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High in the Bolivian Andes
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stand the awe-inspiring ruins
of a massive temple city.
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This is Tiwanaku, which means "the
stone at the centre of the world".
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Over 1,000 years ago
in this sacred site,
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ritual drinking and feasting
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fuelled the most powerful religion
that South America had ever seen.
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I'm Jago Cooper
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and, as an archaeologist
who specialises in South America,
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I've always been fascinated
by the secrets and mysteries
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buried deep in these awe-inspiring
and forbidding landscapes.
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The history of this continent
has been dominated
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by the stories of the Inca
and the Spanish conquistadors.
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'But in this series,
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'I'll be exploring
an older, forgotten past...'
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Wow! We're inside the cave.
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'..travelling from
the coast to the clouds
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'in search of ancient civilisations
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'as significant and impressive
as anywhere else on Earth.'
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Here in Bolivia, the monolithic
temple city of Tiwanaku
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stands at the breathtaking height
of 13,000 feet above sea level.
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But Tiwanaku wasn't just a place,
it was a people,
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who created a civilisation
that lasted over 500 years.
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For centuries, it was a mystery
how the Tiwanaku people
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managed to thrive
in this desolate landscape.
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But now, archaeology has revealed
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evidence of astonishing
community effort...
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..of a deep understanding
of the environment...
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MEN CHANT
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..and, amazingly, how a crucial role
in Tiwanaku's dominance
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was played by beer.
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Up here in these remote,
high plains of Bolivia,
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I want to find out the truth behind
the stories of the Tiwanaku people.
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How did their beliefs give them
the power and ability
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to build a city of temples in
this hostile and unforgiving land?
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The Altiplano, the high plain,
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forms a vast expanse 3,800 metres
up in the Bolivian Andes...
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..part of the vast mountain range
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that forms a spine
down western South America.
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Life's hard up here.
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The air's thin,
it's difficult to breathe.
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Although daytime temperatures
go above 20 degrees,
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at night,
it drops well below freezing.
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The rainy season brings floods
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and, periodically, the area
suffers catastrophic drought.
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To European eyes, this seems like
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the last place on Earth
that humans would settle.
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Yet between around 600 and 1100 AD,
a civilisation grew
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that eventually numbered
a million people.
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This was the heartland
of the Tiwanaku,
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and their influence
stretched from here
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as far as Peru, Chile and Argentina.
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So what made life
on one of the world's
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highest plateau regions possible?
How did the Tiwanaku
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survive the thin air and
temperature extremes up here?
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And how on earth did they travel
any distance across this landscape?
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This is a country that,
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until the arrival of the Europeans
in the 16th century,
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they saw no need
for the use of the wheel
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and, driving around,
you can see why.
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It's a really inhospitable terrain
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and it's much better to walk
across it than to try and drive.
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But the Altiplano offers
a different form of transport
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that people in this region began
exploiting at least 6,000 years ago
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and I've come to the remote
community of San Antonio Murce,
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where they still depend on it.
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There's one thing that makes
this community viable,
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and it's the same thing
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that makes the communities
in early Tiwanaku viable.
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And that's the animal unique
to South America - the llama.
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THEY GREET EACH OTHER
IN SPANISH
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'This is Marcelo Choqui.
His family have lived here,
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'surviving as llama herders,
for generations.
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'They are Aymara,
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'an indigenous Bolivian group
descended from the Tiwanaku people
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'from whom we can learn a lot
about how their ancestors lived.'
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CONVERSATION IN SPANISH CONTINUES
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'In common with many
South American cultures,
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'it's the custom here to share
coca leaves when you first meet.
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'But here on the Altiplano,
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'coca is also used to cope with the
thin air you get at this altitude.'
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'So coca gave the Tiwanaku
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'the stamina to work
at this airless height,
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'and the llama provided them
with wool for the kind of clothing
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'needed to battle
the temperature extremes up here.
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'Marcelo's daughter
weaves it into vivid textiles.'
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The llama wool is so important
for the communities here,
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not only cos it gets
incredibly cold during the winters,
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but also because it was the thing
they used for all their clothing.
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Here, they're using the same colours
for this particular village
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that they've been using
for hundreds of years.
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'But, of course, the llama wasn't
just a source of wool and clothing.'
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So we're loading up the bags
with some fertiliser,
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cos Marcelo's getting ready to start
planting the crops for the year.
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We'll take the fertiliser,
pack 'em on the llamas
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and take him up to the fields
higher up in the mountains.
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They're going to use it to plant
the potatoes in the fields
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and he says that's one of the only
crops they can grow up here.
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'In this terrain,
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'the llama is Marcelo's
four-wheel drive and his tractor.'
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The llama is uniquely built
to travel huge distances
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up in these high altitudes
over tough terrain.
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The problem is,
at these high altitudes,
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I'm beginning to get
a bit out of breath.
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'Llama herding was vital
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'for the earliest inhabitants
of the Altiplano.
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'It fed and clothed them
and llama trains,
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'sometimes a mile long,
would traverse the mountain passes
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'carrying goods and supplies
between communities.
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'Yet, even today,
I'm struck by how precarious
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'Marcelo and his family's
existence seems to be.'
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It only takes one frost
and he can lose half his crop
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and it gives you the sense
of how harsh this environment is
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and how vulnerable they are,
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cos they're only growing
enough food for themselves.
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'So a llama herd could support
the subsistence lifestyle
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'that persisted
until around 1000 BC.
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'But to become
a dominant civilisation,
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'the Tiwanaku would've needed
a far greater food supply.'
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To see how they did it, I'm heading
to an area of the Altiplano
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where the Tiwanaku first began
to emerge around 3,000 years ago,
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on the shores of an ancient lake.
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With a surface area
of over 22,000 square miles,
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lake Titicaca is the highest
navigable lake in the world.
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The region around the lake is
known as the Titicaca Basin
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and archaeologists think that
it was here, almost 3,000 years ago,
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that the Tiwanaku first started out
as groups of subsistence farmers.
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It's more like an inland sea
than a lake, really,
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and, for thousands of years,
it's played two crucial roles
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for the people
living along its shores.
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The first is that the lake
has an ambient temperature
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which doesn't move around a lot,
and that really helps create
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a microclimate of stability
along these lake shores.
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And the second is that
the sedimentation of the lake
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has created this really rich
agricultural soil
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that you can see being used today.
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You can just see how rich they are.
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But compare this with the soils
from higher up in the valley,
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you can see
it just runs through the hands.
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So this is where the Tiwanaku
started their subsistence life.
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But this high up, crops grown any
distance from the local microclimate
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would've been vulnerable to frost
or drought, limiting expansion.
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For the civilisation to grow,
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they had to find a way to cultivate
land outside the lake's protection.
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And a little further inland,
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we can find the relics
that explain how they did it.
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The early Tiwanaku didn't adapt to
their landscape, they transformed it
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and, here at this site,
you can see how.
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This is a vast stretch
of the Altiplano
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leading up from lake Titicaca
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and these are the visible remains
of ancient, ingenious engineering.
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These raised beds were
an agricultural innovation
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that transformed the agricultural
production in the region.
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They're really clever, because the
water acted as a buffer to protect
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the crops in the raised beds against
the harsh frosts you get here.
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Meltwater coming down from the snow
and glaciers on the mountains
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irrigated the fields.
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The water in these trenches retained
the heat of the daytime sun,
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creating a mini-microclimate,
just like the lake,
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which protected the crops.
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But it's the investment
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in maintaining these raised beds
every year that is key.
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They would straighten up
these edges,
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which allows the water
to be absorbed.
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They would dig out the channels
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with the nutrient-rich soil
they'd put on top of the bed
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and then they'd turn it all over
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to allow a huge increase
in agricultural production.
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Modern experiments have shown
that using this method
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could've given the Tiwanaku
25% more crops,
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extending their growing season
by two valuable weeks.
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They didn't have any draft animals
or ploughs,
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so all of this would've been done
with hand tools.
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The sheer amount of labour
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going into building and maintaining
these raised fields is mind-boggling
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and this is just a fraction
of the landscape
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that was exploited in this way.
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This kind of farming was
incredibly labour intensive,
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and could only have worked
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if the small Tiwanaku communities
around the lake
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managed to come together
in a collective effort.
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Something must have
motivated them to do this
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rather than simply look after
their individual interests.
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The key to understanding what
that was lies back at the lake.
