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Right now we are
in the middle

of the river of Giants.

This was a big river system,

very tropical and refreshing,

and it was home to
many different giant predato.

If we were just traveling back
in time now to this place,

a hundred million years
into the past,

we would see these giant crocs,
flying reptiles,

big predatory fish,

huge predatory dinosaurs
behind us.

So essentially
what I'm saying is

there would be many
different ways for us to die

in this ancient ecosystem, right?

Paleontology is the science
of ancient life.

And dinosaurs play a very
prominent role in this story.

Many of the things
we worry about now,

like biodiversity loss,
extinction events,

climate change, sea level rise,
dinosaurs have seen it all.

Understanding the past
is extremely important

for our understanding
our future.

Almost certainly vertebral.

Did you take a picture of it?
We'll match it later on.

There's something really amazing
about holding a real fossil.

The sequence of events
that has to occur

for an organism to become a
fossil is pretty extraordinar,

especially when you talk
about things like dinosaurs.

Fossils are like sacred objects
in some ways.

No commercial diggers today.

They come in the back way.

I don't see any today.

A fossil in the rock

has a number
of positions in time and spac.

It has a geographic position
on our Earth now,

and it also,
when the animal died,

had a geographic position
on the Earth

that is actually different
than it is now.

Sometimes, some commercial
collectors find a specimen.

I don't know for sure that

they collect them
where they say they did

because they don't have
any reason to tell you.

And they don't keep particularly
good scientific records of them.

And I don't really trust them
to keep very good records

because they're only interested
in money.

The commercialization
of dinosaurs

is creating this whole thing.

One philosophy is, you're
interested in the science.

And the other is that
you're interested in money.

You know, there's people
who have no scruples.

They're selling for millions
of dollars worldwide, right?

Millions of dollars
are millions of dollars.

What would you do
for a million dollars?

In Morocco,
fossils disappear all the time.

We're now on a mission,
a race against time,

trying to see how many
of these treasures

we can rescue for science.

I got pictures

of an amazing
saw skate skeleton.

But there's this parallel world
that exists here,

and that's of course the world

of fossil trade
and fossil hunters.

If you don't figure out
a way real fast,

then it's going to be offered
to a range of middlemen

and big-time fossil dealers,

and they'll just snatch it away,
and you'll never see it again.

So we're about halfway through

an underground tunnel that
leads to the Onchopristis si.

It's about 15 meters in

and it's very, very narrow,
as you can see.

I can barely fit
through these openings.

But it's extremely narrow.

It just goes to show, when you
see these specimens in museums,

or you know, collections,

you don't realize how much
incredibly hard work

has gone into digging them up.

It's really mind-blowing.
This is very dangerous work.

Some of these things, I can
break them just with my hand.

And there's an enormous amount
of rock on top of me.

Every now and then, these things
collapse and bury people alive.

So we've got several people
in here now

just to make sure we know

exactly where this specimen
was found.

We now have the exact spot

and we've got
the GPS coordinates.

So I think that's a wrap
for today.

That's wild.

The amount of detail
is just crazy

considering where
this thing was found.

This one needs
some really careful prep,

but when this thing
is fully prepped,

it's going to be the Mona Lisa
of sclerorhynchids.

The most important thing is:
it's here.

It's not
in someone's living room.

It is in someone's living room!

But just for the time being.

We have to remember
that even today,

almost all big discoveries
are made by amateurs,

not by PhD scientists.

And it's so easy to say,

I don't want anything
to do with this.

It's usually still a good idea

to keep channels
of communication.

There are people here
all year long,

tens of thousands of them,

collecting fossils, you know,
throughout the country.

They know that we care
about these fossils

in a way that none
of the commercial dealers do.

The Gobi
hasn't changed much

since the time of dinosaurs.

Mongolian fossils
are really well-preserved,

almost like the animal died
just yesterday.

Our family has a long history
with paleontology.

My father was a paleontologist,
my brother is a paleontologist,

and I'm a paleontologist.

But also, our great uncle

worked on Roy Chapman Andrews's
expedition

that was collecting fossils.

