(monkeys whooping in distance)
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(gunshots)
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There is no small-scale smuggling,
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nor small-scale prey.
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(insects chirping)
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(machine gun rattling)
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(inaudible conversation)
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To reassure and control the peasants,
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the French erect small fortsmanned by small, expendable units
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who drink warm beer and cook good food
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before setting off on an ambush.
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(sizzling)
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Those who make it backreassure their wives.
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Like Lt. Moinet, who writes,
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"My dear Francine, I am a happy man,
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in love with my career and with you."
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There they wait,until the Viet Minh attack.
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The men are massacred,
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as the fortsare regularly won and lost again.
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This is the case throughout this warwhich is only beginning.
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High Command triesto reinforce its garrisons
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with local back-up troopswhose loyalty can be shaky.
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Their families may be Viet Minh hostages.
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The French troopscan barely close their eyes at night.
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During a commando mission,
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Moinet discoversa printing press and flyers.
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He reads the following text, in French:
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"Tomorrow, your post will be destroyed
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by the courageous people's armyof the Viet Minh.
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The French will be killed and chasedfrom our lands.
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Victory will strengthenour ongoing revolution.
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Long live Ho Chi Minh!
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Long live Communism around the world!"
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Communism around the worldis making headway in Asia,
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as Mao prepares to take overthe Republic of China.
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In the British coloniesof Burma and Malaysia,
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communist movements rise upto claim their independence.
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The Dutch East Indies become Indonesia.
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In Europe, the Communists attemptto seize power from the Greek monarchy,
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which is backed by the Britishand the Americans.
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But the West does nothing to preventthe coup in Prague in February 1948,
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when the Communists seize powerin Czechoslovakia.
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Stalin is now one step closerto bringing Berlin over to his side.
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Stalin declares,
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"All of Germany must be ours,entirely Soviet and Communist."
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In 1945, the one-time Allies had dividedGermany into four occupied zones:
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Soviet, British, American and French.
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They did the same in Berlin,divided into four sectors
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and landlocked by the Soviet zone.
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In order to reach their zones in Berlin,
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the Westerners have accessto three corridors:
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Westerners and Berlinersare shocked to discover
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that Stalin has issued the orderto close the corridors.
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He has also barredall train and river traffic.
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Even the electrical plantsin the Soviet zone
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stop supplying power to the West.
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Berlin is now cut off from the world.
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Its two million residentsare now hostages of the Cold War.
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The Doomsday Clock jumpsto five minutes to midnight!
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The threat of nuclear waris getting closer,
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because Stalin just made a risky bet.
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What will the Allies do?
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What will Truman do?
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The Americans have atom bombs,
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ready to be carriedby the B-36 strategic bomber,
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one of the largest aircraft ever built.
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Weighing 150 tons,
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with six 3000-horsepower engines,
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00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:02,560
it has a flying rangeof 12,000 kilometers,
262
00:18:02,560 --> 00:18:04,560
more than enough to reach Moscow.
263
00:18:05,520 --> 00:18:06,570
It's the ultimate weapon.
264
00:18:07,510 --> 00:18:09,510
But Truman remains cautious.
265
00:18:13,500 --> 00:18:14,580
In his memoirs, he writes,
266
00:18:15,580 --> 00:18:19,500
"We had to make a show of strength,without setting off a war.
267
00:18:19,550 --> 00:18:21,530
We had to stay in Berlin.
268
00:18:21,540 --> 00:18:24,530
I ordered the organizationof a full-scale airlift,
269
00:18:24,540 --> 00:18:27,490
using every availableAllied plane in Europe."
270
00:18:28,500 --> 00:18:31,580
Truman breaks through the blockadewith 1000 Allied freight planes,
271
00:18:32,560 --> 00:18:33,560
mostly American,
272
00:18:33,570 --> 00:18:35,550
which fly over the Soviet zone
273
00:18:35,560 --> 00:18:37,510
to bring supplies to Berlin.
274
00:18:41,530 --> 00:18:43,540
This airlift is the only solution,
275
00:18:43,540 --> 00:18:46,510
because Stalin can easily block a road.
276
00:18:46,520 --> 00:18:48,520
But to stop a plane from getting through,
277
00:18:48,530 --> 00:18:50,530
he would have to order it shot down.
278
00:18:52,550 --> 00:18:54,580
Soviet fighter planes are on the prowl.
279
00:18:55,540 --> 00:18:56,550
Truman writes,
280
00:18:56,560 --> 00:19:00,530
"The real danger was that a Russian pilotmight pull the trigger
281
00:19:00,540 --> 00:19:03,520
and create an incidentthat would spark a crisis."