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Scattered around lake Titicaca's
shores, archaeologists have
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discovered the remains
of numerous Tiwanaku temples
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and these hold the key.
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Archaeological research suggests
that the Tiwanaku religion
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was devoted to group worship
of gods of nature
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that controlled the environment
and granted good harvests.
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I've come to see one
of the oldest temple sites,
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where the Tiwanaku were holding
religious festivals 3,000 years ago.
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This is the sunken court of Chirpa.
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You can really get
a sense of the atmosphere
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that can be created
during the festivals.
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People would be standing up here,
around the court,
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all looking down,
focused on the festival inside.
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In an echo of the ancient practices
of their Tiwanaku ancestors,
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the local Aymara still use this site
to perform ritual llama sacrifices,
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offering the blood to the stones
as part their annual festivals.
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The festivals here not only
served to bring together
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the Tiwanaku communities to appease
the gods with ritual offerings,
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but they also bound them
together socially.
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As they celebrated and prayed,
they must've formed an ideology
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that suggested,
not just worshipping together,
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but working together
was the key to success.
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Coming to a site like this,
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you can really see the foundations
of what Tiwanaku was all about,
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but what I want to find out
is how the Tiwanaku
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went from a small site like
this one at a community scale
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to the monumental architecture
of Tiwanaku at the regional scale.
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A present-day Aymara festival can
demonstrate how ritual gatherings
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helped Tiwanaku civilisation evolve
into a more centralised state.
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00:14:51,960 --> 00:14:54,320
MUSIC PLAYS
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I've come to experience a festival
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that attracts thousands
from the surrounding valleys
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to a tiny village called Cala.
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MUSIC CONTINUES
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Cala only has
a population of 250 people,
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but today, it's going
to swell to 4,000 people
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ready to drink, dance
and party Bolivian-style.
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I'm here in Bolivia
near the start of spring,
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just when the local communities
start planting crops.
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Here we see how festivals and
working communities can be linked.
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Anthropologist Carlos Candora
is an expert
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in the religious traditions
and rituals of the Altiplano.
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From up here,
you get a great view of people
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flocking into this festival.
There's people arriving in buses,
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00:16:40,360 --> 00:16:42,400
there's llama trains
coming over the hills,
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00:16:42,400 --> 00:16:46,240
there's people walking through
these desert landscapes. This place
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acts like a magnet, bringing people
together from all over the region.
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00:16:53,520 --> 00:16:57,360
Nowadays, the dominant faith
in Bolivia is Catholicism
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00:16:57,360 --> 00:17:01,280
and the official focus
of this festival is the church,
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00:17:01,280 --> 00:17:05,320
where there are prayers,
ritual offerings and blessings.
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But whilst the church is part of it,
there's much more to it.
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Here in the solemnity of the church,
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people are making their offerings
and preparing for the year.
237
00:17:16,360 --> 00:17:19,760
And outside, people are going pretty
crazy and drinking a lot of beer.
238
00:17:26,880 --> 00:17:29,120
People have come together
to worship, yes,
239
00:17:29,120 --> 00:17:33,600
but, as the Tiwanaku did,
they're gathering en masse,
240
00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:38,280
coming together as a community
to party, forming the bonds
241
00:17:38,280 --> 00:17:42,720
that will see them through the
tough agricultural season to come.
242
00:17:42,720 --> 00:17:46,120
The bigger the party, the better
the growing season will be.
243
00:17:48,360 --> 00:17:52,680
Over eight centuries, the Tiwanaku
gatherings got bigger and bigger
244
00:17:52,680 --> 00:17:55,920
and the collective labour force
grew in the process,
245
00:17:55,920 --> 00:17:59,160
getting closer and closer to
mastering their harsh environment.
246
00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:05,040
And around 200 BC, they began
building a temple complex to hold
247
00:18:05,040 --> 00:18:08,960
the biggest religious festivals
that South America had ever seen.
248
00:18:23,040 --> 00:18:28,000
Situated 10 miles from the shores
of lake Titicaca, in Aymara,
249
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:31,240
Tiwanaku means
"stone at the centre".
250
00:18:31,240 --> 00:18:33,520
And this extraordinary place
251
00:18:33,520 --> 00:18:36,480
became the focal point
of the entire civilisation.
252
00:18:38,920 --> 00:18:41,600
The oldest part of it is this -
253
00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:46,480
the sunken temple lined with the
carved heads of Tiwanaku ancestors.
254
00:18:53,080 --> 00:18:56,920
Tiwanaku began with the construction
of this early sunken court.
255
00:18:56,920 --> 00:19:00,720
Like the many sunken courts
throughout the Titicaca basin,
256
00:19:00,720 --> 00:19:05,280
it was a community-focused ritual
space, but over the next 800 years,
257
00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:08,640
Tiwanaku just grew bigger
and bigger and bigger.
258
00:19:11,760 --> 00:19:15,560
Adjoining the Sunken Temple
is the Kalasasaya,
259
00:19:15,560 --> 00:19:21,040
a raised ceremonial space
measuring over 15,000 square metres
260
00:19:21,040 --> 00:19:24,640
that the Tiwanaku
began building in 500 AD.
261
00:19:26,760 --> 00:19:29,880
A monolithic statue guards
the entrance way
262
00:19:29,880 --> 00:19:33,720
and in one corner of it
stands this - The Sun Gate -
263
00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:37,080
shaped from a single slab of stone.
264
00:19:37,080 --> 00:19:40,480
The character carved on it
is known as the Staff God,
265
00:19:40,480 --> 00:19:42,760
a controller of natural forces,
266
00:19:42,760 --> 00:19:46,640
of the sun, the rain
and seasonal chance.
267
00:19:46,640 --> 00:19:52,240
1,500 years ago, this was the place
where tens of thousands of people
268
00:19:52,240 --> 00:19:55,840
gathered to pay homage
to the gods of nature.
269
00:19:55,840 --> 00:19:58,880
And, just like
their modern counterparts,
270
00:19:58,880 --> 00:20:01,480
Tiwanaku communities
from across the region
271
00:20:01,480 --> 00:20:04,840
came together to reaffirm
their social bonds
272
00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:07,960
and mobilise themselves
into massive work parties
273
00:20:07,960 --> 00:20:11,400
in readiness
for the new agricultural year.
274
00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:17,880
Dominating the site is a large mound
275
00:20:17,880 --> 00:20:23,120
once encased in massive masonry
blocks, long since eroded or looted.
276
00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:28,080
It's only from up here that you get
a sense of the scale of the place.
277
00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:30,720
Only a fraction of this site
has actually been excavated
278
00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:33,360
and archaeologists estimate
that the footprint is
279
00:20:33,360 --> 00:20:35,560
well over five square kilometres.
280
00:20:37,640 --> 00:20:41,040
The question that puzzled
archaeologists for decades is
281
00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:43,880
how was Tiwanaku built?
282
00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:46,440
Attempts were made in the 1960s
283
00:20:46,440 --> 00:20:50,640
to rebuild some of the temple
structures, a process that revealed
284
00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:54,240
how phenomenally skilled at
stone working the Tiwanaku were.
285
00:20:55,440 --> 00:20:57,720
And quite apart from their skill,
286
00:20:57,720 --> 00:21:01,480
how did a culture that had
no horse or oxen for dragging,
287
00:21:01,480 --> 00:21:04,200
that didn't use the wheel
or the pulley,
288
00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:08,880
move stones that weighed
10, 20 or even 50 tonnes?
289
00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:11,720
Stones that were quarried
miles away.
290
00:21:15,560 --> 00:21:17,920
To find out, I have to go back
291
00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:20,760
to where the stones came from -
lake Titicaca -
292
00:21:20,760 --> 00:21:24,720
where there is a clue to the
mystery of Tiwanaku's construction.
293
00:21:34,200 --> 00:21:36,520
Many of the monolithic stones
at Tiwanaku
294
00:21:36,520 --> 00:21:39,560
are of a very specific type
of volcanic rock
295
00:21:39,560 --> 00:21:42,800
that archaeologists have identified
as having been quarried
296
00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:47,040
on a peninsula
25 miles away across the lake.
297
00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:53,200
And on the lake shore lie dozens
of seemingly abandoned stones
298
00:21:53,200 --> 00:21:55,960
that could only have come
from the peninsula quarry.
299
00:21:59,880 --> 00:22:03,400
'The local Aymara call them
the "piedras cansadas" -
300
00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:05,640
'the tired stones.'
