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1
00:00:00,868 --> 00:00:03,302
-WHOA!
-NICE!
2
00:00:03,304 --> 00:00:07,306
IF WE WENT FROM THE EARTH TO
THE MOON, WHERE IS THE EVIDENCE?
3
00:00:07,308 --> 00:00:09,541
Man: WE WOULD'VE NEVER
HAVE MET KENNEDY'S DEADLINE
4
00:00:09,543 --> 00:00:12,044
OF REACHING THERE AND RETURNING
BY THE END OF THE DECADE.
5
00:00:12,046 --> 00:00:15,047
Jenkins: COULD THIS HAVE BEEN
PRODUCED IN HOLLYWOOD
6
00:00:15,049 --> 00:00:16,215
WITH SPECIAL EFFECTS?
7
00:00:16,217 --> 00:00:18,150
IN '69,
WE LANDED ON THE MOON.
8
00:00:18,152 --> 00:00:20,386
NASA STANDS FOR
"NEVER A STRAIGHT ANSWER."
9
00:00:20,388 --> 00:00:21,987
MAYBE THERE WAS NO
MOON LANDING?
10
00:00:21,989 --> 00:00:24,356
♪
11
00:00:24,358 --> 00:00:28,160
MAN: We are a go with Apollo 11.
Good luck and Godspeed.
12
00:00:28,162 --> 00:00:31,697
Narrator: JULY 20, 1969 --
13
00:00:31,699 --> 00:00:36,268
THE UNITED STATES SUCCESSFULLY
LANDS THE FIRST MAN ON THE MOON.
14
00:00:36,270 --> 00:00:38,904
ARMSTRONG:
One small step for man,
15
00:00:38,906 --> 00:00:42,674
one giant leap for mankind.
16
00:00:42,676 --> 00:00:46,311
Narrator: BUT SEEING IS NOT
ALWAYS BELIEVING.
17
00:00:46,313 --> 00:00:48,914
NOW A FORMER FBI AGENT,
18
00:00:48,916 --> 00:00:52,217
A CONSPIRACY THEORIST
AND FORMER AEROSPACE CONSULTANT,
19
00:00:52,219 --> 00:00:56,321
AND AN AMERICAN ASTRONAUT
ARE ALL ON A MISSION.
20
00:00:56,323 --> 00:00:58,957
THEY'LL QUESTION WITNESSES...
21
00:00:58,959 --> 00:01:00,793
-THAT'S THE ACTUAL REPORT?
-THAT'S IT.
22
00:01:00,795 --> 00:01:02,461
...PICK APART THE EVIDENCE...
23
00:01:02,463 --> 00:01:05,831
WHEN I SAW HIS NAME ON ONE OF
THE DOCUMENTS, I WAS SHOCKED.
24
00:01:05,833 --> 00:01:07,132
[ CROWD CHEERS ]
25
00:01:07,134 --> 00:01:09,201
Narrator: ...TEST THEORIES
WITH NEW EXPERIMENTS...
26
00:01:09,203 --> 00:01:10,269
-OH.
-OH.
27
00:01:10,271 --> 00:01:11,437
IT WAS BASICALLY A BOMB.
28
00:01:11,439 --> 00:01:12,404
...AND BUTT HEADS...
29
00:01:12,406 --> 00:01:14,039
LOOK AT THAT.
THE APOLLO LANDING SITE.
30
00:01:14,041 --> 00:01:16,608
LOOKS LIKE EVIDENCE
OF A BOULDER TO ME.
31
00:01:16,610 --> 00:01:18,577
Narrator: ...TO DETERMINE
ONCE AND FOR ALL
32
00:01:18,579 --> 00:01:21,313
IF ONE OF MANKIND'S
BIGGEST ACCOMPLISHMENTS
33
00:01:21,315 --> 00:01:23,816
EVER REALLY HAPPENED.
34
00:01:23,818 --> 00:01:25,818
HISTORY ISN'T
ALWAYS CORRECT.
35
00:01:25,820 --> 00:01:26,819
THAT'S WHAT
I'M TRYING TO SAY.
36
00:01:26,821 --> 00:01:28,120
OOH. WOW.
37
00:01:28,122 --> 00:01:29,321
AMERICA CELEBRATES
38
00:01:29,323 --> 00:01:31,123
BEING THE FIRST
TO PUT A MAN ON THE MOON...
39
00:01:31,125 --> 00:01:33,425
ARMSTRONG: We came in peace
for all mankind.
40
00:01:33,427 --> 00:01:34,827
Narrator:
...BUT CONSPIRACY THEORISTS
41
00:01:34,829 --> 00:01:37,396
ARGUE THERE'S NO WAY
IT HAPPENED.
42
00:01:37,398 --> 00:01:39,431
DUDE, SERIOUSLY,
THAT SOUNDS FISHY.
43
00:01:39,433 --> 00:01:42,401
AND THEY SAY
SCIENCE IS ON THEIR SIDE...
44
00:01:42,403 --> 00:01:44,570
DECLASSIFIED DOCUMENTS
ARE RIGHT HERE.
45
00:01:44,572 --> 00:01:47,139
...CLAIMING THAT NO HUMAN
46
00:01:47,141 --> 00:01:49,374
COULD'VE MADE IT THROUGH
THE RADIATION OF SPACE...
47
00:01:49,376 --> 00:01:50,776
MAN: Lift off on Apollo 11.
48
00:01:50,778 --> 00:01:53,212
Narrator:
...TO LAND ON THE MOON ALIVE.
49
00:01:53,214 --> 00:01:56,882
THESE TWO INTENSE BELTS
OF VERY HIGHLY CHARGED PROTONS
50
00:01:56,884 --> 00:01:58,617
ARE JUST GONNA PUT OUT
SO MUCH RADIATION
51
00:01:58,619 --> 00:02:00,786
THAT IT WOULD BASICALLY FRY
THE ASTRONAUTS INSIDE.
52
00:02:00,788 --> 00:02:02,020
[ EXPLOSION ]
53
00:02:02,022 --> 00:02:04,823
Narrator: BUT JUST HOW FAR
WOULD THE U.S. GO
54
00:02:04,825 --> 00:02:06,525
TO BEAT THE SOVIETS TO THE MOON?
55
00:02:06,527 --> 00:02:08,127
[ SPEAKING GERMAN ]
56
00:02:08,129 --> 00:02:09,495
[ CROWD CHEERS ]
57
00:02:09,497 --> 00:02:13,665
THEY BROUGHT NAZIS OVER
TO BE ABLE TO GO TO THE MOON.
58
00:02:13,667 --> 00:02:16,702
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
59
00:02:16,704 --> 00:02:19,705
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
60
00:02:19,707 --> 00:02:23,542
♪
61
00:02:23,544 --> 00:02:25,344
NOW, LOOK,
THERE'S EVIDENCE THERE.
62
00:02:25,346 --> 00:02:26,778
-LIKE?
-THE ROVER TRACKS.
63
00:02:26,780 --> 00:02:28,514
EXCUSE ME
IF I'M SKEPTICAL.
64
00:02:28,516 --> 00:02:31,316
I WAS A SPECIAL AGENT
WITH THE FBI FOR FOUR YEARS,
65
00:02:31,318 --> 00:02:33,652
BUT NO ONE KNOWS NASA
LIKE AN INSIDER.
66
00:02:33,654 --> 00:02:34,820
AS AN ASTRONAUT,
67
00:02:34,822 --> 00:02:37,489
LELAND MELVIN HAS INSIGHT
INTO NASA's CAPABILITIES
68
00:02:37,491 --> 00:02:38,824
THAT I COULD NEVER HAVE.
69
00:02:38,826 --> 00:02:41,960
I WANT TO SHOW YOU WHAT
WE'RE LOOKING AT OUT HERE.
70
00:02:41,962 --> 00:02:44,363
WE ARE FLYING ON STS-122.
71
00:02:44,365 --> 00:02:47,666
THIS IS THE TAIL
OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE ATLANTIS.
72
00:02:47,668 --> 00:02:49,768
LOOK AT THAT,
RIGHT THERE.
73
00:02:49,770 --> 00:02:51,303
I HATE CONSPIRACY THEORIES,
74
00:02:51,305 --> 00:02:53,605
AND I KNOW THAT
MIKE BARA IS A BIG PART
75
00:02:53,607 --> 00:02:55,073
OF THE CONSPIRACY COMMUNITY
76
00:02:55,075 --> 00:02:57,442
THAT CLAIM THE MOON LANDING
NEVER HAPPENED.
77
00:02:57,444 --> 00:02:59,678
THERE ARE A LOT OF PEOPLE
IN MY COMMUNITY
78
00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:01,046
WHO HIGHLY DOUBT
WHETHER OR NOT
79
00:03:01,048 --> 00:03:03,382
NASA ACTUALLY LANDED
A MAN ON THE MOON.
80
00:03:03,384 --> 00:03:06,285
Melvin: BUT HE WAS ALSO
AN AEROSPACE CONSULTANT.
81
00:03:06,287 --> 00:03:08,220
I THINK I CAN CONVINCE HIM
ONCE AND FOR ALL
82
00:03:08,222 --> 00:03:10,722
THAT THE MOON LANDING
REALLY DID HAPPEN
83
00:03:10,724 --> 00:03:13,158
LIKE WE'VE ALWAYS KNOWN
SINCE 1969.
84
00:03:13,160 --> 00:03:15,527
LET'S FACE IT. WE DON'T HAVE
ANY VISUAL EVIDENCE,
85
00:03:15,529 --> 00:03:16,595
ANY VIDEO EVIDENCE.
86
00:03:16,597 --> 00:03:18,197
COME ON.
COME ON, DUDE.
87
00:03:18,199 --> 00:03:20,532
I THINK I KNOW AS MUCH ABOUT
THE MOON LANDINGS AS ANYBODY,
88
00:03:20,534 --> 00:03:23,468
AND AT THIS POINT, I'M JUST
AS SURE I'M RIGHT AS LELAND IS.
89
00:03:25,239 --> 00:03:26,772
Jenkins: IN THE FBI,
90
00:03:26,774 --> 00:03:29,775
WE FOLLOW THE LEADS
NO MATTER WHERE THEY TAKE US,
91
00:03:29,777 --> 00:03:31,777
NO MATTER HOW UNPLEASANT
THOSE PLACES MAY BE.
92
00:03:31,779 --> 00:03:36,248
IS THERE ANY REAL EVIDENCE
THAT WE WENT TO THE MOON IN '69?
93
00:03:36,250 --> 00:03:39,284
POLLS HAVE SHOWN THAT
1 IN 20 PEOPLE DON'T BELIEVE
94
00:03:39,286 --> 00:03:41,520
THAT MAN EVER
SET FOOT ON THE MOON.
95
00:03:41,522 --> 00:03:44,256
THE MOON HOAX CONSPIRACY THEORY
IS REAL.
96
00:03:44,258 --> 00:03:46,091
IT'S A LIVING, GROWING THING.
97
00:03:46,093 --> 00:03:49,728
SO, I'VE GOT A GUY IN PORTLAND
THAT I WOULD LIKE YOU TO MEET.
98
00:03:49,730 --> 00:03:51,697
HE'S BEEN ONE OF THE PEOPLE
THAT'S BEEN QUESTIONING
99
00:03:51,699 --> 00:03:54,566
THE MOON-LANDING SCENARIO
FOR A LONG TIME,
100
00:03:54,568 --> 00:03:56,268
SO WHO WANTS
TO GO WITH ME?
101
00:03:56,270 --> 00:03:58,537
I WANT TO GO. I WANT TO HEAR
WHAT HE HAS TO SAY.
102
00:03:58,539 --> 00:04:00,539
YES, I WANT TO HEAR
WHAT HE HAS TO SAY.
103
00:04:00,541 --> 00:04:03,542
BUT I ALSO WANT TO USE
MY EXPERIENCE AND TRAINING
104
00:04:03,544 --> 00:04:06,678
TO DISPUTE WHATEVER WHACKED-OUT
CLAIMS HE HAS TO SAY.
105
00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:12,651
♪
106
00:04:12,653 --> 00:04:15,821
Bara: I'M TAKING LELAND
TO SEE CLYDE LEWIS.
107
00:04:15,823 --> 00:04:17,322
CLYDE'S A LEADING
CONSPIRACY THEORIST
108
00:04:17,324 --> 00:04:19,057
AND THE HOST OF "GROUND ZERO,"
109
00:04:19,059 --> 00:04:21,159
A NATIONALLY SYNDICATED
RADIO TALK SHOW.
110
00:04:21,161 --> 00:04:24,062
I WANT LELAND TO SEE THAT
CONSPIRACY THEORISTS AREN'T JUST
111
00:04:24,064 --> 00:04:25,597
TINFOIL-HAT-WEARING GEEKS.
112
00:04:25,599 --> 00:04:27,332
MOST ARE EXTREMELY INTELLIGENT
113
00:04:27,334 --> 00:04:29,801
AND HAVE DONE THE RESEARCH
TO INFORM THEIR OPINIONS.
114
00:04:29,803 --> 00:04:32,137
CLYDE COULD BE
A REAL EYE-OPENER FOR HIM.
115
00:04:32,139 --> 00:04:34,172
Bara: FOR YEARS,
HE'S HAD A LOT OF QUESTIONS
116
00:04:34,174 --> 00:04:35,507
ABOUT
THE MOON LANDINGS --
117
00:04:35,509 --> 00:04:36,942
YOU KNOW,
WHETHER IT REALLY HAPPENED.
118
00:04:36,944 --> 00:04:38,910
Melvin: RIGHT.
WHY WE REALLY WENT.
119
00:04:38,912 --> 00:04:40,479
Melvin: YOU KNOW,
I REALLY HATE THIS.
120
00:04:40,481 --> 00:04:43,015
HOW DO YOU TAKE VISUAL PROOF
AND SCIENTIFIC DATA
121
00:04:43,017 --> 00:04:44,616
AND JUST SAY IT NEVER HAPPENED?
122
00:04:44,618 --> 00:04:47,286
THESE CONSPIRACY THEORIES
ARE JUST CRAZY.
123
00:04:47,288 --> 00:04:49,621
HE'S A FAIRLY
GROUNDED DUDE,
124
00:04:49,623 --> 00:04:50,922
SO THAT'S WHY
I TAKE HIM SERIOUSLY.
125
00:04:50,924 --> 00:04:52,291
GROUNDED IS GOOD.
126
00:04:52,293 --> 00:04:54,926
YEAH,
WE LIKE GROUNDED, RIGHT?
127
00:04:54,928 --> 00:04:57,262
MIKE AND I HAVE
VERY DIFFERENT OPINIONS
128
00:04:57,264 --> 00:04:58,730
ON WHAT "GROUNDED" MEANS.
129
00:04:58,732 --> 00:05:00,532
THIS WILL BE
AN INTERESTING CONVERSATION.
