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Narrator: A vast, snow-covered
behemoth in alaska...
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00:00:09,043 --> 00:00:11,176
Auerbach: A lot of this damage
that you see around here --
3
00:00:11,178 --> 00:00:13,545
It's obvious it came
from the weather.
4
00:00:13,547 --> 00:00:14,913
But something else happened.
5
00:00:14,915 --> 00:00:19,018
It feels like something
more powerful hit this place.
6
00:00:20,988 --> 00:00:22,554
Narrator:
...An industrial wasteland
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00:00:22,556 --> 00:00:26,492
Filled with rusting relics...
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00:00:26,494 --> 00:00:28,227
Bell:
The strangest thing about it all
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00:00:28,229 --> 00:00:30,529
Is that it somehow feels
scarred,
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00:00:30,531 --> 00:00:32,297
Like the building
and the decaying trains
11
00:00:32,299 --> 00:00:35,267
Have suffered
through the history.
12
00:00:35,269 --> 00:00:40,572
It's like a dark secret that's
been locked away for decades.
13
00:00:40,574 --> 00:00:42,875
Narrator: ...And a long,
stretching formation
14
00:00:42,877 --> 00:00:46,412
That leads straight
to the horrors of war.
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00:00:55,656 --> 00:01:01,427
♪
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00:01:01,429 --> 00:01:04,430
Engineering marvels
now abandoned,
17
00:01:04,432 --> 00:01:07,433
Ruins shrouded in mystery.
18
00:01:07,435 --> 00:01:12,504
Within these decaying structures
are the echoes of history.
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00:01:12,506 --> 00:01:16,008
They speak of death
and destruction,
20
00:01:16,010 --> 00:01:21,346
But also human ingenuity
and endeavor.
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00:01:21,348 --> 00:01:24,817
Each haunted shell ready
to be unmasked
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00:01:24,819 --> 00:01:27,820
And tell its own unique story.
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00:01:27,822 --> 00:01:30,789
-- Captions by vitac --
www.Vitac.Com
24
00:01:30,791 --> 00:01:33,792
Captions paid for by
discovery communications
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00:01:33,794 --> 00:01:42,301
♪
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00:01:42,303 --> 00:01:45,270
In the icy wilderness
of southern alaska,
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00:01:45,272 --> 00:01:47,639
In the small town of whittier
28
00:01:47,641 --> 00:01:51,310
Stands a colossal
concrete construction.
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00:01:55,916 --> 00:01:58,016
Bell:
It's this epic scene.
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00:01:58,018 --> 00:02:01,787
You reach it by crossing
these freezing-cold waters.
31
00:02:01,789 --> 00:02:04,223
And then, suddenly,
there's this small town
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00:02:04,225 --> 00:02:07,459
At the base of a mountain.
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00:02:07,461 --> 00:02:09,294
Narrator:
In this barren landscape,
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00:02:09,296 --> 00:02:14,233
One ruined super-structure
overshadows everything.
35
00:02:14,235 --> 00:02:16,668
The first thing that strikes you
about this place
36
00:02:16,670 --> 00:02:19,705
Is the sheer scale
of the building.
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00:02:19,707 --> 00:02:22,908
You're talking about a space
that has the same interior area
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00:02:22,910 --> 00:02:26,612
As five football fields.
39
00:02:26,614 --> 00:02:30,249
Behind shattered windows
and icy staircases,
40
00:02:30,251 --> 00:02:33,452
The building hides
hundreds of derelict rooms.
41
00:02:33,454 --> 00:02:37,122
From the outside, it's not
obvious what this place is,
42
00:02:37,124 --> 00:02:39,725
And when you get inside,
the mystery remains.
43
00:02:39,727 --> 00:02:41,660
There's so much in there.
44
00:02:41,662 --> 00:02:45,430
This is essentially
a tiny fishing village,
45
00:02:45,432 --> 00:02:51,370
And it's dominated
by one gigantic building.
46
00:02:51,372 --> 00:02:57,109
Why would a town this small need
a building this enormous?
47
00:02:57,111 --> 00:02:59,077
Narrator:
It may still be standing,
48
00:02:59,079 --> 00:03:04,016
But this vast construction has
been ravaged by the elements.
49
00:03:04,018 --> 00:03:07,286
It snows 22 feet a year here.
50
00:03:07,288 --> 00:03:10,455
That's 1,000 times
the national average.
51
00:03:10,457 --> 00:03:14,026
Nature's spent years
hammering away at this place --
52
00:03:14,028 --> 00:03:18,497
Cold, harsh winds
beating every inch of it.
53
00:03:18,499 --> 00:03:20,566
But this isn't a weak building,
54
00:03:20,568 --> 00:03:22,935
And it feels like something
far more powerful
55
00:03:22,937 --> 00:03:27,039
Than just weather
has struck this place.
56
00:03:27,041 --> 00:03:29,741
This building would find itself
at the center
57
00:03:29,743 --> 00:03:33,345
Of one of the 20th century's
greatest conflicts,
58
00:03:33,347 --> 00:03:36,715
Playing a part
in averting nuclear war
59
00:03:36,717 --> 00:03:38,584
As well as coming face-to-face
60
00:03:38,586 --> 00:03:41,687
With one of nature's
gravest dangers.
61
00:03:44,291 --> 00:03:46,692
This mammoth construction
may look like
62
00:03:46,694 --> 00:03:48,794
It's in the middle of nowhere.
63
00:03:48,796 --> 00:03:51,530
But at a certain point
in the 20th century,
64
00:03:51,532 --> 00:03:56,335
Alaska became a hotbed
of military activity.
65
00:03:56,337 --> 00:04:00,339
Prior to 1940,
66
00:04:00,341 --> 00:04:04,042
There is a very small population
in whittier.
67
00:04:04,044 --> 00:04:06,178
And then world war ii comes.
68
00:04:06,180 --> 00:04:08,714
Alaska is vulnerable.
69
00:04:08,716 --> 00:04:12,951
It is seen as a possible place
that might be attacked
70
00:04:12,953 --> 00:04:16,722
By the likely enemy,
which is the japanese.
71
00:04:16,724 --> 00:04:19,091
Narrator: The american military
began building up
72
00:04:19,093 --> 00:04:21,126
Their presence in alaska.
73
00:04:21,128 --> 00:04:23,929
And as the second world war
came to an end,
74
00:04:23,931 --> 00:04:25,931
This remote northern territory
75
00:04:25,933 --> 00:04:29,101
Gained a new
strategic importance.
76
00:04:29,103 --> 00:04:32,404
At this point, alaska had been
part of the u.S.
77
00:04:32,406 --> 00:04:36,174
For less than a century.
78
00:04:36,176 --> 00:04:38,644
In fact, alaska used to be
russian territory.
79
00:04:38,646 --> 00:04:42,981
It wasn't bought by the u.S.
Until 1867.
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00:04:42,983 --> 00:04:45,484
Narrator: It's this historic
link that offers a clue
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00:04:45,486 --> 00:04:49,721
To the purpose
of this monolithic building.
82
00:04:49,723 --> 00:04:52,257
At the northernmost edge
of the pacific,
83
00:04:52,259 --> 00:04:58,297
Alaska occupies the area between
north america and russia.
84
00:04:58,299 --> 00:05:02,234
We tend to think of these two
countries as being miles apart,
85
00:05:02,236 --> 00:05:05,003
On different sides of the globe
from each other.
86
00:05:05,005 --> 00:05:07,005
But from a different
perspective,
87
00:05:07,007 --> 00:05:10,609
You can see they're
practically neighbors.