The American Museum of
Natural History, back in 1920,

they sent out multiple
large expeditions

to different continents.

One of them was an expedition
led by Roy Chapman Andrews.

He was a scientist
at the museum.

At some point, he was
the director of the museum too.

They were three years in
Mongolia collecting dinosaurs.

They actually made
quite a bit of collection.

They discovered the first
dinosaur nest in the world.

It all came to New York.

It never went back to Mongolia.

I don't know, this institution
probably thinks they own it.

But then, if you think about it,

it's basically
the property of Mongolia.

Once a fossil leaves,
knowledge leaves with it.

We are losing out.

All of these years,
Mongolians have been losers.

And me.

My biggest dream is that all
dinosaurs go back to Mongolia.

Hi.
Well, thank you very much.

For letting us know.

Because we really welcome
tourists to visit fossil sit,

but the fossils are too rich,
anybody can find them.

At the same time, we have
a poaching problem going on.

So you actually found a nest.

I see there's four
or five more eggs in it.

Usually an egg nest has
a little over 20 eggs.

The ranger in charge
of this area, she can keep it.

Because we don't have
a dinosaur museum.

- Oh.
- Yeah, that's the problem.

This is the rock,
this is the dirt sediment.

This is bone.

Bone is not really rock.

What happens over

the hundreds of thousands
or millions of years

is that inside all that bone
is marrow cavity.

There's space where
blood vessels went through it.

As the soft tissues rot away,

those spaces are filled in
with another mineral,

so it makes it heavy.

But the cool thing is that
we can actually cut it open

and get information
about how the animal grew.

And that's what we do here.

We have a past history,
and it is extraordinary.

I mean, it's 4.5 billion years
of just incredible stories.

It was the 90s.

A colleague of mine called me up
and said,

"Jack, you're in a book.

"It's called Jurassic Park."

And I said,
"I hope I didn't get eaten!"

Sometime later, Steven Spielberg
called me up and said,

"I'm making Jurassic Park
as a movie.

"Would you be interested
in being the technical advisor?"

And he said, "By the way,
you're in the movie."

He wanted me to spend
some time with Sam Neill,

who would play my character,

so Sam could see what a
paleontologist was like in life.

I went from having
two or three students

to having 18 students
after Jurassic Park.

Prior to Jurassic Park,
I had maybe 25% female students.

And after Jurassic Park, it was
and continues to be about 50/50.

That's an atlas-axis complex
from an amphibian.

Oh, cool!

Good job!

You can see the double condyles

where it attaches
to the occipital condyle.

So that is
the occipital condyle!

- Hey, you have to catalog it.
- I already did.

GPSed it and everything.

It's good luck to hold the bone
until you find the next one.

Yeah, I love to do that.

I've just never seen anything
like that before.

Obviously I don't know shit
from Shinola about amphibians.

Not every fossil
is scientifically valuable.

And there is not room in all
the museums in the world

to house every fossil.

Being able to have
the excitement of having

a trace of an animal that lived
millions of years ago,

it's fascinating,
it gets people excited

about the natural world,
about science.

But I think
it is really important

that we should protect
scientifically valuable fossils.

Fucking hell!

So if you're just some rich guy
who wants to have

a triceratops skull behind
your desk in your office

to intimidate people
or whatever,

I think we should create some
kind of scientific committee

that every time somebody's like,
"Hey, that fossil is important,

"it should not go
into private hands,"

the committee could review it
and be like "yes" or "no".

Dinosaur Provincial Park is
a place in the middle of Alberta

known since the late 1800s

as being a good source
for dinosaur bones.

Alberta has been very lucky
in terms of our legislation.

In 1976, the Alberta government
passed a law

that just said, all fossils
in the province of Alberta

are Crown resources.

We'll allow you to pick up
the ones on the surface

and take them home if you want,

but you don't own it,
so you can't sell it.

You guys are so lucky,
because in the States,

with all these crazy price tags

that are being put
on these fossils like Stan

or that Deinonychus that just
sold for $8 million for like...

I mean, you look at that...