282
00:19:10,500 --> 00:19:11,570
Will the airlift be stopped?
283
00:19:15,500 --> 00:19:17,520
On September 9, 1948,
284
00:19:17,530 --> 00:19:20,560
the people of Berlin's Western zonesgather in front of the Reichstag,
285
00:19:20,570 --> 00:19:23,490
the former German parliament.
286
00:19:23,500 --> 00:19:25,570
It is the reminderof a recent tragic past.
287
00:19:27,580 --> 00:19:29,580
(man speaking German over microphone)
288
00:19:30,560 --> 00:19:34,510
NARRATOR (in English): 300,000 Berlinershave come to show support for their mayor.
289
00:19:34,520 --> 00:19:35,550
Ernst Reuter,
290
00:19:35,560 --> 00:19:38,490
a well-known figurein the fight against Nazism,
291
00:19:38,500 --> 00:19:39,530
who asks for help.
292
00:19:40,570 --> 00:19:42,530
"People of the world!
293
00:19:42,540 --> 00:19:44,580
People of America,
294
00:19:45,490 --> 00:19:48,500
England, France and Italy!
295
00:19:48,570 --> 00:19:51,520
You cannot, you must not forsake us!"
296
00:19:57,500 --> 00:20:00,580
The noise of the four-engine planesin constant succession is unbearable.
297
00:20:03,520 --> 00:20:07,520
And yet, Berliners refer to itas the Symphony of Freedom.
298
00:20:22,500 --> 00:20:25,500
During the winter of 1948-49,
299
00:20:25,500 --> 00:20:28,570
the planes transport closeto one million tons of coal.
300
00:20:29,520 --> 00:20:31,570
The aircraft areat the limit of their capacity,
301
00:20:31,580 --> 00:20:33,570
and the pilots are exhausted.
302
00:20:33,580 --> 00:20:35,540
(crash, explosion)
303
00:20:35,550 --> 00:20:38,540
The American and British pilotsperish in crashes.
304
00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:47,530
The Soviets concentratetheir armored divisions around Berlin.
305
00:20:52,580 --> 00:20:55,500
The threat of war is so tangible
306
00:20:55,510 --> 00:20:56,510
USSR
307
00:20:56,520 --> 00:20:57,520
that all of Europe turns to the US,
308
00:20:57,530 --> 00:20:58,540
WAR
309
00:20:58,540 --> 00:21:02,520
gearing up for a presidential electionin November 1948.
310
00:21:04,500 --> 00:21:07,490
The Republicansare historically isolationist.
311
00:21:07,550 --> 00:21:09,580
However, the Democrats' slogan is
312
00:21:10,490 --> 00:21:11,580
"Truman, the world's hope."
313
00:21:12,490 --> 00:21:13,520
(crowd cheering)
314
00:21:13,530 --> 00:21:16,560
Truman was an officeron the French front in 1918.
315
00:21:16,570 --> 00:21:18,570
He knows France well
316
00:21:18,580 --> 00:21:21,540
and cares about the fateof the Old Continent.
317
00:21:22,540 --> 00:21:26,490
He is re-electedand tells the European leaders,
318
00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:29,520
"We will continue to upholdthe peaceful principles of the UN."
319
00:21:33,530 --> 00:21:35,540
On April 4, 1949,
320
00:21:35,550 --> 00:21:39,490
12 countries sign the North Atlantic Pactin Washington.
321
00:21:41,530 --> 00:21:43,580
France, Luxembourg, Belgium,
322
00:21:44,490 --> 00:21:47,510
the Netherlands, Great Britain, Denmark,
323
00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:50,540
Norway, Italy, Portugal, Iceland,
324
00:21:50,540 --> 00:21:53,540
Canada and the United Statescommit to Article 5,
325
00:21:53,550 --> 00:21:55,490
which reads,
326
00:21:55,500 --> 00:21:58,550
"The Parties agree that an armed attackagainst any member country
327
00:21:58,560 --> 00:22:01,540
shall be considered an attackagainst all members."
328
00:22:05,550 --> 00:22:09,510
Philosopher Raymond Aron writes,
329
00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:13,540
"Without hesitation, the Western Europeanschose the American protector
330
00:22:13,540 --> 00:22:15,490
over the Soviet empire."
331
00:22:17,540 --> 00:22:21,540
This immediately provokes widespreadCommunist protests throughout Europe,
332
00:22:21,540 --> 00:22:23,490
and particularly in France,
333
00:22:23,500 --> 00:22:25,560
which becomes hometo the general staff of NATO,
334
00:22:25,570 --> 00:22:28,500
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
335
00:22:29,580 --> 00:22:31,520
and its renowned commanders,
336
00:22:31,530 --> 00:22:35,490
such as General Eisenhower,the liberator of France.