88
00:05:10,611 --> 00:05:13,845
Narrator: And as tensions rose
between the superpowers,
89
00:05:13,847 --> 00:05:18,684
The threat, however small,
of a russian attack on alaska
90
00:05:18,686 --> 00:05:23,588
Focused american attention
on this remote region.
91
00:05:23,590 --> 00:05:26,325
But what if it became
a soviet territory?
92
00:05:26,327 --> 00:05:28,960
Suddenly, it would look
very different
93
00:05:28,962 --> 00:05:33,198
And would be a very dangerous
prospect for the u.S.
94
00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:34,833
Auerbach:
In a worst-case scenario,
95
00:05:34,835 --> 00:05:37,669
The u.S.S.R. Gains control
of alaska.
96
00:05:37,671 --> 00:05:40,172
They've got a foothold
for launching troops,
97
00:05:40,174 --> 00:05:42,874
Launching missiles,
launching planes.
98
00:05:42,876 --> 00:05:45,143
You don't want the soviet union
99
00:05:45,145 --> 00:05:49,281
With territory
just off your northern border.
100
00:05:49,283 --> 00:05:55,120
Narrator:
In 1950, the americans sprung
into action and built this --
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00:05:55,122 --> 00:05:56,888
The buckner building,
102
00:05:56,890 --> 00:06:00,192
A cold war
u.S. Military facility.
103
00:06:00,194 --> 00:06:02,861
It would play a crucial role
in america's battle
104
00:06:02,863 --> 00:06:05,430
For survival
against the soviets.
105
00:06:05,432 --> 00:06:08,734
Brenda tolman,
a longtime whittier resident,
106
00:06:08,736 --> 00:06:12,804
Has lived in its shadow
for nearly 40 years.
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00:06:12,806 --> 00:06:16,641
Tolman: Built in the early '50s
and surplussed out in '58,
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00:06:16,643 --> 00:06:18,643
The building has had
no maintenance
109
00:06:18,645 --> 00:06:21,346
In about almost 70 years
110
00:06:21,348 --> 00:06:27,486
And still stands as strong,
probably, as when it was built.
111
00:06:27,488 --> 00:06:30,956
Narrator: The site in whittier
was constructed at the same time
112
00:06:30,958 --> 00:06:34,593
As a massive expansion
of the u.S. Army.
113
00:06:34,595 --> 00:06:37,129
This one structure was designed
to accommodate
114
00:06:37,131 --> 00:06:42,167
Up to 1,000 soldiers,
or an entire battalion.
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00:06:42,169 --> 00:06:44,336
What we're looking at here
is what was once
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00:06:44,338 --> 00:06:47,205
The largest building in alaska.
117
00:06:47,207 --> 00:06:49,508
Bell:
It is a vast complex.
118
00:06:49,510 --> 00:06:51,376
It's got six visible floors,
119
00:06:51,378 --> 00:06:55,781
And then another basement level
hidden away underneath.
120
00:06:55,783 --> 00:06:57,382
Corum:
It will have your troops.
121
00:06:57,384 --> 00:06:59,317
It'll have your medical support,
122
00:06:59,319 --> 00:07:03,588
People for security,
your military police.
123
00:07:03,590 --> 00:07:05,624
Auerbach:
It had accommodation.
124
00:07:05,626 --> 00:07:07,659
It had a canteen.
It had a movie theater.
125
00:07:07,661 --> 00:07:09,428
It had a rifle range.
126
00:07:09,430 --> 00:07:11,696
It even had a bowling alley.
127
00:07:11,698 --> 00:07:14,266
Corum:
Normally in a u.S. Army post,
128
00:07:14,268 --> 00:07:17,836
These things are scattered
over a large area.
129
00:07:17,838 --> 00:07:23,775
Here, you have them
all concentrated in one place.
130
00:07:23,777 --> 00:07:27,779
Narrator:
Covering 275,000 square feet,
131
00:07:27,781 --> 00:07:32,984
This enormous concrete bunker
was a city under a single roof
132
00:07:32,986 --> 00:07:34,753
So that if it came to it,
133
00:07:34,755 --> 00:07:39,391
None of the 1,000 troops
would ever have to leave.
134
00:07:39,393 --> 00:07:43,495
But why would such an extreme
arrangement be necessary?
135
00:07:43,497 --> 00:07:45,163
And what devastating force
136
00:07:45,165 --> 00:07:48,567
Would finally shake
this building to its core?
137
00:07:56,243 --> 00:08:03,348
♪
138
00:08:03,350 --> 00:08:07,652
Narrator: In alaska stands the
snow-topped buckner building,
139
00:08:07,654 --> 00:08:09,554
A cold war military facility
140
00:08:09,556 --> 00:08:13,758
Designed to provide everything
an army battalion could need,
141
00:08:13,760 --> 00:08:18,697
All within
one mammoth construction.
142
00:08:18,699 --> 00:08:23,301
Because in this place you get
such a massive snowfall
143
00:08:23,303 --> 00:08:25,070
During the year,
144
00:08:25,072 --> 00:08:26,605
It made perfect sense
145
00:08:26,607 --> 00:08:30,909
To put everything
into one building.
146
00:08:30,911 --> 00:08:32,777
Narrator:
It was crucial to the u.S.
147
00:08:32,779 --> 00:08:34,946
That the buckner building
could withstand
148
00:08:34,948 --> 00:08:39,251
The worst
of the alaskan weather.
149
00:08:39,253 --> 00:08:40,819
The reason whittier was built
150
00:08:40,821 --> 00:08:43,822
Was because it's an ice-free,
deep-water port.
151
00:08:43,824 --> 00:08:47,959
It was built to bring supplies
to interior alaska by rail.
152
00:08:47,961 --> 00:08:51,696
95% of everything consumed
in alaska is brought in.
153
00:08:51,698 --> 00:08:56,968
47% of that still comes
through the port of whittier.
154
00:08:56,970 --> 00:09:01,239
This was the u.S. Military's
primary route into alaska.
155
00:09:01,241 --> 00:09:05,510
Troops, weapons, equipment,
all had to come through here.
156
00:09:05,512 --> 00:09:09,247
It needed to be up and running
365 days a year.
157
00:09:09,249 --> 00:09:13,385
Otherwise, the whole operation
would be at risk.
158
00:09:13,387 --> 00:09:15,554
Narrator: The buckner building
allowed the u.S.
159
00:09:15,556 --> 00:09:20,425
To maintain control of
and access to alaska.
160
00:09:20,427 --> 00:09:24,195
As the threat of an aerial
attack by the soviets increased,
161
00:09:24,197 --> 00:09:30,268
This territory became even more
crucial to america's survival.
162
00:09:30,270 --> 00:09:33,438
Corum: In the cold war equation,
alaska is very important
163
00:09:33,440 --> 00:09:37,742
Because one of the best routes
to attack the united states
164
00:09:37,744 --> 00:09:42,547
With nuclear weapons
is over the north.
165
00:09:42,549 --> 00:09:44,983
Narrator: A series of
radar stations were built
166
00:09:44,985 --> 00:09:47,719
To warn the u.S.
If soviet planes,
167
00:09:47,721 --> 00:09:50,221
Potentially
carrying nuclear weapons,
168
00:09:50,223 --> 00:09:52,591
Were hurtling
towards their shores,
169
00:09:52,593 --> 00:09:56,094
And many of them were in alaska.