- Is that what it went for?
- Yes, can you believe that?

You look at it and it's probably
not even that much real fossil.

It's just all been
reconstructed.

These stupid collectors
can't tell.

I think we should at least
have laws in the States

that protect scientifically
valuable specimens.

Just like, have it in place.

Sure, there'll still be
scientifically valuable stuff

being sold on the black market.

But if you find out about it,
at least that law is in place

to give you legislation
to seize the specimen.

It's ridiculous in America
that it's just a free for all.

But I guess
it's also unsurprising

because nobody
cares about science.

It used to be that
the worth of a fossil,

nobody really thought about it.

Now, it's a different world

and the price has gone up
so dramatically.

The most famous example
was Sue, the T-Rex.

Sue is
the largest, most complete

T-Rex skeleton ever found.

The Sue skeleton
is an interesting piece.

We know where it came from.

It was collected
by a commercial collector.

They got it out of the ground
really quick.

They weren't interested
in studying it in the ground.

It was a monetary decision,
not a scientific decision.

I begin with a bid
of $500,000.

That was the first dinosaur

to be sold for
like millions of dollars.

I've got $2,700,000.
2.7.

3.4 standing.

$7,600,000 up here.

Prior to the Sue skeleton
being sold,

ranchers were just fine
with donating specimens

or letting us collect
what we wanted.

But after they heard
that specimen

was worth $8 million,
they thought twice about it.

And a lot of people said,
"No, I'm gonna sell mine.

"I wanna make
millions of dollars."

Hailing from the Hell Creek
formation in South Dakota,

Stan is one of the most seen
and studied T-Rex of all time.

- Ten million, please.
- Ten million dollars.

With the increase in prices
in recent years,

Stan the T-Rex,
which was collected legally,

sold for 32 million dollars.

And sold.
Thank you very much.

It's staggering.

There's no way that institutions

can come up with
that kind of money.

Sold!

Big John had been discovered
in 2014 in South Dakota

by a commercial paleontologist.

So, somebody actively looking
for dinosaurs to sell.

I immediately started to say,
"Oh, it's very interesting.

"What are you going to do
with such an amazing piece?

"Would you consider
to consign for an auction?"

So we have this part that
have been cast from other bones.

We have this one
that has been 3D printed.

And we have the original bone,
that is 60% of the skeleton

and 75% of the skull.

The skull is the most
well-preserved part.

This is a fake.

This is one
of the restored parts.

This is the real bone.
Real bone doesn't sound at all.

We never have 100%
of the whole skeleton.

The restoration process
is something

that must be really completely
understood by the final client.

Part of our job
is to understand collectors.

A lot of my clients
have told me,

"I really got deep into Jurassic Park

"when I was either a child
or a young adult."

That's it: you tell the story
and you sell the story.

I spoke with
maybe ten people

that are actively going to bid
on Big John.

We have art museums,
a privately owned foundation,

we have a public science museum
that are willing to purchase.

We have investments funds,

cryptocurrency traders

or very wealthy people
that just say, "Ah!"

"I can really buy a dinosaur?
This is this for real?"

That is a question that
I'm always being asked.

And you say, "Yeah, of course."

And we always hope
to have two clients

that know each other,

and that don't like
so much each other.

When they are
in the same sale,

they'll start to fight
with each other.

Because it happens all the time.

It's a fight.

It's a fight about the will
to purchase the piece.

It's something like an ego war.

When I was a student

studying in the early 90s,

that was a very messy time
in Mongolia.

Everything got out of control.

We lost control
of the fossil situation.

We had 70 years of communism.

The government
was the only job provider.

When the government said,

"I'm not going to provide
any more jobs.

"I want
to privatize everything,"

50% of employed people
were jobless immediately.

And they needed
to survive somehow,

and they started selling things.

Scientists would give you maps

and the locations
of fossil materials.

They gave away
so many landmark details

that looters just can go
and dig into those areas.

Jurassic Park comes out
in '93.

That was the first year
I went to Mongolia.

And by '97,
we'd go to a fossil site

and locals and kids and
everybody else

were walking up to us
with fossils

and offering it for money.