130
00:05:00,534 --> 00:05:05,537
♪
131
00:05:05,539 --> 00:05:09,808
I'M CLYDE LEWIS,
AND THIS IS "GROUND ZERO."
132
00:05:09,810 --> 00:05:10,942
TONIGHT, A MAJOR DISCUSSION
133
00:05:10,944 --> 00:05:13,945
ABOUT PROJECT HORIZON
FROM THE 1950s.
134
00:05:13,947 --> 00:05:16,248
IT WAS A VERY AMBITIOUS EFFORT
135
00:05:16,250 --> 00:05:18,350
BY THE MILITARY
HERE IN THE UNITED STATES
136
00:05:18,352 --> 00:05:19,651
TO HAVE SPACE DOMINANCE.
137
00:05:19,653 --> 00:05:22,287
OF COURSE, THEY WANTED
TO PLANT A FLAG ON THE MOON.
138
00:05:24,291 --> 00:05:26,625
♪
139
00:05:26,627 --> 00:05:27,826
CLYDE,
HOW ARE YOU, MAN?
140
00:05:27,828 --> 00:05:28,960
GOOD TO SEE YOU,
MIKE.
141
00:05:28,962 --> 00:05:29,828
-THIS IS LELAND.
-HI, CLYDE. I'M LELAND, MAN.
142
00:05:29,830 --> 00:05:30,996
HEY, LELAND.
GOOD TO SEE YOU.
143
00:05:30,998 --> 00:05:31,830
-NICE TO MEET YOU.
-GOOD TO MEET YOU, TOO.
144
00:05:31,832 --> 00:05:32,831
YOU BET.
145
00:05:32,833 --> 00:05:33,899
Melvin: THANKS
FOR BRINGING US OVER.
146
00:05:33,901 --> 00:05:35,567
OH, IT'S GOOD
TO HAVE YOU GUYS HERE.
147
00:05:35,569 --> 00:05:37,102
THIS IS WHERE
IT ALL STARTS, SO...
148
00:05:37,104 --> 00:05:38,203
MISSION CONTROL LIKE?
149
00:05:38,205 --> 00:05:39,738
IT IS.
IT'S MISSION CONTROL.
150
00:05:39,740 --> 00:05:41,573
IT'S A LOT LIKE
WHAT YOU'RE USED TO.
151
00:05:41,575 --> 00:05:44,242
OH, YOU KNOW, A LITTLE BIT MORE
THAN WHAT I'M USED TO.
152
00:05:44,244 --> 00:05:45,310
ALRIGHT.
153
00:05:45,312 --> 00:05:47,379
I'M KNOWN AS THE GUY --
154
00:05:47,381 --> 00:05:50,716
AT TIMES, THE GUY THAT QUESTIONS
THE 1969 MOON LANDING.
155
00:05:50,718 --> 00:05:52,084
YOU KNOW,
THERE WERE THE RUMORS THAT,
156
00:05:52,086 --> 00:05:55,754
BEFORE THE MOON LANDING,
TO PUT A MOON BASE UP THERE.
157
00:05:55,756 --> 00:05:57,089
SO MILITARIZING THE MOON?
158
00:05:57,091 --> 00:05:58,523
-YEAH.
-IS THAT WHAT --
159
00:05:58,525 --> 00:06:00,859
IT WAS A MILITARY OBJECTIVE
IN THE BEGINNING
160
00:06:00,861 --> 00:06:05,630
TO HAVE AN OUTPOST ON THE MOON,
AND IT WAS CALLED HORIZON.
161
00:06:05,632 --> 00:06:08,300
IS THERE ANY -- ANY PROOF
THAT THIS HAPPENED,
162
00:06:08,302 --> 00:06:09,668
AND YOU HAVE SOMETHING?
163
00:06:09,670 --> 00:06:12,637
WELL, YEAH, I HAVE DECLASSIFIED
DOCUMENTS RIGHT HERE
164
00:06:12,639 --> 00:06:15,173
THAT SHOW THAT THE PROPOSAL
BEGAN IN THE 1950s --
165
00:06:15,175 --> 00:06:17,042
I BELIEVE 1957, 1958.
166
00:06:17,044 --> 00:06:20,045
♪
167
00:06:20,047 --> 00:06:22,447
FIRST A DREAM
OF WERNHER VON BRAUN,
168
00:06:22,449 --> 00:06:26,351
ALREADY DISCUSSED BY
THE RUSSIANS LONG BEFORE THAT.
169
00:06:26,353 --> 00:06:28,186
Bara: WERNHER VON BRAUN WAS
AN AEROSPACE ENGINEER
170
00:06:28,188 --> 00:06:30,722
WHO DESIGNED ROCKETS FOR GERMANY
DURING WORLD WAR II
171
00:06:30,724 --> 00:06:33,792
AND LATER BECAME
A PIONEER AND ARCHITECT
172
00:06:33,794 --> 00:06:36,228
OF THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM.
173
00:06:36,230 --> 00:06:39,131
Lewis:
THIS IS BEFORE KENNEDY.
174
00:06:39,133 --> 00:06:41,199
THIS WAS EVEN BEFORE
NASA WAS FORMED.
175
00:06:41,201 --> 00:06:43,435
Melvin: CLYDE IS
PRESENTING DOCUMENTATION
176
00:06:43,437 --> 00:06:45,737
FOR THE EARLIEST PLANS
OF THE MOON MISSION,
177
00:06:45,739 --> 00:06:47,139
BUT I HAVEN'T SEEN ANYTHING
178
00:06:47,141 --> 00:06:50,108
DISPROVING
THE MOON LANDING IN 1969.
179
00:06:50,110 --> 00:06:52,511
CLYDE, IF THEY'RE THIS DESPERATE
TO GET TO THE MOON
180
00:06:52,513 --> 00:06:53,712
THAT THEY WERE
WILLING TO INVEST
181
00:06:53,714 --> 00:06:55,447
THIS AMOUNT OF MONEY
AND TIME AND EFFORT,
182
00:06:55,449 --> 00:06:57,282
THEN THIS IS ACTUALLY,
YOU KNOW --
183
00:06:57,284 --> 00:06:59,017
IN SOME WAYS...
IT'S NOT PROOF.
184
00:06:59,019 --> 00:07:01,486
...IT'S A MORE AMBITIOUS PROJECT
THAN EVEN APOLLO WAS.
185
00:07:01,488 --> 00:07:04,656
WELL, THAT'S EXACTLY RIGHT.
IT WAS AN AMBITIOUS PROJECT.
186
00:07:04,658 --> 00:07:07,459
WE'RE LOOKING AT
250,000 MILES OUT.
187
00:07:07,461 --> 00:07:08,860
I THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE
DON'T UNDERSTAND THAT
188
00:07:08,862 --> 00:07:11,062
THAT'S HOW FAR THE MOON IS.
189
00:07:11,064 --> 00:07:12,330
YOU KNOW,
THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE TIME
190
00:07:12,332 --> 00:07:14,766
WAS THE SAME EQUIVALENT
AS A TOASTER OVEN --
191
00:07:14,768 --> 00:07:16,601
PRETTY, YOU KNOW, PRIMITIVE.
192
00:07:16,603 --> 00:07:19,638
I MEAN, WE HAVE MORE ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGY IN OUR CELLPHONES.
193
00:07:19,640 --> 00:07:21,440
BUT WHY DO YOU THINK
WE WERE FAKING?
194
00:07:21,442 --> 00:07:24,142
♪
195
00:07:24,144 --> 00:07:26,478
UH, P.R.
196
00:07:26,480 --> 00:07:28,947
THE RUSSIANS ACTUALLY WERE
AHEAD OF US IN THE SPACE PROGRAM
197
00:07:28,949 --> 00:07:30,816
LONG BEFORE WE LANDED
ANYTHING ON THE MOON.
198
00:07:30,818 --> 00:07:33,051
WE WERE RACING
TO THE MOON.
199
00:07:33,053 --> 00:07:34,453
WE WANTED
TO SHOW DOMINANCE.
200
00:07:34,455 --> 00:07:36,254
I MEAN, WE WERE LIKE
THE FAT KID ON THE TRACK
201
00:07:36,256 --> 00:07:38,857
LOOKING AT THE ATHLETE, GOING,
"I'M GONNA RUN A RACE.
202
00:07:38,859 --> 00:07:40,058
I'M GONNA BEAT YOU."
203
00:07:40,060 --> 00:07:41,893
"I WANT TO BE LIKE HIM."
"I WANT TO BE LIKE HIM."
204
00:07:41,895 --> 00:07:45,030
ARMSTRONG:
One giant leap for mankind.
205
00:07:45,032 --> 00:07:46,231
YOU'VE GOT TO UNDERSTAND --
206
00:07:46,233 --> 00:07:49,468
WHAT IF WE SENT
ARMSTRONG TO THE MOON,
207
00:07:49,470 --> 00:07:51,403
AND HE WALKS OFF THE LIMB
208
00:07:51,405 --> 00:07:53,972
AND IMMEDIATELY GETS SUCKED
INTO THE MOON,
209
00:07:53,974 --> 00:07:55,640
AND HE'S, LIKE,
GRASPING FOR AIR,
210
00:07:55,642 --> 00:07:57,209
AND HERE IT IS
ON NATIONAL TV.
211
00:07:57,211 --> 00:07:59,244
THEY WOULDN'T WANT THAT,
WOULD THEY?
212
00:07:59,246 --> 00:08:01,179
I'M TRYING NOT
TO LAUGH HERE.
213
00:08:01,181 --> 00:08:03,548
THIS IS A RADIO HOST
TELLING A FORMER ASTRONAUT
214
00:08:03,550 --> 00:08:06,017
THAT NASA DIDN'T HAVE SOLID DATA
215
00:08:06,019 --> 00:08:08,887
ON THE GRAVITY OF THE MOON
AND ATMOSPHERICS.
216
00:08:08,889 --> 00:08:12,424
THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT WE FIRED
THREE ASTRONAUTS INTO SPACE.
217
00:08:12,426 --> 00:08:15,460
400, 500 MILES OUT,
BEFORE THE VAN ALLEN BELT,
218
00:08:15,462 --> 00:08:16,828
THEY COULD BE ORBITING AROUND,
219
00:08:16,830 --> 00:08:20,599
WHILE DOWN ON THE PLANET,
WE HAVE A NICE STUDIO SET ASIDE
220
00:08:20,601 --> 00:08:23,068
TO KEEP THE ASTRONAUTS
FROM MAKING ANY BIG MISTAKES
221
00:08:23,070 --> 00:08:24,536
OR ANYTHING GOING ON.
222
00:08:24,538 --> 00:08:26,805
IMAGINE THIS -- THE ASTRONAUTS
ARE KIND OF ORBITING UP THERE,
223
00:08:26,807 --> 00:08:28,306
AND THEN THEY SPLASH
BACK DOWN AGAIN,
224
00:08:28,308 --> 00:08:29,674
AND NO ONE IS THE WISER.
225
00:08:29,676 --> 00:08:32,744
THEY HAD TO MAKE SURE
THEY COVERED EVERY SINGLE BASE,
226
00:08:32,746 --> 00:08:35,780
INCLUDING HAVING
A GOOD P.R. SITUATION GOING ON,
227
00:08:35,782 --> 00:08:39,818
WITH NO ONE DYING
ON THE MOON.
228
00:08:39,820 --> 00:08:43,154
FOR 24 YEARS,
I'VE WORKED FOR NASA,
229
00:08:43,156 --> 00:08:45,790
AND THROUGHOUT THE COURSE
OF THOSE 24 YEARS,
230
00:08:45,792 --> 00:08:49,027
I HAVE SEEN
THE UTMOST IN INTEGRITY,
231
00:08:49,029 --> 00:08:51,062
ESPECIALLY WITH
OUR SPACE PROGRAM.
232
00:08:51,064 --> 00:08:52,597
AND THERE'S A HUGE
P.R. MACHINE AT NASA
233
00:08:52,599 --> 00:08:53,665
TO MAKE THINGS LOOK GOOD
234
00:08:53,667 --> 00:08:55,200
FOR THE AMERICAN PUBLIC
AND EVERYTHING,
235
00:08:55,202 --> 00:08:58,503
BUT THEY HAVE SACRIFICED
THEIR FAMILIES...
236
00:08:58,505 --> 00:09:00,272
MM-HMM.
...THEIR CHILDREN...
237
00:09:00,274 --> 00:09:01,606
MM-HMM.
...EVERYTHING
238
00:09:01,608 --> 00:09:04,075
TO DO THIS THING
AS AMERICANS.
239
00:09:04,077 --> 00:09:06,111
BUT TO SAY IT DIDN'T HAPPEN,
THE '69 --
240
00:09:06,113 --> 00:09:08,246
IS THERE ANYTHING IN HISTORY
THAT YOU QUESTION?
241
00:09:08,248 --> 00:09:09,948
DO YOU BELIEVE THAT
242
00:09:09,950 --> 00:09:11,716
ALL THESE THINGS STARTED
THE WAY THEY TOLD YOU?
243
00:09:11,718 --> 00:09:12,784
DO YOU BELIEVE THAT
HISTORY TOLD YOU THE TRUTH?
244
00:09:12,786 --> 00:09:14,719
I THINK THERE'S
REVISIONIST HISTORY.
245
00:09:14,721 --> 00:09:15,954
YOU KNOW,
AND THAT'S THE THING,
246
00:09:15,956 --> 00:09:18,156
IS THAT IT'S PEOPLE
WHO MANIPULATE THE STORY,
247
00:09:18,158 --> 00:09:19,791
AND WHEN YOU QUESTION
THE MANIPULATION,
248
00:09:19,793 --> 00:09:22,694
IMMEDIATELY YOU'RE
A VILLAIN FOR DOING SO.
249
00:09:22,696 --> 00:09:25,630
NO, I'M DOING IT
BECAUSE I WANT TO BELIEVE.
250
00:09:25,632 --> 00:09:27,766
I WANT TO BELIEVE THAT
MY ASTRONAUTS DIDN'T LIE TO ME.
251
00:09:27,768 --> 00:09:30,735
IN FACT, MY HEART
TELLS ME THEY DIDN'T,
252
00:09:30,737 --> 00:09:33,939
BUT MY BRAIN IS ENGAGING NOW,
AND MY CONFUSION IS THERE.
253
00:09:33,941 --> 00:09:35,640
THERE ARE SO MANY THINGS THAT
I HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT
254
00:09:35,642 --> 00:09:36,708
THAT WHEN I QUESTION,
255
00:09:36,710 --> 00:09:38,076
IMMEDIATELY
PEOPLE GET PISSED OFF.
256
00:09:38,078 --> 00:09:39,110
NOW, WHY IS THAT?