170
00:09:56,096 --> 00:09:58,997
Bell: Without alaska, any attack
coming from that direction
171
00:09:58,999 --> 00:10:01,399
Wouldn't be picked up
until it was too late,
172
00:10:01,401 --> 00:10:03,969
Leaving very little time
to react
173
00:10:03,971 --> 00:10:08,473
And, possibly,
a deadly scenario to follow.
174
00:10:08,475 --> 00:10:11,176
Narrator: But these defenses
could only be maintained
175
00:10:11,178 --> 00:10:14,679
If american forces and supplies
could reach them,
176
00:10:14,681 --> 00:10:18,817
Via whittier
and the buckner building.
177
00:10:18,819 --> 00:10:22,153
The was incredibly well-built --
178
00:10:22,155 --> 00:10:27,225
Thick concrete walls,
solid structural foundations.
179
00:10:27,227 --> 00:10:29,060
It was designed to survive
180
00:10:29,062 --> 00:10:33,932
Whatever the soviets or nature
could throw at it.
181
00:10:33,934 --> 00:10:35,433
Narrator:
Would an attack by the russians
182
00:10:35,435 --> 00:10:38,937
Leave the buckner building
in the line of fire?
183
00:10:38,939 --> 00:10:41,339
By the end of the 1950s,
184
00:10:41,341 --> 00:10:45,977
Weapon technology
had advanced dramatically.
185
00:10:45,979 --> 00:10:48,079
The invention
of intercontinental
186
00:10:48,081 --> 00:10:49,614
Ballistic missiles
187
00:10:49,616 --> 00:10:53,151
Meant the soviets could launch
a nuclear attack on the u.S.
188
00:10:53,153 --> 00:10:56,621
From thousands of miles away.
189
00:10:56,623 --> 00:10:58,923
So why go through
the extraordinary expense
190
00:10:58,925 --> 00:11:01,726
And trouble of maintaining
this massive military facility
191
00:11:01,728 --> 00:11:03,461
On the edge of nowhere?
192
00:11:05,499 --> 00:11:10,101
Narrator: In 1960, the military
moved out of whittier,
193
00:11:10,103 --> 00:11:13,638
And the city under one roof
was left empty.
194
00:11:13,640 --> 00:11:15,640
In the end,
it wasn't the cold war
195
00:11:15,642 --> 00:11:18,476
Which put buckner's engineering
to the test.
196
00:11:18,478 --> 00:11:24,983
In 1964, a natural disaster
devastated alaska.
197
00:11:24,985 --> 00:11:28,953
Whittier is hit by the largest
earthquake in u.S. History --
198
00:11:28,955 --> 00:11:31,823
9.2 on the richter scale.
199
00:11:31,825 --> 00:11:36,327
Tsunami over 40 feet
kills 139 people,
200
00:11:36,329 --> 00:11:39,397
13 of them in whittier.
201
00:11:39,399 --> 00:11:43,768
But despite this devastation,
the building survives.
202
00:11:43,770 --> 00:11:46,071
The ground moved
for three minutes,
203
00:11:46,073 --> 00:11:47,539
And the building stayed up.
204
00:11:47,541 --> 00:11:49,240
They built this thing right.
205
00:11:49,242 --> 00:11:57,248
♪
206
00:11:57,250 --> 00:12:01,319
Narrator: Today, the buckner
building is derelict,
207
00:12:01,321 --> 00:12:05,256
But this massive feat of
engineering is still standing --
208
00:12:05,258 --> 00:12:09,160
A monument to america's
determination to defend itself,
209
00:12:09,162 --> 00:12:12,063
Even in the harshest
of conditions.
210
00:12:12,065 --> 00:12:17,836
♪
211
00:12:17,838 --> 00:12:21,439
In the southwest of Spain,
in the city of seville,
212
00:12:21,441 --> 00:12:25,610
Is a landscape of confusing
and surprising structures.
213
00:12:29,816 --> 00:12:34,119
Meigs:
There are a number of odd,
kind of whimsical elements.
214
00:12:34,121 --> 00:12:36,721
There's a large rocket,
215
00:12:36,723 --> 00:12:41,025
Something that looks like
a giant satellite dish.
216
00:12:41,027 --> 00:12:43,862
You have a platform for a train.
217
00:12:43,864 --> 00:12:45,663
You have a globe.
218
00:12:45,665 --> 00:12:48,900
You have a bridge
that doesn't go anywhere.
219
00:12:48,902 --> 00:12:51,603
It's almost as if some child
was imagining
220
00:12:51,605 --> 00:12:54,305
The super-fantastic city
of the future,
221
00:12:54,307 --> 00:12:56,174
Starting building it,
and then got bored
222
00:12:56,176 --> 00:13:00,578
And went out to play
and left his toys on the floor.
223
00:13:00,580 --> 00:13:04,048
Narrator: But this is no
ordinary abandoned site.
224
00:13:04,050 --> 00:13:08,052
In fact, much of it
is filled with activity.
225
00:13:08,054 --> 00:13:10,321
Barratt: On one side, we've got
these crazy pockets
226
00:13:10,323 --> 00:13:12,123
Of abandoned space.
227
00:13:12,125 --> 00:13:15,593
But on the other side,
we're in a modern, bustling city
228
00:13:15,595 --> 00:13:18,897
Full of people working
and going about their business.
229
00:13:18,899 --> 00:13:20,865
Meigs: If there's a message
to all this architecture,
230
00:13:20,867 --> 00:13:22,634
It's kind of hard
to figure out what it is.
231
00:13:22,636 --> 00:13:24,135
And why were
some parts preserved
232
00:13:24,137 --> 00:13:26,304
And other parts left to decay?
233
00:13:26,306 --> 00:13:33,111
♪
234
00:13:33,113 --> 00:13:36,648
Narrator: With its original
completion in 1992,
235
00:13:36,650 --> 00:13:38,416
The remains of this site today
236
00:13:38,418 --> 00:13:43,021
Are torn between the updated
and the neglected.
237
00:13:43,023 --> 00:13:45,456
But at the start,
this was a chance
238
00:13:45,458 --> 00:13:48,927
At something new
for the city of seville.
239
00:13:48,929 --> 00:13:54,199
In the 1970s, Spain went through
an amazing transformation,
240
00:13:54,201 --> 00:13:57,402
And they managed to convert from
a fascist dictatorship
241
00:13:57,404 --> 00:14:01,439
To a free, democratic society
without violence,
242
00:14:01,441 --> 00:14:02,540
Without a revolution.
243
00:14:02,542 --> 00:14:04,509
This was a first.
244
00:14:04,511 --> 00:14:06,778
Narrator:
Spain's success continued,
245
00:14:06,780 --> 00:14:09,547
And this site was supposed to be
a bold statement
246
00:14:09,549 --> 00:14:13,384
Of the country's intent
for the future.
247
00:14:13,386 --> 00:14:15,019
Spain began to boom,
248
00:14:15,021 --> 00:14:17,555
And all through the '80s,
this country that had been
249
00:14:17,557 --> 00:14:20,024
An economic
and cultural backwater
250
00:14:20,026 --> 00:14:23,094
For a few decades
was all of a sudden
251
00:14:23,096 --> 00:14:28,666
Entering the elite nations
of europe and the world.
252
00:14:28,668 --> 00:14:31,035
Narrator:
Peaking in the early 1990s,
253
00:14:31,037 --> 00:14:35,974
With this site, Spain was
garnering the world's attention.
254
00:14:35,976 --> 00:14:37,275
But the result today
255
00:14:37,277 --> 00:14:42,347
Doesn't necessarily
speak clearly of success.
256
00:14:42,349 --> 00:14:45,817
1992 for Spain is a new start.