There was the commercial trade.

You know that if you can
sell a fossil skull

to a tourist,

there must be somebody out there
that'll take a whole skeleton.

People were desperate
to survive.

Almost every summer,

there's a load of containers
of dinosaurs

leaving the country.

Around the year 2000,

we started noticing
an acceleration

in the amount of poaching
that went on in Mongolia.

We saw eight destroyed skeletons
of Tarbosaurus in one day

and realized that
this was really bad,

because it was
a different level of poaching

than we'd seen up to that time.

From that time period,

the American Museum
of Natural history asked me

if I was interested in studying
in the States for paleontology.

So I landed right in New York
when I left my country.

Then one morning I was sitting
in the Upper West Side,

in a coffee shop.

There's a TV hanging
from the ceiling.

On the screen comes a dinosaur.

A rare dinosaur
skeleton is about to be sold.

Discovered eight years ago
in the Gobi Desert,

the Tyrannosaurus Bataar will
be auctioned off this weekend.

Experts say it's one of the most
complete skeletons ever.

This is illegal!
There used to be a black market,

now they think,
"Who would do anything to us?"

I sent an email to Oyungerel,

who was an advisor
to the president.

She said,
"This is the Mongolian dinosaur!

"Claim it, please,
as soon as possible."

So I called my president,
and he said,

"Oyungerel's talking
about dinosaurs?

"You're supposed to advise me
on democracy and human rights!

"What dinosaur
are you talking about?"

I asked the president,

"Could you please claim it?

"You're the first person who can
claim anything for Mongolia.

"Please claim it."

Today we do something
extraordinary.

We return to the people
of Mongolia

a 70 million year old dinosaur

that was looted from the rocky
sands of the Gobi Desert.

It is a Tyrannosaurus Bataar,

a large, two-footed predator

and cousin
of the Tyrannosaurus Rex.

And under Mongolian law,

never should have left
the country.

How did a dinosaur skeleton
from the Gobi Desert

end up in a New York
auction house

where it sold for over
a million dollars?

Theft, fraud and
misrepresentation, that's how.

We can go back down this way.

You're going to find
an easier way down.

No, I'm not going to find
an easier way.

Unless I fall down.

In which case,
I'll get down quicker than you.

The water cut quite a hole here
many years ago.

You see it up
on the higher hills up there.

That's our good stuff.

That's the prime
meandering river

that produces nice skeletons.

When a person
is collecting something,

especially an isolated bone
like this,

the intuitive thing to do

is like everyone else
has done for hundreds of years,

and that is to keep the bone
intact as well as possible.

But the nice thing about it

is that when it's broken open,

you actually can get all kinds
of more information

than you can if it was
just all glued together.

I mean, just look out here.

This is beautiful terrain

and it tells just
incredible numbers of stories.

Changing environments,
changing faunas.

It's all here,
all the information

for looking at
this 78-million-year-old story.

It's all here.
All you have to do is find it.

Ninety percent of the time,

the first question
anybody ever asks us is:

"How much money do you make
off a dinosaur bone?"

And I say,
"I don't sell dinosaur bones."

It's not about the money.

Do people ever just
come on your land

that you don't know about?
- A lot!

And we have kept this ground

to where it's open for museums.

The bones that are collected
go to museums

where everybody can see them

and not hidden
in somebody's basement.

Long as I'm still walking
up and down these coolies,

we're going to still
put dinosaur bones in museums

and showcase them
to the whole world.

Cultivating relationships with
landowners is really important

because would you pass up
$8 million

so a bunch of nerds
can know maybe

how T-Rex maybe
did such-and-such?

Like, who cares, right?
Like, $8 million!

- Good morning!
- Good morning.

So good to see you.

Let me come give you a hug.

We met in 2006,

and I was camping
on your land...

And I found a partial jaw
of a duckbill dinosaur.

But unfortunately,
I found it with a pick.

So it is now in several pieces,
but there's...

We get a good internal view
of it that way.

Yeah, a good skilled preparator

will make it look
like it never happened.