257
00:09:39,112 --> 00:09:40,245
I THINK SOME PEOPLE
GET PISSED OFF
258
00:09:40,247 --> 00:09:42,113
BECAUSE OF
THE SACRIFICES THAT --
259
00:09:42,115 --> 00:09:44,015
WE LOST THESE LIVES.
RIGHT.
260
00:09:44,017 --> 00:09:46,851
AND THEN SOMEONE IS PISSING
OVER THE GRAVES.
261
00:09:46,853 --> 00:09:51,623
I GUESS BEING SO CLOSE TO IT
AND LISTENING TO JOHN YOUNG.
262
00:09:51,625 --> 00:09:53,959
THIS MAN
OF UTMOST INTEGRITY.
263
00:09:53,961 --> 00:09:55,126
MM-HMM.
264
00:09:55,128 --> 00:09:57,929
I WOULD WALK MY DOGS
AROUND TO HIS HOUSE,
265
00:09:57,931 --> 00:09:59,397
AND HE WOULD PET
MY DOGS ON THE HEAD,
266
00:09:59,399 --> 00:10:01,399
AND WE'D HAVE
THESE DISCUSSIONS
267
00:10:01,401 --> 00:10:03,368
ABOUT HIM WALKING
ON THE MOON.
268
00:10:03,370 --> 00:10:06,037
AND I JUST --
THERE IS NO WAY
269
00:10:06,039 --> 00:10:09,507
THAT I COULD EVER SEE
A MAN LIKE THAT LYING.
270
00:10:09,509 --> 00:10:12,077
IT HAPPENED, BUT NOT
THE WAY THEY SAID IT DID.
271
00:10:12,079 --> 00:10:13,778
SO YOU'RE CALLING
JOHN YOUNG A LIAR?
272
00:10:13,780 --> 00:10:15,213
NO, I'M NOT.
273
00:10:15,215 --> 00:10:16,581
I'M NOT.
I'M SAYING IT DIDN'T HAPPEN --
274
00:10:16,583 --> 00:10:17,582
IF YOU SAY
IT DIDN'T HAPPEN
275
00:10:17,584 --> 00:10:19,117
AND JOHN YOUNG TOLD ME
THAT IT DID --
276
00:10:19,119 --> 00:10:20,952
IT DIDN'T HAPPEN
THE WAY THEY SAID IT DID.
277
00:10:20,954 --> 00:10:22,320
HE SAID IT DID.
278
00:10:22,322 --> 00:10:23,888
IN '69,
WE LANDED ON THE MOON.
279
00:10:23,890 --> 00:10:25,624
NASA STANDS FOR
"NEVER A STRAIGHT ANSWER,"
280
00:10:25,626 --> 00:10:26,925
AND IT'S ALWAYS BEEN
THAT WAY.
281
00:10:26,927 --> 00:10:29,094
OOH. WOW.
282
00:10:29,096 --> 00:10:31,229
DON'T PUNCH HIM.
283
00:10:31,231 --> 00:10:32,897
Bara: I'M GLAD THEY STOPPED
WHEN THEY DID.
284
00:10:32,899 --> 00:10:36,067
CLYDE CLEARLY GOT UNDER HIS SKIN
AND KEPT PUSHING.
285
00:10:36,069 --> 00:10:38,570
♪
286
00:10:38,572 --> 00:10:40,505
I -- I -- YOU KNOW,
I DON'T KNOW IF YOU NOTICED,
287
00:10:40,507 --> 00:10:41,940
BUT I WAS STARTING TO GET
A LITTLE BIT UPSET BECAUSE...
288
00:10:41,942 --> 00:10:42,807
YEAH, I DID. YEAH.
289
00:10:42,809 --> 00:10:45,310
HOW DARE HE INSULT MY INTEGRITY
290
00:10:45,312 --> 00:10:48,179
AND THE INTEGRITY OF THOSE
THAT HAVE WORKED SO HARD --
291
00:10:48,181 --> 00:10:50,148
AND, ACTUALLY,
THOSE WHO HAVE DIED?
292
00:10:50,150 --> 00:10:53,385
I MET NEIL ARMSTRONG.
I KNEW BUZZ ALDRIN.
293
00:10:53,387 --> 00:10:55,887
YOU KNOW, THESE --
THESE PEOPLE ARE THESE --
294
00:10:55,889 --> 00:10:57,756
THEY'VE WORKED
THEIR BUTTS OFF.
295
00:10:57,758 --> 00:10:59,424
REGARDLESS IF IT
UPSETS LELAND OR NOT,
296
00:10:59,426 --> 00:11:03,361
I STILL QUESTION
WHETHER WE WENT TO THE MOON.
297
00:11:03,363 --> 00:11:05,797
CLYDE LEWIS REALLY
TICKED ME OFF,
298
00:11:05,799 --> 00:11:07,899
BUT HE DID HAVE
DECLASSIFIED DOCUMENTS
299
00:11:07,901 --> 00:11:09,501
BACKING UP SOME OF HIS CLAIMS.
300
00:11:09,503 --> 00:11:11,903
THAT TELLS ME THAT
THE INVESTIGATIONS
301
00:11:11,905 --> 00:11:14,239
THAT MIKE, CHAD, AND I ARE DOING
302
00:11:14,241 --> 00:11:19,444
ARE VALUABLE FOR PEOPLE ON BOTH
SIDES OF THE CONSPIRACY THEORY.
303
00:11:19,446 --> 00:11:21,846
Bara: CLYDE BROUGHT UP
WERNHER VON BRAUN.
304
00:11:21,848 --> 00:11:23,915
HE'S CENTRAL TO
A HUGE CONSPIRACY THEORY
305
00:11:23,917 --> 00:11:26,017
ABOUT THE GOVERNMENT'S
LIES AND COVER-UPS
306
00:11:26,019 --> 00:11:27,852
RELATED TO OUR RACE TO SPACE.
307
00:11:31,158 --> 00:11:34,225
I KEEP ON COMING ACROSS
SUSPICIOUS INFORMATION
308
00:11:34,227 --> 00:11:35,460
IN MY RESEARCH.
309
00:11:35,462 --> 00:11:36,961
[ SPEAKING GERMAN ]
310
00:11:36,963 --> 00:11:38,563
OPERATION: PAPERCLIP.
311
00:11:38,565 --> 00:11:40,031
[ CROWD CHEERS ]
312
00:11:40,033 --> 00:11:43,902
WHEN I SAW HIS NAME ON ONE OF
THE DOCUMENTS, I WAS SHOCKED.
313
00:11:43,904 --> 00:11:45,904
Melvin: WOULD WE HAVE
GONE TO SPACE
314
00:11:45,906 --> 00:11:48,740
WITHOUT THESE NAZI
SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS?
315
00:11:48,742 --> 00:11:56,147
♪
316
00:12:05,025 --> 00:12:11,730
♪
317
00:12:11,732 --> 00:12:13,832
Jenkins: THE CONSPIRACY THEORY
IS ALIVE AND WELL,
318
00:12:13,834 --> 00:12:15,467
AND SO IS OUR INVESTIGATION.
319
00:12:15,469 --> 00:12:16,901
♪
320
00:12:16,903 --> 00:12:20,038
I KEEP ON COMING ACROSS
SUSPICIOUS INFORMATION --
321
00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:22,240
OPERATION PAPERCLIP.
322
00:12:22,242 --> 00:12:23,675
♪
323
00:12:23,677 --> 00:12:25,744
ONE OF THE MORE
INTRIGUING STORIES
324
00:12:25,746 --> 00:12:28,580
LURKING BEHIND
THE MOON LANDING.
325
00:12:28,582 --> 00:12:31,349
APPARENTLY, A SECRET
U.S. GOVERNMENT OPERATION
326
00:12:31,351 --> 00:12:33,184
BACK IN THE 1950s
327
00:12:33,186 --> 00:12:35,153
TO BRING FORMER
NAZI SCIENTISTS...
328
00:12:35,155 --> 00:12:36,221
NAZIS?
329
00:12:36,223 --> 00:12:37,422
♪
330
00:12:37,424 --> 00:12:38,790
YES.
331
00:12:38,792 --> 00:12:42,694
...INTO THE U.S.
TO HELP START THE SPACE PROGRAM.
332
00:12:42,696 --> 00:12:44,062
AT THE START OF WORLD WAR II,
333
00:12:44,064 --> 00:12:46,898
GERMAN ENGINEERS WERE ALREADY
DEVELOPING ROCKETS
334
00:12:46,900 --> 00:12:48,366
FOR SPACE EXPLORATION,
335
00:12:48,368 --> 00:12:50,535
BUT THEN, THE COMMAND
FROM THE THIRD REICH WAS,
336
00:12:50,537 --> 00:12:52,804
"MAKE THESE ROCKETS
INTO WEAPONS."
337
00:12:52,806 --> 00:12:55,440
[ SPEAKING GERMAN ]
338
00:12:55,442 --> 00:12:59,544
THIS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE V-2 IN THE LATE 1930s.
339
00:12:59,546 --> 00:13:00,979
IT WAS A GAME CHANGER --
340
00:13:00,981 --> 00:13:04,449
THE WORLD'S FIRST LONG-RANGE
GUIDED BALLISTIC MISSILE.
341
00:13:04,451 --> 00:13:08,820
♪
342
00:13:08,822 --> 00:13:10,655
THE GERMAN ROCKETEERS
HAD LEARNED
343
00:13:10,657 --> 00:13:12,157
TO GENERATE ENOUGH THRUST
344
00:13:12,159 --> 00:13:15,193
TO DELIVER ONE-TON PAYLOADS
OF HIGH EXPLOSIVE
345
00:13:15,195 --> 00:13:18,263
200 MILES ACROSS
THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT.
346
00:13:18,265 --> 00:13:20,532
♪
347
00:13:20,534 --> 00:13:22,734
THE GERMANS WERE BUILDING
THESE ROCKET MISSILES
348
00:13:22,736 --> 00:13:24,269
AT A BREAKNECK SPEED.
349
00:13:24,271 --> 00:13:26,805
THE V-2 WAS SUCH AN EFFECTIVE
DELIVERY SYSTEM
350
00:13:26,807 --> 00:13:30,275
THAT IT PROVIDED THE BASIS FOR
THE PRESENT-DAY SCUD MISSILE.
351
00:13:31,878 --> 00:13:33,578
Bara: I 100% BELIEVE THAT
352
00:13:33,580 --> 00:13:36,948
THE U.S. WAS SO DESPERATE
TO BEAT THE SOVIETS TO THE MOON
353
00:13:36,950 --> 00:13:40,351
THAT THEY RECRUIT NAZIS TO GAIN
ACCESS TO THEIR TECHNOLOGIES.
354
00:13:40,353 --> 00:13:42,854
I'VE SEEN THE EVIDENCE
THAT PROVES THIS.
355
00:13:44,825 --> 00:13:47,325
Melvin: YOU CAN'T TELL ME
THAT OUR COUNTRY'S LEADERSHIP
356
00:13:47,327 --> 00:13:49,194
WOULD BRING IN
ACTIVE WAR CRIMINALS
357
00:13:49,196 --> 00:13:51,095
TO AID AMERICA'S RACE
TO THE MOON.
358
00:13:51,097 --> 00:13:55,166
I'VE LOCATED SOMEONE THAT
FIRST UNCOVERED THIS STORY,
359
00:13:55,168 --> 00:13:56,801
SO WE'RE GOING TO FLORIDA.
360
00:14:00,407 --> 00:14:03,474
Jenkins: WHATEVER
OPERATION PAPERCLIP WAS,
361
00:14:03,476 --> 00:14:06,845
IT INVOLVES THE EARLIEST DAYS
OF THE SPACE PROGRAM.
362
00:14:06,847 --> 00:14:08,780
WE'RE MEETING WITH
THE INVESTIGATIVE REPORTER
363
00:14:08,782 --> 00:14:10,315
WHO BROKE THE STORY
364
00:14:10,317 --> 00:14:13,785
OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT BRINGING
NAZIS INTO THE SPACE PROGRAM.
365
00:14:13,787 --> 00:14:16,654
SO WE'RE GETTING READY TO GO
TALK TO LINDA HUNT,
366
00:14:16,656 --> 00:14:18,223
FORMER REPORTER.
367
00:14:18,225 --> 00:14:20,124
-WHERE WAS SHE A REPORTER?
-CNN.
368
00:14:20,126 --> 00:14:21,526
Hunt: UNDER PAPERCLIP POLICY,
369
00:14:21,528 --> 00:14:23,428
WAR CRIMINALS AND ARDENT NAZIS
370
00:14:23,430 --> 00:14:25,230
WERE SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN
EXCLUDED.
371
00:14:25,232 --> 00:14:26,464
THIS IS DIETER GRAU,
372
00:14:26,466 --> 00:14:27,966
WHO, LIKE MOST OF THOSE
UNDER INVESTIGATION,
373
00:14:27,968 --> 00:14:29,567
LIVES IN HUNTSVILLE,
374
00:14:29,569 --> 00:14:31,870
WHERE HE WORKED FOR NASA
AS DIRECTOR OF A LAB
375
00:14:31,872 --> 00:14:33,938
AT THE MARSHALL SPACE
FLIGHT CENTER.
376
00:14:37,210 --> 00:14:39,110
Bara: I'VE KNOWN ABOUT LINDA
FOR YEARS.
377
00:14:39,112 --> 00:14:41,613
SHE'S WON AWARDS FOR
HER INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM.
378
00:14:41,615 --> 00:14:42,881
I WANT CHAD AND LELAND TO HEAR
379
00:14:42,883 --> 00:14:44,849
HOW AMERICA RECRUITED
NOT JUST GERMAN ENGINEERS,
380
00:14:44,851 --> 00:14:46,150
BUT NAZI PARTY ENGINEERS
381
00:14:46,152 --> 00:14:48,653
TO HELP GET THE U.S.
TO THE MOON.
382
00:14:48,655 --> 00:14:51,756
IF THIS IS TRUE AND THEY WERE
WORKING SIDE BY SIDE WITH NAZIS
383
00:14:51,758 --> 00:14:52,790
TO GET INTO SPACE,
384
00:14:52,792 --> 00:14:56,361
THAT CASTS A HUGE SHADOW
OVER NASA.
385
00:14:56,363 --> 00:14:58,529
-HELLO?
-HELLO.
386
00:14:58,531 --> 00:15:01,799
WE REALLY APPRECIATE YOU
BEING ABLE TO SPEAK TO US TODAY.
387
00:15:03,803 --> 00:15:05,703
WE UNDERSTAND YOU BROKE
388
00:15:05,705 --> 00:15:08,039
-THE OPERATION PAPERCLIP STORY.
-YES.
389
00:15:08,041 --> 00:15:09,774
CAN YOU SHARE A LITTLE BIT
OF HOW THAT TOOK PLACE
390
00:15:09,776 --> 00:15:11,476
AND HOW YOU BROKE THAT STORY?