257
00:14:45,819 --> 00:14:48,286
Suddenly, we're into
the modern age.
258
00:14:48,288 --> 00:14:49,921
We're moving forward,
259
00:14:49,923 --> 00:14:55,526
And Spain is about to announce
its arrival on the world stage.
260
00:14:55,528 --> 00:15:00,098
Narrator: This is the site
of the 1992 world expo,
261
00:15:00,100 --> 00:15:03,701
Or world's fair.
262
00:15:03,703 --> 00:15:07,238
To host an expo
is about dreaming big.
263
00:15:07,240 --> 00:15:09,140
It's about looking forward
to the future
264
00:15:09,142 --> 00:15:12,810
And showing the world
what your country can do.
265
00:15:12,812 --> 00:15:13,945
They get remembered.
266
00:15:13,947 --> 00:15:16,648
They are huge --
not a one-day event.
267
00:15:16,650 --> 00:15:18,883
It's not a week event --
six months,
268
00:15:18,885 --> 00:15:22,053
And with millions of visitors.
269
00:15:22,055 --> 00:15:26,958
And the legacy they leave
lasts for years.
270
00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:29,327
Meigs: Spain really had
a lot to be proud of,
271
00:15:29,329 --> 00:15:31,496
And they wanted to show it off
to the world.
272
00:15:31,498 --> 00:15:34,232
They wanted to tell
the other elite nations,
273
00:15:34,234 --> 00:15:37,735
"we've joined your club.
We've arrived."
274
00:15:37,737 --> 00:15:39,137
Narrator:
But during construction,
275
00:15:39,139 --> 00:15:41,272
It would be hit by disaster.
276
00:15:43,310 --> 00:15:46,110
So was the whole event
cancelled and abandoned
277
00:15:46,112 --> 00:15:48,279
Before it even got started?
278
00:15:57,857 --> 00:16:05,697
♪
279
00:16:05,699 --> 00:16:08,633
Narrator: In seville,
the strange mix of structures
280
00:16:08,635 --> 00:16:11,035
Of the former expo '92 site
281
00:16:11,037 --> 00:16:15,039
Conceal the message of
what that event was all about,
282
00:16:15,041 --> 00:16:16,474
As joe cooper,
283
00:16:16,476 --> 00:16:19,811
The former british commercial
consul of seville, explains.
284
00:16:22,048 --> 00:16:24,048
Cooper: These structures here
in front of us
285
00:16:24,050 --> 00:16:27,151
Are really symbolic
of what the expo's all about.
286
00:16:27,153 --> 00:16:29,554
The main theme of the expo
was about celebrating
287
00:16:29,556 --> 00:16:31,589
The 500th anniversary
of the discovery
288
00:16:31,591 --> 00:16:33,391
Of the new world by Spain.
289
00:16:33,393 --> 00:16:36,494
But also, it was about
projecting, if you like,
290
00:16:36,496 --> 00:16:40,164
An image of Spain as a modern
country looking forward,
291
00:16:40,166 --> 00:16:43,001
Being involved in discovery
in the future, as well.
292
00:16:45,171 --> 00:16:48,473
In that context, all these weird
and wonderful things
293
00:16:48,475 --> 00:16:51,943
Start to make a bit more sense.
294
00:16:51,945 --> 00:16:53,311
Narrator:
All around the site
295
00:16:53,313 --> 00:16:56,547
Are grand gestures
towards this idea,
296
00:16:56,549 --> 00:17:01,719
And over 100 nations got to work
building their own pavilions.
297
00:17:01,721 --> 00:17:05,056
But keeping to schedule
on the largest expo ever
298
00:17:05,058 --> 00:17:07,425
Was a monumental challenge,
299
00:17:07,427 --> 00:17:10,862
And as time slipped away,
the pressure grew.
300
00:17:10,864 --> 00:17:15,767
One could say that Spain was
overly ambitious with the expo.
301
00:17:15,769 --> 00:17:20,405
Barratt:
Project-managing infrastructure
on this scale is a nightmare,
302
00:17:20,407 --> 00:17:21,906
Especially with that deadline.
303
00:17:21,908 --> 00:17:25,076
An opening ceremony
cannot be moved.
304
00:17:25,078 --> 00:17:26,844
Gough:
They were trying to do too much
305
00:17:26,846 --> 00:17:28,246
In a short period of time,
306
00:17:28,248 --> 00:17:31,849
And it could lead to problems.
307
00:17:31,851 --> 00:17:33,184
Narrator:
The hosts were building
308
00:17:33,186 --> 00:17:35,787
A number of themed structures,
309
00:17:35,789 --> 00:17:38,589
Like this --
the future pavilion.
310
00:17:38,591 --> 00:17:43,127
But as they rushed to finish off
another, disaster struck.
311
00:17:43,129 --> 00:17:45,863
The discovery pavilion,
unfortunately,
312
00:17:45,865 --> 00:17:48,266
Caught fire
just before the expo started.
313
00:17:48,268 --> 00:17:50,568
You know, doing lots of things
together, as it were --
314
00:17:50,570 --> 00:17:53,137
Painting and welding
at the same time --
315
00:17:53,139 --> 00:17:54,338
Pots of paint on the floor
316
00:17:54,340 --> 00:17:56,174
And welders up above
on the ceiling,
317
00:17:56,176 --> 00:18:00,578
A spark fell down,
and it all caught fire.
318
00:18:00,580 --> 00:18:02,713
Narrator:
With thick clouds of black smoke
319
00:18:02,715 --> 00:18:04,615
Pouring out of the pavilion
320
00:18:04,617 --> 00:18:08,219
And abandoned ruins scattered
across the site today,
321
00:18:08,221 --> 00:18:12,924
It seems this could have been
the end of the dream.
322
00:18:12,926 --> 00:18:17,095
But it turned out to be
just a small stumble.
323
00:18:17,097 --> 00:18:20,131
Despite the problems,
the expo was a huge success.
324
00:18:20,133 --> 00:18:21,999
They had a record number
of visitors
325
00:18:22,001 --> 00:18:23,935
From all over the world.
326
00:18:23,937 --> 00:18:25,470
If Spain wanted to show off
to the world
327
00:18:25,472 --> 00:18:29,907
That they'd arrived,
they really succeeded.
328
00:18:29,909 --> 00:18:34,745
Barratt: Over 240,000 people
turned up every single day
329
00:18:34,747 --> 00:18:36,080
To look at these buildings,
330
00:18:36,082 --> 00:18:38,983
To wander through
these structures.
331
00:18:38,985 --> 00:18:42,987
What an incredible success.
332
00:18:42,989 --> 00:18:47,024
Narrator:
Over 41 million visitors
came to see the expo,
333
00:18:47,026 --> 00:18:50,061
Many working their way
along this stretch here
334
00:18:50,063 --> 00:18:52,296
Which used to be
a flowing canal.
335
00:18:54,467 --> 00:18:56,134
You could either come here
by boat,
336
00:18:56,136 --> 00:18:58,469
Or you could come
by the cable car,
337
00:18:58,471 --> 00:19:01,172
Or you could just simply
walk across one of the bridges
338
00:19:01,174 --> 00:19:03,975
That linked the city
to the site.
339
00:19:03,977 --> 00:19:05,710
People would visit
the pavilions.
340
00:19:05,712 --> 00:19:07,378
They had a good look around
and then came out
341
00:19:07,380 --> 00:19:10,348
And went on to the next one,
and so on and so forth.
342
00:19:10,350 --> 00:19:12,917
Narrator: But the site today
shows a strange mix
343
00:19:12,919 --> 00:19:15,987
Of use and neglect.