337
00:22:39,540 --> 00:22:41,560
The NATO forces settle in France,
338
00:22:41,560 --> 00:22:46,540
along with their accommodations,hospitals, schools and disposable income.
339
00:22:47,570 --> 00:22:49,580
The French actor, Gerard Depardieu,
340
00:22:49,580 --> 00:22:53,530
who grew up near the US Air Force basein Chateauroux, recalls:
341
00:22:54,500 --> 00:22:55,530
"The city was Americanized.
342
00:22:55,540 --> 00:22:59,570
Popcorn, hamburgers, peanut butter,jeans and t-shirts, strip clubs,
343
00:22:59,580 --> 00:23:02,530
soldiers in Jeeps and rock 'n' roll."
344
00:23:07,570 --> 00:23:11,560
The US Navy's powerful Sixth Fleetrules the Mediterranean,
345
00:23:11,560 --> 00:23:14,510
and its sailors invade St. Tropez.
346
00:23:16,570 --> 00:23:19,570
NATO also has bases in Italy, Turkey,
347
00:23:19,580 --> 00:23:23,520
Great Britain, and especially in Germany,
348
00:23:23,530 --> 00:23:25,490
next to the Eastern troops.
349
00:23:28,550 --> 00:23:32,540
On May 12, 1949,after an 11-month blockade,
350
00:23:32,550 --> 00:23:35,530
Stalin reopens the routes to Berlin.
351
00:23:35,540 --> 00:23:38,520
He has given into the West's determination.
352
00:23:38,580 --> 00:23:42,500
Without the atomic bomb,he cannot risk a war.
353
00:23:43,570 --> 00:23:45,570
(all cheering)
354
00:23:47,560 --> 00:23:51,560
August 29, 1949,is an important Cold War date.
355
00:23:52,540 --> 00:23:54,510
In the desert of Kazakhstan,
356
00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:56,550
the first Soviet atomic bomb is ready.
357
00:23:56,560 --> 00:23:58,570
It's a duplicate of the American bomb,
358
00:23:58,580 --> 00:24:00,580
made possible by intensive espionage.
359
00:24:04,570 --> 00:24:07,570
This marks the endof America's nuclear monopoly.
360
00:24:12,490 --> 00:24:15,540
American newspapers are the firstto reveal this nuclear test.
361
00:24:15,540 --> 00:24:16,560
The headlines read,
362
00:24:17,570 --> 00:24:19,560
"Reds exploded atom bomb!"
363
00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:27,510
Stalin had wantedto keep the public in the dark,
364
00:24:27,520 --> 00:24:30,540
because he still wants to appearto be fighting for peace.
365
00:24:30,540 --> 00:24:34,560
And he needs to buy timeuntil his atom bomb is fully operational.
366
00:24:40,580 --> 00:24:44,550
Communism continues to spreadacross one-third of the planet.
367
00:24:45,560 --> 00:24:47,520
China joins its ranks.
368
00:24:47,530 --> 00:24:49,530
(playing ceremonial music)
369
00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:57,530
Peking, October 1, 1949.
370
00:24:57,540 --> 00:25:00,560
In the Forbidden City,China's imperial palace,
371
00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:04,550
Mao Zedong becomes the masterof the world's most populated nation.
372
00:25:04,560 --> 00:25:06,580
With 600 million inhabitants.
373
00:25:07,490 --> 00:25:09,490
(speaking Mandarin)
374
00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:14,560
NARRATOR (in English): Mao establishesthe People's Republic of China.
375
00:25:14,570 --> 00:25:16,520
Over a period of 30 years,
376
00:25:16,530 --> 00:25:20,540
this totalitarian regimewill be responsible for 50 million deaths,
377
00:25:20,550 --> 00:25:22,570
through the applicationof Stalinist practices
378
00:25:22,580 --> 00:25:26,490
such as agrarian reform and famine,
379
00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:28,540
peasant revolts, repression
380
00:25:28,550 --> 00:25:31,540
and the gulags, concentration camps.
381
00:25:33,500 --> 00:25:37,490
He has been waging a brutal civil war eversince the 1920's.
382
00:25:39,580 --> 00:25:42,560
Although he was just a hounded Marxistat the time...
383
00:25:45,530 --> 00:25:48,500
he is even considered crueler than Stalin.
384
00:25:48,500 --> 00:25:50,490
Violence is the key to his power.
385
00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:54,580
He imposes on his menwhat he calls "the blood pact."
386
00:25:56,540 --> 00:25:57,580
"Everyone must participate
387
00:25:58,490 --> 00:26:00,500
in the physical destructionof class enemies.