Yeah, we really thank you

for donating those fossils
to the museum.

Oh, no problem.

I just didn't want them
to go to private collectors.

These people out here
are doing this for business.

In this museum, more people
are going to see them

than if they're with
a private collector's somewhere.

Now, if you came up
with a T-Rex,

then we're going to have
to start talking.

Fair enough.

Just the fact
of bringing the dinosaurs

into Paris
was a massive challenge.

The skull was able
to enter the door

by, I think, one centimetre.

There's part of
the world that would say

it's crazy that dinosaurs go
to the auction block.

A lot of people don't
understand how it's possible.

It's totally possible.

Like, everything in this world
is for sale.

But I don't know
how many millions

is going to be the result.

It can be two,
can be five.

It depends
on what kind of clients

stay up to the last second,

and how irrational
they will become at one point.

Growing up,
German was my mother tongue.

And I went to a French school,
but I also learned

the North African
Moroccan dialect of Arabic.

Much of what we know
about dinosaurs is based

on discoveries from places
like North America and Europe.

But there's this one big
gaping hole in our knowledge,

our planet's second largest
landmass, Africa.

How do we get people
in places like Morocco

excited about paleontology

and interested
in their ancient heritage?

Working with
Moroccan scientists,

and most importantly,
their students,

we are telling
the story

of paleontology's
forgotten continent.

Ready?

Come a little closer.
It can't bite you anymore.

- Whoa.
- Look at this thing.

When I think of Nizar,
I think Spinosaurus.

Nizar is really the one
who has this incredible story

of going back to Morocco
and hunting down

where these fossils came from.

This is 41.

This is like
the very tip of the tail.

Isn't that wild?

There's a couple
of breaks here,

but it's pretty
remarkable, right?

The Spinosaurus story was

basically the biggest
Morocco-related story ever.

This thing is possibly
bigger than T-Rex.

Giant sail on its back.

Really strange jaws, you know.

But you can't help think
of it as almost...

I don't want to say it's like
your pet, but you feel like,

"This is my dinosaur."

Because you spend years
and years poring over the bones

and trying to flesh it out
in your mind.

It looks so real and majestic.

And, um, it's everything
I was hoping it would be

and a lot more.

This is
the final resting place

of our Spinosaurus.

There were the leg bones
and the foot bones, the hips.

So I suspect that since the
back half was almost complete,

I'm pretty sure the front half
is also almost complete.

That means there are still some
things hidden in here.

We've got to take out
this whole chunk here.

And I hope that we can
get everything out

before these guys do.

Because this is the bad news.

When I just came up here
a moment ago,

I was looking at everything,
like, "Good, good."

And then I saw this.

Now we kind of have
to play detective

and try to figure out
what happened.

Well, let's think about this.

They missed the layer.

This does not look like
a successful attempt.

It's worth so much more for us

because it's part of this
amazing, unique skeleton.

But to someone else,
it's just, you know...

If someone else had found it,

some commercial guy
might have just decided

to sell it in chunks

and say, "I'm going to sell
individual bones.

"Maybe I'll get more

"than if I sell
the whole skeleton, right?"

That's their income.

That's everything they have.

I don't feel like I'm really
in a position to tell them

what they can and can't do

unless I can offer them
a viable economic alternative

to feed their families.

There's a certain sense
of anger.

You feel a little powerless

because there's really
not much you can do about it.

You're kind of doing
everything you can

to bring as many fossils
as you can

into the world of science.

But it's a moment where

you kind of lose your innocence
to a certain extent.

One day,
dinosaurs suddenly became

an obsession, really.

But it's almost like
possession or something,

something that hijacks
your brain in some ways.

But you're kind of growing up

and you realize
that you'll have to fight

a little harder
for your fossils.

We have
a Triceratops horridus

from the upper Hell Creek
Formation

found in 2014 in South Dakota,
United States.

It's a remarkable
Triceratops skeleton

complete at 60%

with a 75% complete skull

from the world-renowned deposit
of the Hell Creek Formation.

That is really the last window

before
the dinosaur's extinction.