391
00:15:11,478 --> 00:15:14,445
I HAD A REPUTATION
AS BEING...
392
00:15:14,447 --> 00:15:18,716
SOMEWHAT OF A TENACIOUS
JOURNALIST.
393
00:15:18,718 --> 00:15:24,255
AROUND '89, '90, I HEARD A RUMOR
THAT THEY BROUGHT NAZIS OVER
394
00:15:24,257 --> 00:15:28,526
FOR PAPERCLIP TO WORK
IN THE SPACE PROGRAM.
395
00:15:28,528 --> 00:15:31,729
IN THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES,
SOME OF THE RECORDS WERE THERE,
396
00:15:31,731 --> 00:15:34,999
SO I STARTED DECLASSIFYING
THE FILES
397
00:15:35,001 --> 00:15:37,535
OF THE GERMANS
WHO WERE BROUGHT OVER.
398
00:15:37,537 --> 00:15:39,070
♪
399
00:15:39,072 --> 00:15:42,040
IT WAS A LONG STRUGGLE.
400
00:15:42,042 --> 00:15:43,641
I MEAN, IT WAS TERRIBLE.
401
00:15:43,643 --> 00:15:46,144
SO WHAT DID YOU HAVE TO DO
TO UNCOVER ALL THE DETAILS
402
00:15:46,146 --> 00:15:47,679
ABOUT THIS PART OF IT?
403
00:15:47,681 --> 00:15:50,081
HARDCORE RESEARCH,
WHICH I LOVE.
404
00:15:50,083 --> 00:15:53,318
A LOT OF LIBRARY RESEARCH,
BACKGROUNDING,
405
00:15:53,320 --> 00:15:55,820
-AND THEN AFTER THE RECORDS.
-MM-HMM.
406
00:15:55,822 --> 00:15:58,022
HOW MANY PEOPLE
WERE BROUGHT OVER
407
00:15:58,024 --> 00:15:59,390
FOR OPERATION PAPERCLIP?
408
00:15:59,392 --> 00:16:01,159
1,500.
409
00:16:02,295 --> 00:16:04,162
1,500 PEOPLE?
410
00:16:04,164 --> 00:16:06,597
SCIENTISTS, ENGINEERS,
I MEAN...
411
00:16:06,599 --> 00:16:08,633
CHEMICAL WARFARE,
AIR FORCE.
412
00:16:08,635 --> 00:16:11,469
♪
413
00:16:11,471 --> 00:16:16,874
THE MYTH WAS THAT THESE PEOPLE
WERE CAREFULLY CHECKED...
414
00:16:16,876 --> 00:16:18,977
♪
415
00:16:18,979 --> 00:16:25,249
...AND THEY DIDN'T BRING ANY WAR
CRIMINALS OR BAD PEOPLE OVER.
416
00:16:25,251 --> 00:16:26,784
THE MINUTE I GOT
SOME OF THE RECORDS,
417
00:16:26,786 --> 00:16:30,154
IT WAS OBVIOUS THAT,
YOU KNOW, IT WASN'T TRUE.
418
00:16:30,156 --> 00:16:32,056
[ SHOUTING IN GERMAN ]
419
00:16:32,058 --> 00:16:35,059
♪
420
00:16:35,061 --> 00:16:38,363
THE RECORDS CONTAINED
BACKGROUND INVESTIGATIONS
421
00:16:38,365 --> 00:16:41,032
DONE IN GERMANY
BY ARMY INTELLIGENCE,
422
00:16:41,034 --> 00:16:44,769
WHICH REVEALED A LOT
ABOUT THEIR NAZI PAST...
423
00:16:44,771 --> 00:16:45,937
MM-HMM.
424
00:16:45,939 --> 00:16:47,305
...WHICH THEY COVERED UP.
425
00:16:47,307 --> 00:16:51,009
THEY BROUGHT NAZIS OVER
TO BE ABLE TO GO TO THE MOON.
426
00:16:51,011 --> 00:16:52,643
Crowd: SIEG HEIL!
427
00:16:52,645 --> 00:16:54,112
[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]
428
00:16:54,114 --> 00:16:57,348
Hunt: THEY BROUGHT VON BRAUN
AND A HUNDRED MORE
429
00:16:57,350 --> 00:16:59,684
TO WORK
IN THE SPACE PROGRAM.
430
00:16:59,686 --> 00:17:02,286
WHEN ALLIED FORCES CAPTURED
THE GERMANS' V-2 ROCKET COMPLEX
431
00:17:02,288 --> 00:17:03,654
IN 1944,
432
00:17:03,656 --> 00:17:06,090
VON BRAUN AND MORE THAN
A HUNDRED OF HIS TOP ENGINEERS
433
00:17:06,092 --> 00:17:09,994
HAD ALREADY WORKED OUT A DEAL
TO GET THEMSELVES TO THE U.S.
434
00:17:09,996 --> 00:17:11,429
AS PART
OF OPERATION PAPERCLIP,
435
00:17:11,431 --> 00:17:12,797
THE TEAM OF NAZI ROCKETEERS
436
00:17:12,799 --> 00:17:14,499
WAS INSTALLED
AT FORT BLISS, TEXAS,
437
00:17:14,501 --> 00:17:17,769
TO BEGIN WORK DESIGNING ROCKETS
FOR THE U.S. ARMY.
438
00:17:17,771 --> 00:17:19,704
PAPERCLIP
WAS A TOP-SECRET ENDEAVOR,
439
00:17:19,706 --> 00:17:21,639
ORCHESTRATED UNDER
THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF
440
00:17:21,641 --> 00:17:24,809
AND CARRIED OUT
BY ARMY COUNTERINTELLIGENCE.
441
00:17:24,811 --> 00:17:28,646
WERNHER VON BRAUN
WAS REALLY ADMIRED AT NASA
442
00:17:28,648 --> 00:17:32,483
FOR HIS ROLE
IN THE SPACE PROGRAM.
443
00:17:32,485 --> 00:17:36,587
WHEN I SAW HIS NAME ON ONE
OF THE DOCUMENTS, I WAS SHOCKED.
444
00:17:36,589 --> 00:17:40,658
♪
445
00:17:40,660 --> 00:17:42,460
VON BRAUN'S FILE --
446
00:17:42,462 --> 00:17:47,165
THE RECORDS THAT I GOT WERE
COPIES, BUT NOT THE ORIGINALS.
447
00:17:47,167 --> 00:17:49,400
I THINK THEY'D BEEN DESTROYED.
448
00:17:49,402 --> 00:17:52,270
WHY DO YOU THINK
THOSE RECORDS OF VON BRAUN
449
00:17:52,272 --> 00:17:54,338
WERE DESTROYED
BY OUR U.S. GOVERNMENT?
450
00:17:54,340 --> 00:17:57,041
BECAUSE THEY SHOWED
HE WAS A MEMBER OF THE SS.
451
00:17:58,678 --> 00:18:00,611
FRIGHTENING.
FRIGHTENING.
452
00:18:00,613 --> 00:18:02,613
THEY JUST COVERED IT UP.
453
00:18:13,359 --> 00:18:15,460
HE WAS A MAJOR IN THE SS.
454
00:18:15,462 --> 00:18:17,595
HOW DID
YOU FIND THAT OUT?
455
00:18:17,597 --> 00:18:19,197
I GOT A TIP.
456
00:18:19,199 --> 00:18:22,300
AND I'M ASSUMING THAT TIP WAS
WITHIN THE MILITARY, CORRECT?
457
00:18:22,302 --> 00:18:23,568
I KNOW NOTHING.
458
00:18:23,570 --> 00:18:25,670
[ LAUGHS ]
[ LAUGHS ]
459
00:18:25,672 --> 00:18:28,539
HERE'S HIS SS RECORD.
460
00:18:28,541 --> 00:18:32,643
NASA -- THE SAME AGENCY
THAT I TRAINED AND WORKED FOR
461
00:18:32,645 --> 00:18:36,447
RECRUITED NAZIS TO DEVELOP
THE VERY SAME TECHNOLOGIES
462
00:18:36,449 --> 00:18:38,716
THAT I WOULD UTILIZE
DECADES LATER.
463
00:18:38,718 --> 00:18:41,419
THIS IS TRULY DISTURBING.
464
00:18:41,421 --> 00:18:43,621
IT'S REALLY HARD
TO COME TO TERMS WITH THIS.
465
00:18:45,859 --> 00:18:47,058
WOULD WE HAVE
GONE TO SPACE
466
00:18:47,060 --> 00:18:50,261
WITHOUT THESE NAZI
SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS?
467
00:18:50,263 --> 00:18:55,967
♪
468
00:18:55,969 --> 00:18:57,935
Narrator: THE TEST RESULTS
THAT COULD DISPROVE
469
00:18:57,937 --> 00:19:01,739
EVERYTHING WE BELIEVE
ABOUT THE 1969 MOON LANDING.
470
00:19:01,741 --> 00:19:04,275
SO, THE CAPSULES WERE MADE
OUT OF ALUMINUM.
471
00:19:04,277 --> 00:19:06,878
WE'RE GOING TO SHOW
THE BLOCKING POWER OF ALUMINUM.
472
00:19:06,880 --> 00:19:08,813
♪
473
00:19:08,815 --> 00:19:09,847
-OH!
-OH!
474
00:19:21,294 --> 00:19:24,795
♪
475
00:19:24,797 --> 00:19:26,130
WOULD WE HAVE
GONE TO SPACE
476
00:19:26,132 --> 00:19:29,233
WITHOUT THESE NAZI
SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS?
477
00:19:29,235 --> 00:19:34,438
♪
478
00:19:34,440 --> 00:19:36,240
I DON'T THINK SO.
479
00:19:38,278 --> 00:19:39,610
IT'S HARD FOR ME TO SAY THAT,
480
00:19:39,612 --> 00:19:41,546
BUT I DON'T THINK SO,
TO BE HONEST.
481
00:19:41,548 --> 00:19:42,713
HMM.
482
00:19:42,715 --> 00:19:45,616
OUR PEOPLE WEREN'T TRAINED
LIKE THAT.
483
00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:49,487
THEY DIDN'T HAVE
THE EXPERTISE.
484
00:19:49,489 --> 00:19:53,257
THEY DIDN'T HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE
OR THE EXPERIENCE.
485
00:19:53,259 --> 00:19:59,564
VON BRAUN AND THE GROUP
PROVIDED A BASE OF EDUCATION
486
00:19:59,566 --> 00:20:04,202
FOR THEM TO BE ABLE
TO GO TO THE MOON.
487
00:20:04,204 --> 00:20:06,304
-IT'S A REAL DILEMMA.
-MM-HMM.
488
00:20:06,306 --> 00:20:09,140
IT'S THE END
JUSTIFIES THE MEANS.
489
00:20:09,142 --> 00:20:11,909
DO YOU THINK
THAT WAS WORTH IT?
490
00:20:11,911 --> 00:20:14,512
A SURVIVOR
OF THE CONCENTRATION CAMP --
491
00:20:14,514 --> 00:20:18,716
I ASK HIM THE QUESTION,
AND I'LL GIVE YOU HIS ANSWER.
492
00:20:18,718 --> 00:20:20,918
MM-HMM.
493
00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:25,122
MAYBE, BUT THEY SHOULD HAVE PAID
A LITTLE BIT FOR THEIR CRIME.
494
00:20:25,124 --> 00:20:34,632
♪
495
00:20:34,634 --> 00:20:36,634
Jenkins: I'LL TELL YOU WHAT,
I'M KIND OF WRESTLING
496
00:20:36,636 --> 00:20:42,073
WITH KNOWING WHAT OUR GOVERNMENT
WAS WILLING TO OVERLOOK
497
00:20:42,075 --> 00:20:43,774
IN ORDER TO MEET
ITS OBJECTIVE
498
00:20:43,776 --> 00:20:45,810
OF TRYING TO
GET TO THE MOON FIRST.
499
00:20:45,812 --> 00:20:47,278
Melvin: WELL, YEAH,
I MEAN, I WAS SURPRISED
500
00:20:47,280 --> 00:20:51,983
THAT WE'VE GOT NAZIS
HELPING US GET TO THE MOON.
501
00:20:51,985 --> 00:20:54,418
Melvin: WHAT LINDA TOLD US
WAS REALLY SHOCKING.
502
00:20:54,420 --> 00:20:57,154
I HAD NO IDEA
HOW DESPERATE WE WERE
503
00:20:57,156 --> 00:20:59,790
TO CATCH UP WITH THE SOVIETS
IN THE SPACE RACE.
504
00:20:59,792 --> 00:21:02,827
Jenkins: LESS THAN 20 YEARS
AFTER THE NUREMBERG TRIALS
505
00:21:02,829 --> 00:21:05,263
THAT SENTENCED NAZIS
TO DEATH AND IMPRISONMENT,
506
00:21:05,265 --> 00:21:08,399
OTHER KNOWN MEMBERS
OF THE NAZI PARTY AND SS
507
00:21:08,401 --> 00:21:11,535
WERE COLLECTING
GOVERNMENT PAYCHECKS FROM NASA.
508
00:21:11,537 --> 00:21:14,005
IF NASA CAN COVER UP
A SECRET THIS BIG,
509
00:21:14,007 --> 00:21:16,607
WHO KNOWS WHAT ELSE
THEY'VE HIDDEN FROM THE PUBLIC?
510
00:21:16,609 --> 00:21:18,776
WERE THEY CAPABLE
OF FAKING THE MOON LANDING
511
00:21:18,778 --> 00:21:21,512
AND KEEPING THAT HOAX
A SECRET, AS WELL?
512
00:21:21,514 --> 00:21:26,517
♪
513
00:21:26,519 --> 00:21:28,719
WHAT LINDA TOLD US
REALLY MAKES YOU BELIEVE
514
00:21:28,721 --> 00:21:31,389
THAT NASA HAS
SOME DARK SECRETS.
515
00:21:32,825 --> 00:21:34,458
Bara: THIS IS WHY
CONSPIRACY THEORISTS THINK
516
00:21:34,460 --> 00:21:38,095
NASA's BEEN FEEDING US
A LITANY OF LIES FOR DECADES.
517
00:21:40,300 --> 00:21:43,134
LOOK, EVEN IF TRUE
THAT WE USED FORMER NAZIS,
518
00:21:43,136 --> 00:21:44,835
IT IS SO DISTURBING,
519
00:21:44,837 --> 00:21:47,638
BUT IT DOESN'T MEAN
THAT WE DIDN'T GO TO THE MOON.
520
00:21:47,640 --> 00:21:49,640
I'M GONNA CALL B.S.