301
00:22:05,640 --> 00:22:07,600
There's one over there.
302
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:10,240
'And they seem
to have been left here,
303
00:22:10,240 --> 00:22:12,480
'halfway between
the quarry and Tiwanaku.'
304
00:22:16,520 --> 00:22:20,000
Talk about seeing archaeology
abandoned in the landscape.
305
00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:22,200
There's a stone
in the middle of a ploughed field.
306
00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:24,040
There's another one just up there
307
00:22:24,040 --> 00:22:26,200
and they're forming a line
to the edge of the lake.
308
00:22:29,320 --> 00:22:32,560
This is a truly impressive
piece of stone.
309
00:22:34,080 --> 00:22:36,720
It's a green andesite
which is completely different
310
00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:40,120
to the softer sandstones you get
in this part of the Titicaca Basin.
311
00:22:40,120 --> 00:22:42,960
If you look at the edges,
you can see how it's been worked,
312
00:22:42,960 --> 00:22:46,000
faced off
into a nice rectangular block.
313
00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:48,160
You can see where
the rock's been cut,
314
00:22:48,160 --> 00:22:50,920
cut marks facing it down
with these vertical sides.
315
00:22:50,920 --> 00:22:53,080
There's a notch in here.
316
00:22:53,080 --> 00:22:56,920
There's some more cut marks
showing a notch down there.
317
00:22:56,920 --> 00:22:59,400
And some more over here.
318
00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:03,040
Seeing how they've started to shape
this stone into a initial form
319
00:23:03,040 --> 00:23:05,640
gives us an idea of
what it's going to be used for.
320
00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:07,680
One of the massive stone lintels
321
00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:11,240
or part of the major structures of
the big temples we get at Tiwanaku.
322
00:23:13,280 --> 00:23:16,720
So how were these colossal stones
transported here
323
00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:20,320
from a quarry
25 miles across the lake?
324
00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:25,400
The obvious conclusion is
that they were shipped across
325
00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:27,720
and unloaded here
en route to Tiwanaku.
326
00:23:31,280 --> 00:23:33,800
But this is a virtually
treeless landscape,
327
00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:36,160
so they couldn't have
been brought here by boat.
328
00:23:36,160 --> 00:23:37,880
Not wooden ones, anyway.
329
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:47,720
The lake offers a different resource
that can be used for boat building.
330
00:23:49,840 --> 00:23:52,000
Totora reeds.
331
00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:58,240
'I'm meeting
with Professor Alexei Vranich,
332
00:23:58,240 --> 00:24:02,760
'an archaeologist who is one of the
world's leading experts on Tiwanaku.
333
00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:09,080
'He's brought me to see a
traditional boat building technique
334
00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:12,120
'using totora reeds
harvested from the lake.'
335
00:24:12,120 --> 00:24:14,120
THEY GREET EACH OTHER
IN SPANISH
336
00:24:14,120 --> 00:24:16,600
So he's making these two right now.
337
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:18,760
Well, actually, this is
just going to be one boat.
338
00:24:18,760 --> 00:24:20,720
So he has the two parts of it. Yeah.
339
00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:23,680
And then, the heart is going
to be in the middle. Yeah.
340
00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:27,640
'It's a centuries-old skill
and it's boats like these
341
00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:32,240
'that Alexei believes the Tiwanaku
used to transport their stones.'
342
00:24:32,240 --> 00:24:35,080
We knew that the Andean people
were very practical,
343
00:24:35,080 --> 00:24:38,720
knew their environment and knew
how to use the natural resources.
344
00:24:38,720 --> 00:24:41,320
And there's this long tradition
of building these boats.
345
00:24:41,320 --> 00:24:43,800
Now they're small, but we read about
346
00:24:43,800 --> 00:24:46,840
and even saw old drawings
of much larger boats.
347
00:24:46,840 --> 00:24:49,600
Now, this is one man
making one boat.
348
00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:52,720
Imagine if the entire community,
they said,
349
00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:57,640
"OK, everyone has to make one boat,"
and you tie together 50 boats.
350
00:24:57,640 --> 00:25:01,480
That's a huge raft that literally
one person with a rope
351
00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:03,920
could drag all along the coast line.
352
00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:08,320
So, literally, they're doing
industrial-sized moving of stones,
353
00:25:08,320 --> 00:25:11,040
but using pretty much
a home technology.
354
00:25:11,040 --> 00:25:14,520
'The reeds themselves
aren't just hollow tubes.
355
00:25:14,520 --> 00:25:18,680
'Inside is a fibrous membrane
that makes them extremely strong.
356
00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:22,280
'The bindings are retightened
357
00:25:22,280 --> 00:25:25,120
'several times throughout
the construction process
358
00:25:25,120 --> 00:25:27,840
'and the end result
is virtually unsinkable.'
359
00:25:32,720 --> 00:25:36,600
'To give me an idea of just how
sturdy the totora reed boats are,
360
00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:38,800
'I get to test drive one
on the lake.'
361
00:25:45,120 --> 00:25:46,800
'Clearly for the Tiwanaku,
362
00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:50,920
'boats like this let them use
Lake Titicaca like a super highway,
363
00:25:50,920 --> 00:25:54,560
'a method of transporting themselves
across great distances
364
00:25:54,560 --> 00:25:58,400
'with far greater ease than
struggling across the mountains.'
365
00:26:02,920 --> 00:26:07,440
I'm 16� stone and, standing on this
thing, it feels solid as a rock.
366
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:09,880
You can just imagine how
these things were being used
367
00:26:09,880 --> 00:26:13,560
to transport people, families,
goods around Lake Titicaca,
368
00:26:13,560 --> 00:26:16,240
connecting the Tiwanaku community
together.
369
00:26:19,880 --> 00:26:23,200
But could a reed boat like this,
even a much bigger one,
370
00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:26,720
really have been capable
of carrying a ten-tonne stone
371
00:26:26,720 --> 00:26:28,880
of the type
being used at Tiwanaku?
372
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:35,720
In 2002, Alexei devised an
experiment to prove this theory.
373
00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:38,560
He commissioned
a lake-side community
374
00:26:38,560 --> 00:26:42,240
to build a 15 metre-long
totora reed boat.
375
00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:45,840
He then sourced a nine-tonne block
of green andesite
376
00:26:45,840 --> 00:26:47,680
at the volcanic rock quarry.
377
00:26:50,920 --> 00:26:53,800
With the help of another
local community near the quarry,
378
00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:57,040
they loaded the stone onto
the reed boat and then sailed it
379
00:26:57,040 --> 00:27:01,120
50 miles around the coast line
of the lake to the Tiwanaku side,
380
00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:03,960
bringing it up to the township
of Santa Rosa,
381
00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:06,760
where dozens of townsfolk
came to meet them.
382
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:12,880
We pulled up,
it was pretty much around here,
383
00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:15,520
and once we had all the people
laying around over here,
384
00:27:15,520 --> 00:27:17,320
we said,
"We've gotta pull this off."
385
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:22,280
'50 people -
men, women and children -
386
00:27:22,280 --> 00:27:24,480
'rolled the stone off the boat
387
00:27:24,480 --> 00:27:27,320
'and moved it 60 metres
in less than an hour,
388
00:27:27,320 --> 00:27:30,520
'with no organisation
from Alexei's team,
389
00:27:30,520 --> 00:27:33,360
'where it still lies today.'
390
00:27:33,360 --> 00:27:37,040
This is the stone over here that
we brought over from the other side.
391
00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:41,040
Looking pretty sizeable. It's, er,
it's about nine tonnes. Yeah?
392
00:27:41,040 --> 00:27:45,000
'This extraordinary experiment
certainly gives me an insight
393
00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:48,440
'into how the stones might've
been moved across the lake.
394
00:27:48,440 --> 00:27:51,760
'But how were they taken
across land to Tiwanaku?'
395
00:27:51,760 --> 00:27:54,960
On the bottom, they're worn
and they have little striations,
396
00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:58,080
so they were dragged, so that
you grab yourselves some ropes
397
00:27:58,080 --> 00:28:01,840
and you start dragging and dragging.
We thought, "How about rollers?"
398
00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:03,720
So we built the rollers,
we put it there,
399
00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:05,920
we dragged the rock,
smashed all the rollers.