388
00:26:01,510 --> 00:26:04,490
Everyone must have blood on their hands."
389
00:26:04,570 --> 00:26:06,490
Mao says...
390
00:26:06,560 --> 00:26:08,580
"Corpses have their use.
391
00:26:09,490 --> 00:26:11,510
They can be used to fertilize the land."
392
00:26:16,520 --> 00:26:20,560
Mao finalizes his conquest by pushingthe last anti-Communist troops
393
00:26:20,570 --> 00:26:23,490
back to the border of French Indochina.
394
00:26:36,510 --> 00:26:38,490
The French disarm them,
395
00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:41,490
in fear of being infiltratedby Mao's soldiers.
396
00:26:47,520 --> 00:26:49,510
Commander Auriol writes,
397
00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:52,530
"A surprising number of womenare pregnant.
398
00:26:53,560 --> 00:26:57,490
Handing these refugeesover to the People's Republic of China
399
00:26:57,500 --> 00:26:58,520
is out of the question.
400
00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:01,560
The only option is to keep themin camps in Indochina
401
00:27:01,570 --> 00:27:03,510
until further notice."
402
00:27:10,490 --> 00:27:11,580
The French are also concerned.
403
00:27:12,490 --> 00:27:14,520
The arrival of these 30,000 refugees
404
00:27:14,530 --> 00:27:17,500
raises the questionof Mao's army chasing after them.
405
00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:20,530
His army could join forceswith the Viet Minh
406
00:27:20,540 --> 00:27:22,530
and help it take over Indochina.
407
00:27:29,550 --> 00:27:33,540
On December 21, 1949, Mao is in Moscow,
408
00:27:33,540 --> 00:27:35,540
standing to the right of Stalin,
409
00:27:35,550 --> 00:27:38,490
who is celebrating his 70th birthday.
410
00:27:40,540 --> 00:27:42,520
Stalin is wary of him,
411
00:27:43,540 --> 00:27:46,500
as he is of all Communist leaders,
412
00:27:47,540 --> 00:27:50,560
ever since his altercationswith Yugoslav leader Tito,
413
00:27:50,570 --> 00:27:53,510
who refuses to be a satellite of the USSR.
414
00:27:59,580 --> 00:28:03,580
But Mao needs Soviet assistancefor his industry and his army.
415
00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:11,500
He has Stalin's birthdayreligiously observed in China...
416
00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:12,550
(speaks Mandarin)
417
00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:14,570
NARRATOR (in English):...as it is in all Communist countries.
418
00:28:14,580 --> 00:28:16,540
(all singing in foreign language)
419
00:28:42,520 --> 00:28:44,520
Stalin's personality cult
420
00:28:44,520 --> 00:28:47,500
extends beyond the USSR's borders.
421
00:28:48,490 --> 00:28:50,580
The French Communistscelebrate Comrade Stalin,
422
00:28:50,580 --> 00:28:53,500
a champion of peace, liberty,
423
00:28:53,510 --> 00:28:56,500
the independence of the people,and human happiness.
424
00:28:56,570 --> 00:29:00,540
The French Communist party remainsthe country's first political movement.
425
00:29:00,550 --> 00:29:04,580
Its leader, Maurice Thorez,is Stalin's tireless champion.
426
00:29:05,560 --> 00:29:07,490
(Thorez speaking French)
Long live Stalin!
427
00:29:07,500 --> 00:29:08,570
A long and glorious life
428
00:29:08,580 --> 00:29:11,520
to the leader of
the international proletariat,
429
00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:13,580
the head of the Socialist revolution,
430
00:29:13,580 --> 00:29:15,550
the liberator of the people,
431
00:29:15,560 --> 00:29:18,530
and the most avid defender
of the freedom and peace.
432
00:29:18,580 --> 00:29:20,540
We Communists,
433
00:29:20,550 --> 00:29:23,490
whom the class enemy and its agents
434
00:29:23,500 --> 00:29:26,540
try to insult by calling us "Stalinists",
435
00:29:26,550 --> 00:29:28,520
we hereby state loud and clear,
436
00:29:28,530 --> 00:29:30,540
like we did 20 years ago,
437
00:29:30,540 --> 00:29:33,580
that we are honored by the glorious title
438
00:29:34,490 --> 00:29:35,570
that we continually strive
to be worthy of.
439
00:29:35,580 --> 00:29:37,560
Yes, with all of our heart,
440
00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:41,500
we declare our fervent love for Stalin
441
00:29:41,510 --> 00:29:44,550
and we place our unwavering trust in him.
442
00:29:44,560 --> 00:29:46,540
Long live Stalin!
443
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:55,540
May our great Stalin live forever!