344
00:19:15,989 --> 00:19:19,290
So what happened
after the success?
345
00:19:19,292 --> 00:19:22,827
At the end of an expo,
everyone disappears.
346
00:19:22,829 --> 00:19:26,931
The site has done its job,
and what you're left with
347
00:19:26,933 --> 00:19:31,102
Is this crazy aftermath
of an engineering party.
348
00:19:31,104 --> 00:19:35,806
And how different countries
choose to move on is up to them.
349
00:19:35,808 --> 00:19:38,609
Narrator: Often, what's left
behind after such events
350
00:19:38,611 --> 00:19:41,679
Is an alien-looking wasteland.
351
00:19:41,681 --> 00:19:44,315
But not here, as luis pérez,
352
00:19:44,317 --> 00:19:46,984
Innovation manager of the site,
explains.
353
00:19:59,299 --> 00:20:02,867
Over the years, many buildings
have been replaced,
354
00:20:02,869 --> 00:20:06,571
While others have been
renovated and repurposed.
355
00:20:21,154 --> 00:20:25,022
♪
356
00:20:25,024 --> 00:20:28,759
Today, just a few solitary
structures remain
357
00:20:28,761 --> 00:20:30,461
In fenced-off areas,
358
00:20:30,463 --> 00:20:35,466
With the most recognizable
having been saved for last.
359
00:20:35,468 --> 00:20:37,201
The rocket
and the satellite dish --
360
00:20:37,203 --> 00:20:39,203
They've become quite iconic.
361
00:20:39,205 --> 00:20:41,939
And gradually,
they're gonna get absorbed.
362
00:20:41,941 --> 00:20:44,775
And once again,
this area will be redeveloped
363
00:20:44,777 --> 00:20:48,646
And thronged and busy
with people with new purpose.
364
00:20:48,648 --> 00:20:54,185
♪
365
00:20:54,187 --> 00:20:56,487
Narrator:
Near germany's western border,
366
00:20:56,489 --> 00:20:58,856
Cutting across
the quiet countryside
367
00:20:58,858 --> 00:21:02,460
Is a strange line
of concrete spikes.
368
00:21:02,462 --> 00:21:08,633
♪
369
00:21:08,635 --> 00:21:13,404
Nusbacher: You start passing
the first bits of concrete,
370
00:21:13,406 --> 00:21:17,675
And you think that maybe you're
gonna go three or four meters
371
00:21:17,677 --> 00:21:20,311
And you'll be past it.
372
00:21:20,313 --> 00:21:21,879
And there's more...
373
00:21:21,881 --> 00:21:24,348
And there's more,
and there's more.
374
00:21:25,952 --> 00:21:29,387
Meigs:
You could be walking through
a field or through the woods,
375
00:21:29,389 --> 00:21:30,821
And here and there catch sight
376
00:21:30,823 --> 00:21:32,890
Of remnants
from a different era.
377
00:21:32,892 --> 00:21:35,960
It's not really clear
what it is.
378
00:21:35,962 --> 00:21:37,728
Narrator:
These bizarre relics
379
00:21:37,730 --> 00:21:41,532
Are a reminder
of this location's dark past.
380
00:21:56,816 --> 00:22:00,785
The rows of concrete teeth
are not alone.
381
00:22:00,787 --> 00:22:05,222
Across this rural landscape
are dozens of other structures,
382
00:22:05,224 --> 00:22:08,693
And they all bear the marks
of a violent end.
383
00:22:11,297 --> 00:22:13,764
Meigs: There are
these concrete structures
384
00:22:13,766 --> 00:22:15,933
Hidden throughout the woods,
385
00:22:15,935 --> 00:22:18,135
Just coming out
from under the moss
386
00:22:18,137 --> 00:22:20,905
And under the tree branches.
387
00:22:20,907 --> 00:22:23,741
You might see these structures
and really wonder what they are.
388
00:22:23,743 --> 00:22:26,844
What purpose did they serve?
389
00:22:26,846 --> 00:22:29,280
Nusbacher: We're used to seeing
concrete that's degraded,
390
00:22:29,282 --> 00:22:30,781
That's crumbled.
391
00:22:30,783 --> 00:22:33,984
But this concrete has been hit
with something very heavy
392
00:22:33,986 --> 00:22:35,720
Over and over again.
393
00:22:35,722 --> 00:22:39,190
They look like
they've been smashed.
394
00:22:39,192 --> 00:22:42,226
Narrator: So, what connects
these forgotten ruins?
395
00:22:42,228 --> 00:22:46,097
And what brutal events left them
in this shattered state?
396
00:22:46,099 --> 00:22:51,836
♪
397
00:22:51,838 --> 00:22:54,505
Construction of
these concrete spikes,
398
00:22:54,507 --> 00:22:56,640
Known as dragon's teeth,
399
00:22:56,642 --> 00:23:00,077
Began in the years
leading to the second world war,
400
00:23:00,079 --> 00:23:03,147
When hitler hoped to shore up
germany's defenses
401
00:23:03,149 --> 00:23:05,549
Along its western border,
402
00:23:05,551 --> 00:23:09,120
As local expert
michel baert explains.
403
00:23:44,557 --> 00:23:48,459
Hoping to stop an enemy
tank invasion in its tracks,
404
00:23:48,461 --> 00:23:52,763
The construction was a simple
but effective fortification.
405
00:24:06,646 --> 00:24:07,878
Running north to south
406
00:24:07,880 --> 00:24:11,916
Across almost 400 miles
of german countryside,
407
00:24:11,918 --> 00:24:16,086
This defensive network
was known as the west wall,
408
00:24:16,088 --> 00:24:17,822
Or the siegfried line.
409
00:24:20,693 --> 00:24:24,562
But with the nazis invading
other countries in the war,
410
00:24:24,564 --> 00:24:27,798
Was this defensive line
ever called upon?
411
00:24:34,874 --> 00:24:41,545
♪
412
00:24:41,547 --> 00:24:43,881
Narrator:
Along germany's western border
413
00:24:43,883 --> 00:24:46,650
Are the remains of
a vast defensive network
414
00:24:46,652 --> 00:24:49,720
Built in the late 1930s
415
00:24:49,722 --> 00:24:54,458
That stretches from the
netherlands down to switzerland.
416
00:24:54,460 --> 00:24:58,295
Corum: The siegfried line is
actually not a continuous line
417
00:24:58,297 --> 00:25:00,164
Or a continuous defense.
418
00:25:00,166 --> 00:25:03,601
Certain areas are
fairly heavily defended
419
00:25:03,603 --> 00:25:06,904
With clusters of bunkers
and anti-tank defenses.
420
00:25:06,906 --> 00:25:10,140
Some areas are
much less defended
421
00:25:10,142 --> 00:25:14,311
Due to the hilly terrain.
422
00:25:14,313 --> 00:25:16,013
Narrator:
Running for hundreds of miles
423
00:25:16,015 --> 00:25:18,082
And designed according
to the terrain
424
00:25:18,084 --> 00:25:20,651
And likelihood of attack,
425
00:25:20,653 --> 00:25:24,154
Dragon's teeth were installed
in vulnerable areas
426
00:25:24,156 --> 00:25:27,458
With some locations having
multiple layers.
427
00:25:27,460 --> 00:25:30,494
But to make it all function
as a unified defense,
428
00:25:30,496 --> 00:25:33,330
It required
a deeper infrastructure.