400
00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:09,280
So we said, "That's the great part
of experimental archaeology,"
401
00:28:09,280 --> 00:28:11,600
is that you know right away
ideas that don't work,
402
00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:13,640
so they would've dragged this
and dragged it.
403
00:28:15,280 --> 00:28:19,520
'But how were people organised and
motivated into moving these stones?'
404
00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:22,280
When we were trying to move
this stone, we came up here
405
00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:24,520
and, just like
close-minded Westerners,
406
00:28:24,520 --> 00:28:27,360
like, "We're going to pay you this
money, you do this, you do this,"
407
00:28:27,360 --> 00:28:29,640
we couldn't get
anything done at all.
408
00:28:29,640 --> 00:28:31,120
But as soon as one community knew
409
00:28:31,120 --> 00:28:34,400
that the other one was moving
the stone, it became competitive.
410
00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:36,360
Once it got competitive
between communities,
411
00:28:36,360 --> 00:28:38,480
things went very quickly.
412
00:28:38,480 --> 00:28:43,080
So I could imagine, at Tiwanaku,
also being this friendly competition
413
00:28:43,080 --> 00:28:45,720
between different groups, going,
"I'm going to build here,
414
00:28:45,720 --> 00:28:48,520
"I'm going to bring this,
we're going to have a festival,"
415
00:28:48,520 --> 00:28:51,680
and then, that dynamic continuing
for literally centuries.
416
00:28:51,680 --> 00:28:53,800
I love this idea of
the festival about moving it,
417
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:55,840
it takes it beyond
any sense of practicality,
418
00:28:55,840 --> 00:28:58,120
and it's much more
about the social relationships.
419
00:28:58,120 --> 00:29:01,400
And, for me, it means that, when
that community went to Tiwanaku
420
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:04,960
and they saw the stone that they'd
taken through their community,
421
00:29:04,960 --> 00:29:07,840
it's a statement of their
involvement in the site. Mm-hm.
422
00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:11,720
It's not a monument that someone
else creates, like a palace.
423
00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:14,760
"That's so-and-so's palace."
My thought would be like
424
00:29:14,760 --> 00:29:18,440
this is part of our...
this is part of our identity.
425
00:29:22,720 --> 00:29:25,520
'So Alexei's experiment
seems to demonstrate
426
00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:28,800
'that the collective labour
that was so important for farming
427
00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:32,240
'was also used to build
ever larger temples.'
428
00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:36,960
'It's a kind of virtuous circle.
429
00:29:36,960 --> 00:29:40,400
'Coming together,
communities could built temples.
430
00:29:40,400 --> 00:29:43,640
'And as the social bonds increased
the size of the communities,
431
00:29:43,640 --> 00:29:45,560
'they could build bigger ones.'
432
00:29:50,920 --> 00:29:54,560
Tiwanaku was clearly
a massive festival site,
433
00:29:54,560 --> 00:29:57,440
but recent studies carried out
by Alexei and his team
434
00:29:57,440 --> 00:30:00,440
have revealed that
it also had another use.
435
00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:07,560
The grand Kalasasaya Temple
wasn't just an auditorium,
436
00:30:07,560 --> 00:30:11,400
but was also built to
measure the movement of the sun...
437
00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:15,280
..that it worked
as a giant calendar.
438
00:30:18,120 --> 00:30:20,520
The buildings,
actually the entire site,
439
00:30:20,520 --> 00:30:23,600
is designed along astronomical lines.
440
00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:25,440
Sun, moon, stars.
441
00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:28,720
In this case, for the Kalasasaya,
the sun is very important.
442
00:30:28,720 --> 00:30:29,960
Now if we turn this way,
443
00:30:29,960 --> 00:30:32,720
we're standing right now on the
platform, where I would imagine
444
00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:35,360
one or two or three
important people would stand.
445
00:30:35,360 --> 00:30:42,080
The sun would travel across and right
along there, that's the horizon.
446
00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:44,280
Now the pillar in the middle,
447
00:30:44,280 --> 00:30:47,200
that's where the sun's going to
land for the Equinox sunset.
448
00:30:47,200 --> 00:30:51,080
On each side is the solstice and in
the middle are several others that we
449
00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:54,400
argue about a lot, but there's a
good chance that the Tiwanaku
450
00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:59,400
had their own ritual calendar and
they had to keep dates based on ideas
451
00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:03,040
of their cosmos and certain offerings
being done at different times.
452
00:31:03,040 --> 00:31:06,680
So, we have this idea that, not only
is it a calendar of agriculture,
453
00:31:06,680 --> 00:31:08,720
it's a calendar
of festivals as well.
454
00:31:08,720 --> 00:31:11,400
For sure, they had something
going here, saying now it's time
455
00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:14,520
for this festival,
now it's time for this offering.
456
00:31:14,520 --> 00:31:18,480
The Kalasasaya worked
as an astronomical state clock,
457
00:31:18,480 --> 00:31:21,400
that regulated
the Tiwanaku's worship
458
00:31:21,400 --> 00:31:25,960
and agricultural operations
on a regional scale.
459
00:31:25,960 --> 00:31:29,840
The Kalasasaya defined their culture
of collective effort
460
00:31:29,840 --> 00:31:32,880
and the rituals carried out there
were designed to be intense,
461
00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:35,400
theatrical events.
462
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:39,600
If we were standing, 500AD,
at one of these solstice festivals,
463
00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:41,840
what would it look like,
what would we be seeing?
464
00:31:41,840 --> 00:31:45,480
We see such a pale representation of
what it used to be.
465
00:31:45,480 --> 00:31:48,920
Remember that these people would have
been wearing bright clothes.
466
00:31:48,920 --> 00:31:52,120
These stones would have been
covered in perhaps paint -
467
00:31:52,120 --> 00:31:55,600
greens, reds, blues,
really gaudy colours,
468
00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:57,240
that to us, make no sense,
469
00:31:57,240 --> 00:31:59,880
but realise that a lot of these
people probably would have been
470
00:31:59,880 --> 00:32:01,760
taking ritual intoxicants
471
00:32:01,760 --> 00:32:04,520
and when you take that,
those colours move.
472
00:32:04,520 --> 00:32:06,600
So these statues that you see,
473
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:10,040
would actually be moving in their
minds and talking to them.
474
00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:17,320
You would have had bright metals,
with the sun coming off it.
475
00:32:17,320 --> 00:32:18,800
The Tiwanaku made their metal,
476
00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:21,880
so they could do
different types of reflections.
477
00:32:21,880 --> 00:32:26,720
So reflections, gaudy colours,
people in very bright clothing,
478
00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:29,360
and then add intoxicants to that.
479
00:32:35,320 --> 00:32:37,720
So thinking about what
these people are taking...
480
00:32:37,720 --> 00:32:41,080
..they're drinking, they're smoking,
there's tobacco,
481
00:32:41,080 --> 00:32:42,880
there's drugs from the Amazon...
482
00:32:42,880 --> 00:32:45,000
What sort of drugs are they taking?
483
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,640
They're taking
a couple of hallucinogens.
484
00:32:47,640 --> 00:32:49,760
When we go take a look
at some of the monoliths,
485
00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:51,840
you'll see the plants
actually carved in there,
486
00:32:51,840 --> 00:32:53,760
where they have these hallucinogens,
487
00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:56,120
and it would have been ground up
either as snuff,
488
00:32:56,120 --> 00:32:58,480
perhaps you could drink them.
489
00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:00,840
They also had hallucinogenic
enema tubes,
490
00:33:00,840 --> 00:33:04,720
in case you're in a big
hurry to get the party started.
491
00:33:10,280 --> 00:33:12,200
And what a party it must have been.
492
00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:14,440
Evidence of the celebrations
493
00:33:14,440 --> 00:33:18,720
that went on here over 1,000
years ago are regularly discovered,
494
00:33:18,720 --> 00:33:22,360
in particular, these beer-drinking
vessels called keros.
495
00:33:22,360 --> 00:33:24,760
This sort of thing is typical
of the site
496
00:33:24,760 --> 00:33:26,320
and gives us a real sense of the
497
00:33:26,320 --> 00:33:29,040
scale of the site, cos this
excavation is about
498
00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:30,600
a kilometre from the centre.
499
00:33:30,600 --> 00:33:33,520
And the significance
of beer and intoxicants
500
00:33:33,520 --> 00:33:35,360
to Tiwanaku's rituals
and ceremonies
501
00:33:35,360 --> 00:33:38,800
can be found
carved into its monolithic figures.