521
00:21:49,642 --> 00:21:52,143
WHAT IT SHOWS IS THAT AMERICA
IS WILLING TO LIE
522
00:21:52,145 --> 00:21:53,711
ABOUT THINGS
THAT IT'S ASHAMED OF,
523
00:21:53,713 --> 00:21:55,713
AND LETTING DOWN
THE LATE JFK's PROMISE
524
00:21:55,715 --> 00:21:59,150
TO GET TO THE MOON
SEEMS PRETTY SHAMEFUL TO ME.
525
00:21:59,152 --> 00:22:01,686
WHEN VON BRAUN TRANSFERRED
TO NASA IN 1960,
526
00:22:01,688 --> 00:22:02,987
HE MADE ACQUAINTANCE
527
00:22:02,989 --> 00:22:05,256
WITH FRIEND AND COLLEAGUE
JAMES VAN ALLEN.
528
00:22:05,258 --> 00:22:07,825
♪
529
00:22:07,827 --> 00:22:10,027
IN 1958, JAMES VAN ALLEN,
530
00:22:10,029 --> 00:22:12,596
ANALYZING DATA
FROM SATELLITE MISSIONS,
531
00:22:12,598 --> 00:22:15,533
DISCOVERED TWO ENORMOUS BELTS
OF HIGH RADIATION
532
00:22:15,535 --> 00:22:16,767
SURROUNDING THE PLANET,
533
00:22:16,769 --> 00:22:19,737
TRAPPED IN PLACE
BY EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD.
534
00:22:19,739 --> 00:22:20,905
♪
535
00:22:20,907 --> 00:22:23,174
AND THESE VAN ALLEN BELTS
ARE THE FOUNDATION
536
00:22:23,176 --> 00:22:25,776
OF ANOTHER
MAJOR CONSPIRACY THEORY.
537
00:22:25,778 --> 00:22:29,246
LOOK, IF NASA WAS WILLING
TO WORK WITH OUR FORMER ENEMIES,
538
00:22:29,248 --> 00:22:33,617
THE GERMANS, SOME OF WHOM MAY
HAVE EVEN BEEN WAR CRIMINALS,
539
00:22:33,619 --> 00:22:35,586
IT SEEMS TO ME THAT IT WOULDN'T
BE THAT MUCH OF A STRETCH
540
00:22:35,588 --> 00:22:37,722
TO ASSUME THAT THEY WERE
WILLING TO TAKE BIG RISKS
541
00:22:37,724 --> 00:22:39,990
WITH THE ASTRONAUTS
BEING IRRADIATED
542
00:22:39,992 --> 00:22:42,026
BY THE VAN ALLEN BELTS.
543
00:22:42,028 --> 00:22:44,695
♪
544
00:22:44,697 --> 00:22:47,164
Announcer: WILL A COMBINATION
OF RADIATION AND WEIGHTLESSNESS
545
00:22:47,166 --> 00:22:50,668
BE A HAZARD ON LONG-DURATION
MANNED SPACE FLIGHTS?
546
00:22:50,670 --> 00:22:53,003
Jenkins: THE STRENGTH OF
THE RADIATION IS SO POWERFUL,
547
00:22:53,005 --> 00:22:57,007
SCIENTISTS AT FIRST THOUGHT THEY
RECORDED A SOVIET NUCLEAR TEST.
548
00:22:57,009 --> 00:22:59,143
THESE BELTS WERE
A HUGE POTENTIAL THREAT
549
00:22:59,145 --> 00:23:00,478
TO OUR ASTRONAUTS.
550
00:23:00,480 --> 00:23:02,480
THE INTENSE RADIATION
COULD'VE SHOT THROUGH THEM
551
00:23:02,482 --> 00:23:04,014
LIKE AN ATOMIC CANNONBALL,
552
00:23:04,016 --> 00:23:06,951
CAUSING LETHAL
GENETIC BREAKDOWN.
553
00:23:06,953 --> 00:23:08,819
Bara: RADIOACTIVITY
IS MEASURED IN RADS.
554
00:23:08,821 --> 00:23:10,955
300 RADS CAN BE A LETHAL DOES.
555
00:23:10,957 --> 00:23:12,356
THE VAN ALLEN BELT
HAS BEEN GAUGED
556
00:23:12,358 --> 00:23:14,725
AT THOUSANDS AND THOUSANDS
OF RADS.
557
00:23:14,727 --> 00:23:17,828
THE THREAT THAT IT PRESENTS
IS VERY REAL.
558
00:23:17,830 --> 00:23:19,597
THIS IS NOT X-RAY-LEVEL
RADIATION.
559
00:23:19,599 --> 00:23:21,966
THE AMOUNT OF RADIATION
IN THOSE BELTS WOULD BURN SKIN,
560
00:23:21,968 --> 00:23:23,300
MELT BONES,
561
00:23:23,302 --> 00:23:27,037
AND VOID THE HUMAN DNA STRUCTURE
OF THOSE ASTRONAUTS.
562
00:23:27,039 --> 00:23:28,372
Melvin:
THE INNER VAN ALLEN BELT,
563
00:23:28,374 --> 00:23:31,475
AT AN ALTITUDE ROUGHLY 600 MILES
ABOVE THE EARTH,
564
00:23:31,477 --> 00:23:33,978
HAS A LOT OF REALLY
DANGEROUS PROTON PARTICLES --
565
00:23:33,980 --> 00:23:35,579
FLUX ALPHA PARTICLES.
566
00:23:35,581 --> 00:23:40,584
BUT THE OUTER BELT, FROM 8,400
TO 36,000 MILES IN SPACE,
567
00:23:40,586 --> 00:23:42,052
IS POSSIBLY DEADLIER.
568
00:23:42,054 --> 00:23:45,356
WITH AN EXTREMELY HIGH FLUX
OF ELECTRONS, OR BETA PARTICLES,
569
00:23:45,358 --> 00:23:47,658
THIS IS THE SUBATOMIC RADIATION
570
00:23:47,660 --> 00:23:49,527
THAT PENETRATES SKIN
AND BODY TISSUE.
571
00:23:49,529 --> 00:23:51,028
♪
572
00:23:51,030 --> 00:23:52,897
Bara: IT WAS ONLY RECENTLY
THAT SCIENTISTS DISCOVERED
573
00:23:52,899 --> 00:23:54,965
THAT THERE WAS LESS RADIATION
THAN IMAGINED
574
00:23:54,967 --> 00:23:56,901
IN CERTAIN PARTS
OF THE VAN ALLEN BELTS.
575
00:23:56,903 --> 00:23:59,637
IN THE 1960s, WHAT COULD
POSSIBLY MAKE NASA THINK
576
00:23:59,639 --> 00:24:01,138
THEY COULD ROCKET THROUGH THEM?
577
00:24:01,140 --> 00:24:03,007
THE ALTERNATIVE --
IF THEY DECIDED
578
00:24:03,009 --> 00:24:06,076
THAT THAT RISK WASN'T WORTH IT,
579
00:24:06,078 --> 00:24:08,846
MAYBE THEY WOULD MAKE
ANOTHER CHOICE.
580
00:24:08,848 --> 00:24:12,650
MAYBE THEY WOULD CHOOSE
NOT TO GO AT ALL.
581
00:24:12,652 --> 00:24:14,452
THE PRIMARY CONSPIRACY THEORY
IS THAT
582
00:24:14,454 --> 00:24:16,787
NEIL ARMSTRONG, BUZZ ALDRIN,
AND MIKE COLLINS
583
00:24:16,789 --> 00:24:19,123
CIRCLED THE PLANET
IN A LOW-EARTH ORBIT
584
00:24:19,125 --> 00:24:21,358
WHILE A STAGED
MOON-LANDING FILM AIRED,
585
00:24:21,360 --> 00:24:24,995
AND THEN THEY SPLASHED
BACK DOWN TO EARTH AFTERWARDS.
586
00:24:24,997 --> 00:24:28,833
MAYBE WE NEVER WENT
THROUGH THE VAN ALLEN BELTS.
587
00:24:28,835 --> 00:24:31,836
MAYBE THERE WAS
NO MOON LANDING.
588
00:24:31,838 --> 00:24:33,704
WE NEED TO SOLVE
THIS MYSTERY.
589
00:24:33,706 --> 00:24:40,010
♪
590
00:24:40,012 --> 00:24:43,180
OUR TEAM IS GOING TO SEE
THE APOLLO 11 CAPSULE
591
00:24:43,182 --> 00:24:45,282
AND INVESTIGATE
WHETHER ITS CONSTRUCTION
592
00:24:45,284 --> 00:24:46,517
IS SUBSTANTIAL ENOUGH
593
00:24:46,519 --> 00:24:49,086
TO HAVE SURVIVED
VAN ALLEN BELT RADIATION.
594
00:24:49,088 --> 00:24:50,654
IF IT IS, THAT COULD HELP PROVE
595
00:24:50,656 --> 00:24:52,323
THAT THE CRAFT
MADE IT THROUGH THE BELTS,
596
00:24:52,325 --> 00:24:53,824
PROTECTING THE ASTRONAUTS,
597
00:24:53,826 --> 00:24:56,961
AND EVEN GETTING THEM
ALL THE WAY TO THE MOON.
598
00:24:56,963 --> 00:25:00,531
Melvin: THE ENGINEERS AT NASA
KNOW EXACTLY WHAT THEY'RE DOING.
599
00:25:00,533 --> 00:25:03,167
ON EARTH, THE ATMOSPHERE
AND MAGNETIC FIELD
600
00:25:03,169 --> 00:25:04,835
CAN PROTECT US
FROM SPACE RADIATION,
601
00:25:04,837 --> 00:25:08,105
BUT ALUMINUM AND OTHER MATERIALS
USED IN THOSE SPACECRAFT
602
00:25:08,107 --> 00:25:10,541
WERE ABLE TO ABSORB
A LOT OF THAT RADIATION.
603
00:25:10,543 --> 00:25:12,276
THAT PROTECTION
IS WHAT SOME QUESTION.
604
00:25:12,278 --> 00:25:13,711
Melvin: MM-HMM.
605
00:25:13,713 --> 00:25:15,079
SO THAT'S WHY WE'RE HERE
IN SEATTLE.
606
00:25:15,081 --> 00:25:16,714
WE ACTUALLY HAVE
THE OPPORTUNITY
607
00:25:16,716 --> 00:25:20,484
TO GET EYES ON
A REALLY UNIQUE ARTIFACT.
608
00:25:20,486 --> 00:25:21,719
Jenkins: TO CELEBRATE
609
00:25:21,721 --> 00:25:23,587
THE 50th ANNIVERSARY
OF THE MOON LANDING,
610
00:25:23,589 --> 00:25:26,924
THE ACTUAL APOLLO 11 CAPSULE
IS TOURING THE COUNTRY.
611
00:25:26,926 --> 00:25:28,025
THAT'S THE CAPSULE THAT
612
00:25:28,027 --> 00:25:30,494
NEIL, BUZZ, AND MICHAEL
FLEW HOME IN.
613
00:25:30,496 --> 00:25:31,595
[ BEEPS ]
614
00:25:31,597 --> 00:25:33,364
MAN: Roger,
we got you coming home.
615
00:25:33,366 --> 00:25:36,066
♪
616
00:25:36,068 --> 00:25:38,068
-SO, LET'S GO SEE THE CASTLE.
-LET'S GO SEE...
617
00:25:38,070 --> 00:25:39,436
THAT IS AWESOME.
618
00:25:39,438 --> 00:25:44,041
♪
619
00:25:52,985 --> 00:25:55,119
♪
620
00:25:55,121 --> 00:25:56,554
WE ACTUALLY HAVE
THE OPPORTUNITY
621
00:25:56,556 --> 00:26:00,858
TO GET EYES ON
A REALLY UNIQUE ARTIFACT.
622
00:26:00,860 --> 00:26:02,326
BRING IT.
623
00:26:02,328 --> 00:26:04,461
♪
624
00:26:04,463 --> 00:26:06,830
Melvin:
I HAVE NEVER SEEN THE CAPSULE.
625
00:26:06,832 --> 00:26:08,699
THIS MAKES ME REALLY EXCITED.
626
00:26:10,136 --> 00:26:13,604
I HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO DOUBT
THAT THE ENGINEERS AT NASA
627
00:26:13,606 --> 00:26:17,007
RESEARCHED AND TESTED
AND TESTED AGAIN
628
00:26:17,009 --> 00:26:19,510
AND GOT THIS DESIGN
EXACTLY RIGHT.
629
00:26:22,214 --> 00:26:24,381
Bara: CHAD HAS ARRANGED FOR US
TO SCAN THE APOLLO CAPSULE
630
00:26:24,383 --> 00:26:27,051
TO FIND OUT JUST HOW PROTECTED
THE ASTRONAUTS WERE
631
00:26:27,053 --> 00:26:28,686
WHEN THEY TRAVELED
THROUGH THE RADIATION
632
00:26:28,688 --> 00:26:30,120
OF THE VAN ALLEN BELTS.
633
00:26:30,122 --> 00:26:31,755
-THIS IS PRETTY COOL.
-THIS IS REALLY COOL.
634
00:26:31,757 --> 00:26:33,257
-"DESTINATION MOON."
-LOOK AT THAT.
635
00:26:33,259 --> 00:26:35,426
THEY GOT AN SR-71
AND EVERYTHING.
636
00:26:35,428 --> 00:26:39,496
WE'RE INVESTIGATING THE CLAIM
THAT RADIOACTIVITY IN SPACE
637
00:26:39,498 --> 00:26:42,766
MADE IT TOO DANGEROUS
TO SEND ASTRONAUTS TO THE MOON.
638
00:26:42,768 --> 00:26:44,301
WELL, YEAH, I MEAN,
THE ARGUMENT IS THAT,
639
00:26:44,303 --> 00:26:45,636
IF WE REALLY WENT
TO THE MOON,
640
00:26:45,638 --> 00:26:47,938
YOU WOULD REQUIRE SO MUCH
SHIELDING THAT, BASICALLY,
641
00:26:47,940 --> 00:26:49,840
THE SPACECRAFT WOULD BE
TOO HEAVY TO GET OFF THE GROUND.
642
00:26:49,842 --> 00:26:51,408
YOU'D NEVER GET TO THE MOON
AND GET BACK
643
00:26:51,410 --> 00:26:52,676
BECAUSE YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT
644
00:26:52,678 --> 00:26:54,912
THESE TWO VERY,
VERY INTENSE BELTS
645
00:26:54,914 --> 00:26:56,847
OF VERY HIGHLY CHARGED
PROTONS
646
00:26:56,849 --> 00:26:58,749
THAT ARE JUST GONNA PUT OUT
SO MUCH RADIATION
647
00:26:58,751 --> 00:27:01,318
THAT IT WOULD BASICALLY
FRY THE ASTRONAUTS INSIDE,
648
00:27:01,320 --> 00:27:02,886
AND THE ARGUMENT IS
THAT YOU WOULD NEED, LIKE,
649
00:27:02,888 --> 00:27:04,655
UP TO A FOOT
OF LEAD SHIELDING.