429
00:25:57,356 --> 00:25:59,189
Meigs:
Really, it's more like a zone,
430
00:25:59,191 --> 00:26:04,395
In many cases going
miles deep into germany,
431
00:26:04,397 --> 00:26:09,266
Of a combination
of different kinds of defenses.
432
00:26:09,268 --> 00:26:13,671
Narrator:
In 1938, hitler showed off the
strength of the siegfried line
433
00:26:13,673 --> 00:26:16,774
In a specially
commissioned film.
434
00:26:16,776 --> 00:26:20,477
But not all was as it seemed.
435
00:26:20,479 --> 00:26:23,213
Corum:
Hitler gave the impression
that the siegfried line
436
00:26:23,215 --> 00:26:28,285
Was like the maginot line,
with massive underground forts.
437
00:26:28,287 --> 00:26:33,691
In reality, this is a very
relatively thin defense line.
438
00:26:33,693 --> 00:26:38,596
This is not
an impregnable defense line.
439
00:26:38,598 --> 00:26:41,265
It had great propaganda value
at home.
440
00:26:41,267 --> 00:26:44,101
As hitler was getting
his country for war,
441
00:26:44,103 --> 00:26:46,937
It helped him reinforce the idea
that he was protecting
442
00:26:46,939 --> 00:26:51,141
His people
from these hostile neighbors.
443
00:26:51,143 --> 00:26:54,278
Narrator:
So was this a real defense?
444
00:26:54,280 --> 00:26:56,280
With the nazis invading poland
445
00:26:56,282 --> 00:26:58,749
And then quickly
overrunning France,
446
00:26:58,751 --> 00:27:02,786
By 1940, the siegfried line
was left behind,
447
00:27:02,788 --> 00:27:06,190
And the guns and equipment
were stripped out.
448
00:27:06,192 --> 00:27:08,692
But the damage wrought
on these defenses shows
449
00:27:08,694 --> 00:27:11,295
This wasn't
the end of the story.
450
00:27:14,734 --> 00:27:17,301
The one thing I don't think
hitler did plan on
451
00:27:17,303 --> 00:27:21,005
Was the situation in which
the line finally did become
452
00:27:21,007 --> 00:27:24,141
Quite useful to the germans.
453
00:27:24,143 --> 00:27:26,343
After the d-day invasion
of normandy,
454
00:27:26,345 --> 00:27:30,280
The allies were slowly advancing
towards the german borders.
455
00:27:30,282 --> 00:27:33,651
The siegfried line then became
an important part
456
00:27:33,653 --> 00:27:35,786
Of their defenses.
457
00:27:35,788 --> 00:27:39,256
Narrator: In 1944, the germans
quickly scrambled to defend
458
00:27:39,258 --> 00:27:41,358
The ill-equipped line.
459
00:27:41,360 --> 00:27:43,127
Meigs:
They began to deploy troops.
460
00:27:43,129 --> 00:27:44,695
They began to dig new trenches.
461
00:27:44,697 --> 00:27:48,232
And they really got the line
fully occupied and staffed up
462
00:27:48,234 --> 00:27:52,436
Only a few days before
the allied forces reached it.
463
00:27:52,438 --> 00:27:55,372
Narrator: Some parts of the line
were easily broken.
464
00:27:55,374 --> 00:27:59,343
But early gains in areas like
the huertgen forest near aachen
465
00:27:59,345 --> 00:28:02,813
Soon turned into slow
and costly battles.
466
00:28:05,284 --> 00:28:10,154
The fighting in the huertgenwald
is immensely difficult.
467
00:28:10,156 --> 00:28:16,827
The germans are defending area
that is densely wooded,
468
00:28:16,829 --> 00:28:20,597
And that not only means that
it's hard to see other people --
469
00:28:20,599 --> 00:28:22,599
It's hard to see the enemy --
470
00:28:22,601 --> 00:28:25,502
It also means
it's hard to use artillery.
471
00:28:27,673 --> 00:28:31,875
Corum: Because aachen was
symbolically very important,
472
00:28:31,877 --> 00:28:35,212
The germans placed a priority
on its defense.
473
00:28:35,214 --> 00:28:39,783
And, in fact,
a few first-rate troops managed,
474
00:28:39,785 --> 00:28:44,221
In that very horrible terrain
in very, very bad weather,
475
00:28:44,223 --> 00:28:47,157
To slow down,
inflict a great many casualties,
476
00:28:47,159 --> 00:28:48,892
The american army.
477
00:28:52,431 --> 00:28:55,332
Narrator: On September 19th,
the u.S. Army began
478
00:28:55,334 --> 00:28:58,535
Fighting their way through
the suffocating woodland.
479
00:28:58,537 --> 00:29:02,306
The siegfried line was finally
being put to the test.
480
00:29:05,444 --> 00:29:07,644
Meigs: A defensive zone
like the siegfried line --
481
00:29:07,646 --> 00:29:09,446
It doesn't have to be
impenetrable.
482
00:29:09,448 --> 00:29:13,984
In fact, in some places,
they made it intentionally weak
483
00:29:13,986 --> 00:29:17,121
So if the allied forces
were to penetrate through it
484
00:29:17,123 --> 00:29:20,324
And move a few miles
into german territory,
485
00:29:20,326 --> 00:29:22,993
Then they might get bogged down
in a deeper area
486
00:29:22,995 --> 00:29:27,397
Where there are more
hidden bunkers, more tank traps.
487
00:29:27,399 --> 00:29:31,268
Corum: The terrain in
the huertgen forest
488
00:29:31,270 --> 00:29:34,638
And the approach to aachen
is very tough terrain.
489
00:29:34,640 --> 00:29:37,541
It's very hilly.
There are many ravines.
490
00:29:37,543 --> 00:29:40,477
It's easy to channelize
the attacker.
491
00:29:42,581 --> 00:29:44,548
Narrator:
A first row of dragon's teeth
492
00:29:44,550 --> 00:29:47,351
Was sometimes followed up
by a second row,
493
00:29:47,353 --> 00:29:51,355
Offering up two points to stall
and attack the enemy.
494
00:29:51,357 --> 00:29:55,259
Beyond this, often in woodland,
were pillboxes waiting
495
00:29:55,261 --> 00:29:58,495
For an unsuspecting
advancing infantry.
496
00:29:58,497 --> 00:30:01,198
The result could be devastating.
497
00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:04,768
But to make it all work,
communication was key.
498
00:30:04,770 --> 00:30:09,940
♪
499
00:30:33,766 --> 00:30:36,166
Narrator: The u.S. Army was
about to engage
500
00:30:36,168 --> 00:30:38,902
In one of the longest
and deadliest battles
501
00:30:38,904 --> 00:30:40,537
In their history.
502
00:30:48,581 --> 00:30:55,385
♪
503
00:30:55,387 --> 00:30:57,921
Narrator:
In the fall of 1944,
504
00:30:57,923 --> 00:31:00,824
The u.S. Army was fighting
through the defensive zone
505
00:31:00,826 --> 00:31:04,094
Of the siegfried line
in the huertgen forest.
506
00:31:04,096 --> 00:31:07,631
With little tank, artillery,
or air support,
507
00:31:07,633 --> 00:31:12,603
Almost every inch of terrain
had to be taken the hard way.
508
00:31:12,605 --> 00:31:16,206
Nusbacher:
The american army fights its way
through the huertgen forest
509
00:31:16,208 --> 00:31:19,042
By clawing their way
through those woods
510
00:31:19,044 --> 00:31:21,111
And dying in the process.
511
00:31:38,397 --> 00:31:39,663
Narrator:
For three months,
512
00:31:39,665 --> 00:31:42,933
Little progress was made
by either side,
513
00:31:42,935 --> 00:31:47,971
But tens of thousands died
in the campaign.