444
00:29:55,550 --> 00:29:56,560
Long live Communism!
445
00:29:56,570 --> 00:29:59,540
NARRATOR: Yet, Thorez had deserted in '39
446
00:29:59,540 --> 00:30:02,560
and spent five wartime yearsin the Soviet Union.
447
00:30:02,570 --> 00:30:05,560
He knows all about Stalin and the Gulags.
448
00:30:05,570 --> 00:30:07,570
(all singing in French)
449
00:30:17,500 --> 00:30:20,580
NARRATOR: But all the other brave soulsare in the dark, like this militant.
450
00:30:21,520 --> 00:30:24,510
(speaking French) I am convinced that
my children, my husband
451
00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:26,550
peace, and you, Comrade Stalin,
452
00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:29,490
are all one and the same.
453
00:30:29,500 --> 00:30:32,570
Never will the women of France
454
00:30:32,580 --> 00:30:35,540
allow their husbands and children
455
00:30:35,550 --> 00:30:38,510
to go to war against Stalin's country.
456
00:30:40,490 --> 00:30:42,500
NARRATOR (in English):"No war against Stalin!"
457
00:30:42,510 --> 00:30:43,520
To our Soviet sisters.
Never will the mothers...
458
00:30:43,530 --> 00:30:44,580
is the message the Communistsare to spread.
459
00:30:45,490 --> 00:30:46,530
...of France send their sons
to fight against the Soviet Union.
460
00:30:47,560 --> 00:30:52,560
Along with this comes the creationof a World Movement of Partisans of Peace,
461
00:30:52,560 --> 00:30:56,490
whose emblem isa dove designed by Picasso.
462
00:30:57,520 --> 00:30:58,570
This peace movement launches
463
00:30:58,580 --> 00:31:02,500
an international petitionon March 19, 1950,
464
00:31:02,540 --> 00:31:04,580
demanding a ban on nuclear weapons.
465
00:31:05,520 --> 00:31:07,530
It is known as the Stockholm Appeal.
466
00:31:07,540 --> 00:31:08,550
OUTLAW NUCLEAR WEAPONS
467
00:31:09,520 --> 00:31:13,490
250,000 people sign the petitionin just a few weeks,
468
00:31:13,550 --> 00:31:15,550
particularly in the Communist countries.
469
00:31:16,570 --> 00:31:18,530
How could one refuse to sign?
470
00:31:19,500 --> 00:31:22,490
Yet, who can verifythat Stalin upholds his commitment
471
00:31:22,500 --> 00:31:26,490
now that he has the bomband is multiplying atomic testing.
472
00:31:29,520 --> 00:31:32,580
But to the Communists,the supporters and fellow travelers,
473
00:31:32,580 --> 00:31:34,570
the Red Army saved the world,
474
00:31:34,580 --> 00:31:38,490
and Stalin embodies the quest for peace.
475
00:31:39,540 --> 00:31:41,540
(all shouting indistinctly)
476
00:31:43,560 --> 00:31:46,530
In the US,the hunt for Communist sympathizers
477
00:31:46,540 --> 00:31:48,540
in the government and film industry
478
00:31:48,550 --> 00:31:52,490
is launched by a Republican senator,Joseph McCarthy.
479
00:31:56,520 --> 00:31:58,570
The FBI succeeds in shutting down
480
00:31:58,580 --> 00:32:01,520
the extensive Soviet espionage network
481
00:32:01,530 --> 00:32:04,500
to which Juliusand Ethel Rosenberg belong.
482
00:32:05,540 --> 00:32:07,570
The couple is sent to the electric chair.
483
00:32:13,540 --> 00:32:16,490
In Europe, abstention is in fashion.
484
00:32:17,500 --> 00:32:19,530
The "good times" party is in the lead.
485
00:32:20,490 --> 00:32:22,490
People want to live their lives.
486
00:32:22,520 --> 00:32:23,570
Ignorance is bliss.
487
00:32:24,540 --> 00:32:25,560
They want to have children
488
00:32:25,570 --> 00:32:28,530
and avoid thinkingabout the dangers that lurk.
489
00:32:32,550 --> 00:32:33,580
SOLDIER: Fire!
490
00:32:37,520 --> 00:32:41,520
On June 25, 1950,war breaks out in Korea.
491
00:32:42,510 --> 00:32:46,490
For the first time, East and Westconfront each other directly.
492
00:32:46,550 --> 00:32:49,530
The Korean War claims two million lives,
493
00:32:49,540 --> 00:32:51,560
civilians and soldiers alike.