650
00:27:04,657 --> 00:27:07,691
SO, I'M WILLING
TO INVESTIGATE THIS,
651
00:27:07,693 --> 00:27:09,259
BUT, DUDE, YOU KNOW
I'VE BEEN TO SPACE, RIGHT?
652
00:27:09,261 --> 00:27:10,427
RIGHT.
BUT IN LOW-EARTH ORBIT.
653
00:27:10,429 --> 00:27:11,495
YOU DIDN'T GO THROUGH
THE VAN ALLEN BELT.
654
00:27:11,497 --> 00:27:12,496
BUT YOU'RE GONNA HAVE TO
CONVINCE ME OF THIS.
655
00:27:12,498 --> 00:27:13,497
-OKAY.
-OKAY?
656
00:27:13,499 --> 00:27:14,498
YEAH, AND THAT'S WHY
WE'RE HERE.
657
00:27:14,500 --> 00:27:15,499
LET'S GO TAKE A LOOK
AT THE CAPSULE.
658
00:27:15,501 --> 00:27:16,367
LET'S FIND OUT.
659
00:27:16,369 --> 00:27:17,935
-ALRIGHT.
-OKAY.
660
00:27:17,937 --> 00:27:21,238
♪
661
00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:23,040
SO, THERE IT IS.
662
00:27:23,042 --> 00:27:24,708
THAT IS AWESOME.
663
00:27:24,710 --> 00:27:28,178
[ BREATHES DEEPLY ]
664
00:27:28,180 --> 00:27:31,148
TO THINK THREE ASTRONAUTS
TRAVELED TO THE MOON AND BACK
665
00:27:31,150 --> 00:27:32,850
IN THAT TINY CAPSULE,
666
00:27:32,852 --> 00:27:35,753
SETTING IN MOTION ALL THE EVENTS
THAT WOULD COME NEXT
667
00:27:35,755 --> 00:27:37,421
AND CHANGE MY LIFE.
668
00:27:37,423 --> 00:27:39,556
♪
669
00:27:39,558 --> 00:27:42,393
THIS COMMAND MODULE
WAS DEVELOPED AND BUILT FOR NASA
670
00:27:42,395 --> 00:27:45,663
TO BE THE MOTHERSHIP
OF THE APOLLO 11 SPACECRAFT.
671
00:27:45,665 --> 00:27:47,398
MAN:
Ignition sequence started.
672
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,701
THE 13,000-POUND CAPSULE
IS ABOUT 10 FEET HIGH
673
00:27:50,703 --> 00:27:53,671
AND LESS THAN 13 FEET
AT ITS MAXIMUM DIAMETER --
674
00:27:53,673 --> 00:27:55,105
AN INCREDIBLY TIGHT SPACE
675
00:27:55,107 --> 00:27:59,343
FOR THREE MEN TO LIVE AND WORK
FOR EIGHT DAYS.
676
00:27:59,345 --> 00:28:04,314
IN TOTAL, ITS PANELS HAVE
24 INSTRUMENTS, 566 SWITCHES,
677
00:28:04,316 --> 00:28:07,484
40 EVENT INDICATORS,
AND 71 LIGHTS.
678
00:28:07,486 --> 00:28:09,286
DUKE: Hello, Apollo 11.
Houston.
679
00:28:09,288 --> 00:28:10,487
How did it go?
Over.
680
00:28:10,489 --> 00:28:12,790
COLLINS: Time to open up
the LRL doors, Charlie.
681
00:28:12,792 --> 00:28:15,359
LEARNING FROM THE TRAGEDY
OF THE APOLLO 1 FIRE,
682
00:28:15,361 --> 00:28:17,628
NASA HAD THIS MODULE DESIGNED
WITH A HATCH
683
00:28:17,630 --> 00:28:19,930
THAT COULD OPEN OUTWARD
IN FIVE SECONDS.
684
00:28:19,932 --> 00:28:23,200
EARLIER DESIGNS COULD TAKE
UP TO 90 SECONDS TO OPEN.
685
00:28:25,304 --> 00:28:28,338
THE CAPSULE IS CONSTRUCTED
OF A STAINLESS-STEEL OUTER SHELL
686
00:28:28,340 --> 00:28:30,340
SURROUNDING
AN INNER SHELL OF ALUMINUM,
687
00:28:30,342 --> 00:28:33,677
SEVERAL INCHES OF
FIBERGLASS INSULATION BETWEEN.
688
00:28:33,679 --> 00:28:37,915
SINCE THE 5,000-DEGREE HEAT OF
RE-ENTRY COULD MELT MOST METALS,
689
00:28:37,917 --> 00:28:40,350
THE OUTER SHELL
ALSO HAD A RESIN SHIELD
690
00:28:40,352 --> 00:28:42,252
DESIGNED TO CHAR
AND MELT OFF,
691
00:28:42,254 --> 00:28:46,123
ABSORBING AND CARRYING AWAY MUCH
OF THAT HEAT IN THE PROCESS...
692
00:28:46,125 --> 00:28:48,659
MAN:
Roger, we got you coming home.
693
00:28:48,661 --> 00:28:52,129
Melvin: ...BEFORE SPLASHING DOWN
IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
694
00:28:52,131 --> 00:28:53,897
SO, YOU KNOW,
NOBODY DISPUTES
695
00:28:53,899 --> 00:28:55,365
THAT THIS SPACECRAFT
WENT TO SPACE.
696
00:28:55,367 --> 00:28:57,434
WHAT THEY DISPUTE IS WHETHER
IT WENT TO THE MOON AND BACK,
697
00:28:57,436 --> 00:28:58,535
WHETHER IT COULD'VE SURVIVED
698
00:28:58,537 --> 00:29:00,738
THE RADIATION ENVIRONMENT
IN SPACE.
699
00:29:00,740 --> 00:29:02,139
WE'RE GONNA PROVE THAT.
700
00:29:02,141 --> 00:29:04,908
WHILE I HAVE MY SUSPICIONS,
THIS IS STILL REALLY COOL --
701
00:29:04,910 --> 00:29:06,677
THE CAPSULE
THAT ACTUALLY TOOK
702
00:29:06,679 --> 00:29:09,646
NEIL, MIKE, AND BUZZ
TO SPACE,
703
00:29:09,648 --> 00:29:11,515
AND, POSSIBLY, TO THE MOON.
704
00:29:11,517 --> 00:29:13,617
BECAUSE WE'RE NOT ALLOWED
TO TOUCH IT,
705
00:29:13,619 --> 00:29:17,154
LET ALONE GET INSIDE THE CAPSULE
TO SEE HOW THICK IT IS,
706
00:29:17,156 --> 00:29:19,123
I'VE ARRANGED
FOR A TEAM TO COME OVER.
707
00:29:19,125 --> 00:29:21,859
WE'LL BE ABLE TO SEE HOW MUCH
SHIELDING EXISTS
708
00:29:21,861 --> 00:29:23,160
INSIDE THE CAPSULE.
709
00:29:23,162 --> 00:29:25,729
WHENEVER I NEED HIGH-TECH GEAR
FOR INVESTIGATIONS,
710
00:29:25,731 --> 00:29:28,866
I CALL IN SPECIALISTS
LIKE DARRYN MacDOUGALL.
711
00:29:28,868 --> 00:29:30,601
SINCE WE'RE NOT ALLOWED
TO TOUCH IT,
712
00:29:30,603 --> 00:29:33,270
DARRYN'S LIDAR SCANNER
CAN COMPUTE THE THICKNESS
713
00:29:33,272 --> 00:29:34,838
OF THE CAPSULE WALLS FOR US.
714
00:29:34,840 --> 00:29:35,906
HERE'S DARRYN
WITH THE SCANNER.
715
00:29:35,908 --> 00:29:37,274
-HOW YOU DOING?
-GOOD. HOW ARE YOU?
716
00:29:37,276 --> 00:29:38,509
GOOD TO SEE YOU.
717
00:29:38,511 --> 00:29:40,177
WE'RE REALLY EXCITED
YOU HAVE THE SCANNER HERE.
718
00:29:40,179 --> 00:29:41,578
CAN YOU TELL US
A LITTLE BIT ABOUT IT
719
00:29:41,580 --> 00:29:43,280
AND HOW IT ACTUALLY WORKS?
SURE.
720
00:29:43,282 --> 00:29:46,517
IT'S A LIDAR SCANNER --
LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING.
721
00:29:46,519 --> 00:29:48,852
IT'S GONNA TAKE POSITIONS
AROUND HERE,
722
00:29:48,854 --> 00:29:52,156
AND IT'S GONNA ACTUALLY CREATE
A 3-D MODEL ON A COMPUTER.
723
00:29:52,158 --> 00:29:54,992
ALRIGHT, WONDERFUL.
WELL, LET'S SEE IT GO TO USE.
724
00:29:54,994 --> 00:29:56,527
♪
725
00:29:56,529 --> 00:29:58,128
Jenkins:
LIDAR'S THE SAME TECHNOLOGY
726
00:29:58,130 --> 00:30:00,397
USED IN LASER GUIDANCE,
ARCHAEOLOGY,
727
00:30:00,399 --> 00:30:03,367
HIGH-RES MAP MAKING,
AND IN DRIVERLESS CARS.
728
00:30:03,369 --> 00:30:05,335
-SOME LIGHT.
-SURE.
729
00:30:05,337 --> 00:30:06,804
[ WHIRRING ]
730
00:30:06,806 --> 00:30:09,139
THE FOOTAGE WILL GET
AN EXACT READ
731
00:30:09,141 --> 00:30:11,341
ON JUST HOW PROTECTED
THE ASTRONAUTS WERE
732
00:30:11,343 --> 00:30:13,911
WHEN TRAVELING
THROUGH THE VAN ALLEN BELTS.
733
00:30:13,913 --> 00:30:16,613
Melvin: NON-CONTACTING,
NON-DESTRUCTIVE,
734
00:30:16,615 --> 00:30:18,282
BUT CAN GET OUT INFORMATION
735
00:30:18,284 --> 00:30:20,584
THAT'S GONNA MAYBE HELP US
SOLVE THIS MYSTERY.
736
00:30:20,586 --> 00:30:21,752
YEAH.
737
00:30:21,754 --> 00:30:23,287
Bara: JUST LOOKING AT IT,
IT DOESN'T LOOK LIKE
738
00:30:23,289 --> 00:30:24,521
THERE'S THE LEAD
I THINK IT WOULD NEED
739
00:30:24,523 --> 00:30:26,323
TO PASS THROUGH
THE VAN ALLEN BELTS.
740
00:30:26,325 --> 00:30:27,991
Jenkins: WE'RE GONNA HEAD BACK
TO THE SITUATION ROOM
741
00:30:27,993 --> 00:30:29,927
AND ANALYZE THE RESULTS.
742
00:30:29,929 --> 00:30:33,897
♪
743
00:30:33,899 --> 00:30:36,967
Jenkins: IT HINGES ON WHETHER
THERE WAS ENOUGH PROTECTION
744
00:30:36,969 --> 00:30:38,869
TO SAFEGUARD THE ASTRONAUTS,
745
00:30:38,871 --> 00:30:41,238
AND THAT'S ACTUALLY
SOMETHING WE CAN TEST.
746
00:30:41,240 --> 00:30:43,240
THAT HAS
RADIOACTIVE STICKERS.
747
00:30:43,242 --> 00:30:44,775
HOW DANGEROUS IS THAT
RIGHT NOW?
748
00:30:44,777 --> 00:30:47,010
[ BEEPING, TONE PLAYS ]
749
00:30:58,190 --> 00:31:03,026
♪
750
00:31:03,028 --> 00:31:06,530
I GOT TO TELL YOU,
THE OUTER SKIN WAS SO RAVAGED
751
00:31:06,532 --> 00:31:07,531
BY THE RETURN BURN
752
00:31:07,533 --> 00:31:09,533
INTO THE EARTH'S
ATMOSPHERE,
753
00:31:09,535 --> 00:31:10,868
I WAS PRETTY SHOCKED.
754
00:31:10,870 --> 00:31:13,370
I FEEL LIKE,
GIVEN THE RADIATION OUT THERE,
755
00:31:13,372 --> 00:31:15,072
THERE NEEDS TO BE
AT LEAST A FOOT OF LEAD
756
00:31:15,074 --> 00:31:16,273
MAKING UP THE CAPSULE WALLS
757
00:31:16,275 --> 00:31:18,141
TO PROTECT THE ASTRONAUTS.
758
00:31:18,143 --> 00:31:20,410
YOU KNOW, I REMEMBER THOSE
RETURNS ON THE SPACE SHUTTLE,
759
00:31:20,412 --> 00:31:24,047
TRAVELING
AT 17,500 MILES PER HOUR.
760
00:31:24,049 --> 00:31:25,983
RE-ENTERING THE ATMOSPHERE,
THAT SHUTTLE HEATED UP
761
00:31:25,985 --> 00:31:28,518
TO 3,000 DEGREES
FAHRENHEIT.
762
00:31:28,520 --> 00:31:30,520
YEAH, YOU KNOW, RE-ENTRY'S
CHALLENGING FOR ANY SPACECRAFT.
763
00:31:30,522 --> 00:31:33,123
THERE'S NO QUESTION ABOUT THAT,
BUT THE REAL ISSUE HERE
764
00:31:33,125 --> 00:31:35,492
IS THE AMOUNT OF SHIELDING
THAT WOULD BE NECESSARY
765
00:31:35,494 --> 00:31:36,760
TO GO THROUGH
THE VAN ALLEN BELTS.
766
00:31:36,762 --> 00:31:38,495
I MEAN, THAT'S REALLY
THE POINT OF CONTENTION.
767
00:31:38,497 --> 00:31:42,566
♪
768
00:31:42,568 --> 00:31:46,003
I GOT TO TELL YOU.
THE RESULTS WERE STAGGERING.
769
00:31:46,005 --> 00:31:48,405
LESS THAN THREE INCHES
OF STEEL AND ALUMINUM.
770
00:31:48,407 --> 00:31:50,841
♪
771
00:31:50,843 --> 00:31:54,344
OKAY, SO THREE INCHES --
THAT'S, LIKE, WOW.
772
00:31:54,346 --> 00:31:56,480
IT'S PRETTY OBVIOUS THAT THERE
WAS NO WAY
773
00:31:56,482 --> 00:31:58,815
THERE WAS ENOUGH SHIELDING
FOR THEM TO BE PROTECTED
774
00:31:58,817 --> 00:32:00,350
GOING THROUGH
THE VAN ALLEN BELTS.