502
00:33:38,800 --> 00:33:41,080
I like this monolithic statue,
503
00:33:41,080 --> 00:33:44,480
looking out into the sacred
space of the Kalasasaya.
504
00:33:44,480 --> 00:33:46,720
He's got a beer cup in one hand
505
00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:50,000
and a snuff pipe for taking
intoxicant drugs in the other,
506
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:53,440
and you can just imagine the
hundreds of thousands of people
507
00:33:53,440 --> 00:33:57,480
lining this plaza to witness the
theatrical, colourful rituals
508
00:33:57,480 --> 00:33:59,320
and offerings to the gods.
509
00:34:02,160 --> 00:34:04,560
Centre stage at these
spectacular ceremonies
510
00:34:04,560 --> 00:34:06,840
stood an elite caste of priests.
511
00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:10,160
Wearing iconic robes
and headdresses,
512
00:34:10,160 --> 00:34:13,840
they performed the rituals
and read the movement of the sun.
513
00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:18,080
The priests interpreted the cosmos
for the Tiwanaku people,
514
00:34:18,080 --> 00:34:21,240
telling them when and how
they could appease it
515
00:34:21,240 --> 00:34:23,360
and bend it to their will.
516
00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:28,600
How much power they wielded
is unknown,
517
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:32,640
but what at first might
seem like a utopian farmer state,
518
00:34:32,640 --> 00:34:35,360
is beginning to reveal
a darker side.
519
00:34:44,120 --> 00:34:48,080
In 2005, in a grave site
sitting in a direct line
520
00:34:48,080 --> 00:34:50,640
with the setting
of the winter solstice sun,
521
00:34:50,640 --> 00:34:53,000
archaeologists unearthed
something at Tiwanaku
522
00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:55,240
that had never been found
here before.
523
00:34:55,240 --> 00:34:58,000
When was the last time you
were in here?
524
00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:00,560
2006.
525
00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:04,320
'This is one of the artefact storage
facilities here at Tiwanaku
526
00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:08,280
'and I'm the first person, not with
the original excavation team,
527
00:35:08,280 --> 00:35:10,880
'to explore its contents.'
528
00:35:10,880 --> 00:35:13,880
What we're looking for are these
guys over here.
529
00:35:16,280 --> 00:35:17,760
Let's take a look.
530
00:35:17,760 --> 00:35:21,800
And...oh, we've got
a nice skull here.
531
00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:25,680
That's a young one
and the molars are coming in.
532
00:35:25,680 --> 00:35:27,920
There's the wisdom teeth.
533
00:35:27,920 --> 00:35:31,160
He's been smacked
on the back of the head.
534
00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:33,800
He got smacked
on the back of the head.
535
00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,240
'This is the first evidence
of human sacrifice
536
00:35:36,240 --> 00:35:38,480
'having been practiced here
at Tiwanaku,
537
00:35:38,480 --> 00:35:40,920
'that has ever been uncovered.'
538
00:35:40,920 --> 00:35:43,360
Human sacrifice is not something
539
00:35:43,360 --> 00:35:46,000
I've previously associated
with Tiwanaku.
540
00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:49,000
Why do you think sacrifices would
have been occurring at Tiwanaku?
541
00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:50,640
These sacrifices...
542
00:35:50,640 --> 00:35:53,200
..this is the only one we've
found so far.
543
00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:55,800
20 years from now,
we might find 100 more,
544
00:35:55,800 --> 00:35:58,360
but this was on the solstice
545
00:35:58,360 --> 00:36:01,920
and the other indicators
of the other artefacts here
546
00:36:01,920 --> 00:36:05,040
are associated with the start of the
agricultural season,
547
00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:06,680
the start with the rainy season.
548
00:36:06,680 --> 00:36:10,280
It could have been a period of
like...it's very important that we
549
00:36:10,280 --> 00:36:13,960
get some rain to grow some potatoes
and to grow some other things.
550
00:36:13,960 --> 00:36:17,520
So, this year's solstice celebrations
551
00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:20,240
is going to contain
a couple of special guests!
552
00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:23,560
This sacrifice suggests
553
00:36:23,560 --> 00:36:26,720
that the Tiwanaku had become
increasingly dependent
554
00:36:26,720 --> 00:36:30,960
on good harvests to maintain their
civilisation's momentum.
555
00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:34,920
And 200 years after the Kalasasaya
temple was complete,
556
00:36:34,920 --> 00:36:37,360
construction began on what was then
557
00:36:37,360 --> 00:36:40,200
the largest structure
in the Andes -
558
00:36:40,200 --> 00:36:42,360
the Akapana Pyramid.
559
00:36:44,280 --> 00:36:47,560
The Akapana is
a completely man-made hill,
560
00:36:47,560 --> 00:36:49,960
but 1,000 years of erosion
and looting
561
00:36:49,960 --> 00:36:53,360
has reduced it to a shapeless mound.
562
00:36:53,360 --> 00:36:56,480
Recent attempts have been made to
reconstruct a section
563
00:36:56,480 --> 00:37:01,000
of the stepped sides that once went
all the way to its 17 metre summit.
564
00:37:05,560 --> 00:37:07,960
You can imagine
that it would be quite
565
00:37:07,960 --> 00:37:10,480
an exclusive spot for a privileged
elite to stand here
566
00:37:10,480 --> 00:37:12,760
overlooking the rituals
and ceremonies
567
00:37:12,760 --> 00:37:14,960
up here in the Kalasasaya.
568
00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:18,840
But if this was Ancient Egypt,
it'd be a Pharaoh stood up here,
569
00:37:18,840 --> 00:37:22,800
but crucially,
Tiwanaku doesn't have any Pharaohs,
570
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:24,120
or kings.
571
00:37:26,160 --> 00:37:29,560
There is absolutely no
evidence of a king at Tiwanaku,
572
00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:35,040
no monuments dedicated to a single
autocratic ruler.
573
00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:39,520
Instead, archaeologists believe
that the Akapana is a monument to
574
00:37:39,520 --> 00:37:42,760
the mountains, the snow from which
melted each spring
575
00:37:42,760 --> 00:37:46,640
and irrigated Tiwanaku's huge
agricultural systems.
576
00:37:48,480 --> 00:37:52,200
What ruled the Tiwanaku
was their ideology of nature worship
577
00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:54,760
and their cult of collectivism.
578
00:38:06,160 --> 00:38:09,600
Here at their temple city,
the stone at the centre,
579
00:38:09,600 --> 00:38:13,800
they had come together and mastered
their harsh environment.
580
00:38:22,720 --> 00:38:26,600
To get a picture of Tiwanaku
civilisation at its height,
581
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:28,920
I've come to La Paz.
582
00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:32,440
Nestled in the mountains
on the eastern edge of the Altiplano
583
00:38:32,440 --> 00:38:35,400
and sitting at 3,600 metres,
584
00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:38,320
La Paz is the world's
highest capital city.
585
00:38:41,440 --> 00:38:45,720
Its museum houses a collection
of Tiwanaku artefacts
586
00:38:45,720 --> 00:38:47,960
that give us a glimpse of what it
would have been like
587
00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:49,920
to witness one of their festivals.
588
00:38:49,920 --> 00:38:53,960
THEY EXCHANGE GREETINGS
589
00:38:53,960 --> 00:38:57,720
I'm being shown around
by archaeologist, Marcos Michel,
590
00:38:57,720 --> 00:39:00,320
and one thing
immediately catches my eye -
591
00:39:00,320 --> 00:39:01,560
a Tiwanaku skull.
592
00:39:07,680 --> 00:39:10,400
It is a skull
that has been deliberately deformed,
593
00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:12,760
so that the back of it is elongated.
594
00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:14,600
It was a practice carried out
595
00:39:14,600 --> 00:39:18,200
to identify this person
as one of the Tiwanaku.
596
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:20,840
These sorts of things were
done as a form of beauty...
597
00:39:30,640 --> 00:39:33,040
And, of course,
there are the beer cups.
598
00:39:41,800 --> 00:39:44,440
Highly decorated vessels like these,
599
00:39:44,440 --> 00:39:48,720
were used for ceremonial beer
drinking that, as we've seen,
600
00:39:48,720 --> 00:39:51,960
were at the heart
of Tiwanaku's festivals.
601
00:39:51,960 --> 00:39:56,120
But a rarer object on display here
is this fantastic textile.