514
00:31:47,973 --> 00:31:52,009
Finally, the germans mounted
a counterattack to the south,
515
00:31:52,011 --> 00:31:56,013
Now known as
the battle of the bulge.
516
00:31:56,015 --> 00:31:57,981
But with their eventual defeat,
517
00:31:57,983 --> 00:32:01,051
The allies soon crossed
the siegfried line
518
00:32:01,053 --> 00:32:04,521
And headed for
the heart of the reich.
519
00:32:04,523 --> 00:32:06,123
Meigs:
By the time they broke through
520
00:32:06,125 --> 00:32:10,160
In February of 1945,
they had also decimated
521
00:32:10,162 --> 00:32:13,697
The strongest elements
of the german military,
522
00:32:13,699 --> 00:32:16,400
And that meant the path
to berlin was much easier
523
00:32:16,402 --> 00:32:18,335
Than it otherwise
might have been.
524
00:32:22,541 --> 00:32:25,108
Narrator: Today,
much of the siegfried line
525
00:32:25,110 --> 00:32:28,445
Has since been demolished
or removed.
526
00:32:28,447 --> 00:32:32,382
But the sacrifice made to break
through these fortifications
527
00:32:32,384 --> 00:32:34,451
Should not be forgotten.
528
00:32:52,604 --> 00:32:56,807
In central europe, in hungary's
capital city of budapest,
529
00:32:56,809 --> 00:32:59,376
Is the stripped carcass
of an industrial relic.
530
00:32:59,378 --> 00:33:06,917
♪
531
00:33:06,919 --> 00:33:09,386
Bell: These buildings are
on the brink of collapse.
532
00:33:09,388 --> 00:33:11,221
They look like
even the slightest knock,
533
00:33:11,223 --> 00:33:12,856
Or maybe a strong wind,
534
00:33:12,858 --> 00:33:16,760
Might bring the whole lot
crashing down.
535
00:33:16,762 --> 00:33:19,463
Nusbacher: Pieces are
falling off the walls.
536
00:33:19,465 --> 00:33:23,467
The skylights are
without their glass.
537
00:33:23,469 --> 00:33:28,572
It is as though thousands
of years have passed.
538
00:33:28,574 --> 00:33:30,807
Narrator:
Remaining upright for now,
539
00:33:30,809 --> 00:33:36,780
These warehouses are like vaults
crammed full of memories.
540
00:33:36,782 --> 00:33:39,516
What you're seeing here
is almost a century
541
00:33:39,518 --> 00:33:42,552
Of transportation history.
542
00:33:42,554 --> 00:33:45,889
You see hungary's economy
and government
543
00:33:45,891 --> 00:33:50,327
All wrapped up
in this one building.
544
00:33:50,329 --> 00:33:53,630
Bell: These buildings are filled
with locomotives, carriages,
545
00:33:53,632 --> 00:33:56,733
And all kinds of equipment
from a past world.
546
00:33:56,735 --> 00:34:00,670
It looks like someone locked it
all up and threw away the key.
547
00:34:00,672 --> 00:34:04,207
But now, finally,
we can get a glimpse inside.
548
00:34:09,014 --> 00:34:12,883
Narrator: Stranded on an old set
of overgrown tracks
549
00:34:12,885 --> 00:34:16,053
Are rail carriages
that tell of a troubled period
550
00:34:16,055 --> 00:34:18,889
In hungary's history.
551
00:34:18,891 --> 00:34:22,492
Corum: In the later stages
of world world ii,
552
00:34:22,494 --> 00:34:27,464
A more radical,
extreme regime comes to power.
553
00:34:27,466 --> 00:34:33,036
And in 1943, '44,
the jewish community
554
00:34:33,038 --> 00:34:36,840
Is quite brutally
rounded up in budapest
555
00:34:36,842 --> 00:34:40,977
And placed on trains
and sent to concentration camps,
556
00:34:40,979 --> 00:34:45,315
Where the vast majority of
hungary's jews will be killed.
557
00:34:47,853 --> 00:34:51,421
Narrator: In total, over
half a million hungarian jews
558
00:34:51,423 --> 00:34:53,857
Were massacred during the war,
559
00:34:53,859 --> 00:34:57,360
And the use of the railways
was central to this slaughter.
560
00:35:02,101 --> 00:35:04,601
Bell: Some of those carriages
left standing in the yards
561
00:35:04,603 --> 00:35:07,804
Are the same type used to
transport the jewish population
562
00:35:07,806 --> 00:35:11,808
To concentration camps,
carrying them to their death.
563
00:35:11,810 --> 00:35:15,078
Perhaps even some of them
are the very same ones.
564
00:35:19,718 --> 00:35:21,084
Narrator:
Following the war,
565
00:35:21,086 --> 00:35:25,188
This place would feel the terror
of a new occupying force.
566
00:35:25,190 --> 00:35:28,758
But in time, dreams
of revolution would be born.
567
00:35:37,503 --> 00:35:44,708
♪
568
00:35:44,710 --> 00:35:48,845
Narrator: In budapest, hungary,
the old ruins across this site
569
00:35:48,847 --> 00:35:52,849
Tell of the country's struggles
throughout the 20th century.
570
00:35:52,851 --> 00:35:57,087
But as sándor tibor, an engineer
who worked here, recalls,
571
00:35:57,089 --> 00:36:01,625
This was once at the center
of the rail network.
572
00:36:01,627 --> 00:36:04,327
[ speaking hungarian ]
573
00:36:04,329 --> 00:36:05,529
Interpreter: Here we are,
574
00:36:05,531 --> 00:36:08,465
In front of
the istvántelek metal works.
575
00:36:08,467 --> 00:36:10,934
It was built in the 1920s,
576
00:36:10,936 --> 00:36:13,403
And practically
all the steam engines
577
00:36:13,405 --> 00:36:17,040
Of the hungarian state railways
were repaired here.
578
00:36:19,645 --> 00:36:22,612
Corum: Eastern europe was
always an area
579
00:36:22,614 --> 00:36:25,282
That was undeveloped in roads.
580
00:36:25,284 --> 00:36:29,152
And in 19th century
when the railroad came,
581
00:36:29,154 --> 00:36:32,055
This opened up eastern europe.
582
00:36:32,057 --> 00:36:34,591
How does the economy work?
How do you transport goods?
583
00:36:34,593 --> 00:36:35,926
How do you transport people?
584
00:36:35,928 --> 00:36:38,895
You do it by rail.
585
00:36:38,897 --> 00:36:40,764
Narrator:
At the heart of this country
586
00:36:40,766 --> 00:36:46,403
Were the hungarian-designed
mav locomotives.
587
00:36:46,405 --> 00:36:48,705
Interpreter: Since we are
a landlocked country,
588
00:36:48,707 --> 00:36:51,575
Hungarian state railways
plays a vital role
589
00:36:51,577 --> 00:36:53,577
In transporting goods.
590
00:36:53,579 --> 00:36:55,412
This was a high-speed train.
591
00:36:55,414 --> 00:36:57,447
It was a very fast locomotive.
592
00:36:57,449 --> 00:37:01,117
It could transport passenger
carriages at great speeds.
593
00:37:03,222 --> 00:37:05,455
Narrator: Once a crucial
maintenance facility
594
00:37:05,457 --> 00:37:07,724
For the state railway network,
595
00:37:07,726 --> 00:37:10,327
This place has more recently
become known
596
00:37:10,329 --> 00:37:12,229
By a different moniker.