494
00:32:53,500 --> 00:32:55,500
(distant explosions)
495
00:32:56,500 --> 00:32:58,580
On this day of June 25, 1950,
496
00:32:59,490 --> 00:33:02,540
the Communist troops of North Koreacross over the 38th parallel,
497
00:33:02,550 --> 00:33:06,550
which has separated Koreainto two countries since 1945.
498
00:33:10,570 --> 00:33:13,490
In the North, the Soviet conquest
499
00:33:13,500 --> 00:33:16,500
has led to the creationof the People's Republic of Korea,
500
00:33:17,500 --> 00:33:19,580
governed de facto by General Shtykov,
501
00:33:20,580 --> 00:33:23,540
who occupied the country in 1945.
502
00:33:25,550 --> 00:33:29,520
Shtykov put a USSR-trainedKorean Communist in power,
503
00:33:29,580 --> 00:33:32,530
38-year old Kim Il-sung.
504
00:33:33,540 --> 00:33:36,570
He establisheda six-year compulsory military service.
505
00:33:37,560 --> 00:33:39,570
The country is ready for war.
506
00:33:46,580 --> 00:33:49,520
Mao Zedong, China's new ruler,
507
00:33:49,520 --> 00:33:53,490
had returned to Moscow to concludean alliance with the USSR.
508
00:34:02,580 --> 00:34:07,520
Shtykov convinces Stalin,who, fearing an international conflict,
509
00:34:07,520 --> 00:34:08,580
tends to be cautious,
510
00:34:09,490 --> 00:34:12,490
to let Kim Il-sung invade South Korea.
511
00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:20,540
South Korea's authoritarian ruleris Syngman Rhee,
512
00:34:20,550 --> 00:34:23,540
former opposition leaderagainst the Japanese,
513
00:34:23,540 --> 00:34:26,510
who had colonized Korea for many years.
514
00:34:26,520 --> 00:34:28,500
The US supports him
515
00:34:28,510 --> 00:34:30,560
but doesn't give himthe means to defend himself.
516
00:34:33,550 --> 00:34:34,560
The South Korean army
517
00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:38,490
calls for an emergency mobilizationof troops to defend Seoul.
518
00:34:38,560 --> 00:34:41,500
They are outnumberedtwo-to-one by the North,
519
00:34:41,500 --> 00:34:44,500
and are poorly armed,without armored tanks.
520
00:34:47,560 --> 00:34:51,530
Commander Paik Sun-yup and his unitare in charge of defending Seoul.
521
00:34:52,520 --> 00:34:53,530
He writes,
522
00:34:54,510 --> 00:34:56,520
"Our soldiers have never seen a tank.
523
00:34:56,520 --> 00:35:00,540
As soon as they hear the word 'tank,'they fall down in shock."
524
00:35:00,550 --> 00:35:02,550
(rumbling)
525
00:35:06,570 --> 00:35:11,520
The North Korean army,with its 150 Soviet T-34 tanks,
526
00:35:11,530 --> 00:35:14,490
one of World War II'sbest armored vehicles,
527
00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:16,560
and its 100,000 over-equipped troops,
528
00:35:16,570 --> 00:35:18,550
march into the Southern capital,
529
00:35:18,560 --> 00:35:21,510
crushing all resistance on their path.
530
00:35:25,550 --> 00:35:28,500
On June 28, 1950,
531
00:35:28,510 --> 00:35:30,540
on the morning of the third dayof the assault,
532
00:35:30,550 --> 00:35:32,530
the North Koreans enter Seoul.
533
00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:35,510
They rushinto the administrative buildings
534
00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:38,500
to stealall the confidential US documents.
535
00:35:40,570 --> 00:35:42,580
The Soviet cameramen that accompany them
536
00:35:43,490 --> 00:35:45,500
stage the discovery of this map,
537
00:35:45,500 --> 00:35:47,570
which supposedly reveals a planned attack
538
00:35:47,580 --> 00:35:49,580
on the North by the South.
539
00:35:50,490 --> 00:35:52,560
This allows the Communiststo tell the people of Seoul
540
00:35:52,560 --> 00:35:55,580
who have stayed putand are immediately mobilized,
541
00:35:56,490 --> 00:35:59,510
that the Northern attackon their city is a preventive measure
542
00:35:59,520 --> 00:36:01,530
against the "South Korean threat."
543
00:36:06,490 --> 00:36:07,510
June 1950,
544
00:36:07,520 --> 00:36:09,560
at the United Nations in New York,
545
00:36:09,570 --> 00:36:12,540
the Security Council holdsan emergency meeting.
546
00:36:13,580 --> 00:36:16,540
The Soviet delegatehas been absent for months
547
00:36:16,540 --> 00:36:20,540
in protest of America's refusalto recognize Communist China.