602
00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:22,000
The Tiwanaku left no
written history,
603
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:25,400
but that's not to say that they
weren't recording stories.
604
00:40:26,920 --> 00:40:28,720
If you look at this tapestry,
605
00:40:28,720 --> 00:40:32,280
there are certain symbols which are
repeated over and over again.
606
00:40:32,280 --> 00:40:34,520
And there's a narrative here,
607
00:40:34,520 --> 00:40:38,480
explaining to people who understand
those symbols, what's going on.
608
00:40:38,480 --> 00:40:40,920
To my mind, it's something
like the Bayeux Tapestry,
609
00:40:40,920 --> 00:40:43,760
an idea that you can understand
a storyline.
610
00:40:46,480 --> 00:40:48,520
But unlike the Bayeux Tapestry,
611
00:40:48,520 --> 00:40:52,480
sadly no-one yet knows how to fully
interpret these symbols
612
00:40:52,480 --> 00:40:53,800
or their meaning.
613
00:41:03,080 --> 00:41:06,280
One thing we do know, though,
is that by 700 AD,
614
00:41:06,280 --> 00:41:10,240
the Tiwanaku began spreading
far beyond the communities
615
00:41:10,240 --> 00:41:11,960
living around Lake Titicaca.
616
00:41:15,880 --> 00:41:19,040
Leading their llama trains
down off the Altiplano,
617
00:41:19,040 --> 00:41:21,480
they moved into
warmer climate zones
618
00:41:21,480 --> 00:41:24,200
as far afield as Chile and Peru,
619
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:27,040
hundreds of miles
away from their heartland.
620
00:41:32,120 --> 00:41:35,520
Yet surprisingly, this expansion
doesn't seem to have been one
621
00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:38,280
of conquest or empire building.
622
00:41:40,120 --> 00:41:43,120
To discover how and why
they came to influence
623
00:41:43,120 --> 00:41:45,680
such a vast area of South America,
624
00:41:45,680 --> 00:41:48,440
I'm going to travel
to the far eastern frontier
625
00:41:48,440 --> 00:41:51,120
of Tiwanaku territory,
626
00:41:51,120 --> 00:41:54,240
250 miles away
from the Titicaca Basin
627
00:41:54,240 --> 00:41:56,240
and 1,500 metres lower.
628
00:42:05,720 --> 00:42:09,760
Lying at 2,250 metres
above sea level,
629
00:42:09,760 --> 00:42:13,360
this is the modern day
city of Cochabamba
630
00:42:13,360 --> 00:42:16,920
and the Tiwanaku began arriving in
these valleys, when it was
631
00:42:16,920 --> 00:42:21,600
nothing more than a collection of
farming communities around 750 AD.
632
00:42:25,160 --> 00:42:28,240
Imagine what it would have
been like to see the Tiwanaku
633
00:42:28,240 --> 00:42:31,640
coming down out of the mountains,
with their colourful textiles,
634
00:42:31,640 --> 00:42:35,080
elongated heads and mile-long
llama trains.
635
00:42:38,120 --> 00:42:40,760
Blessed with an
eternal spring climate,
636
00:42:40,760 --> 00:42:43,360
the Cochabamba Valley is a
fantastically rich
637
00:42:43,360 --> 00:42:45,520
agricultural region.
638
00:42:45,520 --> 00:42:47,280
On the Altiplano,
639
00:42:47,280 --> 00:42:50,080
the Tiwanaku struggled
to grow anything other
640
00:42:50,080 --> 00:42:54,360
than high altitude
grains and potatoes in any quantity,
641
00:42:54,360 --> 00:42:57,680
but down here they could produce
an abundance of one crop,
642
00:42:57,680 --> 00:43:01,920
which we've seen was vital to the
functioning of their civilisation.
643
00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:05,720
The Tiwanaku came to this valley
644
00:43:05,720 --> 00:43:10,200
because of its fantastic capacity
to grow this - maize.
645
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:14,480
And they wanted maize to make beer.
Lots and lots of beer.
646
00:43:17,520 --> 00:43:22,400
HE SPEAKS SPANISH
647
00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:24,800
'This is a brewery that makes
Chicha,
648
00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:28,880
'a strong maize beer that's been
made in this region for centuries.'
649
00:43:41,520 --> 00:43:46,720
Beer drinking was an integral part
of Tiwanaku's festivals.
650
00:43:46,720 --> 00:43:50,040
As those festivals became bigger
and more spectacular,
651
00:43:50,040 --> 00:43:53,480
they needed beer
in ever greater quantities.
652
00:43:53,480 --> 00:43:55,760
The search for maize
to make more beer,
653
00:43:55,760 --> 00:43:57,880
was one of the main driving forces
654
00:43:57,880 --> 00:44:01,600
of Tiwanaku expansion
into the Cochabamba Valley.
655
00:44:10,160 --> 00:44:12,640
Yeah, it's a bit hoochie,
but it's quite tasty.
656
00:44:17,040 --> 00:44:19,480
'So, exactly how did this happen?'
657
00:44:19,480 --> 00:44:23,560
How did the Tiwanaku gain
control of this region's resources?
658
00:44:26,360 --> 00:44:29,360
30 years ago, it was
though that a Tiwanaku army
659
00:44:29,360 --> 00:44:32,080
swept down off the mountains
like an imperial power,
660
00:44:32,080 --> 00:44:37,160
to take over and colonise this
resource-rich, warmer climate.
661
00:44:37,160 --> 00:44:40,800
It's only now that
archaeologists are beginning
662
00:44:40,800 --> 00:44:43,080
to present
a completely different picture
663
00:44:43,080 --> 00:44:45,040
of how the Tiwanaku expanded.
664
00:44:51,360 --> 00:44:55,040
In 1985, a new suburban
building project
665
00:44:55,040 --> 00:44:57,040
began on the outskirts
of Cochabamba.
666
00:45:00,120 --> 00:45:03,520
As the diggers moved in and began
churning up what was thought
667
00:45:03,520 --> 00:45:07,200
to be a small mound,
they started uncovering bones.
668
00:45:07,200 --> 00:45:10,440
When the builders pulled out a human
skull, everything stopped
669
00:45:10,440 --> 00:45:13,080
and the archaeologists
were called in.
670
00:45:18,480 --> 00:45:21,240
This may seem like the last place
you'd ever expect to find
671
00:45:21,240 --> 00:45:24,280
the remains of an ancient
civilisation, but sometimes
672
00:45:24,280 --> 00:45:26,280
the most extraordinary discoveries
673
00:45:26,280 --> 00:45:28,520
turn up in the most unlikely
of places.
674
00:45:33,360 --> 00:45:35,640
DOGS BARK
675
00:45:35,640 --> 00:45:38,640
This is the archaeological site
of Pinjami...
676
00:45:41,320 --> 00:45:43,800
..the remains
of a long-forgotten settlement,
677
00:45:43,800 --> 00:45:47,200
offering a glimpse of life here
1,300 years ago.
678
00:45:49,840 --> 00:45:51,520
And I'm going to be shown around
679
00:45:51,520 --> 00:45:54,760
by lead archaeologist,
Dr Karen Anderson.
680
00:45:54,760 --> 00:45:57,680
Karen, how are you doing?
Good to meet you.
681
00:45:57,680 --> 00:46:00,360
So this is the site of Pinjami?
Yes.
682
00:46:00,360 --> 00:46:04,440
So what does the site
reveal about Tiwanaku expansion?
683
00:46:04,440 --> 00:46:08,360
We don't see any evidence of coercion
in the way it was adopted.
684
00:46:08,360 --> 00:46:12,200
People look like they were adopting
their rituals, their ideology,
685
00:46:12,200 --> 00:46:14,840
their way of life
and also their food.
686
00:46:14,840 --> 00:46:18,760
I mean, they're producing more maize,
they had more llamas than before,
687
00:46:18,760 --> 00:46:21,640
so they were getting
tied into the Tiwanaku state.
688
00:46:21,640 --> 00:46:24,800
So the site tells us that the
people who were living here
689
00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:28,400
wanted the Tiwanaku influence, they
accepted that on their own terms.
690
00:46:28,400 --> 00:46:29,880
Right, right.
691
00:46:29,880 --> 00:46:33,080
This site is not, as it first
appears to be,
692
00:46:33,080 --> 00:46:35,160
a series of old walls.