This is going
to a private collection.

How do you feel
about that?

We still don't know
its final destination.

And anyway, even if it is going
to a private collection,

we cannot in any way
limit the bids

from certain individuals
or others.

We could have preferences,
but, you know...

It's just personal.

We don't decide for the buyer.

KTCC, it's the morning commute.

We got your weather and news
for Tucson all day, every day.

All right, here's that time
of year again,

Get ready for the largest gem,
mineral and fossils show

in the world
right here in Tucson, Arizona.

They're saying this year
they're expecting 65,000 people

from all over the world.
Holy!

Watch yourselves
on that morning commute.

It's spread out
15 miles wide.

And it's in motels, hotels
stadiums.

There's people
from all over the world her.

If I'm not here, people think
I'm dead or in jail.

Oh no, no! Not you!
Not the "ooh là là" man!

- You are not happy to see me?
- I'm always happy to see you!

Hello again!

Hello George.
How are you today?

- François, how are you?
- Well.

- Good to see you again.
- Yes, it's a pleasure.

The skull is 90-plus percent,
all the cervical vertebrae.

- The cervical?
- Perfect.

The vertebrae all the way
back to the tail, perfect.

Oh, and the price?

- It's 150,000.
- 150? Ooh!

And for you, François,
I can bring the price down 20%

to 120,000,
something like that.

You have the sketch,
you can send me by email?

You mean the rest of it?

Or I'll come back later
and you prepare the folder.

No problem.

I finish my tour of the show.

Okay François.
See you later, buddy.

- Wonderful to see you. Bye.
- Take care, François.

That's nice.

It's restored here, this part.

Yeah, there's a little bit
of restoration there.

Nice pieces.
Okay.

And how much is the price?
- Forty thousand.

You know that
we have some trouble because

some people in the state
don't understand what we do.

Yeah, and I think through life,

if you never have any trouble,
you haven't done anything.

Yes!

Okay, see you.
- Nice to see you again.

Triceratops
is always attractive.

It's a question of price.
I don't know the price.

- Seven.
- Seven for the pair?

That's correct. Really.

But it's up to you
to make a good presentation,

maybe with iron steel,

maybe if you have artists
who work with the iron.

You can make
really amazing things.

What do
we have here?

This is from Germany.

It's kind of this legendary,
infamous place, right?

Because sometimes you read
about the shipment of fossils

that has been intercepted
on its way to Tucson

or someone tried to smuggle
something into the United States

to sell it at Tucson.

What?

Did I read this right?
I mean...

You know, there's a history
of dodgy business.

But then at the same time,
it's kind of an open secret,

all the big museums
are sending someone there

and buying things.

I was wondering where
the fish fossils are from.

- From Lebanon.
- From Lebanon, okay.

From the Cenomanian Age.

Okay. Yeah. That's an
amazing place for fish.

You are in Tucson for
the conference this evening?

No, I'm doing
a National Geographic show.

Yes, okay.

At the Fox Tucson Theater,

and it just so happened that

this was happening
at the same time.

Nizar
believes that the world

is still full of undiscovered,
ancient treasures

and prehistoric wonders.

You just have to know
where to look.

And tonight, he'll show us.

Please welcome Nizar Ibrahim.

So tonight,
I'm going to take you

on a journey back in time,

100 million years into the past.

I always tell
all my expedition team members

to collect every little fragment
of fossil they find.

Because at the end of the day,

what we're really trying
to do here

is we're trying to
reconstruct and resurrect

an entire ancient ecosystem.

So every little fossil
is an important piece.

Okay, wait a minute.

So we're finding
little vertebrae like this

that are just very delicate
little fossils,

very hard to find.

And the kind of things that
people here in Hell Creek

haven't been looking for,
you know?

Everybody wants a T-Rex
or a Tric.

Triceratops goes extinct
shortly after these deposits

that we are working in right now
were formed.

This is the end Cretaceous.

This is what life was like

before it gets wiped out
in the fifth mass extinction.

So looking at these smaller
animals that do survive

can maybe also
help us understand

why certain groups survived
and others didn't.