597
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:17,867
Bell: One train found here
reveals what happened to hungary
598
00:37:17,869 --> 00:37:19,636
After the second world war,
599
00:37:19,638 --> 00:37:22,272
And it gives this place
its name --
600
00:37:22,274 --> 00:37:24,841
The red star graveyard.
601
00:37:27,212 --> 00:37:32,282
Corum: The red star,
which was the ubiquitous symbol
602
00:37:32,284 --> 00:37:35,385
Of the soviet empire,
was everywhere.
603
00:37:37,289 --> 00:37:40,090
Narrator: This seal of the new
oppressive ruling regime,
604
00:37:40,092 --> 00:37:44,261
However, meant more dark days
were on the horizon.
605
00:37:47,933 --> 00:37:49,266
Nusbacher: At the end of
the second world war,
606
00:37:49,268 --> 00:37:52,102
Russia is economically
very unhealthy,
607
00:37:52,104 --> 00:37:56,106
And they rip out as much
industrial capability
608
00:37:56,108 --> 00:37:58,742
In eastern europe as they can.
609
00:37:58,744 --> 00:38:04,180
The hungarian locomotives and
rolling stock are stripped out
610
00:38:04,182 --> 00:38:08,051
And shipped back to russia
to be reused.
611
00:38:09,955 --> 00:38:12,989
Narrator: For a country
so reliant on their railways,
612
00:38:12,991 --> 00:38:15,859
This was a devastating blow.
613
00:38:15,861 --> 00:38:18,228
But often when a people
are oppressed,
614
00:38:18,230 --> 00:38:21,331
The seeds of rebellion are sown.
615
00:38:21,333 --> 00:38:23,700
Engineer jósef deák recalls
616
00:38:23,702 --> 00:38:26,736
Hearing about
those tough post-war years.
617
00:38:31,343 --> 00:38:33,476
Interpreter: There was
a dire need for the renewal
618
00:38:33,478 --> 00:38:35,445
And restoration
of the railways,
619
00:38:35,447 --> 00:38:39,182
Because the country would have
paralyzed without it.
620
00:38:39,184 --> 00:38:42,686
The railway was the pulsing vein
of the country.
621
00:38:47,092 --> 00:38:50,560
Narrator: Even without a fully
operational rail network,
622
00:38:50,562 --> 00:38:55,065
The soviets enforced strict
quotas and demands on hungary.
623
00:38:55,067 --> 00:38:57,033
This disregard for the people
624
00:38:57,035 --> 00:39:01,037
Only amplified
any thoughts of rebellion.
625
00:39:01,039 --> 00:39:04,574
One has to understand
that the eastern bloc
626
00:39:04,576 --> 00:39:06,609
Under the soviet union
627
00:39:06,611 --> 00:39:09,779
Was essentially
a colonial system.
628
00:39:09,781 --> 00:39:14,551
Nusbacher: The soviets expect
their slave states
629
00:39:14,553 --> 00:39:16,519
To rebuild their economies
630
00:39:16,521 --> 00:39:18,822
And get functioning
very quickly.
631
00:39:18,824 --> 00:39:21,925
If you were not achieving
your production norms,
632
00:39:21,927 --> 00:39:24,461
You could be taken out back
and shot,
633
00:39:24,463 --> 00:39:26,963
And your deputy would be
put in charge.
634
00:39:30,268 --> 00:39:31,968
Narrator:
As a vital part of the effort
635
00:39:31,970 --> 00:39:34,304
To keep up with
the ruthless demands,
636
00:39:34,306 --> 00:39:37,374
Attention fell upon
this maintenance facility.
637
00:39:39,344 --> 00:39:42,912
Deák:
[ speaking hungarian ]
638
00:39:42,914 --> 00:39:44,781
Interpreter: There were
different regions.
639
00:39:44,783 --> 00:39:47,083
The reason why budapest
is important
640
00:39:47,085 --> 00:39:48,651
Was because at the time,
641
00:39:48,653 --> 00:39:52,122
There wasn't a similar
repair plant in the region.
642
00:39:52,124 --> 00:39:53,790
Others came later,
643
00:39:53,792 --> 00:39:57,293
But this was the only place for
the restoration of steam engines
644
00:39:57,295 --> 00:40:00,563
That had both the capacity
and the capability
645
00:40:00,565 --> 00:40:02,565
To work on the larger models.
646
00:40:05,804 --> 00:40:11,174
Narrator:
But in 1953, joseph stalin died,
647
00:40:11,176 --> 00:40:14,077
And suddenly,
everything began to change.
648
00:40:16,581 --> 00:40:19,883
Many hungarians saw this
as an opportunity to break free
649
00:40:19,885 --> 00:40:22,852
From the shackles
of soviet oppression.
650
00:40:22,854 --> 00:40:26,055
The stage was set
for revolution,
651
00:40:26,057 --> 00:40:29,759
And as ever,
the railways would be crucial.
652
00:40:32,764 --> 00:40:35,665
There is a feeling in hungary
653
00:40:35,667 --> 00:40:40,103
That with the old dictator
gone in moscow,
654
00:40:40,105 --> 00:40:44,607
Hungary might be able to
stand on its own feet again,
655
00:40:44,609 --> 00:40:49,112
And hungary might start
to liberalize.
656
00:40:49,114 --> 00:40:52,615
Corum: The eastern governments
are trying to repress this,
657
00:40:52,617 --> 00:40:55,952
But there are hopes
in the population.
658
00:40:55,954 --> 00:41:03,493
Now, the hopes reach a point
of outright rebellion in 1956.
659
00:41:03,495 --> 00:41:07,330
Eventually, state security
police opened fire on a crowd,
660
00:41:07,332 --> 00:41:11,901
And that triggered the start
of the violence that followed.
661
00:41:11,903 --> 00:41:14,370
Narrator:
The ensuing conflicts saw danger
662
00:41:14,372 --> 00:41:16,539
Filling the city streets,
663
00:41:16,541 --> 00:41:19,442
But it had arrived there
by rail.
664
00:41:22,113 --> 00:41:28,818
In 1956, the soviets' army
is not a fully motorized army.
665
00:41:28,820 --> 00:41:33,256
It is very, very dependent
on the rail system.
666
00:41:33,258 --> 00:41:36,059
Nusbacher:
It was the hungarian railways
667
00:41:36,061 --> 00:41:40,730
That became the lifeblood
of the soviet occupation.
668
00:41:40,732 --> 00:41:44,367
The soviet army crushed
the hungarian uprising,
669
00:41:44,369 --> 00:41:48,037
Killing thousands,
imprisoning thousands,
670
00:41:48,039 --> 00:41:50,607
And exiling thousands.
671
00:41:53,378 --> 00:41:54,978
Narrator:
In the aftermath,
672
00:41:54,980 --> 00:41:57,814
The railways, locomotives,
and carriages
673
00:41:57,816 --> 00:42:00,416
Were put back into service,
674
00:42:00,418 --> 00:42:02,385
And for more than 30 years,
675
00:42:02,387 --> 00:42:05,255
Hungary remained
a communist state.
676
00:42:08,894 --> 00:42:12,061
Finally, outpaced by
diesel engines,
677
00:42:12,063 --> 00:42:14,631
The locomotives
and this old workshop
678
00:42:14,633 --> 00:42:16,866
Have since been retired.
679
00:42:16,868 --> 00:42:20,403
And now this place acts
as a keeper of memories,
680
00:42:20,405 --> 00:42:23,773
Of both the good times
and the bad.
681
00:42:23,775 --> 00:42:27,710
♪
61558
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