693
00:46:35,160 --> 00:46:37,440
In fact, it's a mound
that has been built up
694
00:46:37,440 --> 00:46:40,840
over several centuries
of continual occupation.
695
00:46:40,840 --> 00:46:43,720
Archaeologists have
dug down into the mound
696
00:46:43,720 --> 00:46:48,320
to reveal layers of evidence,
generation building upon generation.
697
00:46:50,200 --> 00:46:52,720
Well, the earliest date that we have
698
00:46:52,720 --> 00:46:58,160
which is down here is probably
in the 700-750 AD range
699
00:46:58,160 --> 00:47:02,960
and the latest date, which is
right before the end of Tiwanaku
700
00:47:02,960 --> 00:47:05,000
is about 1100 AD.
701
00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:07,320
So, we've got 400 years
of occupation,
702
00:47:07,320 --> 00:47:11,680
or the story of Tiwanaku
through 400 years. Right.
703
00:47:11,680 --> 00:47:14,320
And it's the items excavated
in that time period,
704
00:47:14,320 --> 00:47:18,240
corresponding to the Tiwanaku
arrival in the Cochabamba Valley,
705
00:47:18,240 --> 00:47:23,080
that paints a picture of how they
made a lasting impact.
706
00:47:23,080 --> 00:47:25,720
People weren't just
building houses here,
707
00:47:25,720 --> 00:47:27,320
they were burying their dead.
708
00:47:29,200 --> 00:47:32,680
The excavated skulls show the
distinct Tiwanaku style
709
00:47:32,680 --> 00:47:34,480
of cranial modification.
710
00:47:34,480 --> 00:47:38,560
The practice was being adopted by
the local population.
711
00:47:38,560 --> 00:47:41,600
Cranial deformation is
a really clear ethnic marker.
712
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:44,360
Once your head is a certain way,
you can't disguise it very well.
713
00:47:44,360 --> 00:47:46,680
Talk me through this process
of cranial modification.
714
00:47:46,680 --> 00:47:50,080
It's a real commitment to change the
shape of your skull. Right.
715
00:47:50,080 --> 00:47:52,600
It would start
very early with babies,
716
00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:54,600
when their skulls are soft.
717
00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:57,640
This one is flattened
in the front and back.
718
00:47:57,640 --> 00:48:01,160
You would have boards like this
and then wrapped around.
719
00:48:01,160 --> 00:48:05,080
This one you would have it,
probably, wrapped around.
720
00:48:05,080 --> 00:48:09,000
So, it tends to make a more pointy
cone-head look.
721
00:48:09,000 --> 00:48:13,800
However, what they have found here
in really significant quantities,
722
00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:18,520
is the distinctive Tiwanaku
beer-drinking keros.
723
00:48:18,520 --> 00:48:23,800
But tellingly, this wasn't imported
from Tiwanaku, it was made locally.
724
00:48:23,800 --> 00:48:27,880
This one is clearly on the outside
done in the Tiwanaku style,
725
00:48:27,880 --> 00:48:29,880
it has the Tiwanaku iconography.
726
00:48:29,880 --> 00:48:32,560
On the inside, this is
more of a local style.
727
00:48:32,560 --> 00:48:35,200
So, it's a local vessel form
with a Tiwanaku
728
00:48:35,200 --> 00:48:36,680
style on the outside,
729
00:48:36,680 --> 00:48:38,880
so we're seeing a real
mixing of cultures here,
730
00:48:38,880 --> 00:48:42,680
with Tiwanaku coming in and local
people adopting it. Right, right.
731
00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:48,360
Although archaeologists don't know
what this iconography means,
732
00:48:48,360 --> 00:48:50,760
we know it's distinct to Tiwanaku.
733
00:48:50,760 --> 00:48:54,280
So, it seems that the keros played
a key role in bringing
734
00:48:54,280 --> 00:48:56,520
the locals into Tiwanaku society.
735
00:48:57,960 --> 00:49:01,280
Just as smaller Tiwanaku communities
were brought together
736
00:49:01,280 --> 00:49:02,520
at Lake Titicaca,
737
00:49:02,520 --> 00:49:05,920
now other communities
effectively joined the party.
738
00:49:05,920 --> 00:49:10,360
The Tiwanaku empire spread,
not at the head of an army,
739
00:49:10,360 --> 00:49:12,880
but through the ritualised
sharing of beer.
740
00:49:21,520 --> 00:49:23,160
This is a Chicheria -
741
00:49:23,160 --> 00:49:25,800
a family pub
that serves the Chicha beer
742
00:49:25,800 --> 00:49:28,800
that was so much a part
of Tiwanaku identity
743
00:49:28,800 --> 00:49:32,240
and economy over 1,000 years ago.
744
00:49:32,240 --> 00:49:35,280
A real theme
I'm getting from Tiwanaku society,
745
00:49:35,280 --> 00:49:39,000
is this idea of sharing
labour, of communal projects.
746
00:49:39,000 --> 00:49:41,920
And a part of that is building
reciprocal relationships
747
00:49:41,920 --> 00:49:45,280
and Chicha seems to have played
a really important role in that.
748
00:49:45,280 --> 00:49:47,680
It was a way
to bring people together,
749
00:49:47,680 --> 00:49:50,520
to express reciprocity,
750
00:49:50,520 --> 00:49:52,760
to express communal understanding.
751
00:49:52,760 --> 00:49:56,040
So you're meeting with people,
you're doing politics with people,
752
00:49:56,040 --> 00:49:58,520
there's consensus building
with people,
753
00:49:58,520 --> 00:50:02,360
and you're also
symbolising by how you serve
754
00:50:02,360 --> 00:50:03,960
and with what icons are on it,
755
00:50:03,960 --> 00:50:08,120
some of your allegiances
and your ideology,
756
00:50:08,120 --> 00:50:10,880
so it's a way of sharing
an allegiance
757
00:50:10,880 --> 00:50:14,760
and also promoting it
at the same time.
758
00:50:14,760 --> 00:50:16,360
I see, in, like, some bizarre way,
759
00:50:16,360 --> 00:50:19,600
the parallels of English drinking
tea, y'know high tea,
760
00:50:19,600 --> 00:50:21,640
and the
paraphernalia associated with tea,
761
00:50:21,640 --> 00:50:23,880
but it's a wider thing about
a cultural context,
762
00:50:23,880 --> 00:50:25,920
and you're saying
by having this Chicha,
763
00:50:25,920 --> 00:50:29,880
they also have this wider cultural
context of shared values. Yes.
764
00:50:29,880 --> 00:50:31,520
Yeah, and in some ways
that's similar,
765
00:50:31,520 --> 00:50:33,720
because that was something the
Tiwanaku brought,
766
00:50:33,720 --> 00:50:37,080
was this whole, kind of, drinking
tradition and paraphernalia
767
00:50:37,080 --> 00:50:39,720
and fancy cups that just had to
feel the right way
768
00:50:39,720 --> 00:50:42,400
and have the right shape and
have the right icons on them,
769
00:50:42,400 --> 00:50:45,600
so it is sharing a larger
shared value system
770
00:50:45,600 --> 00:50:48,000
and it was...everybody liked it,
771
00:50:48,000 --> 00:50:49,560
especially the maize chicha,
772
00:50:49,560 --> 00:50:52,240
so it's like,
"We're sharing something good."
773
00:50:56,080 --> 00:51:00,640
By 1000 AD the practices
and ideology of the Tiwanaku
774
00:51:00,640 --> 00:51:05,040
had been embraced by millions across
the Andes and beyond.
775
00:51:05,040 --> 00:51:08,440
Yet Tiwanaku wasn't
a kingdom or an empire -
776
00:51:08,440 --> 00:51:11,840
if anything, it was like a huge
extended family,
777
00:51:11,840 --> 00:51:15,240
with an enveloping cult of
collectivism at its core
778
00:51:15,240 --> 00:51:17,280
and it worked.
779
00:51:17,280 --> 00:51:19,320
By drawing communities together,
780
00:51:19,320 --> 00:51:23,400
they had generated an abundance
and a culture of generosity,
781
00:51:23,400 --> 00:51:25,840
embodied by the Chicha rituals.
782
00:51:29,160 --> 00:51:32,120
Their ceremonies were all dedicated
to worshipping
783
00:51:32,120 --> 00:51:34,240
and making offerings to the
environment
784
00:51:34,240 --> 00:51:37,160
that provided that abundance.