548
00:36:23,490 --> 00:36:27,560
The Council is able to vote a resolutionasking the US to take military action
549
00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:30,500
with their forces still based in Japan.
550
00:36:32,560 --> 00:36:34,580
These young soldiers,fulfilling their duty,
551
00:36:34,580 --> 00:36:37,570
have no idea of the hell that awaits them.
552
00:36:40,580 --> 00:36:43,500
Their commander, a historical figure,
553
00:36:43,500 --> 00:36:45,580
is the flamboyant general,Douglas MacArthur,
554
00:36:45,580 --> 00:36:48,490
the man with the corncob pipe.
555
00:36:48,500 --> 00:36:50,500
One of the great Pacific War heroes,
556
00:36:50,510 --> 00:36:52,570
he is still Commander-in-chief in Japan.
557
00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:56,520
He leaves, for Korea.
558
00:37:00,530 --> 00:37:04,550
MacArthur and his limited troopsland in Korea early July 1950,
559
00:37:04,560 --> 00:37:06,560
to block the North Koreans' route.
560
00:37:11,540 --> 00:37:13,500
With such a famous leader,
561
00:37:13,510 --> 00:37:15,560
the US troops are welcomed as saviors
562
00:37:15,570 --> 00:37:17,540
and are full of confidence.
563
00:37:20,570 --> 00:37:24,490
But these young Americansaren't given the means to fight.
564
00:37:24,530 --> 00:37:26,550
Their few tanks are in poor shape,
565
00:37:26,560 --> 00:37:29,490
and they have little ammunitionfor their cannons.
566
00:37:30,580 --> 00:37:32,560
(machine guns rattling)
567
00:37:37,510 --> 00:37:41,510
The US and South Korean troopsbacktrack toward the South, to Pusan,
568
00:37:42,530 --> 00:37:44,490
the last available port.
569
00:37:45,550 --> 00:37:49,520
The entire North Korean armyis mobilized to march on Pusan.
570
00:37:50,520 --> 00:37:52,500
The stakes are crucial.
571
00:37:53,500 --> 00:37:57,500
They will win the war if they succeedin pushing the Americans back to the sea.
572
00:38:01,510 --> 00:38:03,500
The Americans and the South Koreans,
573
00:38:03,510 --> 00:38:06,490
overwhelmed by an enemysuperior in number and arms,
574
00:38:06,540 --> 00:38:08,500
set up a defense perimeter.
575
00:38:10,580 --> 00:38:12,580
(explosions)
576
00:38:14,490 --> 00:38:15,530
(machine guns rattling)
577
00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:19,540
Throughout July 1950,
578
00:38:19,550 --> 00:38:22,520
the soldiers fighting to defendthe Pusan Perimeter
579
00:38:22,530 --> 00:38:24,490
manage to hold out,
580
00:38:24,500 --> 00:38:27,510
thanks to the uninterrupted supportof their air forces.
581
00:38:48,540 --> 00:38:52,510
The B-29's,the US Air Force's super fortresses,
582
00:38:52,520 --> 00:38:55,540
receive permission to strikebeyond the 38th parallel,
583
00:38:55,540 --> 00:38:58,490
and target North Korea's arms factories.
584
00:38:59,580 --> 00:39:02,510
(bombs whistling)
585
00:39:04,530 --> 00:39:06,530
(explosions)
586
00:39:15,540 --> 00:39:19,520
The civilians, who are collateral victimsof the bomb strikes
587
00:39:19,530 --> 00:39:21,560
and the war unleashed by their regime,
588
00:39:21,560 --> 00:39:23,530
are filmed by the Soviets,
589
00:39:23,540 --> 00:39:25,540
for their anti-American propaganda.
590
00:39:29,540 --> 00:39:31,570
You, the people's army!
Avenge us!
591
00:39:34,490 --> 00:39:38,500
Exterminate the enemy without mercy!
We are approaching Pusan!
592
00:39:41,500 --> 00:39:42,580
The arms factories aren't hit
593
00:39:43,550 --> 00:39:45,560
because most of them are underground.
594
00:39:46,550 --> 00:39:49,560
Working endless shiftsin front of Soviet machinery,
595
00:39:49,560 --> 00:39:52,540
under the portraitsof Stalin and Kim Il-sung,
596
00:39:53,490 --> 00:39:56,510
these poor womenmanufacture millions of munitions
597
00:39:56,520 --> 00:39:58,540
until they pass out from exhaustion.
598
00:40:09,490 --> 00:40:10,580
August 1950.
599
00:40:11,490 --> 00:40:14,520
The American forcesin the Pusan Perimeter are in trouble.
600
00:40:17,530 --> 00:40:19,490
They've lost many men.