775
00:32:00,352 --> 00:32:01,652
THE WALLS OF THE CAPSULE
776
00:32:01,654 --> 00:32:04,187
WERE JUST NOT THICK ENOUGH
TO STOP IT.
777
00:32:04,189 --> 00:32:06,156
MAYBE THERE WAS
NO MOON LANDING.
778
00:32:08,127 --> 00:32:10,827
SO, THE IDEA --
IF THERE'S NOT ENOUGH SHIELDING,
779
00:32:10,829 --> 00:32:13,397
IS THAT EVIDENCE
THAT WE DIDN'T GO TO THE MOON?
780
00:32:13,399 --> 00:32:15,799
OKAY, THREE INCHES
IS PRETTY SURPRISING,
781
00:32:15,801 --> 00:32:17,467
BUT I'M SURE THERE'S
AN EXPLANATION.
782
00:32:17,469 --> 00:32:20,103
MAYBE THERE IS ANOTHER WAY
TO TEST THIS THEORY.
783
00:32:21,340 --> 00:32:23,674
Jenkins:
REALLY, IT HINGES ON WHETHER
784
00:32:23,676 --> 00:32:25,442
THERE WAS ENOUGH PROTECTION
785
00:32:25,444 --> 00:32:27,344
TO SAFEGUARD THE ASTRONAUTS,
786
00:32:27,346 --> 00:32:30,314
AND THAT'S ACTUALLY
SOMETHING WE CAN TEST.
787
00:32:30,316 --> 00:32:32,449
THERE'S A TEAM
THAT'S INVESTIGATING
788
00:32:32,451 --> 00:32:34,685
HOW MUCH PROTECTION
IS REALLY NEEDED
789
00:32:34,687 --> 00:32:37,654
FOR THE VAN ALLEN BELT
RADIATION.
790
00:32:37,656 --> 00:32:39,156
[ CLAPS HANDS ]
791
00:32:39,158 --> 00:32:40,223
Melvin: WE'RE HEADING TO
792
00:32:40,225 --> 00:32:42,192
THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION
FOR SCIENCE,
793
00:32:42,194 --> 00:32:46,396
WHERE WE'LL TEST THE RADIATION
EFFECTS ON A SPACE CAPSULE.
794
00:32:46,398 --> 00:32:48,265
Jenkins: WHENEVER
MY INVESTIGATIONS REQUIRE
795
00:32:48,267 --> 00:32:50,534
ANALYSIS OF ENERGY
AND RADIATION,
796
00:32:50,536 --> 00:32:52,869
I GO TO MICHAEL WALTER
AND HIS TEAM AT CARNEGIE
797
00:32:52,871 --> 00:32:55,072
TO BREAK DOWN
THE INFORMATION.
798
00:32:55,074 --> 00:32:57,174
WE'RE GONNA NEED TO TEST
JUST HOW DANGEROUS
799
00:32:57,176 --> 00:32:59,109
THE VAN ALLEN BELT
RADIATION WAS
800
00:32:59,111 --> 00:33:02,279
BEFORE WE CAN DRAW
ANY CONCLUSIONS.
801
00:33:02,281 --> 00:33:05,215
WE'RE REALLY WANTING TO SEE
WHAT RISKS ARE POSED
802
00:33:05,217 --> 00:33:08,552
BY THE RADIATION GOING THROUGH
THE VAN ALLEN BELTS.
803
00:33:08,554 --> 00:33:09,720
RIGHT.
804
00:33:09,722 --> 00:33:11,855
THERE WAS A LOT OF RADIATION
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL
805
00:33:11,857 --> 00:33:13,090
DURING THE APOLLO MISSIONS,
806
00:33:13,092 --> 00:33:14,224
AND THE VAN ALLEN BELTS,
OF COURSE,
807
00:33:14,226 --> 00:33:15,625
ARE A BIG PART OF THAT,
808
00:33:15,627 --> 00:33:18,161
AND SO A LOT OF THE CONSPIRACY
CROWD HAVE ARGUED THAT,
809
00:33:18,163 --> 00:33:20,330
IN ORDER TO SURVIVE
THE RADIATION INTENSITY
810
00:33:20,332 --> 00:33:21,398
THAT THE ASTRONAUTS
WENT THROUGH,
811
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:22,499
THE THING WOULD HAVE TO
BE BUILT
812
00:33:22,501 --> 00:33:24,167
OUT OF
A LOT STRONGER MATERIAL,
813
00:33:24,169 --> 00:33:25,435
YOU KNOW, SHIELDED
WITH LEAD --
814
00:33:25,437 --> 00:33:27,571
THAT IT SIMPLY WASN'T POSSIBLE
TO GO THROUGH
815
00:33:27,573 --> 00:33:29,406
WITHOUT GETTING BURNT
TO A CRISP.
816
00:33:29,408 --> 00:33:30,674
WHAT EXACTLY DOES IT TAKE
817
00:33:30,676 --> 00:33:33,043
TO BLOCK THE RADIATION
OF THE VAN ALLEN BELTS?
818
00:33:33,045 --> 00:33:36,013
WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND
WHAT THAT RADIATION'S ALL ABOUT.
819
00:33:36,015 --> 00:33:39,416
THESE ARE PARTICLES, AND THESE
PARTICLES ARE THREE KINDS --
820
00:33:39,418 --> 00:33:41,718
PROTONS, ELECTRONS,
OR BETA PARTICLES,
821
00:33:41,720 --> 00:33:42,953
AND ALPHA PARTICLES,
822
00:33:42,955 --> 00:33:46,189
WHICH ARE TWO PROTONS
AND TWO NEUTRONS.
823
00:33:46,191 --> 00:33:49,659
THE INNER VAN ALLEN BELT
HAS A LOT OF PROTON FLUX,
824
00:33:49,661 --> 00:33:51,294
AND IT'S VERY DANGEROUS,
825
00:33:51,296 --> 00:33:53,764
SO WHAT NASA DID
WAS SIMPLY AVOID IT
826
00:33:53,766 --> 00:33:55,665
BECAUSE IT'S
RELATIVELY SMALLER
827
00:33:55,667 --> 00:33:57,901
AND YOU CAN MANAGE
TO GET AROUND IT.
828
00:33:57,903 --> 00:33:59,403
BUT YOU CAN'T GET AROUND
THE OUTER BELT,
829
00:33:59,405 --> 00:34:01,638
AND THE OUTER BELT
HAS A VERY HIGH FLUX
830
00:34:01,640 --> 00:34:03,573
OF BETA PARTICLES --
THOSE ARE ELECTRONS.
831
00:34:03,575 --> 00:34:05,042
SO WHAT WE'RE GONNA DO TODAY
832
00:34:05,044 --> 00:34:08,578
IS TEST THE MATERIAL
THAT THE SPACECRAFT WAS MADE OF
833
00:34:08,580 --> 00:34:11,381
WAS SUFFICIENT TO BLOCK
MOST OF THE RADIATION
834
00:34:11,383 --> 00:34:15,752
AND THAT THE RADIATION THAT
DID GET THROUGH WASN'T LETHAL
835
00:34:15,754 --> 00:34:18,622
BECAUSE THE TIME SPENT
IN THE RADIATION BELT
836
00:34:18,624 --> 00:34:20,023
WAS RELATIVELY SHORT.
837
00:34:20,025 --> 00:34:21,291
WHAT YOU'RE SAYING BASICALLY
838
00:34:21,293 --> 00:34:23,126
IS IT'S NOT JUST
THE INTENSITY OF THE RADIATION
839
00:34:23,128 --> 00:34:24,795
OR THE TYPE
OF THE RADIATION --
840
00:34:24,797 --> 00:34:26,396
IT'S ALSO THE EXPOSURE TIME
THAT MATTERS.
841
00:34:26,398 --> 00:34:27,831
EXACTLY.
842
00:34:27,833 --> 00:34:32,235
SO, WE HAVE A PLEXIGLASS MOCK-UP
OF THE CAPSULE.
843
00:34:32,237 --> 00:34:36,073
WE HAVE TWO DIFFERENT KINDS
OF RADIATION SOURCES HERE
844
00:34:36,075 --> 00:34:38,642
THAT EMULATE
THE KIND OF RADIATION
845
00:34:38,644 --> 00:34:41,111
THAT EXISTS
IN THE OUTER VAN ALLEN BELT,
846
00:34:41,113 --> 00:34:43,246
WHICH IS WHAT
THE CAPSULE WENT THROUGH.
847
00:34:43,248 --> 00:34:44,748
♪
848
00:34:44,750 --> 00:34:48,418
THAT HAS
RADIOACTIVE STICKERS.
849
00:34:48,420 --> 00:34:50,420
HOW DANGEROUS IS THAT
RIGHT NOW?
850
00:34:51,723 --> 00:34:52,823
THESE AREN'T DANGEROUS.
851
00:34:52,825 --> 00:34:55,892
THE FLUX IS SO LOW
THAT IT'S MUCH, MUCH LESS
852
00:34:55,894 --> 00:34:57,694
THAN GETTING AN X-RAY
AT A DENTAL OFFICE.
853
00:34:57,696 --> 00:35:00,030
ALRIGHT, JUST "CAUTION --
RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL"
854
00:35:00,032 --> 00:35:02,399
KIND OF ALERTS
MY, UH, SENSES.
855
00:35:02,401 --> 00:35:03,767
-OF COURSE.
-[ CHUCKLES ]
856
00:35:03,769 --> 00:35:05,435
[ BEEPS ]
857
00:35:05,437 --> 00:35:07,737
HERE IS
OUR ALPHA PARTICLE EMITTER.
858
00:35:07,739 --> 00:35:09,439
IT'S RADIOACTIVE.
[ TONE PLAYS ]
859
00:35:09,441 --> 00:35:10,774
AND YOU CAN HEAR
ALL THE COUNTS
860
00:35:10,776 --> 00:35:12,309
GOING INTO
THAT GEIGER COUNTER.
861
00:35:12,311 --> 00:35:15,412
IT'S ABOUT
A MILLIRAD PER HOUR.
862
00:35:15,414 --> 00:35:17,547
Bara: I'M CURIOUS TO SEE WHAT
THIS RADIATION TEST SHOWS US,
863
00:35:17,549 --> 00:35:19,850
BECAUSE
IT WILL DEFINITIVELY TELL US
864
00:35:19,852 --> 00:35:22,953
WHETHER OR NOT THE ASTRONAUTS
COULD'VE SURVIVED A TRIP
865
00:35:22,955 --> 00:35:24,754
THROUGH
THE VAN ALLEN RADIATION BELTS.
866
00:35:24,756 --> 00:35:26,089
SO, WHAT WE'RE GONNA DO
IS WE'RE GONNA SHOW YOU
867
00:35:26,091 --> 00:35:29,593
THE STOPPING POWER
OF JUST THE PLEXIGLASS
868
00:35:29,595 --> 00:35:32,262
IN OUR MOCK-UP CAPSULE
HERE.
869
00:35:32,264 --> 00:35:34,998
DR. WALTER IS PLACING
HIS PLEXIGLASS REPLICA
870
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:36,466
OF THE APOLLO 11 CAPSULE
871
00:35:36,468 --> 00:35:38,435
ON TOP
OF THE RADIOACTIVE PELLET.
872
00:35:38,437 --> 00:35:40,270
HE'S GONNA MEASURE
HOW MUCH RADIATION
873
00:35:40,272 --> 00:35:41,371
GETS THROUGH
THE BARRIER.
874
00:35:41,373 --> 00:35:44,641
PUT THAT THERE.
875
00:35:44,643 --> 00:35:46,776
HERE'S OUR CAPSULE.
876
00:35:46,778 --> 00:35:49,679
WE'LL LOWER
OUR GEIGER COUNTER IN.
877
00:35:49,681 --> 00:35:51,114
[ BEEPS ]
878
00:35:51,116 --> 00:35:59,356
♪
879
00:36:08,567 --> 00:36:14,971
♪
880
00:36:14,973 --> 00:36:16,273
SO WHAT WE'RE GONNA DO
IS WE'RE GONNA SHOW YOU
881
00:36:16,275 --> 00:36:19,609
THE STOPPING POWER
OF JUST THE PLEXIGLASS
882
00:36:19,611 --> 00:36:21,945
IN OUR MOCK-UP CAPSULE
HERE.
883
00:36:21,947 --> 00:36:23,513
Jenkins:
WE'RE TESTING IF THE MATERIALS
884
00:36:23,515 --> 00:36:25,448
THE APOLLO 11 CAPSULE
WAS MADE OF
885
00:36:25,450 --> 00:36:28,952
WOULD BE ABLE TO WITHSTAND
A LETHAL DOSE OF RADIATION
886
00:36:28,954 --> 00:36:30,587
FROM THE VAN ALLEN BELTS.
887
00:36:30,589 --> 00:36:33,089
PUT THAT THERE.
888
00:36:33,091 --> 00:36:34,925
Bara: IF THIS SCALED-DOWN TEST
OF THESE MATERIALS
889
00:36:34,927 --> 00:36:37,527
CANNOT BLOCK SIGNIFICANT LEVELS
OF RADIATION,
890
00:36:37,529 --> 00:36:40,964
IT MEANS THE ASTRONAUTS
DID NOT GO TO THE MOON.
891
00:36:40,966 --> 00:36:42,265
THERE'S OUR CAPSULE.
892
00:36:42,267 --> 00:36:43,833
Jenkins: THE VAN ALLEN BELTS
HAVE BEEN GAUGED
893
00:36:43,835 --> 00:36:46,670
AT MILLIONS UPON MILLIONS
OF MILLIRADS.
894
00:36:46,672 --> 00:36:48,738
EVEN A SCALED-DOWN TEST
LIKE THIS
895
00:36:48,740 --> 00:36:52,242
CAN DETERMINE THE PERCENTAGE
OF RADIATION THAT GETS BLOCKED.
896
00:36:52,244 --> 00:36:54,311
Melvin:
THE DISK IS EMITTING A LOW DOSE
897
00:36:54,313 --> 00:36:57,747
OF RADIOACTIVE PROTONS,
OR ALPHA PARTICLES --
898
00:36:57,749 --> 00:37:00,217
APPROXIMATELY
ONE MILLIRAD WORTH --
899
00:37:00,219 --> 00:37:02,519
NOT ENOUGH TO BE HARMFUL,
BUT WE'RE GONNA SEE
900
00:37:02,521 --> 00:37:05,488
HOW MUCH CAN GET THROUGH
A PIECE OF PLEXIGLASS.
901
00:37:05,490 --> 00:37:06,656
[ BEEPS ]
902
00:37:06,658 --> 00:37:08,858
♪
903
00:37:08,860 --> 00:37:11,127
AND WE'RE GETTING
A COUPLE OF COUNTS --
904
00:37:11,129 --> 00:37:13,763
0.05 MILLIRADS PER HOUR.
905
00:37:13,765 --> 00:37:15,098
♪
906
00:37:15,100 --> 00:37:17,667
WITH A SIMPLE PIECE OF PLASTIC,
WE'RE ABLE TO DROP
907
00:37:17,669 --> 00:37:21,371
THE RADIOACTIVITY
OF ALPHA PARTICLES BY 99%.