785
00:51:38,440 --> 00:51:42,040
Yet that environment would
eventually turn on them.
786
00:52:00,240 --> 00:52:02,800
I'm going there to Huayna Potosi,
787
00:52:02,800 --> 00:52:04,960
one of the many
snow-capped mountains
788
00:52:04,960 --> 00:52:07,560
that dominate the landscape
of Lake Titicaca.
789
00:52:07,560 --> 00:52:11,840
I want to climb up to 5,000 metres,
over half the height of Everest,
790
00:52:11,840 --> 00:52:15,760
to find out why the environment
the Tiwanaku so relied upon
791
00:52:15,760 --> 00:52:17,600
and revered, turned against them.
792
00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:27,080
The Tiwanaku were utterly dependent
on agricultural success
793
00:52:27,080 --> 00:52:30,040
to build and maintain
their temple city
794
00:52:30,040 --> 00:52:32,680
and bind
their vast territory together.
795
00:52:35,320 --> 00:52:38,240
They needed the sun and the rain
to work in harmony,
796
00:52:38,240 --> 00:52:41,200
they needed the snows
to melt in the spring
797
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:44,960
and irrigate
their vast field networks.
798
00:52:44,960 --> 00:52:47,520
All of their ritual ceremonies
and offerings
799
00:52:47,520 --> 00:52:50,080
were focused on ensuring
that happened
800
00:52:50,080 --> 00:52:54,840
and for at least 500 years, it
seemed to have done exactly that.
801
00:53:10,440 --> 00:53:14,720
Tiwanaku was one of the highest
ancient civilisations in the world
802
00:53:14,720 --> 00:53:18,960
and incredibly exposed to the
climate variability of this region.
803
00:53:18,960 --> 00:53:21,920
Meltwaters from glaciers
like this one,
804
00:53:21,920 --> 00:53:24,680
fed the vast agricultural systems
805
00:53:24,680 --> 00:53:29,360
that made the construction of the
monumental temple complex possible.
806
00:53:29,360 --> 00:53:32,400
But what happened
when the meltwater stopped?
807
00:53:37,520 --> 00:53:40,800
'The glacier I'm walking on
right now is dying.'
808
00:53:43,240 --> 00:53:44,760
Sergio, my guide, told me
809
00:53:44,760 --> 00:53:48,000
that this glacier is receding
by 15 metres every year,
810
00:53:48,000 --> 00:53:50,240
due to modern climate change.
811
00:53:50,240 --> 00:53:53,440
But climate variability has been
going on for millennia.
812
00:53:57,320 --> 00:54:00,680
Ice core samples taken from Andean
glaciers like this one,
813
00:54:00,680 --> 00:54:04,520
reveal that there was
a drought from 1100 AD onwards,
814
00:54:04,520 --> 00:54:07,400
one that carried on for centuries.
815
00:54:11,360 --> 00:54:14,200
Year after year,
less and less meltwater
816
00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:16,840
seeped down to Tiwanaku's fields.
817
00:54:16,840 --> 00:54:19,920
Yields dropped,
instances of crop failure increased
818
00:54:19,920 --> 00:54:23,400
and no matter what offerings they
made or what rituals were performed,
819
00:54:23,400 --> 00:54:27,200
the Tiwanaku's power to appease
the environment had left them.
820
00:54:34,680 --> 00:54:38,600
The ceremonial centre of Tiwanaku
had failed its people.
821
00:54:38,600 --> 00:54:41,440
The intensive agricultural systems
that supported it,
822
00:54:41,440 --> 00:54:44,920
that fuelled this culture
of generosity and feasting,
823
00:54:44,920 --> 00:54:49,080
were impossible to maintain.
It became an anachronism,
824
00:54:49,080 --> 00:54:52,360
a monument to a time of plenty
that was long gone.
825
00:55:04,000 --> 00:55:09,280
By 1100 AD, the great temple
city of Tiwanaku had been abandoned.
826
00:55:09,280 --> 00:55:13,680
Statues of gods and ancestors had
been defaced and decapitated
827
00:55:13,680 --> 00:55:16,120
and the rest was left
to fall into ruin.
828
00:55:20,400 --> 00:55:23,960
But the story of the stone at the
centre doesn't end there.
829
00:55:33,280 --> 00:55:35,840
The Tiwanaku people didn't
simply vanish
830
00:55:35,840 --> 00:55:37,920
after the collapse of their state,
831
00:55:37,920 --> 00:55:40,360
they returned to their
centuries old existence
832
00:55:40,360 --> 00:55:42,800
of living in scattered
village communities.
833
00:55:46,040 --> 00:55:49,480
Another 400 years would
pass before the first Europeans
834
00:55:49,480 --> 00:55:51,680
set foot on the Altiplano
835
00:55:51,680 --> 00:55:54,840
and by then Tiwanaku was a ruin.
836
00:55:56,400 --> 00:55:59,960
When the Spanish Conquistadors
first laid eyes on Tiwanaku,
837
00:55:59,960 --> 00:56:03,480
they were amazed by its scale
and antiquity,
838
00:56:03,480 --> 00:56:06,960
yet it didn't stop them
looting the site in search of gold
839
00:56:06,960 --> 00:56:11,800
and ripping out the finely worked
stones to serve their Christian god.
840
00:56:17,880 --> 00:56:21,040
VOICES CLAMOUR
841
00:56:22,800 --> 00:56:25,800
This is the Church in the
modern-day town of Tiwanaku.
842
00:56:25,800 --> 00:56:28,640
It was built between 1580 and 1612.
843
00:56:28,640 --> 00:56:31,520
Nearly every piece of stone
in the building,
844
00:56:31,520 --> 00:56:34,320
was looted from the ancient site
of Tiwanaku.
845
00:56:34,320 --> 00:56:36,040
Even these two statues outside,
846
00:56:36,040 --> 00:56:38,640
which are meant to represent
St Peter and St Paul,
847
00:56:38,640 --> 00:56:40,440
are Tiwanaku statues.
848
00:56:51,840 --> 00:56:56,080
Bolivia became
independent from Spain in 1825
849
00:56:56,080 --> 00:56:59,760
and gradually regained
control of its own destiny.
850
00:57:06,280 --> 00:57:09,480
Today, nearly 1,000 years
after it was abandoned,
851
00:57:09,480 --> 00:57:12,160
the indigenous Aymara of Bolivia
852
00:57:12,160 --> 00:57:15,360
are reclaiming
the ruins of Tiwanaku as their own.
853
00:57:15,360 --> 00:57:17,800
THEY CHANT
854
00:57:21,080 --> 00:57:23,120
It's dawn on the 21st September,
855
00:57:23,120 --> 00:57:25,560
the southern hemisphere's
Spring Equinox,
856
00:57:25,560 --> 00:57:27,640
and here the local Aymara leaders
857
00:57:27,640 --> 00:57:32,440
are preparing an offering to welcome
back the new agricultural year.
858
00:57:35,480 --> 00:57:37,080
1,000 years ago,
859
00:57:37,080 --> 00:57:42,000
Tiwanaku's extraordinary ideology
of sharing and collective labour,
860
00:57:42,000 --> 00:57:45,480
a set of beliefs that enveloped
millions across the Andes,
861
00:57:45,480 --> 00:57:49,960
was embodied here by highly
atmospheric rituals and ceremonies.
862
00:57:54,800 --> 00:57:58,880
They wanted to imagine what Tiwanaku
was like 1,000 years ago.
863
00:57:58,880 --> 00:58:01,720
This gives us
a real sense of atmosphere.
864
00:58:01,720 --> 00:58:06,160
Rituals still being carried out
here, in the hearts of Tiwanaku.
865
00:58:07,480 --> 00:58:12,280
The official religion of Bolivia
might be the Catholicism introduced
866
00:58:12,280 --> 00:58:15,840
by the Spanish Conquistadors,
but the Aymara living here
867
00:58:15,840 --> 00:58:18,160
at 4,000 metres above sea level
868
00:58:18,160 --> 00:58:21,840
on their beautiful,
yet forbidding, Altiplano,
869
00:58:21,840 --> 00:58:25,840
have always retained Tiwanaku's
reverence for this environment.
870
00:58:27,960 --> 00:58:30,720
Tiwanaku was a place
that celebrated life
871
00:58:30,720 --> 00:58:33,200
and today, it's enjoying a rebirth.
872
00:58:59,000 --> 00:59:02,760
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