601
00:40:19,530 --> 00:40:23,540
Almost 4000 are deadand 2000 are captured,
602
00:40:23,550 --> 00:40:25,580
as filmed here by the Soviets.
603
00:40:28,530 --> 00:40:29,560
On August 14,
604
00:40:30,530 --> 00:40:32,510
on Hill 303,
605
00:40:32,520 --> 00:40:35,540
45 American soldiersfrom the 5th Cavalry Regiment
606
00:40:35,540 --> 00:40:40,490
are captured and marched to a ravinewhere they are shot point-blank.
607
00:40:43,490 --> 00:40:45,500
One of these men, Corporal Day,
608
00:40:45,580 --> 00:40:50,490
has miraculously survivedand is discovered under the corpses.
609
00:40:53,540 --> 00:40:55,550
("Taps" playing)
610
00:41:00,580 --> 00:41:04,490
NARRATOR:America calls in 90,000 reservists.
611
00:41:06,510 --> 00:41:09,570
Five years after being dischargedat the end of World War II,
612
00:41:09,580 --> 00:41:13,520
these Americans,who have started families and found jobs,
613
00:41:13,530 --> 00:41:17,500
aren't so thrilled to don the uniformand go back to war.
614
00:41:18,540 --> 00:41:20,540
(explosions)
615
00:41:25,540 --> 00:41:27,520
On behalf of the United Nations,
616
00:41:27,530 --> 00:41:30,510
thousands of menland in the port of Pusan.
617
00:41:30,520 --> 00:41:33,490
Although their numbersare merely symbolic,
618
00:41:33,500 --> 00:41:34,500
there are Greeks,
619
00:41:34,500 --> 00:41:35,520
Filipinos,
620
00:41:35,530 --> 00:41:38,530
New Zealanders, British, Turks,
621
00:41:38,540 --> 00:41:40,500
and soon, the French.
622
00:41:40,550 --> 00:41:41,580
(explosions)
623
00:41:42,490 --> 00:41:43,580
America's elite, the Marine Corps,
624
00:41:44,490 --> 00:41:47,570
continues to defend Pusanthroughout August 1950.
625
00:41:48,560 --> 00:41:50,520
These Marines' and their planes,
626
00:41:50,560 --> 00:41:52,580
the famous "Black Sheep Squadron,"
627
00:41:53,510 --> 00:41:54,510
are back on the job.
628
00:41:55,520 --> 00:41:58,580
They drop canisters of jellied gasoline,better known as napalm,
629
00:41:59,490 --> 00:42:01,580
which burns everythingwithin 100 square meters.
630
00:42:14,560 --> 00:42:17,530
The surviving North Koreans are in shock.
631
00:42:17,570 --> 00:42:19,580
They are captured and humiliated.
632
00:42:31,520 --> 00:42:32,560
But the pressure is on.
633
00:42:32,560 --> 00:42:34,550
(machine guns rattling)
634
00:42:34,560 --> 00:42:36,530
Will the Americans hold out?
635
00:42:39,550 --> 00:42:44,500
What will General MacArthur do,now that he commands the UN forces?
636
00:42:53,490 --> 00:42:55,540
The President of South Korea,Syngman Rhee,
637
00:42:55,550 --> 00:42:57,570
calls upon those defending Pusan.
638
00:43:01,500 --> 00:43:02,500
He urges,
639
00:43:02,560 --> 00:43:06,520
"We will dig huge trenchesand fill them with Communists.
640
00:43:06,530 --> 00:43:07,580
Then cover them over."
641
00:43:08,490 --> 00:43:09,500
(inaudible)
642
00:43:10,570 --> 00:43:12,520
True to his word,
643
00:43:12,530 --> 00:43:14,580
he executes 100,000 suspects.
644
00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:22,570
Hatred breeds hatred...
645
00:43:24,570 --> 00:43:27,490
and strengthens Kim-Il sung
646
00:43:27,500 --> 00:43:30,490
and especiallySoviet General Shtykov's determination
647
00:43:30,500 --> 00:43:31,500
to pursue the war.
648
00:43:36,540 --> 00:43:39,540
Nothing can stop the waveof worldwide protests
649
00:43:39,540 --> 00:43:41,500
orchestrated by Stalin
650
00:43:41,510 --> 00:43:43,580
to denounce the American attack on Korea.
651
00:43:44,570 --> 00:43:47,490
Will the fear continue to escalate?
652
00:43:47,580 --> 00:43:51,520
Will China get involvedin Korea or Indochina?
653
00:43:51,580 --> 00:43:53,580
Napolean once said,
654
00:43:54,490 --> 00:43:56,540
"When China wakes,the world will tremble."
58010
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