908
00:37:21,373 --> 00:37:22,772
IN TERMS
OF THE ALPHA PARTICLES,
909
00:37:22,774 --> 00:37:24,140
NO PROBLEM.
910
00:37:24,142 --> 00:37:26,576
SO, NOW, LET'S TEST
THE BETA PARTICLES.
911
00:37:26,578 --> 00:37:29,145
THERE'S A MUCH HIGHER FLUX
OF BETA PARTICLES
912
00:37:29,147 --> 00:37:31,648
IN THE VAN ALLEN BELT,
AND THEY'RE MUCH SMALLER.
913
00:37:31,650 --> 00:37:32,782
THEY'RE ELECTRONS,
914
00:37:32,784 --> 00:37:34,618
AND SO THEY CAN PENETRATE
THROUGH MATERIAL.
915
00:37:34,620 --> 00:37:36,152
Bara:
SO, THIS IS A CRUCIAL TEST.
916
00:37:36,154 --> 00:37:38,154
SINCE BETA PARTICLES HAVE
A MUCH EASIER TIME
917
00:37:38,156 --> 00:37:40,056
BREAKING THROUGH
PROTECTIVE SURFACES,
918
00:37:40,058 --> 00:37:43,260
THEY POSE A MUCH GREATER DANGER
TO THE ASTRONAUTS.
919
00:37:43,262 --> 00:37:47,998
WE ARE GOING TO PUT THE HIGHEST
FLUX THAT WE CAN IN HERE.
920
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:49,799
"HIGHEST FLUX"
MEANING...
921
00:37:49,801 --> 00:37:51,368
MEANING
THE MOST ELECTRONS...
922
00:37:51,370 --> 00:37:52,969
POSSIBLE?
POSSIBLE.
923
00:37:52,971 --> 00:37:55,405
SO, WE'VE GOT A WHOLE BUNCH
OF DISKS HERE
924
00:37:55,407 --> 00:37:57,007
EMITTING BETA PARTICLES.
[ BEEPING ]
925
00:37:57,009 --> 00:38:00,543
AND YOU CAN SEE THAT
THE FLUX
926
00:38:00,545 --> 00:38:03,680
IS ABOUT
2 MILLIRADS PER HOUR,
927
00:38:03,682 --> 00:38:05,482
SO CONSIDERABLY HIGHER
THAN WHAT WE HAD
928
00:38:05,484 --> 00:38:07,150
WITH THE ALPHA PARTICLES.
929
00:38:07,152 --> 00:38:08,785
-OKAY.
-OKAY?
930
00:38:11,556 --> 00:38:14,491
OKAY, SO NOW
WE'RE GOING TO LOOK
931
00:38:14,493 --> 00:38:19,029
AT THE BLOCKING POWER
OF A THIN LAYER OF PLEXIGLASS.
932
00:38:19,031 --> 00:38:21,898
[ BEEPING ]
933
00:38:21,900 --> 00:38:28,571
OKAY, SO, NOW WE'RE DOWN
TO ABOUT 0.9 TO 1.
934
00:38:28,573 --> 00:38:33,243
SO WE'VE BLOCKED ABOUT
HALF OF -- HALF OF THEM.
935
00:38:33,245 --> 00:38:34,811
Bara: HALF OF THE BETA PARTICLES
ARE STILL GETTING THROUGH,
936
00:38:34,813 --> 00:38:36,079
AND LAST TIME I CHECKED,
937
00:38:36,081 --> 00:38:38,114
THEY DON'T COVER YOU
WITH A PLASTIC-LINED APRON
938
00:38:38,116 --> 00:38:39,883
WHEN YOU GO GET AN X-RAY
AT THE DENTIST.
939
00:38:39,885 --> 00:38:42,218
THEY COVER YOU
WITH A LEAD-LINED APRON.
940
00:38:42,220 --> 00:38:43,820
THERE ARE
SOME CONSPIRACY THEORIES
941
00:38:43,822 --> 00:38:46,890
SAYING THAT THE CAPSULE
NEEDED TO BE MADE OF LEAD
942
00:38:46,892 --> 00:38:50,160
IN ORDER TO STOP ANY OF THESE
PARTICLES FROM PENETRATING.
943
00:38:50,162 --> 00:38:52,195
WHAT IS YOUR THOUGHTS
BEHIND THAT?
944
00:38:52,197 --> 00:38:55,398
WELL, LEAD WOULD BE GREAT
BECAUSE IT'S VERY DENSE,
945
00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:58,368
AND SO IT WOULD STOP ALL THESE
PARTICLES IN THEIR TRACKS.
946
00:38:58,370 --> 00:39:00,704
THE PROBLEM IS
IT'S REALLY, REALLY HEAVY,
947
00:39:00,706 --> 00:39:03,206
AND YOU WOULD NEVER GET
THE SPACECRAFT OFF THE GROUND.
948
00:39:04,276 --> 00:39:07,711
SO THE CAPSULES WERE MADE
OUT OF TWO MATERIALS.
949
00:39:07,713 --> 00:39:09,479
THE INNER SHELL WAS MADE
OUT OF ALUMINUM,
950
00:39:09,481 --> 00:39:12,449
AND THEN THERE WAS AN OUTER
SHELL THAT WAS MADE OF STEEL.
951
00:39:12,451 --> 00:39:13,717
SO WHAT WE'RE GONNA DO HERE
952
00:39:13,719 --> 00:39:16,186
IS WE'RE GONNA SHOW
THE BLOCKING POWER OF ALUMINUM.
953
00:39:16,188 --> 00:39:17,654
Melvin:
NOW WE'RE GETTING TO A TEST
954
00:39:17,656 --> 00:39:21,191
OF THE ACTUAL MATERIAL
USED ON APOLLO 11.
955
00:39:21,193 --> 00:39:23,126
THIS IS WHAT WE CAME
TO FIND OUT --
956
00:39:23,128 --> 00:39:24,994
IF THREE INCHES
OF ALUMINUM AND STEEL
957
00:39:24,996 --> 00:39:29,399
PROVIDE ENOUGH OF A BARRIER
AGAINST SPACE RADIATION.
958
00:39:29,401 --> 00:39:30,633
SO, I'VE GOT
AN ALUMINUM PLATE,
959
00:39:30,635 --> 00:39:34,137
WHICH IS ABOUT
2 MILLIMETERS THICK,
960
00:39:34,139 --> 00:39:35,839
AND, IF YOU LIFT THAT UP,
961
00:39:35,841 --> 00:39:39,275
WE'LL PUT ONE PLATE
OVER THE DISKS.
962
00:39:39,277 --> 00:39:42,946
♪
963
00:39:42,948 --> 00:39:48,418
♪
964
00:39:48,420 --> 00:39:49,652
[ BEEPING ]
965
00:39:49,654 --> 00:39:50,954
AND NOW THE COUNTS ARE DOWN
966
00:39:50,956 --> 00:39:53,890
TO ABOUT
0.1 OR 0.2 MILLIRADS PER HOUR.
967
00:39:53,892 --> 00:39:56,259
-WOW.
-UH-HUH.
968
00:39:56,261 --> 00:39:59,929
SO YOU'VE BLOCKED EVERYTHING
IN TERMS OF THE PARTICLES
969
00:39:59,931 --> 00:40:02,265
THAT ARE THE MOST DANGEROUS
IN THE OUTER VAN ALLEN BELT
970
00:40:02,267 --> 00:40:05,835
WITH JUST PLEXIGLASS
AND A LITTLE BIT OF ALUMINUM.
971
00:40:05,837 --> 00:40:06,970
RIGHT.
972
00:40:06,972 --> 00:40:09,606
WELL, THERE YOU GO.
SCIENCE WINS AGAIN.
973
00:40:09,608 --> 00:40:11,341
ALL OF THESE
CONSPIRACY THEORISTS
974
00:40:11,343 --> 00:40:12,976
SHOULD'VE REALLY DONE
THEIR HOMEWORK
975
00:40:12,978 --> 00:40:14,277
BEFORE THEY STARTED DOUBTING
976
00:40:14,279 --> 00:40:16,613
THE TALENTED MEN AND WOMEN
OF NASA
977
00:40:16,615 --> 00:40:20,183
THAT DID SEND APOLLO 11
TO THE MOON.
978
00:40:20,185 --> 00:40:22,786
THERE'S NO DOUBT THAT BEFORE
THE FIRST TIME THAT THEY --
979
00:40:22,788 --> 00:40:24,020
THAT THEY WENT THROUGH
980
00:40:24,022 --> 00:40:26,089
THAT THERE WAS
AN UNQUANTIFIED RISK
981
00:40:26,091 --> 00:40:27,824
TO GOING THROUGH
THE VAN ALLEN BELT,
982
00:40:27,826 --> 00:40:28,992
BUT WHAT NASA KNEW
983
00:40:28,994 --> 00:40:30,860
IS THAT THEY HAD MAPPED
THE VAN ALLEN BELT
984
00:40:30,862 --> 00:40:33,830
TO A DEGREE WHERE THEY KNEW
WHERE THE HOT SPOTS WERE
985
00:40:33,832 --> 00:40:36,366
AND THE AREAS
OF THE LOWEST RADIATION FLUX,
986
00:40:36,368 --> 00:40:39,302
AND SO THEY PLANNED
THEIR TRAJECTORIES
987
00:40:39,304 --> 00:40:41,838
IN SUCH A WAY
TO HAVE THE MINIMUM EXPOSURE.
988
00:40:41,840 --> 00:40:44,340
THERE WERE A LOT OF RISKS
WITH THE MOON MISSIONS.
989
00:40:44,342 --> 00:40:46,209
-MM-HMM.
-JUST GETTING OFF THE GROUND,
990
00:40:46,211 --> 00:40:48,411
YOU KNOW,
MAKING IT UP INTO ORBIT,
991
00:40:48,413 --> 00:40:50,780
PUTTING SOMEBODY ON THE MOON
AND GETTING THEM OFF --
992
00:40:50,782 --> 00:40:52,315
THOSE WERE
ALL MUCH HIGHER RISKS
993
00:40:52,317 --> 00:40:54,117
THAN THE RISKS OF GOING THROUGH
THE VAN ALLEN BELT.
994
00:40:54,119 --> 00:40:56,052
OKAY, THAT'S WHY
WE DO THE TESTS.
995
00:40:56,054 --> 00:40:59,189
BUT, LIKE DR. WALTER SAID,
THERE ARE PLENTY OF OTHER RISKS.
996
00:40:59,191 --> 00:41:01,458
SO THIS TEST DOESN'T COMPLETELY
CLOSE THE BOOK
997
00:41:01,460 --> 00:41:03,326
ON NASA
FAKING THE MOON LANDING.
998
00:41:03,328 --> 00:41:05,261
YOU DON'T NEED LEAD SHIELDING
TO GO TO THE MOON.
999
00:41:05,263 --> 00:41:07,931
YOU DON'T NEED LEAD SHIELDING
TO GO TO THE MOON.
1000
00:41:07,933 --> 00:41:17,006
♪
1001
00:41:17,008 --> 00:41:20,743
I THINK THE RADIATION TEST
WAS AWFULLY CONVINCING.
1002
00:41:20,745 --> 00:41:22,879
WITH JUST A THIN SHEET
OF ALUMINUM,
1003
00:41:22,881 --> 00:41:26,816
THIS STOPPED 99% OF
THE ALPHA AND BETA RADIATION.
1004
00:41:26,818 --> 00:41:28,952
THE SCIENCE DEMONSTRATED IT,
AND, YOU KNOW,
1005
00:41:28,954 --> 00:41:31,120
THERE'S ALL TYPES
OF RADIATION OUT THERE.
1006
00:41:31,122 --> 00:41:35,158
SOME OF IT'S NOT HARMFUL,
BUT IF IT IS, AGENCIES LIKE NASA
1007
00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:37,093
WITH ALL THEIR SCIENTISTS
AND ENGINEERS,
1008
00:41:37,095 --> 00:41:39,095
CAN FIGURE OUT
HOW MUCH SHIELDING WE NEED.
1009
00:41:39,097 --> 00:41:41,197
YEAH, I MEAN, LOOK.
[ SIGHS ]
1010
00:41:41,199 --> 00:41:42,365
1% -- I MEAN, YOU CAN GET
1011
00:41:42,367 --> 00:41:43,466
A HIGHER DOSE OF RADIATION
THAN THAT
1012
00:41:43,468 --> 00:41:44,634
JUST BY FLYING TO DENVER
1013
00:41:44,636 --> 00:41:46,569
AND STEPPING OFF AN AIRPLANE
INTO THE SUNSHINE,
1014
00:41:46,571 --> 00:41:48,605
SO I THINK
WE CAN PRETTY MUCH SAY THAT
1015
00:41:48,607 --> 00:41:51,074
THE IDEA THAT
THE VAN ALLEN RADIATION BELTS
1016
00:41:51,076 --> 00:41:54,110
WOULD STOP US
FROM GOING TO THE MOON IS...
1017
00:41:54,112 --> 00:41:56,145
ALL B.S.
1018
00:41:56,147 --> 00:41:57,881
ALRIGHT, SO, THE
SCIENTIFIC PROOF THAT I SAW
1019
00:41:57,883 --> 00:41:59,315
CHANGED MY MIND.
1020
00:41:59,317 --> 00:42:02,252
WE COULD HAVE MADE IT SAFELY
THROUGH THE VAN ALLEN BELTS.
1021
00:42:02,254 --> 00:42:03,419
BUT THAT STILL DOESN'T PROVE
1022
00:42:03,421 --> 00:42:05,455
THAT WE ACTUALLY MADE IT
TO THE MOON IN '69.
1023
00:42:05,457 --> 00:42:07,924
THERE IS ONE OTHER THING I'D
LIKE TO BRING UP WITH YOU GUYS.
1024
00:42:07,926 --> 00:42:10,660
DID YOU KNOW THAT WE'VE
ONLY SCRATCHED THE SURFACE?
1025
00:42:10,662 --> 00:42:12,929
THERE ARE ENDLESS
CONSPIRACY THEORIES OUT THERE.
1026
00:42:12,931 --> 00:42:14,497
HERE WE GO.
1027
00:42:14,499 --> 00:42:17,200
MAYBE THERE WAS
NO MOON LANDING.
1028
00:42:17,202 --> 00:42:18,334
ALRIGHT.
1029
00:42:18,336 --> 00:42:20,603
OUR INVESTIGATIONS
CONTINUE.
1030
00:42:20,605 --> 00:42:28,311
♪
89357
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