And that's super important
right now,

because we are living
in a mass extinction

caused by us.

So we're going
to not only understand

who is going to survive
this mass extinction,

but also understand how we can
minimize the impact.

This is why it's really
important not only for us

to look at macro evolutionary
patterns using paleontology,

but especially right now to look
at mass extinction events

and how certain groups
respond to them.

Okay. Your hands.

- What did you find?
- A scale.

- A scale?
- Yes, it's beautiful.

It's so nicely preserved too.
Holy shit.

- Perfect.
- That's so cool!

My brother
is a paleontologist.

He would go with my dad
for Russian expeditions.

But then when my dad was asked
to make a geology map

by the American Museum
of Natural History,

he asked if he could bring me
for the expedition.

The Mongolian colleague said,

"If she is coming,
she will be a cook."

I said, "I'm a paleontologist.
I'm not a cook."

It changed so much, this place.

There's a lot
of expectation that

because he was
in the same profession,

people expect that I would
continue what he was doing.

And I say, I can't do that.

Because I was doing
a lot of things, also.

I have to finish what I'm doing.

I can't take
another person's load on me

and do all that stuff,
that's impossible.

I can't fill his space.

My great uncle
really wanted

this collaboration
to be equal.

Mongolia should benefit.

The more I learn about
Andrews's expedition,

the more I realize
that this is just not right.

I want those fossils
to be back in Mongolia.

Have to!

What is the point spending
all these years and effort

and sacrifice my family
and myself and my profession.

Gosh, I can't just sit there.
I have to do something.

Oh, hi!

Sorry, I'm late!

Hi, I'm Bolor.

Nice to meet you
finally in person.

In our educational projects,
especially based on dinosaurs,

we really need to teach our
younger kids about paleontology.

They're all one
hatching? I mean, one clutch?

They're probably from
a couple of different clutches.

We think
there might be a difference

in the spinal nerves

at the end of an alligator tail

as opposed to the spinal nerves
at the end of a bird tail.

And I think that there's
a developmental link

between the formation
of spinal nerves

and the formation
of this pica -style structure.

So we need the alligators
to look at spinal nerves

because they're just like
the ancestral condition

of a long-tailed reptile.
- Yup.

Yes.

So maybe we could
get a tail to grow.

If we can figure out
the differences,

if we can figure out that link,
I have an idea.

Birds are dinosaurs.

If we find
these atavistic genes,

these ancestral genes,

and reverse them,

we should be able
to make a dinosaur.

We had started
the whole thing in 93, right?

Jurassic Park.

Michael Crichton had come up
with a pretty novel way

of bringing dinosaurs back.

And that was finding DNA
in ancient blood

preserved in insects
trapped in amber.

We didn't know whether
we could find DNA.

We finally got to B. Rex,
our Tyrannosaurus.

That's where we got most
of the good soft tissues.

We still didn't get DNA.

It was right around that time
that George Lucas visited

and came out
in the field with us

and gave a $1,000,000 donation

for anything I wanted to do.

And so I told him
I wanted to see

if we could make a dinosaur.

You can't bring back
ancestral characters

unless the ancestors exist.

There's no better proof
of evolution.

The general public
generally says,

"Why would you want to do that?"

You know, my philosophy is:

we should know everything
there is to know.

And the end goal?

To use all of our data

to get as much information about
dinosaurs as living animals

as we possibly can.

And, you know,

have a little baby dinosaur
running around!

Fossils are essentially
like ghosts from deep time.

You use these ghosts
to resurrect an entire world.

And so when I stand
in the Sahara,

I don't just see rocks.

I see a vast river system.

I see a pair of Spinosaurus

patrolling
these ancient waterways.

I see giant flying reptiles
soaring in the skies.

The things you visualize
in your mind,

they were really there.

That's when you understand
the concept of deep time.

Astronomy shows us
how small we are in space.

Paleontology shows us
how small we are in time,

and the slice of time
that we call the present

is really just this
fleeting little thing, right?

If there's one thing
we've learned from paleontology.

it's that no species
lasts forever.